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334 Appendix I: Criteria for the "World Heritage"

In order to protect World Cu ltural a nd Natural Heritage, the Un ited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cu lt ural Organization (UNESCO) formally adopted the Con ven tion Concerning th e Protection of World Cul tural an d Natural H eritag e (hereinafter referred to a s the Con ven tion) at the Seventeenth Session of its General Assem bly on November 16 , 1972. In 1976 , the World Heritage Com m it tee wa s established and a Wor ld Heritage Lis t was co mpiled. Ch ina sig ned the Con ven tion on December 12, 1985, and was elected as a member of the World Heritage Com mittee on October 29, 1999.

1. INTRODUCTION

The 2008 Opera tion al Gu idelines for th e Implem entati on of the World Heritage Con ven tion state the following :

The cu ltural and natural heritage is among the priceles s and irreplacea ble assets not on ly of each nation, but of humanity as a whole. The loss, through deterioration or disappea rance , of any of these m ost prized assets cons tit utes a n im poverishment of the heritage of a ll the pe oples of the world . Pa rts of that her itage , because of their exceptional qualities, can be co nsidered to be of "outstandin g universal value" and as such worthy of special protection against the dangers which increas ingly threaten them.

To ensu re, as far as possible, the proper identification , protection , conservation and presentation of the world's heritage , the Member States of UNESCO adopted the World Heritage Convention in 1972 herei nafter referred to as "the Convention". The Convent ion forsees the establishment of a "World Heritage Com mittee" and a "World Heritage Fund". Both the Com m ittee and the Fund have been in operation since 1976.

The World Heritage Com m ittee, in cooperation w ith States Pa rties , ha s three essential functions among others :

i. to identify, on the basis of Tentative Lists and nominations s ubmitted by States Parties, cultural and natural properties of outstanding universal value which are to be protected under the Convent ion and to list those properties on the World Heritage List;

ii. to decide wh ich properties included in the World Heritage List a re to be inscribed on the "List of World Heritage in Danger" (only properties which require for their conservation m ajor operations and for which assistance has been requested under the Convention can be co nsidered) ;

iii. to determine in what way and under what co nditions the res ources in the World Heritage Fu nd can m ost advantageously be u sed t o assist States Parties , as far as pos sible , in the protection of their properties of outstanding universal value .

335 2. THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST

A Definition of World Heritage

World Heritage sites are classified into cultural heritage, natural heritage, mixed heritage of nature and culture and cultural landscape heritage. In addition, in order to protect human heritage in non-physical form, UNESCO has also issued an intangible cultural heritage classification (Oral and Intangible Heritage of Mankind). Outstanding universal value is defined by the Operational Guidelines to be cultural and/or natural signifiance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity.

Cultural and Natural Heritage

Cultural and natural heritage are defined in Articles 1 and 2 of the World Heritage Convention as follows:

Article 1 For the purposes ofthis Convention, the following shall be considered as "cultural heritage";

- monuments: architectural works, works ofmonumental sculpture and painting, elements orstructures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view ofhistory, art orscience;

- groups ofbuildings: groups ofseparate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view ofhistory, art or science;

- sites: works ofman or the combined works ofnature and ofman, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.

Article 2 For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as "natural heritage":

- natural features consisting ofphysical and biological formations or groups ofsuch formations, which are ofoutstanding universal value from the aesthetic orscientificpoint of view;

- geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat ofthreatened species ofanimals and plants ofoutstanding universal value from the point of view ofscience or conservation;

- natural sites orprecisely delineated natural areas ofoutstanding universal value from the point of view ofscience, conservation ornatural beauty.

336 Mixed Cultural and Natural Heritage

The third category of World Heritage sites is mixed c u lt ural and natural heritage, which integrates c ultural heritag e w ith natu re. Cu ltural heritage refers to s ignificant c ultural relics, a rchitectu re, as well as re mains in a reas s uch as his t ory, a rt, science, aesthetics, ethnology and ant hropology. Natura l heritage includes lands capes as well as the topographic forms a nd feat ures t hat have both aesthetic a nd scient ific value. Accord ing t o t he 2008 Opera tiona l Guidelines, p rop ertie s s hall be considered as "m ixe d cu ltural a nd natura l heri tage" if they satisfy a part or the whole of the definit ions [Op era tion al Guidelines for th e Implementation of the World Heritage Con ven tion ] of both cu lt ural a nd natural heritage laid out in Art icles 1 and 2 of the Conven tion.

