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Study Report on Comprehensive Support Strategies for Environment and Development in the Early 21St Century

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Study Report on Comprehensive Support Strategies for Environment and Development in the Early 21St Century STUDY REPORT ON COMPREHENSIVE SUPPORT STRATEGIES FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN MARCH 2006 OVERSEAS ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION CENTER, JAPAN Table of Contents 1. Background and Objectives ........................................................................................ 1 2. Outline of the Study..................................................................................................... 2 3. Profile of the Country.................................................................................................. 3 3.1. Geography and Topography .................................................................................. 3 3.2. Climate ................................................................................................................... 5 3.3. History .................................................................................................................... 9 4. Overview of Society and Economy............................................................................ 10 4.1. Overview of Society.............................................................................................. 10 4.2. Overview of Economy .......................................................................................... 13 4.3. Industries.............................................................................................................. 15 4.3.1. Mining and Manufacturing Industries ....................................................... 15 4.4. Agriculture ........................................................................................................... 20 5. Governing System...................................................................................................... 22 6. Current Status of the Environment .......................................................................... 24 6.1. Natural Environment........................................................................................... 24 6.1.1. Desertification .............................................................................................. 24 6.1.2. Conservation of Biodiversity ....................................................................... 27 6.2. Air Quality............................................................................................................ 30 6.2.1. Current Status of Air Pollution ................................................................... 31 6.2.2. Emissions of Air Pollutants from Stationary Sources ................................ 35 6.2.3. Emissions of Air Pollutants from Motor Vehicles and Other Mobile Sources ................................................................................... 37 6.3. Water Environment.............................................................................................. 39 6.3.1. Water Resources and Utilization................................................................. 39 6.3.2. Water Quality Standards ............................................................................. 39 6.3.3. Monitoring of Water Quality....................................................................... 40 6.3.4. Water Pollution ............................................................................................ 41 6.4. Soil Pollution ........................................................................................................ 47 i 6.5. Waste Management .............................................................................................. 48 6.6. Countermeasures Against Global Warming ....................................................... 50 6.6.1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions.......................................................................... 50 6.6.2. Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.................................................... 51 7. Environmental Policy ................................................................................................ 53 7.1. Administrative Organization............................................................................... 53 7.2. Environmental Policies ........................................................................................ 57 7.3. Budget of the Ministry of Environmental Protection......................................... 61 7.4. Emission Criteria ................................................................................................. 62 7.5. Environmental Levy............................................................................................. 63 7.6. Environmental Laws ............................................................................................ 63 8. Issues and Efforts on Environment and Development............................................. 65 8.1. Issues in Environmental Administration ............................................................ 65 8.2. Efforts for Resolving Issues................................................................................. 65 8.3. Donor Projects...................................................................................................... 66 9. Considerations for Assistance Strategy .................................................................... 69 9.1. Environmental Assistance in Country Specific Assistance Plan ........................ 69 9.2. Considerations for Assistance Policy of Environmental Issues.......................... 69 List of Persons Interviewed .............................................................................................71 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 73 APPENDIX-I The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Environmental Protection............................................................ 74 APPENDIX-II SURVEY： Issues of Environmental Protection in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Environmental Situations. Problems and Solution. ....................................................................104 ii 1. Background and Objectives The Republic of Kazakhstan, which has a vast national land of 272.7 million hectares and borders with Russia, China, and Central Asian countries, abounds in natural resources such as coal, oil, and mineral resources including rare metals. Under the strong leadership of President Nazarbayev, economic reform has been promoted based on the Kazakhstan Long-term Development Strategy 2030. Kazakhstan is now breaking away from being an economy in transition and is participating in global economic competition as a market economy owing to high rates of economic growth. Kazakhstan is expected to become a key supplier in the international energy market because of its rich oil and other reserves on the coast of the Caspian Sea. The development of energy resources is progressing, and Japanese companies are playing a part in that development. However, income disparities between regions and between industries are emerging as a social problem. In addition, environmental damage caused by policies insensitive to the environment pushed ahead during the former Soviet era together with environmental problems caused by the recent developments of resources mean that Kazakhstan is now facing a number of environmental issues, including water resource problem, desertification, air pollution in industrial areas and urban areas, water and soil pollution. This study investigates the state of affairs regarding the environment as well as the actual condition of the environmental administration and environment related legislation, etc. The objective of this study is to contribute to the effort to improve the strategic features, efficiency, and transparency of Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) to the Republic of Kazakhstan. 1 2. Outline of the Study Team leader: Terumi Mizuno, Senior Researcher, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (a staff member of Techno Chubu Company Ltd.) Team member: Izumi Ito, Researcher, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (a staff member of Techno Chubu Company Ltd.) Itinerary Month Date Day Places to visit, etc. 24 Thu. Traveling (Narita - Seoul - Almaty) Embassy of Japan in Kazakhstan, Almaty Office 25 Fri. Hydro-meteorological office (Kazhydromet) United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 26 Sat. College of Energy and Transportation 27 Sun. Traveling (Almaty - Astana) Nov. Climate Change Coordination Center 28 Mon. Embassy of Japan in Kazakhstan JICA Specialist Environment Department of Astana City Office 29 Tue. Astana Hydro-meteorological center of Kazhydromet 30 Wed. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources The World Bank 1 Thu. The Ministry of Environmental Protection Astana City Sewage Corporation The Water Resources Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture 2 Fri. The Nura River Mercury Cleanup Project Office of the World Bank 3 Sat. Organizing materials 4 Sun. Traveling (Astana - Karaganda) Temirtau Hydro-meteorological center of Kazhydromet 5 Mon. Surveying the conditions for implementing measures for mercury Dec. contamination control in the Nura River Karagannda Hydro-meteorological station of Kazhydromet 6 Tue. Nura and Sal-su River Basin Committee Traveling (Karaganda - Astana) JICA Specialist 7 Wed. Embassy of Japan in Kazakhstan Traveling (Astana - Almaty) Environment Department of Almaty City Office 8 Thu. US Agency for International Development (USAID) Traveling (Almaty - Seoul) 9 Fri. Traveling (Seoul – Narita) 2 3. Profile of the Country 3.1. Geography and Topography The Republic
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