Torts

Torts

Cases and Problems

fourth edition

Frank J. Vandall Professor of Law Emory University School of Law

Ellen Wertheimer Professor of Law Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law

Mark C. Rahdert Professor of Law ­Temple University James E. Beasley School of Law

Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina Copyright © 2018 Carolina Academic Press, LLC All Rights Reserved

ISBN: 978-1-5310-1146-8 eISBN: 978-1-53101-147-5 LCCN: 2018939849

Carolina Academic Press, LLC 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America Dedications

I dedicate this book to my ­children Megan and Josh, and my grandchildren, Madi- son, Keegan and Emma. —­ ​Frank Vandall

We dedicate this book to our children,­ Chris and Lise. —­ ​Ellen Wertheimer & Mark C. Rahdert

v

Contents

Table of Cases xvii Preface xxxiii Acknowledgments xxxv Chapter 1 · Introduction 3 Brown v. Kendall 5 Hammontree v. Jenner 8 Langan v. Valicopters, Inc. 12 Chapter 2 · Intentional Torts 17 A. Intent in General 17 Garratt v. Dailey 18 Wallace v. Rosen 21 Vosburg v. Putney 25 B. Battery 28 Mink v. University of Chicago 28 Fisher v. Carrousel Motor Hotel,­ Inc. 32 Lambertson v. United States 34 C. Assault 36 Conley v. Doe 36 Bouton v. Allstate Insurance Co. 38 D. False Imprisonment 40 Zavala v. Wal-­Mart Stores, Inc. 40 Whittaker v. Sandford 42 Dupler v. Seubert 44 E. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 47 Harris v. Jones 48 Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Jerry Falwell 53 F. Trespass 57 1. In General 57 Dougherty v. Stepp 58 2. Trespass to Land and Nuisance 59 J.H. Borland, Sr. v. Sanders Lead Co. 59

vii viii CONTENTS

3. Trespass to Chattels 63 Huffman & Wright Logging Co. v. Wade 63 G. Conversion 67 Dickens v. Debolt 68 Pearson v. Dodd 72 H. Nuisance 75 Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb Development Co. 76 Chapter 3 · Privileges 83 A. Defenses to Battery 83 1. The Medical Arena 83 Mohr v. Williams 83 Pauscher v. Iowa Methodist Medical Center 87 Ashcraft v. King 87 2. The Sports Arena 90 Marchetti v. Kalish 90 Koffman v. Garnett 95 Hackbart v. Cincinnati Bengals, Inc. 97 3. Consent in Other Arenas 101 Teolis v. Moscatelli 101 C.C.H. v. Philadelphia Phillies, Inc. 102 Thomas v. Bedford 103 B. Defenses to False Imprisonment 105 Noguchi v. Nakamura 105 Peterson v. Sorlien 107 Bonkowski v. Arlan’s Department Store 112 C. Privileges in Suits Alleging Trespass to Land and Chattels 115 Katko v. Briney 115 D. Necessity 119 1. Private Necessity 119 Ploof v. Putnam 119 Vincent v. Lake Erie Transp. Co. 121 2. Public Necessity 124 Wegner v. Milwaukee Mutual Insurance Co. 124 Chapter 4 · Duty 129 A. Duty in General 130 Kubert v. Best 130 Munn v. Hotchkiss School 138 B. The Obligation to Assist Others­ 145 Yania v. Bigan 145 C. Privity: Suits by Third Parties 146 H.R. Moch Co. v. Rensselaer Water­ Co. 146 Strauss v. Belle Realty Co. 148 D. Professionals 150 CONTENTS ix

Lucas v. Hamm 150 E. Duty to Control Others­ 152 Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University of California 152 Vince v. Wilson 156 F. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress 159 Quill v. Trans World Airlines 159 Potter v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 163 ­Thing v. La Chusa 167 Boyles v. Kerr 172 Binns v. Westminster Memorial Park 175 G. Injury to Unborn Children­ 178 Renslow v. Mennonite Hospital 178 Viccaro v. Milunsky 181 Burke v. Rivo 185 Chapter 5 · Negligence 191 A. Introduction 191 B. The Core Concept 192 C. The Standard of Care 193 Blyth v. Birmingham Waterworks Co. 193 United States v. Carroll Towing Co. 194 Adams v. Bullock 196 Rivera v. New York City Transit Authority 198 Widmyer v. Southeast Skyways, Inc. 200 1. The Reasonable Person 202 Vaughan v. Menlove 202 Berberian v. Lynn 204 Roberts v. State of Louisiana 207 Robinson v. Lindsay 211 2. The Professional 213 Boyce v. Brown 213 Jones v. O’Young 216 Heath v. Swift Wings, Inc. 217 Pauscher v. Iowa Methodist Medical Center 222 John B. v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County 229 Moore v. The Regents of the University of California 231 3. Custom 233 The T.J. Hooper I 234 The T.J. Hooper II 235 D. The Relationship Between Judge and Jury 237 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. Goodman 237 Pokora v. Wabash Railway Co. 238 E. Violation of Statute 242 Hetherton v. Sears, Roebuck & Co. 242 x CONTENTS

Tedla v. Ellman 247 Brown v. Shyne 251 Rushink v. Gerstheimer 254 F. Proving the Negligence Case Before the Judge and the Jury 256 1. Circumstantial Evidence 256 Negri v. Stop & Shop, Inc. 256 Pietrone v. American Honda Motor Co. 259 2. Res Ipsa Loquitur 261 Escola v. Coca-­Cola Bottling Co. 262 Cox v. Northwest Airlines 264 Ybarra v. Spangard 266 Anderson v. Somberg 272 Connolly v. Nicollet Hotel­ 275 Chapter 6 · Cause in Fact 281 A. Introduction 281 Calhoun v. Honda Motor Com­pany 281 Sanchez v. Hillerich & Bradsby Co. 286 B. Concurrent ­Causes 290 Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railway Co. 290 C. Failure to Identify the Specific Actor 293 Summers v. Tice 293 Hymowitz v. Eli Lilly & Co. 295 D. Difficulties on Proof of Causation 302 Falcon v. Memorial Hospital 302 Georgia-­Pacific Corp. v. Bostic 308 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Phar­ma­ceu­ti­cals, Inc. 311 Chapter 7 · Proximate Cause 317 A. The Basic Theories 317 In re Arbitration Between Polemis & Furness, Withy & Co. 317 Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Morts Dock & Engineering Co. 321 Green v. Denney 326 Palsgraf v. The Long Island Railroad Co. 328 Petitions of the Kinsman Transit Co. 333 Hamblin v. State/Maricopa County Adult Probation Department 337 B. Intervening Causes­ 339 Weirum v. RKO General, Inc. 339 Watson v. Kentucky & Indiana Bridge & Railroad Co. 343 Braun v. Soldier of Fortune Magazine, Inc. 345 Kelly v. Gwinnell 349 In re September 11 Litigation 354 CONTENTS xi

Wagner v. International Railway Co. 358 Fuller v. Preis 361 Enright v. Eli Lilly & Co. 363 C. Economic Loss 366 ­People Express Airlines v. Consolidated Rail Corp. 367 D. Duty Versus Proximate Cause: Green’s Theory 371 1. Eliminate Proximate Cause 371 2. Green’s Duty Analy­sis 371 3. Three Questions 371 4. Relevant Factors­ 372 5. Conclusion 372 Chapter 8 · Multiple Defendants: Joint and Several Liability 375 Bierczynski v. Rogers 376 Ravo v. Rogatnick 379 Banks v. Elks Club Pride of Tenneesee 383 Walt Disney World v. Wood 396 Richards v. Badger Mutual Insurance Co. 402 Chapter 9 · The Liability of Landowners 421 A. Liability to ­Those Who Enter on the Land 421 1. The Taxonomy of Plaintiffs 421 Rowland v. Christian 421 Gerchberg v. Loney 426 Wrinkle v. Norman 430 The Duty of Care 431 Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated Chapter 740. Civil Liabilities —­ ​Premises Liability Act 436 2. Natu­ral and Unnatural Conditions On and Off the Land 437 Sprecher v. Adamson Cos. 437 B. Additional Categories of Plaintiffs 444 1. Attractive Nuisances, Artificial Conditions, andChildren ­ 444 Crawford v. Pacific Western Mobile Estates, Inc. 444 2. Public Employees: Firefighters and Police Officers 450 Rosa v. Dunkin’ Donuts of Passaic 450 3. Landlords and Tenants 456 McCutcheon v. United Homes Corp. 456 4. Crime 459 Taco Bell, Inc. v. Lannon 459 5. Business Establishments and Danger to the Public 465 F.W. Woolworth v. Kirby 465 C. Defenses and Plaintiff’s Conduct 469 1. Comparative Negligence 469 Mathis v. Mas­sa­chu­setts Electric Co. 469 2. Assumption of Risk 472 xii CONTENTS

