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Territorial Assessment of the East Kazakhstan Geo/Ecotourism: Sustainable Travel Prospects in the Southern Altai Area

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Territorial Assessment of the East Kazakhstan Geo/Ecotourism: Sustainable Travel Prospects in the Southern Altai Area geosciences Article Territorial Assessment of the East Kazakhstan Geo/Ecotourism: Sustainable Travel Prospects in the Southern Altai Area Jiri Chlachula 1,2,*, Nazgul Zh. Zhensikbayeva 3,*, Anna V. Yegorina 3, Nazym K. Kabdrakhmanova 4, Jolanta Czerniawska 5 and Sanat Kumarbekuly 3 1 Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Department of Geomorphology, Adam Mickiewicz University, B. Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] 2 Environmental Research Centre, Nerudova 2181, 686 03 Stare Mesto, Czech Republic 3 Department of Ecology and Geography, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan State University, 34 Gvardeiskoy Divizii, 070000 Ust’-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan; [email protected] (A.V.Y.); [email protected] (S.K.) 4 Department of Physical and Economy Geography, L.N. Gumilyev Eurasian National University, 2 Satpaeva, 010008 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; [email protected] 5 Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Anthropocene Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, B. Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (N.Z.Z.); [email protected] (J.C.) Abstract: In spite of picturesque landscapes, natural beauties and authentic traditional lifestyles Citation: Chlachula, J.; to be seen in East Kazakhstan, tourism is far from being developed. The Kazakh Altai (called the Zhensikbayeva, N.Z.; Yegorina, A.V.; Kazakh Switzerland) is one the most colourful parts of the country and, indeed, all Central Asia. Kabdrakhmanova, N.K.; The attractiveness of this geographically isolated region (formerly a part of the Imperial Russia), Czerniawska, J.; Kumarbekuly, S. Territorial Assessment of the East consisting of rocky semi-deserts, vast parkland-steppes, and rugged mountain terrains, is reflected in Kazakhstan Geo/Ecotourism: its distinctive geological and geomorphological character, its pristine nature, and its extraordinary Sustainable Travel Prospects in the geodiversity and biodiversity. This study presents a roster of geotourism and ecotourism loci for the Southern Altai Area. Geosciences 2021, broader Altai area within a framework of sustainable development. The modelled assessment of the 11, 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ tourism and recreation potential is based upon multi-proxy analyses of GIS, DEM, and cartographic geosciences11040156 data. It integrates the most appealing natural (biotic and abiotic) site-specific natural features across all physiographic zones within a broad region. The most significant and representative geosites fall Academic Editors: within three geographic sectors suitable for geo- and ecotourism. Prospects for travel to these places Jesus Martinez-Frias, are enhanced by the presence of numerous prehistoric archaeological sites and historical monuments, Maria Górska-Zabielska and Teresa which document the rich, multi-ethnic background of Kazakhstan and the ancient Silk Road that Brzezi´nska-Wójcik traverses it. These geological, environmental and cultural resources, and the regional geoheritage Received: 28 December 2020 and environmental conservation concepts have been figured into strategies for economic growth Accepted: 1 March 2021 of rural Kazakhstan. Visitors travelling to this most appealing region are constrained by climate Published: 1 April 2021 of pronounced continentality, seasonality, geographic accessibility, the international border-zone regulations and a lack of services of an international standard. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in Keywords: Southern Altai; geosites; geodiversity; ecosystem, recreation; sustainable development published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction Kazakhstan, as the largest country of the post-Soviet Central Asia is endowed with Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. immense natural and cultural riches that from far have not been explored and exploited. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This fact reflects the minor role of the tourism industry in terms of the national income. Lim- This article is an open access article iting factors such as the cultural and linguistic barriers and a lack of the local stakeholders’ distributed under the terms and and guides’ experience restrain the tourism expansion, primarily in the more distant rural conditions of the Creative Commons regions with poor infrastructure and accommodation facilities. The few places visited on a Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// regular basis are located close to the major cities. The primary role with respect to foreign creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ tourism as well as domestic recreation plays the