Cultural Landscapes

The concept of cu ltural landscapes was discussed and then included in the World Heritage Lis t by the World Heritage Co m m ittee at it s 16th session held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, in Decemb er 1992. In general , cu ltura l landscapes include the follow in g categories:

i. A "land s c ape designed a nd created intent io nally by man ", w h ich includes g ardens a n d parklands bu ilt for aesthetic pu rposes that a re u sually (no t a lways) relat ed t o relig ious or other conceptual building s or a rc hitect ural complexes. ii. An "organically evolved landscape" originating fro m social, economic, a nd administrative, a nd/or relig iou s n e eds , a nd d evelop e d into its c u rrent form through con nection wit h or adaptation to its su rrou nding environment. It has two categories. Firs t is the "relict (or fos sil) lands cape ", w h ich repre sents a (sudden or grad ual) com ple te evo lu tionary pro ce s s of a specific period in t he pa st. It s extraordinary value lie s in the preservation of its remarkable features in visible form.The second is a "c ontinuing lands cape" w hich s till plays a positive social ro le in connecting the present w ith the tradit ional way of life . Moreover, despite underg oing evolution , it continues to serve as m aterial evidence of its pa s t evolution. iii. An "a ssociative c u ltu ra l lands cap e" is included as a w orld herit ag e s it e not for its physical feature s but for its powerfu l a s sociation w it h natu re, religion , art, a nd cult u re.

According t o the Operational G uidelines, "Cultural Landscapes are c u ltu ral p rop ertie s a n d repre se nt the 'combined w orks of nat u re and of man' designated in Article 1 of t he Co nvention. They a re illus t rat ive of the evolution of human society and set tlement over time , u nder the influence of the phys ical const raints a nd/or op port u n ities pre s ented by their natural environ ment a nd of s uccessive social, economic and cu ltural forces , b oth external a nd internal. "

The Cu lt u ra l Heritage selection criteria are to be applied to the nominat ion of Cu ltural Lands capes.

Intangible Cultural Heritage

According to t he regu lations for the evaluation of Ma s terp ie ces of Oral and Intang ible Heritag e of Humanit y passed by the UN ESCO Committee at its 155'h Co n ference, Oral and Intang ible Cu ltural Heri tag e was defined as follow s : "traditional folk c ult ure refers to a ll the creations by a d is t inct g ro up of individuals that reflects the clearly docu mented traditional norms a nd values with in a certain cu ltural

337 society. These cre ations are passed on orally through imitation or other methods, and include such forms a s language , literature, music , dance, games, mythology, etiquette, habits , crafts, a rch it ect u re, a s well a s other forms of art. Furthermore, this heritage a ls o includes traditional means of communication and information."

3. The Criteria for Selection

To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria . These criteria are explained in the Opeietioinel Guidelines for the Implementation of the World H eritage Convention which, besides the text of t he Conven tion, is the main working tool on World Heritage (UNESCO 1972, 1983, 2002, 2005 and 2008). The criteria are regularly revised by the Committee to reflect the evolution of the World Heritage concept itself. Until the end of 2004 , World Heritage s ites were selected on the basi s of six cu lt u ral and four natural criteria . With the adoption of the revis ed Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World H eritage Convention, only one set of ten criteria exists for inscription of properties on the World Heritage List.

Selection criteria: i. represent a masterpiece of human cre ative genius ; ii. exhibit a n important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a c ult u ra l area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design; iii. bear a unique or at least excep tiona l testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared; iv. be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectu ra l or technological ensem ble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; v. be a n outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea- use which is representative of a c u lt ure (or cu lt u res), or human inte raction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change; vi. be directly or tangibly associa ted with eve nt s or living traditions, with id eas, or with beliefs, with art istic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (Th e Committee cons iders that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria); vii. cont ain su perlative natural phenomena or areas of except ional natural beauty and aesthetic importance ; viii. be outstanding example s representing major stages of earth 's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; ix. be ou t s tand ing examples representing significant on-going ecological a nd biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals ; x. contain the most imp orta nt and s ignificant natural habitats for in- s it u conservation of biological d iversity, including those containing t hre atened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservat ion .

The protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties are also important considerations.