Greenwood v. Lowe Chemical Co. 472 D. The Taxonomy of Plaintiffs: The Modern Approach 477 Tantimonico v. Allendale Mutual Insurance Co. 477 Chapter 10 · Damages 483 A. Punitive Damages 483 BMW of North Amer­i­ca, Inc. v. Gore 484 State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co. v. Campbell 492 B. Pecuniary and Noneconomic Damages 506 Seffert v. Los Angeles Transit Lines 507 Chapter 11 · Strict Liability 525 Fletcher v. Rylands 526 Rylands v. Fletcher 528 Turner v. Big Lake Oil Co. 530 Yukon Equipment, Inc. v. Fireman’s Fund Insurance Co. 533 Spano v. Perini Corp. 537 Dyer v. Maine Drilling & Blasting, Inc. 539 Chapter 12 · Products Liability 547 A. Food and Drink 547 Pillars v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. 547 Matthews v. Campbell Soup Co. 549 B. Contract and Tort in Strict Products Liability 555 Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc. 555 C. Strict Products Liability in Tort 564 1. The Birth of the Doctrine 564 Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. 564 Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc. 570 2. Refining the Doctrine —­ ​Defining Defect 573 Restatement (Second) of Torts § 402A 573 Phillips v. Kimwood Machine Co. 574 Barker v. Lull Engineering Co. 581 3. The Third Restatement 592 Tincher v. Omega Flex, Inc. 593 4. Defining Defect When the Basis for Products Liability Is Failure to Warn 623 Sternhagen v. Dow Com­pany 625 Powers v. Taser International, Inc. 632 5. Defining Defect Where the Product Is a Prescription Drug 641 Freeman v. Hoffman-­La Roche, Inc. 641 Chapter 13 · Defenses 653 A. Comparative and Contributory Negligence and Assumption of Risk in Cases Where the Basis of Liability Is Negligence 653 1. Comparative Negligence: The Modern World 653 CONTENTS xiii

Li v. Yellow Cab Co. Of California 653 2. The Last Clear Chance Rule 661 Davies v. Mann 661 3. Assumption of Risk 665 a. The Ele­ments 666 Goepfert v. Filler 666 Ray v. Downes 669 Bass v. Aetna Insurance Co. 675 Castello v. County of Nassau 678 b. Assumption of Risk by Agreement —­ ​The Anticipatory Release 679 Jones v. Dressel 679 Bagley v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc. 686 c. Assumption of Risk in the Context of Other Defenses 703 i. Abolishing Assumption of Risk 703 Blackburn v. Dorta 703 ii. Retaining Assumption of Risk 706 Patterson v. Sacramento City Unified School District 706 d. Assumption of Risk as a Duty Doctrine 718 Vinikoor v. Pedal Pennsylvania, Inc. 718 B. Comparative and Contributory Negligence and Assumption of Risk in Cases Where the Basis of Liability Is Strict Liability 721 Marshall v. Ranne 721 C. Comparative and Contributory Negligence and Assumption of Risk in Cases Where the Basis of Liability Is Strict Products Liability 726 McCown v. International Harvester Co. 726 Culpepper v. Hermann Weihrauch KG 730 Daly v. General Motors Corp. 735 Ford v. Polaris Industries, Inc. 746 D. Preemption 764 E. Immunities and Defenses Based Upon the Status of the Defendant 765 F. Statutes of Limitation and Repose 765 Chapter 14 · Defamation 767 A. What Constitutes a Defamatory Statement? 768 Romaine v. Kallinger 768 Matherson v. Marchello 772 B. The Defamatory Statement Must Be Understood to Have Been Made “Of and Concerning” the Plaintiff 777 Neiman-­Marcus Co. v. Lait 777 Pring v. Pent­house International 780 C. Defenses to Defamation 783 1. Truth 783 xiv CONTENTS

2. Privileges 783 Carradine v. Minnesota 783 Liberman v. Gelstein 787 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation v. Jacobson and CBS 790 3. Other Defenses 792 D. Constitutional Issues 794 1. Public Officials 794 New York Times Co. v. ­Sullivan 794 2. The Actual­ Malice Standard 803 St. Amant v. Thompson 803 Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc. 806 3. Private Plaintiffs 812 Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. 812 Time, Inc. v. Firestone 821 4. The Limited Purpose Public Figure 825 Waldbaum v. Fairchild Publications, Inc. 825 Foretich v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. 829 5. The Nonmedia Defendant 833 Greenmoss Builders, Inc. v. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. 833 Dun & Bradstreet v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. 836 6. The Burden of Proving Truth 840 Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps 840 7. Opinion 844 Steinhausen v. Homeservices of Nebraska, Inc. 844 Mr. Chow of New York v. Ste. Jour Azur S.A. 848 Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. 851 E. Summing Up: A Contemporary Example 857 Palin v. The New York Times Co. 857 Chapter 15 · Privacy 869 A. Intrusion 871 Nader v. General Motors Corp. 871 Pearson v. Dodd 875 Galella v. Onassis 878 Shulman v. Group W Productions, Inc. 881 Desnick v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. 890 B. Public Disclosure of Private Facts 894 Sidis v. F-­R Pub. Corp. 894 Haynes v. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 896 C. Constitutional Privilege 902 The Florida Star v. B.J.F. 902 CONTENTS xv

D. False Light 906 Cantrell v. Forest City Publishing Co. 906 Lake v. Wal-­Mart Stores, Inc. 910 E. Appropriation 913 Zacchini v. Scripps-­Howard Broadcasting Co. 913 Midler v. Ford Motor Co. 917 Index 923

xv

Table of Cases

A Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. Paul & “Agent Orange” Prod. Liab. Litig., In re, Sault Ste. Marie Railway Co., 290 316 Anderson v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Aaris v. Las Virgenes Unified School Corp., 637 Dist., 714 Anderson v. Somberg, 272 Abrams v. United States, 55 Anderson v. Vail Corp., 693 Acevedo v. Pima County Adult Proba- Andrews v. Mosley Well Serv., 514 tion Department, 339 Anjou v. Boston Elevated R.R. Co., 258 Acorn v. Household Intern. Inc., 692 Arbogast v. Terminal Railroad Assn. of Acuna v. Turkish, 133 St. Louis, 448 Adams v. Bullock, 196 Arkansas River Packet Co. v. Hobbs, 389 Adams v. G.D. Searle & Co., Inc., 645 Armstrong v. United States, 125 Adelson v. Harris, 865 Arnold v. Mundy, 68 Aetna Ins. Co. v. Hellmuth, Obata & Arora, United States v., 68 Kassabaum, Inc., 219 Ash v. Continental Ins. Co., 617 Agnant v. Shakur, 776 Ashcraft v. King, 87 Ahrens v. Ford Motor Co., 611 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 860 Alabama Great Southern Railroad Co. v. Associated Press v. Walker, 801, 814 Sumter Plywood Corp., 702 Atchison, T. & S.F. R.R. Co. v. Stanford, Alabama Ride Co. v. Vance, 797 320 Albala v. City of New York , 365 Atkins v. American Motors Corp., 731 Alexander v. Medical Associates Clinic, Atkinson v. Hemphill, 385, 389, 391 481 Atwood v. Holland, 668 Ali v. Fisher, 387 Aubin v. Union Carbide Corp., 622 Allaire v. St. Luke’s Hospital, 179 Ault v. International Harvester Co., 744 Alley v. Charlotte Pipe & Foundry Co., Avila v. Citrus Community College Dist., 165 708 Alvarado v. J.C. Penney Co., 251 Avret v. McCormick, 217 Amaya v. Home Ice, Fuel & Supply Co., Ayala v. Philadelphia Bd. of Public Ed., 168 597 American Golf Corp. v. Superior Court, Ayers v. Parry, 270 753, 758, 759 Azzarello v. Black Brothers Company, Anaya v. Superior Court, 361 593, 596, 599, 603, 604, 606, 607, Anderson v. Klix Chemical, 579 608

