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Bibliography Bibliography Du, Yue and Gao, Xirui, 2004. A tlas of world heritage-China. Beijing, China: Sino Maps Press. (in Ch inese) Guo, Changjian, 2003. World h er i tag e sites in China. Beijing, China: China International Press.(in Chinese) Guo, Huadong, e d ., 2001. Radar r emote sensing applications i n China. Lo ndon, UK : Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Guo, Huadong, e d ., 2008. Atlas of remote s ensing of the Wenchuan earthquake. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC . Guo, Huadong, ed., 2009.Viewing China form Space. Beijing, China: Science Press. (in Chinese) Ji, J ianghong, 2007. World cultural and n at ural her itage. Be ijing, China: Huaxia Pre ss. (in Chinese) Li, Qianguang, 2008. World heritage. Beijing, China: China Tourism Press. (in Chinese) Luo, Zhewen, 2003. World h eritage grand. Beijing, China: China Int ernat iona l Press. (in Chinese) UNESCO, 2010 . Documents of the 35th Session of t he General Conference, 35 C/20, Part I, Establishment of category 2 centres under t he auspices of UNESCO. Records of the General Conference, 35th Session, Par is 2009, Proceedings, Vo l. 2 . Par is, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNESCO, Worl d Heritage Network(EB/OL), 2011.Available from: http:// whc.unesco.org/en/listl. [Acce ssed 18 October 2011]. Wang, Jinhua, 2009. Protection ofDazu rock carvings. Be ijing, China: Cultural Relics Publishing Hou se. (in Chinese) 334 Appendix I: Criteria for the "World Heritage" In order to protect World Cu ltural a nd Natural Heritage, the Un ited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cu lt ural Organization (UNESCO) formally adopted the Con ven tion Concerning th e Protection of World Cul tural an d Natural H eritag e (hereinafter referred to a s the Con ven tion) at the Seventeenth Session of its General Assem bly on November 16 , 1972. In 1976 , the World Heritage Com m it tee wa s established and a Wor ld Heritage Lis t was co mpiled. Ch ina sig ned the Con ven tion on December 12, 1985, and was elected as a member of the World Heritage Com mittee on October 29, 1999. 1. INTRODUCTION The 2008 Opera tion al Gu idelines for th e Implem entati on of the World Heritage Con ven tion state the following : The cu ltural and natural heritage is among the priceles s and irreplacea ble assets not on ly of each nation, but of humanity as a whole. The loss, through deterioration or disappea rance , of any of these m ost prized assets cons tit utes a n im poverishment of the heritage of a ll the pe oples of the world . Pa rts of that her itage , because of their exceptional qualities, can be co nsidered to be of "outstandin g universal value" and as such worthy of special protection against the dangers which increas ingly threaten them. To ensu re, as far as possible, the proper identification , protection , conservation and presentation of the world's heritage , the Member States of UNESCO adopted the World Heritage Convention in 1972 herei nafter referred to as "the Convention". The Convent ion forsees the establishment of a "World Heritage Com mittee" and a "World Heritage Fund". Both the Com m ittee and the Fund have been in operation since 1976. The World Heritage Com m ittee, in cooperation w ith States Pa rties , ha s three essential functions among others : i. to identify, on the basis of Tentative Lists and nominations s ubmitted by States Parties, cultural and natural properties of outstanding universal value which are to be protected under the Convent ion and to list those properties on the World Heritage List; ii. to decide wh ich properties included in the World Heritage List a re to be inscribed on the "List of World Heritage in Danger" (only properties which require for their conservation m ajor operations and for which assistance has been requested under the Convention can be co nsidered) ; iii. to determine in what way and under what co nditions the res ources in the World Heritage Fu nd can m ost advantageously be u sed t o assist States Parties , as far as pos sible , in the protection of their properties of outstanding universal value . 