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Asie Centrale 46 ASIE CENTRALE | Destination… Ouzbékistan

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Asie Centrale 46 ASIE CENTRALE | Destination… Ouzbékistan 44 45 Chine Asie Centrale 46 ASIE CENTRALE | Destination… Ouzbékistan Comme dans les autres pays d’Asie centrale, l’indépen- dance de l’Ouzbékistan, proclamée le 1er septembre 1991, n’est pas l’aboutissement d’un mouvement natio- naliste. Avec plus de 20 millions d’habitants, dont 75% d’Ouzbeks, et une superficie de 447’400 kilomètres carrés, l’Ouzbékistan est le poids lourd de l’Asie centrale. Sans le dire explicitement, Tashkent s’appuie sur un nationalisme ethnique et reprend le flambeau de l’émirat de Bukhara, qui a dominé du XVIe au XIXe siècle la plus grande partie du territoire actuel de l’Ouzbékistan, du Turkménistan et du Tadjikistan. On récupère le passé glorieux de l’Asie centrale en y trouvant les mythes fon- dateurs de la nouvelle république: la statue de Tamerlan a remplacé celle de Lénine! La loi sur la langue, très Asie Centrale rigoureuse, rend l’ouzbek obligatoire dans toutes la pra- tique administrative, ce qui a eu pour effet d’«ouzbékiser» Les cinq ex-républiques soviétiques musulmanes forment une vaste région cernée de hautes très rapidement l’administration et l’université, canton- montagnes (Tian Shan, Pamir, Hindu Kush), de steppes arides et de déserts, dont les villes se nant les russophones dans quelques fonctions tech- sont développées au sein des oasis et le long des cours d’eau, selon un vieux proverbe qui dit: niques sans influence politique. Les membres d’autres ethnies, tels les Tadjiks, ont également dû s’«ouzbékiser». «Là où l’eau s’arrête, le monde s’arrête aussi». Le climat continental est assez froid en hiver Les tensions avec les voisins sont nombreuses et les alors qu’il peut faire extrêmement chaud en été. L’Ouzbékistan, le Kazakhstan, le Turkménistan, alliances se font et se défont rapidement. Le choix du le Tadjikistan et le Kirghizstan forment une mosaïque colorée d’ethnies, de mœurs, de langues, nouvel alphabet montre bien comment Tashkent veut se de cultures et d’intérêts très variés et souvent contradictoires. Nombreux sont les empires à s’y positionner sur l’échiquier régional: le gouvernement être succédé, du VIIIe siècle avant J.-C. jusqu’au Ve siècle de notre ère: sogdien, khorezmien, a décidé d’adopter l’alphabet latin pour marquer son ancrage «européen», contre l’influence russe (alphabet achéménide, grec d’Alexandre le Grand, séleucide, gréco-bactrien et kouchan. Les Turcs appa- cyrillique en vigueur) et l’influence venue du Moyen- e e e raissent au VI siècle. Aux VII et VIII siècles, les armées arabes envahissent la région, mais sont Orient (l’Iran et les milieux musulmans incitant au retour repoussées. Leur influence reste malgré tout considérable, puisque l’islam s’implante solidement. de l’alphabet arabe). Mais cet alphabet latin diffère aussi Du IXe au XVe siècles, de nombreux empires ou royaumes locaux se succèdent: samanide perse, sensiblement de l’alphabet turc: Tashkent veut claire- seldjoukide turc, khorezmchakh, mongol et timouride. La conquête de l’Asie centrale par l’empire ment montrer qu’il ne cherche pas de nouveau grand frère. Sur le plan religieux, le gouvernement s’efforce de russe dure de 1847 à 1881. De cet imposant amalgame naissent des cultures souvent brillantes réhabiliter un islam «à l’ouzbek» sous contrôle strict. Les dont les traces sont encore parfaitement visibles. Les religions elles aussi – bouddhisme, fêtes religieuses sont déclarées fêtes officielles, le dra- judaïsme, mazdéisme et zoroastrisme, christianisme, manichéisme et bien sûr islam – ont trouvé peau ouzbek porte un croissant et une bande verte. en Asie centrale un terreau fertile, leur permettant de s’y implanter et d’y prendre leur essor. L’économie ouzbèke a connu un fort déclin à la suite Dans ces sociétés encore très hiérarchisées, patriarcales et fortes de nombreuses traditions, de l’indépendance. Le coton reste le principal produit d’exportation et le gouvernement s’efforce de trouver l’amitié est sacrée et l’hospitalité cultivée avec art. Le voyageur attentif se verra souvent offrir de nouveaux débouchés, avec la production de céréales, thé, fruits ou pistaches et chaque fête civile ou religieuse est l’occasion de recevoir parents et légumes, fruits. Les anciens kolkhoz dominent les cam- amis pour d’interminables repas. pagnes, d’autant qu’ils correspondent à des groupes de solidarité locaux très ancrés. Mais une ouverture est net- tement perceptible. Les milieux d’affaires occidentaux s’intéressent de plus à plus à l’Ouzbékistan. Il y a peu de pétrole et de gaz, mais le pays dispose de mines d’or importantes. Kazakhstan Proclamé État indépendant le 16 décembre 1991, le Kazakhstan s’étend sur 2,7 millions de km2 de steppes, arides pour l’essentiel, mais sont baignées par de grands fleuves comme le Syr