former capital city, Almaty (Alma-Ata), 4.0/). Geosciences 2021, 11, 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11040156 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/geosciences Geosciences 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 18 Geosciences 2021, 11, 156 2 of 17 spect to foreign tourism as well as domestic recreation plays the former capital city, Al- maty (Alma-Ata), situated on the western foothills of the Tian-Shan Mountains (5000–6000 situated on the western foothills of the Tian-Shan Mountains (5000–6000 m asl.) with m asl.) with numerous year-round resorts offering a wide range of activities in addition numerous year-round resorts offering a wide range of activities in addition to World nature to World nature heritage sites [1–3]. Although there are other, most attractive locations in heritage sites [1–3]. Although there are other, most attractive locations in the Kazakh the Kazakh (Southern) Altai [4,5], the Tarbagatai and the Alatau Mountains, these still (Southern) Altai [4,5], the Tarbagatai and the Alatau Mountains, these still remain close to remain close to unknown and “tourism-virgin” contrary to the neighbouring montane ar- unknown and “tourism-virgin” contrary to the neighbouring montane areas of Xinjiang, eas of Xinjiang, western China [6–9] or the Russian Altai [10–12] (Figure 1). western China [6–9] or the Russian Altai [10–12] (Figure1). The broader Altai region, encompassing the Gorno Altai, the Mongolian and Chinese The broader Altai region, encompassing the Gorno Altai, the Mongolian and Chinese Altai and the Southern Altai of East Kazakhstan (Figure 1) is re-known for its supreme Altai and the Southern Altai of East Kazakhstan (Figure1) is re-known for its supreme natural beauty, mosaic geodiversity and unique cultural heritage. The territory of the natural beauty, mosaic geodiversity and unique cultural heritage. The territory of the Southern Altai has been occupied since the earliest stages of the prehistory [13,14] with Southern Altai has been occupied since the earliest stages of the prehistory [13,14] with thethe world-famousworld-famous archaeologicalarchaeological sitessites ofof thethe earlyearly Iron-AgeIron-Age ScythianScythian civilizationcivilization [[1515––1818].]. TheThe regionregion isis eminenteminent forfor thethe largelarge varietyvariety ofof floraflora andand faunafauna speciesspecies hostedhosted byby thethe relief-relief- specificspecific biotopesbiotopes foundfound acrossacross allall thethe geographicgeographic andand topographictopographic zoneszones fromfrom thethe aridarid grasslandsgrasslands toto the alpine tundra [19]. [19]. The The broad broad geomorphic geomorphic diversity diversity of of the the East East Kazakh- Kaza- khstanstan landscapes landscapes [20,21] [20,21 ]with with deep deep erosional erosional canyons canyons cutting cutting thro throughugh thethe oldold geologicalgeological formations,formations, rockyrocky hillshills structuredstructured byby thethe uplifteduplifted andand weatheredweathered graniticgranitic bedrockbedrock [[22,23]22,23] asas wellwell asas cavecave sitessites andand rock-shelters/abris rock-shelters/abris makesmakes thethe regionregion mostmost appealingappealing forfor tourismtourism andand recreation.recreation. FigureFigure 1.1. Geographical location of of the the investigated investigated area, area, East East Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Region, Region, with with the the main main tourismtourism and and nature nature recreation recreation districts: districts: 1-Katon 1-Katon Karagay Karagay NP, NP, 2-Lake 2-Lake Markakol, Markakol, 3-Kurchum. 3-Kurchum. TheThe KazakhKazakh AltaiAltai andand thethe adjoiningadjoining ruralrural regionsregions havehave beenbeen largelylargely untoucheduntouched byby massmass tourismtourism ofof anyany formform comparingcomparing toto thethe RussianRussian GornoGorno AltaiAltai inin spitespite ofof aa geographicgeographic unityunity and proximity of of both both regions regions [11,24,25]. [11,24,25 ].About About 3000 3000–4000–4000 people people only only visit visitthe mos thet mostattractive attractive places places of Lake of Markakol Lake Markakol and the andKaldzhyr the Kaldzhyr River area River during area the during summer the season sum- mer[26]. seasonIn the mid [26].-2000s, In the merely mid-2000s, a few merelydozens aof few foreign dozens tourists of foreign visited tourists the Katon visited-Karagay the Katon-KaragayNational Park, being National the Park,major being state- theprotected major state-protectedterritory in Kazakhstan territory [27]. in Kazakhstan The expansion [27]. The expansion of the local tourism is bound to the supreme places (geosites) combined with the traditional rural economy highlights and interesting domestic facilities such as red-deer and horse-breeding farms, home spas (banyas) and yurts—among others. Geosciences 2021, 11, 156 3 of 17 The region has experienced a certain opening to visitors in the reaction to the loosen entry restrictions of the formerly
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