xvii xviii TABLE OF CASES

B Biakanja v. Irving, 150 Badela v. Karpowich, 274 Bierczynski v. Rogers, 376 Bagley v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc., 687 Bifolck v. Phillip Morris, Inc., 622 Baker v. Harcon, 721 Bigbee v. Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co., 324 Baker v. Owen, 105 Billings v. Atkinson, 173, 174 Balabanoff v. Fossani, 793 Billo v. Allegheny Steel Co., 231 Ballou v. Sigma Nu General Fraternity, Bilt-Rite Contractors, Inc. v. The 202 Architectural Studio, 598 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. Bingham v. Gaynor, 788 Goodman, 237, 238, 239 Binns v. Westminster Memorial Park, Banks v. Elks Club Pride of Tennessee, 175 383 Biro v. Conde Nast, 860, 863 Barker v. Colorado Region, 683 Biscan v. Brown, 387 Barker v. Lull Engineering Co., 581, 604, Bixler v. Avondale Mills, 301 745, 753 Bjork v. Mason, 762 Barnes v. Clayton House Motel, 777 Blackburn v. Dorta, 703 Barr v. Matteo, 784, 785 Blank v. Coffin, 567 Barter v. Wilson, 776 Blankenship v. General Motors Corp., Bartnicki v. Vopper, 877 523 Bartolone v. Jeckovich, 320 Blanton v. Kellioka Coal Co., 255 Bass v. Aetna Insurance Co., 675 Blue v. Envt’l Eng’g, Inc., 612 Bates v. McKeon, 360 Blyth v. Birmingham Waterworks Co., Baumgartner v. United States, 55 193 Beard v. Johnson & Johnson Co., 609 BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 860 484, 491, 493, 16, 17, 20 Bellah v. Greenson, 155 Boddie v. Connecticut, 823 Belli v. Orlando Daily Newspapers, 772 Boever v. State Board of Accountancy, Benedek v. PLC Santa Monica, LLC, 698 667 Berberian v. Lynn, 204 Boisson v. Arizona Board of Regents, Berg v. Reaction Motors, 505 141 Berg v. Sukup Mfg. Co., 673 Bolton v. Stone, 197 Berkebile v. Brantly Helicopter Corp., Bonbrest v. Kotz, 179 602 Bonkowski v. Arlan’s Department Store, Berko v. Freda, 452 112 Bernal v. Richard Wolf Medical Instru- Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co., 78 ments Corp., 758 Booth v. Rome, W. & O.T.R.R. Co., 537, Bernier v. Burris, 523 538, 539, 544 Bernstein v. Alameda-Contra Costa Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of Medical Assoc., 215 United States, 55 Berrier v. Simplicity Mfg., Inc., 605 Bostic v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 311 Bervoets v. Harde Ralls Pontiac-Olds, Botta v. Brunner, 513, 515 Inc., 386 Bouton v. Allstate Insurance Co., 38 Beshada v. Johns-Manville Products Bowman v. Williams, 162 Corp., 624 Boyce v. Brown, 213 Best v. U.S. National Bank, 691 Boyles v. Kerr, 172 Betehia v. Cape Cod Corp., 552 Bradley v. Fisher, 784 TABLE OF CASES xix

Brady v. Ottaway Newspapers, Inc., 861 Calhoun v. Honda Motor Company, 282 Branco v. Kearny Moto Park, Inc., 760 California v. Superior Court, 714 Branham v. Ford Motor Co., 622 Calles v. Scripto-Tokai Corp., 612, 613 Brannigan v. Usitalo, 519 Calvillo-Silva v. Home Grocery, 426 Brannon v. Wood, 272 Campbell v. First Nat’l Bank in Albu- Braun v. Soldier of Fortune Magazine, querque, NM, 266 Inc., 345, 347 Campbell v. Robert Bosch Power Tool Brewster v. Ludtke, 406 Corp., 731 Brian v. Richardson, 863 Cantrell v. Forest City Publishing Co., Bridge v. The Grand Junction Railway 906 Company, 663 Cantwell v. Connecticut, 111 Bridges v. Kentucky Stone Co., 537 Carney, In re, 597 Briscoe v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 899 Carpenter, State v., 857 Britton v. Wooten, 345 Carradine v. Minnesota, 783 Bromage v. Prosser, 801 Carradine v. State, 784 Browder v. Morris, 387 Carroll Towing Co., United States v., Brower v. New York Central & H. R.R., 144, 194, 195, 612 345 Carroll v. Whitney, 387 Brown v. C, M. & St. P. R. Co., 26 Carter v. Taylor Diving & Salvage Co., Brown v. Collins, 530 360 Brown v. Derry, 669 Caskie v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 599 Brown v. Keill, 397 Castello v. County of Nassau, 678 Brown v. Kendall, 192 Catani v. Swift & Co., 599 Brown v. Merlo, 202 Caterpillar Tractor Co. v. Beck, 613 Brown v. Shyne, 251 Caterpillar Tractor Co. v. Ford, 734 Brown v. Superior Court, 297, 300, 638, Cathemer v. Hunter, 30 645 Caudle v. Betts, 27 Brown v. Wal-Mart Discount Cities, 387 Causby, United States v. , 58 Bruttig v. Olsen, 408, 410, 413, 416 Celle v. Filipino Reporter Enterps. Inc., Buckley v. Littell, 849 861 Buford v. Houtz, 525 Central Hardware Co. v. NLRB, 66 Bunch v. Hoffinger Industries, Inc., 756 Central Hudson Gas & Elec. Corp. v. Burke v. Rivo, 185 Public Service Comm’n of New Burnett v. National Enquirer, Inc., 792 York, 839 Bushnell v. Japanese-American Religious Chamberlain v. Mathis, 787 & Cultural Center, 715 Chandler v. Aero Mayflower Transit Butler v. Rule, 214 Company, 682 Butterfield v. Forrester, 656, 663 Cheong v. Antablin , 714 Byers v. Gunn, 703 Chevron Chemical Co., Ex parte, 573 Byrne v. Boadle, 261, 264 Christensen v. Superior Court, 177 Christian v. La Forge, 689 Church of Scientology Int’l v. Time C Warner, Inc., 861 C.C.H v. Philadelphia Phillies, Inc., 96, Cibenko v. Worth Publishers, 770 102 Ciofalo v. Vic Tanney Gyms, Inc., 684 Calatayud v. State of California, 713 Cities Service Oil Co. v. Florida, 532 xx TABLE OF CASES

