Zentralasien

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Zentralasien 44 45 Zentralasien 46 ZENTRALASIEN | Destination… Usbekistan Mit mehr als 20 Millionen Einwohnern, wovon 75% Usbeken sind, und einer Fläche von 447’400 km2 bildet Usbekistan den Schwerpunkt von Zentralasien und behei- matet dessen wichtigstes kulturelles Erbe. Wie in den anderen Ländern Zentralasiens wurde im Herbst 1991, am 1. September, die usbekische Unabhängigkeit ausgerufen. Auf nationaler Ebene war dies jedoch kein Erfolg. Ohne dies explizit auszudrücken, ist die Basis der Regierung von Tashkent ein ethnischer Nationalismus: Das Buchara des 16. bis 19. Jh., welches grosse Teile des heutigen Usbekistan, Turkmenistan und Tadjikistan beherrschte, dient als Vorbild. Die mythischen Ursprünge der neuen Republik finden sich in der glorreichen Vergangenheit: Heute findet man statt von Lenin im ganzen Land Statuen von Tamerlan! Usbekisch ist laut Gesetz die Amtssprache, die an Universitäten und in Zentralasien der Administration gebraucht wird. In einigen technischen Funktionen ohne politischen Einfluss ist die russische Die fünf muslimischen Republiken bilden das riesige Gebiet Zentralasien. Es ist umringt von Sprache gebräuchlich. Angehörige anderer Ethnien wie hohen Bergen (Tian Shan, Pamir, Hindu Kush), dürren Steppen und Wüsten. Hier haben sich Tadschiken mussten sich “usbekisieren”. Zwischen Usbekistan in Oasen und entlang der Wasserläufe Städte entwickelt. Das kontinentale Klima kann und seinen Nachbarländern gibt es zahlreiche Spannungen. So schnell wie Bündnisse eingegangen werden, lösen sie im Winter sehr tiefe, im Sommer extrem hohe Temperaturen erreichen. Trotz ähnlichen sich auch wieder auf. Die Wahl des neuen Alphabets natürlichen Voraussetzungen und einer langen gemeinsamen historischen Entwicklung bilden demonstriert, wie sich Tashkent auf dem regionalen Schau- Usbekistan, Kasachstan, Turkmenistan, Tadschikistan und Kirgistan ein vielfältiges Gemisch platz positionieren möchte: Das lateinische Alphabet wurde aus Kulturen, Sitten, Sprachen und sehr verschiedenen und oft widersprüchlichen Interessen. eingeführt, um seine “europäische Verankerung” zu unter- Viele Königreiche haben sich zwischen dem 8. Jh.v.Chr. und dem 5. Jh.n.Chr. abgelöst: Sogder, streichen und sich vom Russisch-Kyrillischen und Arabischen abzugrenzen. Das neu eingeführte Alphabet weicht bewusst Kohistanis, Achämeniden, Griechen, Alexander des Grossen, Seleukiden, griechische Baktrier vom Türkischen ab, denn Tashkent will klar demonstrieren, und Kuschan. Türken erschienen erstmals im 6. Jh und im 7. und 8. Jh. fielen Araber in die dass es keinen neuen “grossen Bruder” sucht. In Religions- Region ein. Obwohl sie wieder verdrängt wurden, hatten sie einen bemerkenswerten Einfluss, fragen strebt die Regierung einen “Usbekischen Islam” an, denn dank ihnen setzte sich der Islam gründlich fest. Zwischen dem 9. und 15. Jh. folgten der strenger Kontrolle unterliegt und damit Ansehen des zahlreiche lokale Herrschaften und Königreiche aufeinander: persische Samaniden, türkische Staates wieder herstellen soll. Die religiösen Feste sind offizielle Feiertage und eine Mondsichel und ein grünes Band Seldschuken, Choresmier, Mongolen und Timuriden. Das