2005 AAH Dental Calendar
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©2005 Aetna Inc. Aetna ©2005 00.12.904.1 (12/04) 00.12.904.1 AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY CALENDAR 2005 ONE GOAL. To improve lives. x AFRICAN AMERICANS IN PHARMACY Each day, pharmacists work to improve In this 24th edition of the Aetna 2005 African American History Calendar, you will meet some of the overall health and well-being. Whether most accomplished and respected African American it’s the local pharmacist in a community pharmaceutical professionals. Discover the diversity of a profession that offers a multitude of practice settings, drugstore, the pharmacist who provides including military, academia, industry, retail, government and community. Experience the goals, dreams and comfort to animals, or the one who hopes of these individuals, who have dedicated their discovers new drug therapies that can lives to finding the perfect prescription for caring. sustain lives, it is the pharmacist who In addition to the printed version, enjoy the online is at the heart of healing. version of the 2005 calendar, which features more extensive profiles and details about the pharmaceutical professions. Find it at www.aetna.com/diversity/aahcalendar/2005/index.html. In the Service of Humanity Pharmacists are compassionate and caring people who of-health perspective, financial perspective and value ONE DREAM. provide counsel, guidance and expertise to patients, to their overall being. We want to provide actionable caregivers and health care professionals regarding drug information to physicians that can help them make a To discover cures. therapies. As drug therapy experts, pharmacists consis- difference in sustaining and improving the health of tently strive to look for meaningful ways to impact the the patients they serve. We are in a unique position to health and quality of life of the patients we serve and accomplish this through pharmacy integration with the communities in which we live. medical, dental, and disability literature and data. In the service of humanity, pharmacists contribute their With the advent of consumerism, pharmacists will Teri’ Yvette Burnell, Pharm.D. expertise within a multitude of practice environments. continue to play a major role in health care. Our Our knowledge of emerging medical technologies, profession will continue to evolve as technology and current and new medications, and the analysis of drug therapy continue to advance. It is my hope that medical literature and data provide the platform for through this calendar, you will come to understand pharmacists to serve the public in a very unique way. the past and current contributions of African Americans in pharmacy and the roles they will play in the future. Aetna Pharmacy Management provides information and resources to help our members make informed May the insights you learn as you journey through ONE HOPE. decisions. Our members can balance drug selection, the pages of this calendar be a blessing to you. To sustain health. quality and the affordability of drug therapy options. As technology continues to advance and drug selection Teri’ Yvette Burnell, Pharm.D. becomes more vast, we want to position our members Director, Clinical Pharmacy Programs to understand the impact of their choices from a quality- Aetna Inc. African American Pharmacists in Health Care By Ira C. Robinson, Ph.D., R.Ph. Former Dean and Professor of Pharmacy, Florida AM University College of Pharmacy and Howard University College of Pharmacy The art of healing through the use of medicines dates Higher Education African American pharmacists, which was preceded by MANY STORIES. back to prehistoric times and stretches through The early training of pharmacists in America was deliv- the National Negro Medical Association of Physicians, African Americans Western civilization. Around 1500 when lists of drug ered in “schools” operated by local associations and was Dentists and Pharmacists of 1895. formulas, called pharmacopeias, first appeared, so composed primarily of an apprenticeship. To meet the in pharmacy. began the uphill evolution of the pharmaceutical challenges of providing quality pharmaceutical care The National Pharmaceutical Foundation founded in profession. While it was common for physicians to services in collaboration with physicians and other 1972 at Florida A&M University (FAMU) brought diagnose illnesses, as well as compound and administer practitioners, pharmacists today complete a six-year together African American pharmacists from all groups simple medicines, the emergence of apothecaries, the curriculum to earn a doctor of pharmacy (Pharm.D.) and practice settings, as well as faculty, alumni and wholesale trade and pharmacies in city hospitals pro- degree. Some 89 U.S. colleges now offer such programs. students from the historically black pharmacy colleges. vided a necessary means for the separation of direct That same year, the establishment of the Student medical care from drug preparation and dispensing. Although Meharry Medical College in Nashville, National Pharmaceutical Association at FAMU provided Tennessee, is renowned for its training of our earliest students with mentoring and enrichment opportunities Traditionally, pharmacy has been defined as the art and African American pharmacists, other historically black outside the classroom. In 1978, the African American science of preparing, preserving, compounding and dis- colleges of pharmacy have emerged over the past three members of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists* pensing of drugs. From its early beginnings in America, decades to enroll and graduate the majority of African formed their own group, the Association of Black pharmacy evolved from self-treatment with herbal American pharmacists in the United States. These Hospital Pharmacists. concoctions, poultices and pills to the development of include Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida; multidisciplinary clinical medicine dispensers. Today’s Howard University, Washington, D.C.; Texas Southern African Americans also emerged in leadership roles of practice is expanded beyond the boundaries of that University, Houston, Texas; Xavier University of national pharmacy associations, including Wendell T. outdated definition. In addition to preparing and dis- Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Hampton Hill, Jr., Pharm.D., who served as president of the pensing drugs, pharmacists counsel patients and other University, Hampton, Virginia. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists in 1972; health care professionals, design increasingly complex Mary Munson Runge, R.Ph., who served as chairperson dosage forms, as well as evaluate and monitor patients’ African American pharmacy students graduate with and president of the American Pharmaceutical multidrug regimens for safety and efficacy. an abundance of career opportunities in community Association** in 1979; Robert D. Gibson, Pharm.D., pharmacies, hospitals, home health care, consulting and who served as president of the American Association Ira C. Robinson, Ph.D., R.Ph. Historically, African American pharmacists have been managed care. There also are specialty areas such as of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) in the 1990s; and References involved in all practice settings, including management geriatrics, nuclear pharmacy, oncology, pediatrics and Henry Cade, M.B.A., who served as the president of the ■ Robinson, Ira C., African American Pharmacists Socioeconomic and staff roles. More African Americans continue to pharmacotherapeutics. Combining the Pharm.D. with National Association of Boards of Pharmacy in 1987. Empowerpedia, Robinson Research Resources, Brandon, Fla., 1994. ■ Robinson, Ira C. (Editor), Progress and Problems of Black Pharmacists in choose the profession, as evidenced by the rapid growth advanced degrees greatly expands one’s career options The first African American AACP official was initially America, 1st Edition, National Pharmaceutical Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1977. of the number of African American pharmacists from even in contemporary practice, as well as in clinical and elected secretary-treasurer of its Council of Deans ■ Robinson, Ira C., “Black Pharmacists Today: Only 2,800 Are Available,” the 1970s to today. Then, there were less than 2,800 scientific research, teaching, entrepreneurship, public in 1973. American Druggist, April 1982. ■ Bureau of Health Professions, “The Pharmacist Workforce: A Study of the African American pharmacists in the United States. service, and the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. Supply and Demand for Pharmacists,” Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, Today, African American pharmacists comprise nearly African American pharmacists will continue to have an D.C., December 2000. ■ “Academic Pharmacy’s Vital Statistics,” American Association of Colleges 9 percent – or almost 19,000 – of an estimated Professional Organizations enormous impact on health care in America because of of Pharmacy, Alexandria, Va., February 2004. 208,000 pharmacists in the country. Recognizing the need to form their own alliances to their high sensitivity to patient needs, quality education, address common challenges, African Americans estab- proven competence, leadership qualities and dedication lished a number of pharmaceutical associations. In to improving access to quality patient care. 1947, Chauncey Cooper of Howard University founded the National Pharmaceutical Association for * Now known as the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ** Now known as the American Pharmacists Association.