City of (see name of city) Crowley v. Spivey, 159 Clark v. Associated Retail Credit Men, Culpepper v. Hermann Weihrauch KG, 874 730 Clark v. Carson, 433 Cunis v. Brennan, 180 Clark v. Leisure Vehicles, Inc., 417 Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 55, 801, Clinic Masters v. District Court, 682 804, 814, 815, 816 Clinkscales v. Carver, 250 Curtiss-Wright Flying Service, Inc. v. Cobhs v. Grant, 29 Glose, 685 Colby v. Schwartz, 202 Collins v. Eli Lilly Co., 300, 409, 413, 416 D Commonwealth v. (see name of Dahl v. Turner, 202 defendant) Daley v. LaCroix, 162 Community College, 708 Daley v. Meier, 179 Coney v. J.L.G. Industries, Inc., 398 Dalury v. S-K-I, Ltd., 698 Conklin v. Canadian Colonial Airways, Daly v. General Motors Corp., 735 Inc., 685 Danks v. Stock Bldg. Supply, 408, 410, Conley v. Boyle Drug Co., 300 412, 413 Conley v. Doe, 36 Dart v. Wiebe Manufacturing, Inc., 632, Connelly v. Cone, 214 634, 635 Connolly v. Nicollet Hotel, 275 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuti- Continental Air Ticketing Agency v. cals, Inc., 185, 311, 312, 314 Empire Int. Travel, 773 David v. New York, 141 Conway v. O’Brien, 196 Davies v. Mann, 661 Cook v. Minneapolis, St. P. & S.S.M. Ry. Debus v. Grand Union Stores of Ver- Co., 291, 292 mont, 514 Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Delair v. McAdoo, 204 Tool Group, 494 Delaney v. Taco Time Int’l, Inc., 690 Copley v. Wills, 724 Delgado, Commonwealth v., 37 Correia v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Dellwo v. Pearson, 212 471 DeLuca v. Bowden, 21 Cosgrove v. Beymer, 162 Dempsey v. Hartley, 165 Covell v. Bell Sports, Inc., 605 Dennis v. American Honda Motor Co., Cowman v. Hornaday, 223, 226 731, 732, 733, 734 Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 904 Denny v. Ford Motor Co., 611 Cox v. Northwest Airlines, 263 Denver Publishing Co. v. Bueno, 913 Coyle v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 598 Department of General Services v. Craig v. Amateur Softball Association of United States Mineral Products Co., America, 720 605 Crankshaw v. Piedmont Driving Club, Depue v. Flatau, 122 324 Derdiarian v. Felix Contracting Corp., Crawford v. Pacific Western Mobile 342 Estates, Inc. , 444 Derosier v. New England Tel. & Tel. Co., Crisci v. Security Insurance Co., 164 320 Cronin v. J.B.E. Olson Corp., 577, 581, Desir ex. rel. Estiverne v. Vertus, Estate 585, 586, 587, 588, 739, 743 of, 133 TABLE OF CASES xxi

Desnick v. American Broadcasting Erickson v. Jones Street Publishers, LLC, Companies, 890 832 Dickens v. Debolt, 68 Erickson v. Kongsli, 246 Dicranian v. Foster, 156 Erickson v. Marsh & McLennan, 790 Dill v. Excel Packing Company, 80 Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 550 Dillon v. Legg, 168, 173, 708 Ervin v. Continental Conveyor and Dimick v. Schiedt, 518 Equipment Co., 721 Distefano v. Forester, 758 Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 10, 262, Dodd v. Pearson, 72 521, 564, 572, 607 Doe Parents No. 1 v. State Dept. of Estate of (see name of party) Education, 141 Ex parte (see name of party) Doe v. Berkeley Pub., 901 Exner v. Sherman Power Const. Co., 533, Doe v. Cutter Biological, Inc., 301 535 Doe v. Linder Constr. Co., 394 Doenges-Long Motors v. Gillen, 681 Doherty v. S.S. Kresge Co., 255 F Dolan v. Galluzzo, 216 F.W. Woolworth v. Kirby, 465 Dole v. Dow Chem. Co., 380, 382 Fairfax Hosp. Sys. v. Nevitt, 520 Dongguk Univ. v. Yale Univ., 863 Falcon v. Memorial Hospital, 302 Doreika v. Blotner, 229 Farrow v. Hoffecker, 244 Dougherty v. Stepp, 58 Fedor v. Mauwehu Council, Boy Scouts DRD Pool Serv. v. Freed, 515 of America, 680 Dreosch, Petition of, 126 Feldman v. Lederle Laboratories, 624 Drug Research Corp. v. Curtis Pub. Co., Fellows v. Cantrell, 681 773 Fennell v. Southern Md. Hosp. Center, Dulieu v. White, 321 Inc., 307 Dun & Bradstreet v. Greenmoss Build- Ferrara v. Galluchio, 165 ers, Inc., 836 Ferrari v. Grand Canyon Dories, 759 Dunn v. Hoffman Beverage Co., 263 Ferraro v. Ford Motor Co., 727 Dunn v. Teti, 213 Fibreboard Corp. v. Fenton, 639 Dupler v. Seubert, 44 Fischer v. Johns-Manville Corp., 504, Duquesne Light Company v. Woodland 506 Hills School District, 720 Fisher v. Carrousel Motor Hotel, Inc., 32, Dyer v. Maine Drilling & Blasting, Inc., 173 539, 544 Fisher v. Coastal Transp. Co., 173 Fitzgerald v. Penthouse Int’l, Ltd., 830, E 831 Economopoulos v. A. G. Pollard Co., 777 Flamm v. American Assoc. of Univ. Eimann v. Soldier of Fortune Magazine, Women, 857 347 Fletcher v. Rylands, 526, 528 Eisel v. Board of Educ., Montgomery Foglio v. Western Auto Supply, 586, 591 County, 155 Food Lion v. Capital Cities/ABC, 893 Ellis v. D’Angelo , 146 Ford v. Carew & English, 10 Emory Univ. v. Lee, 256 Ford v. Polaris Industries, Inc., 747 Engle v. Clark, 79 Foretich v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 829 Enright v. Eli Lilly & Co., 363 Forsyth v. Eli Lilly & Co., 315 xxii TABLE OF CASES

Fortier v. Los Rios Community College Gilman v. Spitzer, 861 Dist., 714, 105 Glandon v. Fiala, 668 Foster v. Preston Mill Co., 544 Goddard v. Boston & Maine R.R. Co., Foster v. Trafalgar House Oil & Gas, 515 257 Franchise Tax Bd. v. Hyatt , 913 Goepfert v. Filler, 665 Franco v. Bunyard, 245 Golden v. Amory, 544 Fred Harvey Corp. v. Mateas, 674 Goldstein v. Pataki, 860 Freeman v. Hale, 758 Goodfellow v. Coggburn, 212 Freeman v. Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., 641 Gordon v. American Museum of Nat. Friedman, Matter of, 682 History, 258 Frye v. United States, 312 Gorman v. Abbott Labs., 301 Ft. Smith, City of v. Western Hide & Fur Gosewisch v. American Honda Motor Co., 80 Co., 634 Fuller v. Preis, 361 Graphic Arts Mut. Ins. Co. v. Bakers Fuller v. Sirois, 253 Mut. Ins. Co., 382 Furey v. Thomas Jefferson Univ. Hosp., Green v. Denney, 325 221 Greenberg v. CBS Inc., 775 Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc., 570, 585, 737, 743 G Galardi v. Seahorse Riding Club, 714 Greenmoss Builders, Inc. v. Dun & Garcia v. City of South Tucson, 672, 673 Bradstreet, Inc., 833 Garcia v. Sky Climber, Inc., 553 Greenwood v. Lowe Chemical Co., 472 Garratt v. Dailey, 18, 21, 27 Greer v. Columbus Monthly Publishing Garrison v. Deschutes County, 697 Corp., 850 Garrison v. Louisiana, 789, 816 Grey v. Fibreboard Paper Products Co., Gasperini v. Center for Humanities, Inc., 658, 738 518 Griffith v. United Air Lines, 597 Geiser v. Petrocelli, 861 Groshek v. Groshek, 668 Gen. Elec. Co. v. Process Control Co., Grosjean v. Spencer, 223 387 Gross v. New York Times Co., 862 General Motors Corp. v. Saint, 732 Gross v. Sweet, 686 Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. Bostic, 308, 311 Group Health Coop. of Eau Claire v. Gerchberg v. Loney, 426 Hartland Cicero Mut. Ins. Co., 406 Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 55, 772, 802, Grundberg v. Upjohn Co., 645 810, 811, 812, 822, 823, 824, 825, Gulf Refining Co. v. Williams, 197 826, 827, 828, 830, 831, 833, 834, Gurda v. Orange County Pub. Div., 775 835, 836, 837, 838, 840, 841, 842, Gurtler v. Union Parts Mfg. Co., 773 844, 849, 851, 854, 855 Gutierrez v. Scripps-Howard, 345 Giant Food, Inc. v. Satterfield, 515 Gibson v. Denton (1896) 4 A.D. 198 H N.Y.S. 554, 439 H.R. Moch Co. v. Rensselaer Water Co., Gibson v. Norfolk Southern Corp., 733 146 Giguere v. Rosselot, 156 Haag v. Bongers, 643 Gilbert v. Medical Economics Co., 901 Hackbart v. Cincinnati Bengals, Inc., 97 Gilbert v. Showerman, 80 Hackmeyer v. Hackmeyer, 484 TABLE OF CASES xxiii