russische Reich eroberte schliesslich zieren die usbekische Flagge. Die Unabhängigkeit hat der das Gebiet und regierte zwischen 1847 und 1881 diese Länder. - Diese komplexe Geschichte usbekischen Wirtschaft einen starken Rückschlag versetzt. liess manche grossartige Zivilisation entstehen, deren Spuren bis heute sichtbar sind. Die Baumwolle bleibt das Hauptexportprodukt, doch die Religionen – Buddhismus, Judentum, Mazdeismus und Zoroastrismus, Christentum, Manichäismus Regierung strebt mit der Produktion von Getreide, Gemüse und natürlich der Islam – sind in Zentralasien auf fruchtbare Gebiete gestossen, konnten sich und Früchten neue Absatzmärkte an. Noch beherrschen die ehemaligen Kolchosen die ländlichen Gebiete im gleichen festsetzen und zur Hochblüte gelangen. Die Gesellschaft in diesen Ländern ist hierarchisch, Masse wie sie mit lokalen solidarischen Gruppen weiterhin patriarchalisch, traditionsreich und Freundschaften sind heilig. Aufmerksame Reisende verankert sind. Eine Öffnung ist jedoch deutlich erkennbar kommen in den Genuss der gepflegten Gastfreundschaft. und westliche Unternehmen zeigen immer mehr Interesse an Usbekistan. Das Land besitzt zwar wenig Öl und Gas, aber wichtige Vorkommen von Gold. Kasachstan Der Staat Kasachstan wurde am 16. Dezember 1991 zu einem unabhängigen Staat erklärt. Er erstreckt sich auf einer Fläche von 2.7 Millionen km2. Vorwiegend besteht das Land aus trockenen Steppen, die durchflossen werden von den grossen Flüssen “Syr Darya”, “Irtych”, “Oural” und grossflächigen Seen und Binnenmeeren wie dem “Balkhash See” oder dem “Aralsee”. Die Ackerfläche macht lediglich 15% der Gesamtfläche aus. Kasachisch gilt als amtliche Nationalsprache. Russisch bleibt jedoch als zweite Amtssprache neben der kasachischen Sprache die Verkehrssprache zwischen den verschiedenen Ethnien. In der bewegten kasachischen Geschichte variierten die Landesgrenzen stark. Seit den Zaristen-Eroberungen und den Umsiedlungen des Zweiten Weltkrieges teilen Kasa- Destination… | ZENTRALASIEN 47 chen ihr Land mit vielen Usbeken, aber auch mit Russen, Kirgisen und Tadschiken. Anschliessend an den Zerfall der Sowjetunion wurde das Land mit einer folgenschweren Wirtschaftskrise konfrontiert, denn die weiterver - arbeitende Industrie war von einem Tag auf den anderen nicht mehr vorhanden. Kasachstan ist reich an den Bodenschätzen Kupfer, Zink, Blei, Kohle, Uran, Metall und Eisen. Die Entdeckung von Erdöl- und Gasvorkommen in der Nähe des Kaspischen Meeres hat dem Land neuen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung gebracht. Der Westen des Landes erlebt eine rasante Entwicklung trotz seiner völlig unbefriedigenden Infrastruktur. Die Landwirtschaft (Viehzucht von Schafen, Ziegen, Kamelen und Pferden) verliert immer mehr an Bedeutung. Aus der jahrhunderte- alten Nomadentradition entstanden volkstümliche Bräuche, die bis heute lebendig geblieben sind und nur wenig vom weltlich gefärbten Islam beeinflusst wurden. i m h Is Omsk Ural'sk Petropavlosk Kirgistan U Ural r a l Orenburg Ozero Ozero Rudnyy Shaglyteniz 2 Shalkar Kustanay Ozero Kirgistan hat eine Grösse von 198’500 km und Karatomarskoye Ozero Teke Vodokhranilishche Ul'ken-Karoy Ozero bol Aralsor To Ozero Toms U Kokshetau Ozero Chany r a