335 2. THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST A Definition of World Heritage World Heritage sites are classified into cultural heritage, natural heritage, mixed heritage of nature and culture and cultural landscape heritage. In addition, in order to protect human heritage in non-physical form, UNESCO has also issued an intangible cultural heritage classification (Oral and Intangible Heritage of Mankind). Outstanding universal value is defined by the Operational Guidelines to be cultural and/or natural signifiance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity. Cultural and Natural Heritage Cultural and natural heritage are defined in Articles 1 and 2 of the World Heritage Convention as follows: Article 1 For the purposes ofthis Convention, the following shall be considered as "cultural heritage"; - monuments: architectural works, works ofmonumental sculpture and painting, elements orstructures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view ofhistory, art orscience; - groups ofbuildings: groups ofseparate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view ofhistory, art or science; - sites: works ofman or the combined works ofnature and ofman, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view. Article 2 For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as "natural heritage": - natural features consisting ofphysical and biological formations or groups ofsuch formations, which are ofoutstanding universal value from the aesthetic orscientificpoint of view; - geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat ofthreatened species ofanimals and plants ofoutstanding universal value from the point of view ofscience or conservation; - natural sites orprecisely delineated natural areas ofoutstanding universal value from the point of view ofscience, conservation ornatural beauty. 336 Mixed Cultural and Natural Heritage The third category of World Heritage sites is mixed c u lt ural and natural heritage, which integrates c ultural heritag e w ith natu re. Cu ltural heritage refers to s ignificant c ultural relics, a rchitectu re, as well as re mains in a reas s uch as his t ory, a rt, science, aesthetics, ethnology and ant hropology. Natura l heritage includes lands capes as well as the topographic forms a nd feat ures t hat have both aesthetic a nd scient ific value. Accord ing t o t he 2008 Opera tiona l Guidelines, p rop ertie s s hall be considered as "m ixe d cu ltural a nd natura l heri tage" if they satisfy a part or the whole of the definit ions [Op era tion al Guidelines for th e Implementation of the World Heritage Con ven tion ] of both cu lt ural a nd natural heritage laid out in Art icles 1 and 2 of the Conven tion. Cultural Landscapes The concept of cu ltural landscapes was discussed and then included in the World Heritage Lis t by the World Heritage Co m m ittee at it s 16th session held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, in Decemb er 1992. In general , cu ltura l landscapes include the follow in g categories: i. A "land s c ape designed a nd created intent io nally by man ", w h ich includes g ardens a n d parklands bu ilt for aesthetic pu rposes that a re u sually (no t a lways) relat ed t o relig ious or other conceptual building s or a rc hitect ural complexes. ii. An "organically evolved landscape" originating fro m social, economic, a nd administrative, a nd/or relig iou s n e eds , a nd d evelop e d into its c u rrent form through con nection wit h or adaptation to its su rrou nding environment. It has two categories. Firs t is the "relict (or fos sil) lands cape ", w h ich repre sents a (sudden or grad ual) com ple te evo lu tionary pro ce s s of a specific period in t he pa st. It s extraordinary value lie s in the preservation of its remarkable features in visible form.The second is a "c ontinuing lands cape" w hich s till plays a positive social ro le in connecting the present w ith the tradit ional way of life . Moreover, despite underg oing evolution , it continues to serve as m aterial evidence of its pa s t evolution. iii. An "a ssociative c u ltu ra l lands cap e" is included as a w orld herit ag e s it e not for its physical feature s but for its powerfu l a s sociation w it h natu re, religion , art, a nd cult u re. According t o the Operational G uidelines, "Cultural Landscapes are c u ltu ral p rop ertie s a n d repre se nt the 'combined w orks of nat u re and of man' designated in Article 1 of t he Co nvention. They a re illus t rat ive of the evolution of human society and set tlement over time , u nder the influence of the phys ical const raints a nd/or op port u n ities pre s ented by their natural environ ment a nd of s uccessive social, economic and cu ltural forces , b oth external a nd internal.
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