Hadar v. AVCO Corporation, 720 Hetherton v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 242, Haft v. Lone Palm Hotel, 286 243, 246 Hagler v. Coastal Farm Holdings, Inc., Hicks v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 697 731, 734 Hahn v. Richter, 607, 615 Hicks v. M.H.A. Inc., 467 Haisten v. Kubota Corp., 733 Hiigel v. General Motors Corp., 744 Hall v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Hill v. Edmonds, 295 301 Hill v. Glenwood, 210 Hamblin v. State/Maricopa County Hill v. Kimball, 173 Adult Probation Department, 337 Hill v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn., Hamil v. Bashline, 620 883 Hamilton v. Martinelli & Associates, 714 Hill v. Searle Laboratories, 644 Hammontree v. Jenner, 8, 16 Hines v. Garrett, 345 Hanford Nuclear Reservation Litigation, Hinsdale v. Orange County Pub., 774 Phillips v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours Hoagburg v. Harrah’s Marina Hotel & Co., In re, 544 Casino, 771 Hanks v. Powder Ridge Restaurant Hodges v. Mack Trucks, Inc., 664 Corp., 699 Hoffman v. Jones, 396, 397, 656, 703, Hanlon v. Pomeroy, 519 705, 706 Hanson v. Kynast, 90 Hofmann v. Blackmon, 153 Harlan Water Co. v. Carter, 148 Holder v. Key System, 509 Harmony Ditch v. Sweeney, 36 Holmes v. Southern Cal. Edison Co., 509 Harris v. Jones, 48, 53 Holston v. Sisters of Third Order of St. Harte-Hanks Comms., Inc. v. Con- Francis, 517 naugnton, 863 Home Ins. Co. v. American Home Prods. Hawkes v. Goll, 381 Corp., 506 Hay v. Cohoes Co., 538 Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg, 517 Hayes v. Torrington Water Co., 148 Hopkins v. Dow Corning Corp., 315 Heath v. Swift Wings, Inc., 217 Hopkins v. Fox & Lazo Realtors, 133 Heaton v. Ford Motor Co., 611 Howell v. Clyde, 719 Heaven v. Pender, 153 Hubbard v. United Press International, Heeg v. Licht, 538 Inc., 161 Helling v. Carey, 241 Huddleston v. United States, 244 Henderson v. Harnischfeger Corp., 587 Huffman and Wright Logging Co. v. Henderson v. Quest Expeditions, Inc., Wade, 63 698 Hughes v. Seven Springs Farm, Inc., 720 Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell, 53, 555, 564 767, 783 Henry v. J. W. Eshelman & Sons, 479 Hutchinson v. Proxmire, 787, 827 Hergenrether v. East, 348 Hymowitz v. Eli Lilly & Co., 295 Hernandez v. Hillsides, Inc., 877 Herod v. Grant, 668 Herrmann v. Newark Morning Ledger I Co., 770, 771 I.C.U. Investigations v. Jones, 877 Herskovits v. Group Health Coop, of Idema v. Wager, 860 Puget Sound, 306 Immuno v. Moor-Jankowski, 863 xxiv TABLE OF CASES

Imperial Apparel, Ltd. v. Cosmo’s Jones v. NordicTrack, Inc., 622 Designer Direct, Inc., 857 Jones v. O’Young, 216 In re (see name of party) Jones v. Palmer Communications, 802 Indiana Harbor Belt R.R. Co. v. Ameri- Jordon v. Lewis, 775 can Cyanamid Co., 537 June v. Union Carbide Corp., 292 Irish & Swartz Stores v. First Nat’l Bk., 694 Irwin v. Ashurst, 787 Irwin v. Klaeren, 669 K Issen v. Lincenberg, 396 Kahn v. East Side Union High School Dist., 714, 753 J Kansas City Power & Light Company v. J. & W. Corp. v. Ball, 475 United Telephone Company of J.C. Penney Cas. Ins. v. M.K., 506 Kansas, Inc., 684 J.H. Borland, Sr. v. Sanders Lead Co., 59 Karnell v. Campbell, 771 Jackson v. Glidden Co., 301 Kassel v. Gannett Co., 802 Jackson v. Long-Cope, 793 Katko v. Briney, 115 Jackson v. Velveray Corp., 453 Kaufman v. American Youth Hostels, Jacob E. Decker & Sons, Inc. v. Capps, 680, 686 550 Kearl v. Lederle Labs, 638 Jacobs v. Horton Mem. Hosp., 175 Keel v. Hainline, 27 James v. Gannett Co., 775, 776 Kelhi v. Fitzpatrick, 756 January v. Peace, 345 Kelley v. Post Pub. Co., 872 Jarnot v. Ford Motor Co., 600 Kelly v. Gwinnell, 349, 522 Jasko v. F.W. Woolworth Co., 259 Kendrick v. District Attorney of Phila- Jiminez v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 589 delphia County, 597 John B. v. Superior Court of Los Angeles Kendrick v. Neisz, 681 County, 229 Kennedy v. Sheriff of E. Baton Rouge, Johnson & Johnson Merck Consumer 790 Pharm. Co. v. Smith Kline Beecham Kermarec v. Compagnie Generale Corp., 862 Transatlantique, 478 Johnson Publishing Co. v. Davis, 797 Keser v. Chagnon, 681 Johnson v. Chapman, 378 Ketterer v. Armour & Co., 572 Johnson v. City of Plymouth, 125 Kibler v. Northern Inyo County Local Johnson v. Dirkswager, 786 Hospital Dist., 793 Johnson v. Jamaica Hosp., 175 Kilgus, United States v. , 312 Johnson v. Misericordia Cmty. Hosp., Kilian v. Doubleday & Co., 783 412 Kinard v. Coats Co., Inc., 744 Johnson v. State of California, 146 Kinsman Transit Co. v. Buffalo, 371 Johnson v. State, 175 Kinsman Transit Co., Petition of, 521 Johnson v. United States, 265 Kirch v. Liberty Media Corp., 861 Johnston v. Long, 510 Kirkland v. General Motors Corp., 744 Jones v. Dressel, 679 Kirschner v. Louisville Gas & Electric Jones v. Hansen, 430 Co., 480 Jones v. Harris, 48 K-Lines v. Roberts Motor Co., 694 TABLE OF CASES xxv

