Table of Contents

Introduction...... 1

Chapter 1: Wind Instruments...... 8 1-1: ...... 11 (1) Construction ...... 11 (2) Basic scales, derived pitches, and fingerings...... 11 (3) Range and timbre ...... 13 (4) Performance techniques ...... 15 (5) Fingering techniques ...... 16

1-2: Ryûteki...... 22 (1) Construction 22 (2) Basic scales, derived pitches, and fingerings...... 23 (3) Range and timbre ...... 23 (4) Performance techniques ...... 24 (5) Fingering techniques ...... 25

1-3: Nôkan ...... 30 (1) Construction 30 (2) Basic scales and fingerings ...... 31 (3) Range and timbre ...... 33 (4) Performance techniques ...... 33 (5) Fingering techniques ...... 34

1-4: ...... 41 (1) Construction 41 (2) Basic scales, derived pitches, and fingerings...... 43 (3) Range and timbre ...... 47 (4) Blowing techniques...... 48 (5) Fingering techniques ...... 52

1-5: ...... 61 (1) Construction 61 (2) Basic scales, derived pitches, and fingerings...... 63 (3) Range and timbre ...... 63 (4) Performance techniques ...... 64 (5) Fingering techniques ...... 67

1-6: Shô...... 11 (1) Construction 70 (2) Basic scales and fingerings ...... 73 (3) Range and timbre ...... 73 (4) Performance techniques ...... 73 (5) Fingering techniques ...... 75

Chapter 2: String Instruments (lutes)...... 80 2-1: ...... 82 (1) Construction ...... 82 (2) Range, tuning, and intonation ...... 87 (3) Left hand techniques ...... 91 (4) Right hand techniques...... 98

2-2: ...... 104 (1) Construction ...... 106 (2) Range, tuning, and intonation ...... 110 (3) Left hand techniques ...... 113 (4) Right hand techniques...... 120

2-3: Special shamisen ...... 127 (1) Futazao (Gidayû shamisen) ...... 127 (2) Futazao (Tsugaru shamisen)...... 133 (3) ...... 138

2-4: Kokyû...... 142 (1) Construction ...... 143 (2) Range and tuning ...... 145 (3) Left hand techniques ...... 146 (4) Right hand techniques...... 151

Chapter 3: String Instruments (zithers)...... 155 3-1: ...... 157 (1) Construction ...... 158 (2) Range and tuning ...... 164 (3) Left hand techniques ...... 169 (4) Right hand techniques...... 176

3-2: Special Kotos...... 186 (1) Gakusô ...... 186 (2) 17-string bass koto ...... 187 (3) Nijûgen (21-string koto) ...... 189

Chapter 4: Percussion Instruments ...... 195 4-1: Membrane Percussion ...... 197 (1) Ko-tsuzumi ...... 197 (2) Ô-tsuzumi ...... 206 (3) Ikko and San-no-tsuzumi ...... 208 (4) Kakko ...... 209 (5) Gaku-daiko (gakaku)...... 210 (6) Ô-daiko...... 212 (7) Gaku-daiko (used in folk music)...... 217 (8) Shime-daiko...... 218 (9) Dai-byôshi...... 223 (10) Okedô-daiko ...... 224 (11) Uchiwa-daiko ...... 224 (12) Other percussion instruments...... 225

4-2: Wood and Bamboo Percussion ...... 226 (1) Sasara...... 226 (2) ...... 227 (3) Shakubyôshi ...... 228 (4) Hyôshigi ...... 229 (5) Mokushô ...... 231 (6) Mokugyô...... 225 (7) Yotsudake ...... 234 (8) Kokiriko...... 234 (9) Naruko...... 235 (10) Mokuban and Banki...... 235

4-3: Metal and Stone Percussion ...... 236 (1) Dora (temple bells) ...... 236 (2) Kin...... 237 (3) Shôko...... 238 (4) Kinshô ...... 239 (5) Shô...... 239 (6) (atarigane) ...... 240 (7) Dora ...... 242 (8) Nyôbatsu...... 243 (9) Chappa (dôbyôshi)...... 244 (10) Suzu ...... 245 (11) Orugoru...... 246 (12) Sanukite...... 246

Minoru Miki: List of Works for Japanese Instruments...... 250 Afterword...... 272 Glossary ...... 276 Compact Disc Track Listings ...... 282