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Russian Knapweed in the Southwest

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Russian Knapweed in the Southwest United States Department of Agriculture Field Guide for Managing Russian Knapweed in the Southwest Forest Southwestern Service Region TP-R3-16-13 February 2015 Cover Photos Upper left: Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org Upper right: Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org Bottom center: Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TTY). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Printed on recycled paper Russian knapweed (Rhaponticum repens L., formerly Acroptilon repens L. Sunflower family (Asteraceae) Russian knapweed is an invasive plant that has been listed cloned plants. Also produces seed (50 to 500 seeds as a noxious weed in Arizona and New Mexico. This field per plant; viable for 2 to 3 years). guide serves as the U.S. Forest Service’s recommendations • Releases allelopathic chemicals that can inhibit for management of Russian knapweed in forests, growth of other plants; contains sesquiterpene woodlands, and rangelands associated with its Southwestern lactones that are toxic to horses. Region. The Southwestern Region covers Arizona and New Mexico, which together have 11 national forests. • Relatively shade intolerant. The Region also includes four national grasslands located Ecology in northeastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma, and the Impacts/threats Texas panhandle. In dense stands, Russian knapweed develops into a near monoculture due to its ability to out-compete resident Description vegetation. Such monocultures can contribute to reduced Russian knapweed (synonyms: Turestan thistle, creeping wildlife presence and a decline in species diversity. This knapweed, mountain bluet, Russian cornflower, hardheads) knapweed is toxic to livestock (especially horses), and its is an introduced, long lived, creeping perennial. This presence reduces forage availability. invasive weed is the most widely distributed of the Location various knapweed species. It is widespread in northern states including Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming and Russian knapweed adapts to a variety of soil types, is currently becoming more common in New Mexico and including poorly drained and alkaline/saline soils. It Arizona. Russian knapweed can be distinguished from other prefers areas with moist but not excessively wet soils. knapweeds by its scaly, brown to black, spreading rhizomes It readily invades pastures, degraded croplands, alfalfa and by its unique flowering bract features. fields, rangeland, roadsides, riparian and runoff areas, river bottoms, drainages, and irrigated fields. Large populations Growth Characteristics are distributed extensively throughout northern New • Long lived, creeping perennial; slow to establish but Mexico, and smaller populations are present in most central can spread rapidly once present; difficult to eradicate. and southern counties of the State. In Arizona, Russian knapweed is a concern in northeastern and southeastern • Grayish-green rosette base; dense hairs; emerges in counties. early spring. • Erect branching stem, 18 to 36 inches tall, covered Spread with cobwebby hairs. Although Russian knapweed produces seed, it spreads • Brown to black, scaly rhizomes; long lived, deep mainly through vegetative propagation that arises from vertical root system (grows to 20 feet deep or more). adventitious buds along a creeping, perennial root system. Root fragments of 1 inch or more in length can produce new • Flowers from June to September; pink to lavender, plants if the fragments are buried in soil to a depth no greater thistle-like, terminal flowers; urn-shaped flower than 6 inches. Seed or root fragments may be introduced heads, 0.25 to 0.5 inch in diameter; rounded bracts into new areas via waterways such as irrigation ditches, with papery tips. streams, or rivers. Russian knapweed may also spread • Reproduces mainly vegetatively via root buds near through transported hay that is not certified to be weed each scale on the rhizome; forms dense patches of free or through attachment of propagules that adhere to the 1 undercarriages of off-road vehicles and road maintenance • Eradicate new populations of Russian knapweed as equipment. early as possible. Invasive Features • Combine mechanical, cultural, biological, and chemical methods for most effective knapweed Russian knapweed’s competitiveness is believed to control. be related to its ability to release harmful allelopathic chemicals that can inhibit growth of other plants. As a • Implement a monitoring and followup treatment plan possible result of allelopathic effects, revegetation efforts for missed plants and seedlings. following Russian knapweed control are often hampered • Use certified weed-free seed and hay; use pellets for unless measures are taken to mitigate soil condition. The horses used in back-country areas. weed can also cause as much as an eightfold increase in zinc concentration in nearby soil surface layers as compared Table 1 summarizes management options for controlling to upper layers of soils without knapweed. Russian knapweed under various situations. Choice of individual control method(s) for Russian knapweed depends on the degree and density of infestation, current land use, Management and site conditions (accessibility, terrain, microclimate, other Russian knapweed is quite difficult to control once flora and fauna present, etc.). Other important considerations established. Prevention, early detection, and eradication include treatment effectiveness, overall cost, and the number are the best management tools for controlling this noxious of years needed to achieve control. More than one control weed. Initial treatments to control Russian knapweed method may be needed for a particular site. should attempt to remove as much of the knapweed Physical Control population as possible, and secondary treatments will be A number of mechanical control methods for Russian necessary to remove remaining plants. Small knapweed knapweed have been examined, but most have shown stands on otherwise healthy sites should be eradicated limited effectiveness. In general, mechanical control first. Large knapweed infestations should be controlled methods need to be combined with chemical spraying for and then eradicated when possible. The perimeter of large long-term management of Russian knapweed. infestations should generally be treated first to prevent the infestation from spreading. As with other creeping Manual Methods perennial weeds, treated knapweed plants should be stressed Hand pulling or digging – Hand pulling or hoeing can be sufficiently by control methods to cause depletion of stored effective for small, less established infestations of Russian nutrients in root systems. The following actions should knapweed if repeated annually over multiple years. Removal be considered when planning an overall management is generally easier and more effective in late spring when approach: soil is moist and plants are beginning to bolt (but before • Maintain healthy plant communities and the presence seed set). It is very important to pull up all parts of the plant, of ground litter to prevent or limit knapweed especially the roots. Wear gloves and properly dispose of infestations. This may involve using improved debris by burning or bagging and burying in a landfill to grazing management to prevent excessive grazing, prevent spread. and reseeding areas with desirable grasses and forbs Mechanical Methods after disturbance. Tillage – Shallow cultivation or tillage without herbicide • Detect, report, and map known infestations. Keep spraying as a followup treatment should be avoided since annual records of reported infestations. 2 Table 1. Management options* Site Physical Methods Cultural Methods Biological Methods Chemical Methods Roadsides, Mow at 2 to 3 week Avoid driving vehicles and A gall-forming nematode Use truck or tractor- fence lines, intervals during growing equipment through infested (Subanguina picridis) may mounted spraying or noncrop season but before seed areas; wash if travel through be available in some western equipment to broadcast areas set. Follow up with an these areas is unavoidable. states including New Mexico. treat. Wash underneath herbicide application in vehicle after application Educate road crews and the fall. to prevent spread. others to identify and report infestations. Rangeland, Deep cultivation (12 Use certified weed-free seed Closely manage grazing to In areas difficult to pasture, inches) repeated over 3 and hay. Use pellets for horses prevent overuse. Consider access, an ATV-mounted or riparian years can be effective. in backcountry areas. grazing heavily infested sprayer or backpack corridors Shallow cultivation/tillage sites in late summer
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