Knight v. Jewett, 709, 710, 712, 713, 714, Limbaugh v. Coffee Med. Ctr., 387 715, 717, 718, 721, 753, 754, 755, Lincenberg v. Issen, 396, 397 756, 757, 759, 760, 761, 762 Lincoln First Bank v. Siegel, 773 Knitz v. Minster Mach. Co., 620 Lincoln v. Power, 824 Koffman v. Garnett, 95 Ling v. Jan’s Liquors, 256, 354 Korean Air Lines Disaster of September Lipson v. Superior Court, 756 1, 1983, In re, 357 Lobby v. Anderson, 793 Kotlikoff v. The Community News, 770 Lohrmann v. Pittsburgh Corning Corp., Krahn v. LaMeres, 212 309, 310 Krauth v. Geller, 451 Lombard v. Louisiana, 699 Krohn, In re, 636 Longstaff, Matter of, 776 Kubby v. Hammond, 78 Losee v. Buchanan, 530 Kubert v. Best, 130 Lott v. State, 175 Kuehner v. Green, 91 Louisiana ex rel. Guste v. M/V Testbank, Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 314 369, 370 Kush by Marszalek v. City of Buffalo, Louisville & N.R.R. v. Allen, 397 345 Lowe v. Estate Motors, Ltd., 665 Kwasny v. United States, 517 Loyacano v. Continental Insurance Company, 553 L Lucas v. Hamm, 150, 151, 152 Lake v. Wal-Mart, 875, 910 Lupie v. Hartzheim, 406 Lambertson v. United States, 34 Luxford v. Large, 663 Lamkin v. Towner, 620 Lynch v. Nurdin, 663 Landeros v. Flood, 324 Lyons v. New Amer. Lib., 774 Lane v. Fair Stores, Inc., 467 Langan v. Valicopters, Inc., 12, 16, 544 M Langeland v. Farmers State Bank, 161 MacDonald v. City Hospital, Inc., 520 Langlois v. Allied Chemical Corp., 676 MacDonald v. Perry, 79 Larson v. St. Francis Hotel, 277 MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 564, Lawrence v. Fox, 147 567, 568, 608 Lawrence v. O & G Industries, Inc., 143 Mahoney v. Carus Chemical Co., 453 Lawrence v. Texas, 777 Maki v. Frelk, 659 Lechuga, Inc. v. Montgomery, 627 Malecha v. St. Croix Valley Skydiving Lee v. National League Baseball Club of Club, Inc., 698 Milwaukee Inc., 467 Maloney v. Rath, 11 Leers v. Green, 770 Maloney v. Valley Med. Facilities, Inc., Leppke v. Segura, 354 597 Lewis v. Coffing Hoist Division, Duff- Maniaci v. Marquette University, 46 Norton Co., 604 Mann v. Cook, 471 Lewis, People v. , 292 Marchetti v. Kalish, 90 Leyendecker & Assocs., Inc., v. Wechter, Mariorenzi v. DiPonte, Inc., 477, 479, 173 481 Li v. Yellow Cab Co., 653, 709, 710, 711, Marsh v. Alabama, 66 735, 737, 738, 740, 741, 742 Marshall v. Ranne, 721 Liberman v. Gelstein, 787 Martin v. Abbott Labs, 300 xxvi TABLE OF CASES

Martin v. Herzog, 247, 248 Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 810, Maryland Casualty Co. v. Heiot, 453 851, 862 Maryland Casualty Co. v. Wolff, 68 Miller v. Fallon County, 692 Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., Miller v. National Broadcasting Co., 885, 783, 806 886, 887, 888 Matherson v. Marchello, 772 Miller v. Preis, 600, 601 607, 608, 618 Mathis v. Massachusetts Electric Co., 469 Miller v. Wyeth Labs., 301 Matter of (see name of party) Miller v. Zep Mfg. Co., 434 Matthews v. Campbell Soup Co., 549 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corp. v. Matthies v. Positive Safety Mfg. Co., 406 Superior Court, 754 Mattox v. News Syndicate Co., 779 Mink v. University of Chicago, 28 May v. Burdett, 525 Mirand v. New York, 140 Mayhew v. Sullivan Mining Co., 236 Mitchell v. Gonzales, 54 Cal. 3d 1041, Mazetti v. Armour & Co., 562 292 McAlister v. Methodist Hosp., 390 Mix v. Ingersoll Candy Co., 551 McCarty v. Pheasant Run, Inc., 196 Mohr v. Williams, 83, 227 McCathern v. Toyota Motor Corp., 580 Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, McClenahan v. Cooley, 389 169 McCollum v. CBS, Inc., 307 Monroe v. Basis School, Inc., 140 McCown v. International Harvester Co., Moore v. Atchison, T. & S.F.R. Co., 278 726 Moore v. Lillebo, 173 McCutcheon v. United Homes Corp., Moore v. McKay, 722 456 Moore v. The Regents of the University McDaniel v. McNeil Laboratories, Inc., of California, 231 642, 644, 646 Morgan v. County of Yuba , 146 McDermott, Inc. v. AmClyde, 400 Morgan v. Loyacomo, 33 McDonald v. City of Red Wing, 127 Morris v. Parke, Davis & Co., 301 McDougald v. Garber, 517 Morrison v. National Broadcasting Co., McIntyre v. Balentine, 385, 386, 390 860, 873, 874 McKisson v. Sales Affiliates, Inc., 550 Moser v. Stallings, 223 McNulty v. Southern Pacific Co., 512 Mosler v. Whelan, 770 Melia v. Ford Motor Co., 744 Motschenbacher v. R.J. Reynolds Melvin v. Reid, 112 Cal. App. 285 P. 91 Tobacco Co., 919, 920 (Cal. App. 1931), 899 Mounsey v. Ellard, 470, 480 Mercer v. Corbin, 24 Mr. Chow of New York v. Ste. Jour Azur Mercer v. Hawes, 433 S.A., 848 Mercer v. Vanderbilt University, Inc., 394 Mulcahy v. Eli Lilly & Co., 301 Merenda v. Superior Court, 164 Munn v. Hotchkiss School, 138, 139 Michel v. NYP Holdings, 860 Murphy v. Taxicabs of Louisville, Inc., Michie v. Great Lakes Steel Div., Nat’l 294 Steel Corp., 295 Musso v. Picadilly Cafeterias, Inc., 551 Mickel v. Haines Enterprises, Inc., 697 Myers v. Lennox Co-op. Ass’n, 667, 668 Mikolajczyk v. Ford Motor Co., 622 Mylan Pharm., Inc. v. Proctor & Gamble Mile High Fence Co. v. Radovich, 461 Co., 862 TABLE OF CASES xxvii

Myrlak v. Port Authority of NY & NJ, Oliver v. Miles, 294 640 Olivia N. v. National Broadcasting Co., Mzamane v. Winfrey, 832 158, 307 Ollman v. Evans, 849, 853 N Ordway v. Superior Court, 711 NAACP v. Button, 798 Ostro v. Safir, 777 Nabozny v. Barnhill, 93 Ostrowe v. Lee, 773 Naifeh v. Valley Forge Life Ins. Co., 394 Ouellette v. Blanchard, 479 National Detective Agency, Inc. v. Overall v. Kadella, 92 Stevens, 877 Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Morts National Medical Transportation Dock & Engineering Co., 321, 325 Network v. Deloitte & Touche, 753 Owens v. Truckstops of Am., 386, 387, National Surety Corp. v. Applied Sys., 75 390 Nazeri v. Missouri Valley College, 777 Ozer v. Borquez, 902 Near v. Minnesota, 793 Negri v. Stop & Shop, Inc., 256, 258 Neighbarger v. Irwin Industries, Inc., P 756 Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Neiman-Marcus Co. v. Lait, 777 Haslip, 486, 488, 489, 490, 498, 499 New York State Silicone Breast Implant Pacific Northwest Bell Tel. Co. v. Port of Litig., In re, 301 Seattle, 14 New York Times v. Sullivan, 767, 780, Pakett v. The Phillies L.P., 720 788, 789, 793, 794, 801, 802, 803, Palin v. The New York Times Co., 858 804, 805, 811, 813, 814, 815, 816, Palsgraf v. The Long Island Railroad Co., 817, 818, 819, 820, 822, 823, 827, 328, 338 828, 829, 834, 835, 837, 838, 839, Parsons v. Age-Herald Publishing Co., 841, 842, 855, 860, 864, 908 797 New York Times v. United States, 793 Pascucci v. Town of Oyster Bay, 678 Newing v. Cheatham, 266 Pat H. Foley & Co. v. Wyatt, 173 Ney v. Yellow Cab Co., 255, 348 Patterson v. Sacramento City Unified Nickerson v. Hodges, 53 School District, 706 Nix v. Williams, 668 Pauscher v. Iowa Methodist Medical Noble v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 883, 886 Center, 87, 222, 228 Noguchi v. Nakamura, 105 Pavesich v. New England Life Ins. Co., November v. Time Inc., 775 875 Nowark v. Maguire, 775, 776 Payton v. Abbott Labs, 184 Pearce v. Utah Athletic Foundation, 698 O Pearson v. Dodd, 72, 872, 874, 875 O’Connor v. Burningham, 802 People Express Airlines v. Consolidated Ogden v. Association of the United Rail Corp., 367 States Army, 793 People v. (see name of defendant) Ogle v. Avina, 409, 410, 411, 416, 42 Perricone v. DiBartolo, 212 Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. Oklahoma PETA v. Bobby Berosini Ltd, 917 County District Court, 904 Peterson v. Sorlien, 107 Olin Mathieson C. Corp. v. White C. Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, Stores, 597 55, 783, 840 xxviii TABLE OF CASES

Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Williams, 503 Pyle v. Kernan, 690 Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 496 Phillips v. Cricket Lighters, 605, 606 Q Phillips v. Kimwood Machine Co., 574, Quesada v. Oak Hill Improvement Co., 630 176 Phoenix, City of v. Johnson, 78, 79 Quill v. Trans World Airlines, 159 Phoenix, City of v. Leroy’s Liquors Inc., 637 R Picher v. Roman Catholic Bishop of Ragnone v. Portland School Dist. No. 1J, Portland, 543 697 Pierce v. Capital Cities Communications Rahmig v. Mosley Machinery Co., 643, Inc., 770 104 Pietrone v. American Honda Motor Co., Rapp v. Hiemenz, 179 259 Ratcliff v. San Diego Baseball Club, 759 Pillars v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 278, Ratner v. Arrington , 513 547 Ravo v. Rogatnick, 379 Pletan v. Gaines, 787 Ray v. Cutter Labs., Div. of Miles, Inc., PLIVA, Inc. v. Mensing, 765 301 Ploof v. Putnam, 119, 122 Ray v. Downes, 669 Pluckwell v. Wilson, 663 Real Good Food v. First National Bank, Pokora v. Wabash Railway Co., 238 694 Polk v. Ford Motor Co., 284 Renslow v. Mennonite Hospital, 178 Ponder v. Cartmell, 360 Reporters’ Assn. v. Sun Print. & Pub. Potter v. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Assn., 773 615 Resolution Trust Corp. v. Block, 387 Potter v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Reuber v. Food Chemical News, 830, 831 163 Revell v. McCaughan, 389 Powers v. Taser International, Inc., 632 Reyes v. Vantage Steamship Co., 285 Prentis v. Yale Mfg. Co., 609 Reyes v. Wyeth Laboratories, 551 Previte v. Wanskuck Co., 478 Reynolds v. Clarke, 192 Price v. Shell Oil Co., 740 Reynolds v. Pierson, 24 Pridham v. Cash & Carry, 360 Reynolds v. Texas & Pac. Ry. Co., 286 Pring v. Penthouse International, 780 Reynolds v. W.H. Hinman Co., 541 Privitera v. Town of Phelps, 774 Richards v. Badger Mut. Ins. Co., 402, Procanik by Procanik v. Cillo, 185 404 Proctor v. Adams, 120 Richie v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 301 Public Service Company of Colorado v. Ridley v. Safety Kleen, 664 Van Wyk, 62 Riley v. Triplex Commun., Inc., 341 Purcell and Okrina v. Midwestern Corp., Rinaldo v. McGovern, 197 161 Rising v. Veatch, 214 Purcell v. St. Paul City Railway, 160 Rivera v. New York City Transit Author- Purchase v. Seelye, 361 ity, 198 Purtill v. Hess, 216, 217 Riverside Enters. v. Rahn, 255 Putnam v. Erie City Manufacturing Rizutto v. Davidson Ladders, Inc., 690 Company, 550 Roach v. Kononen, 578, 580 TABLE OF CASES xxix

Roberts v. State of Louisiana, 208 Sana v. Brown, 179 Robins Dry Dock & Repair Co. v. Flint, Sanchez v. Hillerich & Bradsby Co., 286 368 Sanders v. ABC, 893 Robinson v. Lindsay, 211 Sanders v. Central of Ga. Ry. Co., 201 Robinson v. Pioche, Bayerque & Co., 210 Sandy v. Bushey, 544, 726 Roedder v. Rowley, 512 Santa Barbara, City of v. Superior Court Rogers v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 86 of Santa Barbara County, 717 Romaine v. Kallinger, 768 Satterfield v. Breeding Insulation Co., Rosa v. Dunkin’ Donuts of Passaic, 451 394 Rosen v. LTV Recreational Development, Scampone v. Highland Park Care Center, Inc., 682 LLC, 597, 615 Rosenberger v. Central Louisiana Schaffer v. Pennsylvania R.R. Co., 378 District Livestock Show, 677 Schatz v. Republican State Leadership Rosenblatt v. Baer, 802, 815 Comm., 864 Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, 802, 840, Schauer v. Joyce, 382 843 Scheffer v. Railroad Co., 363 Ross v. Nutt, 348 Schneider v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 636 Roth v. Union Depot Co., 211 Schwartzman v. Weiner, 244 Rothstein v. Snowbird Corp., 693 Scott v. News-Herald, 853 Rotkiewicz v. Sadowsky, 802 Sears v. Waste Processing Equip., Inc., Rouse v. Hornsby, 279 731 Rowe v. Metz, 838 Seffert v. Los Angeles Transit Lines, 507 Rowland v. Christian, 421, 429, 439, 441, September 11 Litigation, In re, 354 478, 522, 708 Sepulveda, Commonwealth v., 620 Roy v. Continental Insurance Co., 104 Sharp v. Fairbanks North Star Borough, Ruiz v. Victory Properties, LLC, 140 536 Ruiz-Guzman v. Amvac Chem. Corp., Shell Oil Co. v. Gutierrez, 636 622 Sherer v. Linginfelter, 390, 392 Rushink v. Gerstheimer, 254 Siegelman v. Cunard White Star Ltd., Rutz v. Iacono, 669 862 Ryan v. New York Central R.R. Co., 319, Siegler v. Kuhlman, 14, 15 521 Sima, State v. , 244 Rylands v. Fletcher, 528, 530, 531, 532, Simpson Strong-Tie Co., Inc. v. Gore, 533, 534, 536, 542 793 Sindell v. Abbott Labs, 297, 298, 299 Singleton v. Sherer, 482 S Sipple v. Chronicle Publishing Co., 902 Saelzler v. Advanced Group, 288 Skipworth v. Lead Indus. Assoc., 301 Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Smith, 461 Slade v. Whitco Corp., 518 Salvador v. Atlantic Steel Boiler Co., 728 Slater v. Mersereau, 381 Salzano v. North Jersey Media Group, Slusher v. Ospital, 493 Inc., 825 Smith v. Cutter Biological, Inc., 301 Samsel v. Wheeler Transp. Servs., 519 Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co., 904, Samson v. Riesing, 277 905 Samuelson v. McMurtry, 390, 391 Smith v. Eli Lilly & Co., 301 xxx TABLE OF CASES

