Table of Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Wind Instruments.................................................................................................8 1-1: Shinobue ...............................................................................................11 (1) Construction .................................................................................11 (2) Basic scales, derived pitches, and fingerings...............................11 (3) Range and timbre .........................................................................13 (4) Performance techniques ...............................................................15 (5) Fingering techniques ....................................................................16 1-2: Ryûteki....................................................................................................22 (1) Construction 22 (2) Basic scales, derived pitches, and fingerings...............................23 (3) Range and timbre .........................................................................23 (4) Performance techniques ...............................................................24 (5) Fingering techniques ....................................................................25 1-3: Nôkan .....................................................................................................30 (1) Construction 30 (2) Basic scales and fingerings ..........................................................31 (3) Range and timbre .........................................................................33 (4) Performance techniques ...............................................................33 (5) Fingering techniques ....................................................................34 1-4: Shakuhachi .............................................................................................41 (1) Construction 41 (2) Basic scales, derived pitches, and fingerings...............................43 (3) Range and timbre .........................................................................47 (4) Blowing techniques......................................................................48 (5) Fingering techniques ....................................................................52 1-5: Hichiriki .................................................................................................61 (1) Construction 61 (2) Basic scales, derived pitches, and fingerings...............................63 (3) Range and timbre .........................................................................63 (4) Performance techniques ...............................................................64 (5) Fingering techniques ....................................................................67 1-6: Shô..........................................................................................................11 (1) Construction 70 (2) Basic scales and fingerings ..........................................................73 (3) Range and timbre .........................................................................73 (4) Performance techniques ...............................................................73 (5) Fingering techniques ....................................................................75 Chapter 2: String Instruments (lutes).....................................................................................80 2-1: Biwa....................................................................................................82 (1) Construction .................................................................................82 (2) Range, tuning, and intonation ......................................................87 (3) Left hand techniques ....................................................................91 (4) Right hand techniques..................................................................98 2-2: Shamisen...............................................................................................104 (1) Construction .................................................................................106 (2) Range, tuning, and intonation ......................................................110 (3) Left hand techniques ....................................................................113 (4) Right hand techniques..................................................................120 2-3: Special shamisen ....................................................................................127 (1) Futazao (Gidayû shamisen) .........................................................127 (2) Futazao (Tsugaru shamisen)........................................................133 (3) Sanshin .........................................................................................138 2-4: Kokyû........................................................................................................142 (1) Construction .................................................................................143 (2) Range and tuning .........................................................................145 (3) Left hand techniques ....................................................................146 (4) Right hand techniques..................................................................151 Chapter 3: String Instruments (zithers)..................................................................................155 3-1: Koto ..........................................................................................................157 (1) Construction .................................................................................158 (2) Range and tuning .........................................................................164 (3) Left hand techniques ....................................................................169 (4) Right hand techniques..................................................................176 3-2: Special Kotos............................................................................................186 (1) Gakusô .........................................................................................186 (2) 17-string bass koto .......................................................................187 (3) Nijûgen (21-string koto) ...............................................................189 Chapter 4: Percussion Instruments ........................................................................................195 4-1: Membrane Percussion ..........................................................................197 (1) Ko-tsuzumi .................................................................................197 (2) Ô-tsuzumi ...................................................................................206 (3) Ikko and San-no-tsuzumi ............................................................208 (4) Kakko .........................................................................................209 (5) Gaku-daiko (gakaku)..................................................................210 (6) Ô-daiko.......................................................................................212 (7) Gaku-daiko (used in folk music)................................................217 (8) Shime-daiko................................................................................218 (9) Dai-byôshi......................................................................223 (10) Okedô-daiko ...................................................................224 (11) Uchiwa-daiko ...............................................................224 (12) Other percussion instruments.......................................225 4-2: Wood and Bamboo Percussion ....................................................226 (1) Sasara...........................................................................226 (2) Binzasara .....................................................................227 (3) Shakubyôshi .................................................................228 (4) Hyôshigi .......................................................................229 (5) Mokushô .......................................................................231 (6) Mokugyô.......................................................................225 (7) Yotsudake .....................................................................234 (8) Kokiriko........................................................................234 (9) Naruko..........................................................................235 (10) Mokuban and Banki......................................................235 4-3: Metal and Stone Percussion .............................................................236 (1) Dora (temple bells) ......................................................236 (2) Kin................................................................................237 (3) Shôko............................................................................238 (4) Kinshô ..........................................................................239 (5) Shô................................................................................239 (6) Kane (atarigane) ..........................................................240 (7) Dora .............................................................................242 (8) Nyôbatsu.......................................................................243 (9) Chappa (dôbyôshi).......................................................244