Daria, l’Irtych ou l’Oural, et de vastes lacs et mers intérieures tels le lac Balkhach ou la mer d’Aral. Les terres arables couvrent moins de 15% du territoire. Les tribus nomades turco-mongoles, qui par- couraient plus qu’elles ne peuplaient les steppes du Kazakhstan, furent appelées Scythes par Alexandre de Destination… | ASIE CENTRALE 47 Macédoine, puis Huns lorsqu’elles fondirent sur l’Europe au IVe siècle de notre ère et Kazakhs par les Turcs d’Asie centrale à partir du XIVe siècle. Les frontières qui délimi- tent le pays kazakh ont également beaucoup varié, selon les aléas de l’histoire. Les Kazakhs partagent leur pays avec des Russes, venus lors de la conquête tsariste ou lors des déplacements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et des Ouzbeks principalement, mais aussi des Kirghizes et des Tadjiks. Suite à l’effondrement de l’Union sovié- tique, le pays a dû affronter une grave crise économique, car l’industrie de transformation était quasi inexistante. Le sous-sol est riche en cuivre, zinc, plomb, charbon, uranium, métaux non ferreux. La découverte de champs de pétrole et de gaz à proximité de la Caspienne a donné un nouvel élan à l’économie et l’Ouest du pays connaît un développement rapide, malgré des infrastructures totalement insuffisantes. L’agriculture est essentielle- ment pastorale (moutons, chèvres, chameaux, chevaux) mais son importance va diminuant. Les traditions popu- i m h Is laires issues du nomadisme séculaire sont restées très Omsk Ural'sk Petropavlosk U Ural vivantes et ne sont que peu influencées par l’islam, qui r a l Orenburg Ozero Ozero Rudnyy Shaglyteniz Shalkar Kustanay Ozero a une couleur très laïque. La langue kazakhe est, certes, Karatomarskoye Ozero Teke Vodokhranilishche Ul'ken-Karoy Ozero bol Aralsor To Ozero Toms U Kokshetau Ozero Chany r a Kushmurun Ozero l Siletiteniz déclarée langue d‘Etat, mais le russe reste la «langue de I r t y s h him Is communication inter-ethnique». V o Aktyubinsk l Novosibirsk g a Uil U il Shalkar Ozero Karashatau Kuyukhol' O Ozero b Is ' h U i Karasor r m a I r ASTANA l g i z a Ozero i Atyrau b t m r Pavlodar Kozhakol' e E id Ekibastuz Kar Sh Barnaul a- Tu rg Ozero a y Tengiz Em Temirtau b a Kizlyarskiy Zaliv Zaliv Ostrova Tyulen'i Komsomolets Karaganda Mys Tyub-Karagan Solonchak Kirghizstan yy Ghalkarteniz Ozero Karasor Sor Mertvyy I rt Kultuk' ys h Sor Kaydak O KAZAKHSTAN b ' Semipalatinsk Aktau Mys Peschanyy Zhezkazgan Le Kirghizstan, 198’500 kilomètres carrés pour une po- Ust'-Kamenogorsk Bukhtarminskoye Vodokhranilishche Kazakhskiy u s Zaliv ry S a pulation de 4,5 millions d’habitants (dont 21% de Russes Aral yrda S r' ya CASPIAN Sea Ozero AN Arys Z a Shor et 12% d’Ouzbeks) est cloisonné par les montagnes, l i v Barsa-Kel'mes Ozero Zaysan K -Irty a Kara sh r Kyzylorda a UZBEKISTAN Ozero Ashchikol' KU SEA - Ozero Balkhash B o g opposant un Nord, avec la capitale Bishkek, tournée vers a Ozero z G Akzhaykyn Ozero o Sarykamyshkoye l A Sasykkol' Nukus ks Ulungur Hu Ozero u Ka le Kazakhstan, et un Sud orienté autour de la vallée de ra t A S S o k Ozero hu l s y u rd a Alakol' r TURKMENISTAN ' Il y i a la Fergana, vers l’Ouzbékistan et le Tadjikistan. Les par- Taldykorgan Dashkhovuz Manas Hu Urgench Ebinur Hu Balkanabat Sayram Hu ticularismes régionaux sont très forts et recoupent un Taraz Alma-Ata Kapchagayskoye Shymkent Vodokhranilishche vìn BISHKEK système tribal resté vivace. La question de l’islam ne se Talas Bukhara NavoiTASHKENT Ysyk-Köl pose pas dans ce pays où les Kirghizes proprement dits RAN ASHKHABAD Gulistan NamanganKYRGYZSTAN Ürümqi Sàrì Samarkand Karakol Gorgàn Andizan Jalal-Abad Naryn ne sont guère fondamentalistes. En fait l’influence de Türkmenabat Dzhizak Fergana Semnàn TAJIKISTANOsh omDaryàcheh-ye Karshi l’islam vient surtout de la vallée de la Fergana et est forte Numak Bosten Hu Mary DUSHANBE Mashhad parmi les Ouzbeks vivant en Kirghizie. Le découpage des Kulob SINKIANG ahan Kavìr-e Termez Namak frontières, totalement arbitraire, est aussi une source de L Mazàr-e malentendus ou de conflits. Le Kirghizstan connaît par- IRAN Sharìf Yazd Heràt fois des troubles, qui peuvent être ethniques (opposant Gil it connu qu’une stabilité relative. Derrière les mouve- ments politiques, les véritables clivages reposent sur l’appartenance régionale: Leninabadi de la province de Léninabad ou Koulabi de la province de Koulab, Gharmi ou Pamiri des hautes vallées du Pamir, qui, en plus, ont la particularité d’être de religion ismaélienne et de parler des langues régionales spécifiques, d’origine iranienne. À cette fragmentation purement régiona- liste se sont superposés des choix plus idéologiques. Khojenti et Koulabi restent fidèles à l’alliance priori- taire avec Moscou, tandis que les Gharmi ont rallié massivement le Parti de la renaissance islamique, proche de l’idéologie des Frères musulmans égyptiens et du Jama’at-i islami pakistanais.
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