Soldano v. O’Daniels, 146 T Solem v. Helm, 487 Tacke v. Vermeer Mfg. Co. (1986), 626 Soule v. Gen. Motors Corp., 611, 613 Taco Bell, Inc. v. Lannon, 459 Soule v. Massachusetts Elec. Co., 470 Tan v. Goddard, 714 Southwest Pet Prod., Inc., v. Koch Indus., Tanny-hill v. Pacific Motor Trans. Co., 10 636 Tansy v. Dacomed Corp., 644 Spano v. Perini Corp., 16, 537, 544 Tantimonico v. Allendale Mutual Speiser v. Randall, 798 Insurance Co., 477 Sprecher v. Adamson Cos., 437 Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb of California, 152 Development Co., 76 Tarr v. Ciasulli, 134 St. Amant v. Thompson, 789, 803, 863, Taylor v. Superior Court, 504 864 Taylor v. Vallelunga, 53 St. Elizabeth Hosp. v. Garrard, 171 Tedla v. Ellman, 247 Staats by Staats v. Lawrence, 668 Tenold v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 519 Stacy v. Knickerbocker Ice Co., 285 Teolis v. Moscatelli, 101 Stafford v. Neurological Med., Inc., 363 Terwilliger v. Wands, 776 Standard Oil Company of California v. The Southwark, 234 Perkins, 682 The T.J. Hooper I, 234 State ex rel. Blond v. Stubbs, 394, 395 The T.J. Hooper II, 235 State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co. The Titania (D.C.), 234 v. Campbell, 492 The Wagon Mound (No. 1), 324 State Rubbish Assn. v. Siliznoff, 511 The Wagon Mound No. 2, 324 Staten v. Superior Court, 758 Thing v. La Chusa, 167, 173 Steele v. City of Houston, 126 Thomas v. Bedford, 103 Stein v. Tragercontra, 774 Thompson v. National R.R. Passenger Steinhausen v. Homeservices of Ne- Corp., 517 braska, Inc., 844 Thompson v. County of Alameda, 155 Stern v. Cosby, 776 Thompson v. McNeill, 96 Sternhagen v. Dow Company, 625 Threadgill v. Peabody Coal Co., 684 Stevens v. Rockport Granite Co., 80 Three Amigos SJL Rest., Inc. v. CBS Stillman v. Ford, 788 News Inc., 862 Stilp v. Commonwealth, 597 Timbrell v. Suburban Hosp., 270 Strand v. U.S. Bank Nat. Ass’n, 696 Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 821 Strauss v. Belle Realty Co., 148 Time, Inc. v. Hill, 57, 767, 908, 909, 915, Strawbridge v. Sugar Mountain Resort, 916, 918 Inc., 693 Tincher v. Omega Flex, Inc., 593 Stuart v. Western Union Tel. Co., 173 Tolbert v. First National Bank, 691 Stukuls v. State of New York, 788 Town of (see name of town) Suits v. Glover, 105 Transports, Inc. v. Perry, 385, 386, 389, Sullivan v. Conway, 856 395 Sullivan v. Crabtree, 278 Tresemer v. Barke, 228 Summers v. Tice, 293, 295, 296, 399 Trimarco v. Klein, 236 Sutter v. Hutchings, 354 Trogun v. Fruchtman, 29 Swain v. Tenn. Copper Co., 392 Truhitte v. French Hosp., 270 TABLE OF CASES xxxi

Truman v. Thomas, 227 Wagner v. International Railway Co., 358 Tunkl v. The Regents of the University of Wagner v. York Hosp., 515, 518 California, 679, 684 Walborn v. Stockman, 433 Turcotte v. Fell, 678 Waldbaum v. Fairchild Publications, Turner v. Big Lake Oil Co., 530 Inc., 825 Tuttle v. Atlantic City R.R. Co., 360 Walker v. Kroger Grocery & Baking Co., TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance 406 Resources Corp., 484, 489, 490 Wallace v. Rosen, 21 Walnut Street Assocs., Inc. v. Brokerage U Concepts, Inc., 598 Uhlmann v. Kin Daw, 690 Walser v. Resthaven Memorial Gardens, Ukiah, Town of v. Ukiah Water & Inc., 67 Improvement Co., 148 Walt Disney World Co. v. Goode, 468 United States v. (see name of defendant) Walt Disney World v. Wood, 396, 398, University of Ariz. Health Sciences 399 Center v. Superior Court, 188 Washington & Georgetown R.R. Co. v. Hickey, 295 V Van Iperen v. Van Bramer, 223 Waters v. Pacific Coast Dairy, Inc., 10 Vandermark v. Ford Motor Co., 10 Watkins v. United States Army, 776 Vasquez-Lopez v. Beneficial Oregon, Watson v. Kentucky & Indiana Bridge & Inc., 692, 57, 58 Railroad Co., 343 Vaughan v. Menlove, 202 Way v. Boy Scouts of Am., Nat’l Shoot- Vaughn v. Cortez, 669 ing Sports Found., Inc., 347 Vendrella v. Astriab Family Ltd. Partner- Wealth v. Renai, 244 ship, 143 Weaver v. American Oil Company, 682 Vennall v. Garner, 663 Weaver v. Ward, 4, 16 Vernars v. Young, 877 Webb v. Zern, 600, 727 Viccaro v. Milunsky, 181 Weber v. Charity Hospital, 360 Vince v. Wilson, 156 Wegner v. Milwaukee Mut. Ins. Co., 124, Vincent v. Lake Erie Transp. Co., 121 125 Vincer v. Esther Williams All-Aluminum Wehling v. Columbia Broadcasting Swimming Pool Co., 610 System, 811 Vine v. Bear Valley Ski Co., 760 Weirum v. RKO General, Inc., 339 Vinikoor v. Pedal Pennsylvania, Inc., 718 Welch v. Outboard Marine Corp., 577, Virginia Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia 610, 611, 613 Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., Westmoreland v. CBS, 805 839 Weston v. Commercial Advertiser Ass’n, Volz v. Ledes, 386 780 Vosburg v. Putney, 25, 27 Westover v. East River Elec. Power Co-op., Inc., 668 W Wheeler v. Raybestos-Manhattan, 301 W. C. James Inc. v. Phillips Petroleum White v. Celotex Corp., 301 Company, 682 White v. Huffmaster, 669 W.J. Seufert Land Co. v. Greenfield, 690 White v. Samsung Electronics America, Wabash R.R. Co. v. Henks, 201 Inc., 920 xxxii TABLE OF CASES

Whitehead v. Toyota Motor Corp., 386 Wright v. Brooke Grp. Ltd., 622 Whittaker v. Sandford, 42 Wrinkle v. Norman, 430, 544 Wichita & Western Rwy. Co. v. Davis, Wyeth v. Levine, 765 201 Widmyer v. Southeast Skyways, Inc., 200 Y Wilcox v. Waldman, 636 Yamaha Motor Corp. v. Paseman, 763 Wilkinson v. Vesey, 226 Yania v. Bigan, 145 Williams v. Bennett, 622 Ybarra v. Spangard, 266 Williams v. Delta Int’l Machinery Corp., Young v. Key Pharmaceuticals, 645 731, 733 Yukon Equipment, Inc. v. Fireman’s Williams v. Esaw, 212 Fund Insurance Co., 533 Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Z Company, 682 Zabner v. Howard Johnson’s Inc., 552 Wilson Trading Corp. v. David Ferguson Zabunoff v. Walker, 10 Ltd., 682 Zachardy v. Geneva College, 719 Wilson v. Fitch, 509 Zafft v. Eli Lilly & Co., 301 Wilson v. Rule, 433 Zavala v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 40 Wolfe v. Feldman, 279 Zeni v. Anderson, 251 Womack v. Eldridge, 49 Zibbell v. Southern Pacific Co., 512 Wood v. United Air Lines, 537 Woodill v. Parke Davis & Co., 639 Preface

For the Fourth Edition, our goal was to “polish the apple” by replacing cases that ­were not effective in class and adding new and impor­tant ones. One of our goals was also to include cases with human­ interest in the book. We have added many new cases and removed older cases that did not work well in class. We also shortened the casebook in an effort to reflect ­actual coverage in first year torts courses. For this edition, we once again tried to incorporate comments we have received from those­ who have adopted­ the casebook. We hope to have been responsive. Enjoy. FRANK J. VANDALL Professor of Law Emory University School of Law ELLEN WERTHEIMER Professor of Law Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law MARK C. RAHDERT ­Professor of Law Temple University James E. Beasley School of Law February, 2018

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Acknowl­edgments

For the Fourth Edition, I am especially indebted to the organizational and com- puter expertise of Marianne D’Souza. I also appreciate the support and encourage- ment of Emory Law School. —­ ​Frank Vandall ————— For the Fourth Edition, I am deeply in the debt of Patricia Trask, my assistant, whose unfailing generosity with her time and expertise ­were invaluable. Christopher Merken, research assistant extraordinaire, provided crucial assistance for the Casebook and Teacher’s Manual. —­ ​Ellen Wertheimer ————— For the Fourth Edition, I wish to acknowledge the encouragement and support I received from Dean Gregory Mandel and my faculty colleagues at ­Temple University Beasley School of Law. —­ ​Mark C. Rahdert

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