Kushmurun Ozero l Siletiteniz beherbergt 4.5 Millionen Einwohner, wovon neben I r t y s h him Is Kirgisen 21% Russen und 12% Usbeken sind. Grosse Teile V o Aktyubinsk l Novosibirsk g a Uil U des Landes sind durch Berge abgeschnitten. Im Norden il Shalkar Ozero Karashatau Kuyukhol' O Ozero b Is ' h U i Karasor r m a I r ASTANA l g i richtet sich die Hauptstadt Bischkek nach Kasachstan aus z a Ozero i Atyrau b t m r Pavlodar Kozhakol' e E id Ekibastuz Kar Sh Barnaul a- Tu rg Ozero a y und im Süden ist Kirgistan umgeben vom Fergana-Tal Tengiz Em Temirtau b a Usbekistans und Tadschikistans. Durch seine stark Kizlyarskiy Zaliv Zaliv Ostrova Tyulen'i Komsomolets Karaganda Mys Tyub-Karagan Solonchak yy Ghalkarteniz Ozero Karasor abgesonderte Lage sind wenig Änderungen nach Sor Mertvyy I rt Kultuk' ys h Sor Kaydak O KAZAKHSTAN b ' Semipalatinsk Kirgistan durchgedrungen und das Land konnte seine Aktau Mys Peschanyy Zhezkazgan Traditionen und sein Gesellschaftssystem von Stämmen Ust'-Kamenogorsk Bukhtarminskoye Vodokhranilishche Kazakhskiy u s Zaliv ry S a bewahren. Das Land ist vorwiegend von der islamischen Aral yrda S r' ya CASPIAN Sea Ozero AN Arys Z a Shor Religion geprägt, wobei deren Praxis und Auslegung l i v Barsa-Kel'mes Ozero Zaysan K -Irty a Kara sh r Kyzylorda a UZBEKISTAN Ozero Ashchikol' KU SEA - Ozero Balkhash B o g nicht fundamentalistisch ist. Lediglich im Fergana-Tal a Ozero z G Akzhaykyn Ozero o Sarykamyshkoye l A Sasykkol' Nukus ks Ulungur Hu Ozero u Ka wird diese Religion unter in Kirgistan lebenden Usbeken ra t A S S o k Ozero hu l s y u rd a Alakol' r TURKMENISTAN ' Il y i a stark praktiziert. Die willkürliche Grenzziehung nach Taldykorgan Dashkhovuz Manas Hu Urgench Ebinur Hu Balkanabat Sayram Hu dem Zerfall der UdSSR ist auch hier ein Grund für Taraz Alma-Ata Kapchagayskoye Shymkent Vodokhranilishche vìn BISHKEK Missverständnisse und Konflikte zwischen Kirgistan und Talas Bukhara NavoiTASHKENT Ysyk-Köl seinen Nachbarländern. Das Land hat manchmal RAN ASHKHABAD Gulistan NamanganKYRGYZSTAN Ürümqi Sàrì Samarkand Karakol Gorgàn Andizan Jalal-Abad Naryn Unruhen ethnischen Ursprungs erlebt, in denen Kirgisen, Türkmenabat Dzhizak Fergana Semnàn TAJIKISTANOsh omDaryàcheh-ye Karshi Usbeken und Tadschiken miteinander zerstritten waren. Numak Bosten Hu Mary DUSHANBE Mashhad Gemeinschaftlichen Ursprungs sind die Konflikte Kulob SINKIANG ahan Kavìr-e Termez Namak zwischen den nördlichen und südlichen Gemeinschaften L Mazàr-e des Landes. Religion spielt bei keinem der Konflikte eine IRAN Sharìf Yazd Heràt entscheidende Rolle. Wie alle Länder Zentralasiens Gil it Zugehörigkeit stehen hinter den politischen Bewegun- gen und jede Gruppierung verfolgt ihre eigenen Ziele: Die Leninabadi der Provinz Leninabad, die Koulabi der Provinz Koulab, die Gharmi oder Pamiri der hohen Täler des Pamir Gebirges, die die regionale Sprache iranischen Ursprungs sprechen. Die Khojenti und Koulabi bleiben dem vorrangigen Bündnis mit Moskau treu, während die Gharmi sich dem wieder auflebenden Islam angeschlos- sen haben, ähnlich der Ideologie der ägyptischen Muslimbrüder und der Jamaat-e-Islami in Pakistan. Die Unruhen, die wie ein Bürgerkrieg erscheinen, haben mehr
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