338 4. REFERENCES

Note: It sh ou ld b e noted t hat information provided in Appendix I w as t aken dire ctly from or com p iled fro m UNESCO documents available on the Internet. The specific references b elow were the primary sources utilized.

UNESCO (1972). Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and N atural Her i tage. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Intergovernmental Committee for t he Protection of the World Cultural a nd Natural Heritage . http://whc.une s co.org/en/conventiont extl November 16 , 1972.

UNESCO (1983). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of th e World Heritage Convention . United Nations Educational Scient ific and Cultural Organization, Intergovernmental Committe e for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. WHC/2 Revised, November 1983.

UNESCO (2002). Operational Gui delines for the Implementation of the World H eritage Convention. United Na tions Edu cat ional Scie nt ific and Cultural Organization, Intergovernmental Committee for t he Protec t ion of the World Cultural a nd Natural Heritage. WHC.02/2 Provisional Revision, July 2002.

UNESCO (2005). Operational Guidelines for the Implemen tation of the World H eritage Convention. United Na t ions Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, Int ergovernmental Committe e for t he Protection of the World Cultural a n d Natural Heritage. WHC.0 5/2 Revised, February 2, 2005.

UNESCO (2008). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World H eritage Convention. United Nations Educational Scientific a n d Cultural Organization, Intergovernmental Committe e for the Protection of the World Cultural a nd Natural Heritage. WHC.08/01, Janua ry 20 08.

UNESCO (2011). Decisions Adopted by the World Herita ge Committee a t its 35t h Session (UNESCO,2011) WHC-11/35. COM/20, July 2011.

339 Appendix II: BriefIntroduction to the International Center on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage

The International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as OOHIST OO) is a category 2 center under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). This is the first research institution that UNESCO has approved for its expertise based on space technology. The proposal for establishing such a center was made by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in May 2007 and officially approved by the 35 th General Conference of UNESCO in October 2009. HIST is now hosted by and physically located at the Center for Earth Observation and Digital Earth (CEODE) of CAS.

HIST, as a non-profit academic organization, aims to apply space technology in the monitoring and evaluation of natural and cultural world heritage sites and biosphere reserves, as well as such issues as global environmental change and natural disasters around the world. It will also build a demonstration site of world heritage research based on space technology, provide online consultation, technological information, and personnel training and make special contributions to the monitoring, conservation and management of natural and cultural heritage sites.

HIST, in which the director assumes overall responsibility under the leadership of the Governing Board, is composed of a secretariat and five sectors: Cultural Heritage Research, Natural Heritage Research, Space Technology, Engineering Support, and International Training.

CEODE has three ground stations in Miyun, Kashgar, and Sanya whose coverage area includes 70% of Asia. In addition, CEODE has two high-altitude remote sensing aircraft and will purchase two additional large remote sensing aircraft to be equipped with ten advanced remote sensors to form a new high­ performance airborne remote sensing system. CEODE is now building a Digital Earth science platform for massive storage of data, information processing and research simulation which will provide HIST with strong support on its research of natural and cultural heritage utilizing space technology.

As an open academic institution, HIST is interested and willing to collaborate with all the global space agencies, research institutions, universities and world heritage organizations under the framework of UNESCO for the common cause of world heritage preservation.

340 Index

Heritage Sites Page Ancient Building Complex in the 122 and the Irrigation System 198 Ancient City of Ping Yao 100 Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde 82 Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui- and 106 Mount Sanqingshan National Park 310

Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Mount Taishan 236 Kingdom 160 228 China Danxia 316 MountWuyi 260 Classical Gardens of Suzhou 88 Old Town of 94 Dazu Rock Carvings 176 Peking Man Site at 208 118 SichuanGiant Panda Sanctuaries-Wolong, Historic Center of Macao 138 Mt. Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains 294

Historic Ensemble of the , Lhasa 128 300

Historic Monuments of in "The Center of , an Imperial Garden in Beijing 72 Heaven and Earth" 144 Temple and Cemetery of and the Kong Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area 282 Family Mansion in 66

Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in : an Imperial Sacrificial Altar Beijing and Shenyang 14 in Beijing 28

Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 34 The Great Wall 192

Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area 272 of Yunnan Protected Areas 288

Kaiping and Villages 112 Scenic and Historic Interest Area 268

Longmen Grottoes 184 Yin Xu 214

Lushan National Park 220 188

Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 154

Mogao Caves 170

Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Scenic Area 254

Mount 246

341