Protection areas system in Poland
Andrzej Macias Photos source: Internet Protection areas system in Poland
Area form: - National parks - Nature reserves - Landscape parks - Natura 2000 sites - Protected landscape areas
Individual form - Nature monuments - Dokumentation sites = Geosites - Ecological sites - Natural and scenic complexes
Plant, animal and fungi species protection Source: Environment 2012. Statistical book, 2012: Central Statistical Office, Warsaw Source: Environment 2012. Statistical book, 2012: Central Statistical Office, Warsaw National parks
National park comprises protected areas with particularly outstanding scientific, natural, social, cultural and educational characteristics, not smaller than 1000 hectares where the environment as a whole, including landscape characteristics, is protected.
A national park is established to preserve biodiversity, resources, formations and elements of inanimate nature and landscape values, restoration of a proper state of resources and elements of nature as well as reconstruction of distorted habitats: of plants, animals and fungi species.
A national park is established, its area widened or limited by the virtue of a regulation of the Council of Ministers.
National parks are supervised a minister for environment.
Source: Nature Protection Law Act, 16.04.2004, Jounal of Laws, 2004, No, 92 Item880 National parks
Arrangements and opinions need to create - Reconciliation of Councils of Municipalities / Cities Region Regional Council, the opinion of non- governmental organizations, the private land owner's consent or dispossessio
Liquidation or decrease - the Council of Ministers Regulation only if irreversible loss of natural values
Buffer zone – must be
Fees admission – Law Regulation of the Minister, the price is determined each Director of Park
Protection plan - protection tasks 1-5 years established by the Director Park, approved by the Minister; protection plan for 20 years established by the Director Park approved Minister for Environment
Arrangements protection plan - Opinion of the Authorities of Municipalities/ Cities Protected areas by IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) World Commission on Protected Areas - WCPA):
Ia - Strict Nature Reserve Ib - Wilderness Area
II - National Park
III - Natural Monument IV - Habitat/Species Management Area
V - Protected Landscape/Seascape
VI - Managed Resource Protected Area Thus, since all the Polish national parks comply with IUCN requirements, have been put on the list:
-15 parks were assigned to the second category,
- 2 parks (Ojcowski and Wigierski) were awarded fifth class.
- 6 newest parks (Biebrzański, Bory Tucholskie, Góry Stołowe, Narwiański, Magurski and Ujście Warty) have not been classified by IUCN yet
More informations about polish national parks (in English): http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pnp/pnp.htm Source: Environment 2012. Statistical book, 2012: Central Statistical Office, Warsaw Source: Environment 2012. Statistical book, 2012: Central Statistical Office, Warsaw Source:Environment 2012. Statistical book, 2012: Central Statistical Office, Warsaw A nature reserve is an area in which natural or insignificantly altered ecosystems are maintained, including natural habitats, as well as defined species of flora and fauna and elements of inanimate nature, having significant scientific, natural, cultural or scenic value.
An area is recognized as a reserve by the virtue of a local ordinance in the form of the Regional Director for Environmental
Source: Nature Protection Law Act, 16.04.2004, Jounal of Laws, 2004, No, 92 Item880 Nature reserves
Arrangements and opinions need to create - on private area the consent of the owner or dispossession, the state-owned area not required
Liquidation or reduction - RDOŚ decree, only if irreversible loss of natural value
Buffer zone – can be
Fees admissions - RDOŚ can enter and set the price
Protection Plan - Protection Tasks 1-5 years, establishes and sets RDOŚ; protection plan for 20 years shall RDOŚ
Arrangements protection plan - Opinion of the Council of Municipalities / Cities, public participation Classification of reserves in accordance with hitherto applied division into 9 types (elaborated by prof. Z. Czubiński):
1. Fauna reserves 2. Landscape reserves 3. Forest reserves 4. Peatbog reserves 5. Flora reserves 6. Water reserves 7. Inanimate nature reserves 8. Steppe reserves 9. Halophyte reserves Source: Environment 2012. Statistical book, 2012: Central Statistical Office, Warsaw Nature reserves in Poland
Piekiełko Szkuckie
Pogorzel Peatland Loess gorge
Photos source: Internet Landscape park is the area protected due to environmental, historical and cultural values. The purpose of establishing a landscape park is preservation, popularisation and dissemination of such the values in the conditions of sustainable development.
Creation of a landscaped park, or increase its area by way of a resolution of the voivodship parliament.
Source: Nature Protection Law Act, 16.04.2004, Jounal of Laws, 2004, No, 92 Item880 Landscape parks
Arrangements and opinions need to create - not required
Liquidation or decrease - Parliament of the Province resolution, only in the case of loss of values,
Buffer zones – can be
Admission fees - No
Protection Plan - Prepare the park director, establishes Voivodeship Parliament
Arrangements protection plan - Not applicable Landscape parks in Poland
Source: Internet Suwałki Landscape Park
Example of young glacial landscape Photo source: Internet Suwałki Landscape Park
Polish first landscape park (1976); covering an area of 62.84 square kilometres
More informations: http://www.spk.org.pl/
Turtul Esker
Photos source: Internet Rogalin Landscape Park (Wielkopolska) Photo source: Internet A protected landscape area is an area protected due to particularly outstanding landscape features of the area of diversified ecosystems, valuable especially owing to the potential for satisfying needs connected with tourism and recreation, or owing to the existing or restored ecological corridors.
Designation of protected landscape area by resolution of voivodship parliament.
Source: Nature Protection Law Act, 16.04.2004, Jounal of Laws, 2004, No, 92 Item880 Landscape protection areas
Arrangements and opinions need to create - not required
Liquidation or decrease - Parliament of the Voivodeship resolution, only in the case of loss of values,
Buffer zones – no
Admission fees - No
Active protection - pursuant to the provisions of local plans
Protection Plan – No
Arrangements protection plan - Not applicable Landscape protection areas in Poland (light green color)
Source: http://www.konkurs-ekologiczny.pl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/art-6-mapka.jpg Protected landscape areas in Poland
Photos source: Internet Krotoszyn Oak Forests Protected Landscape Area
Source: http://dabrowy.zsp2.krotoszyn.net/ NATURA 2000 sites
Who creates? - The Minister of Environment
Arrangements and opinions need to create - to consult community councils
Liquidation or decrease - Minister of Environment only if it is warranted by natural developments noted as a result of monitoring and after obtaining the consent of the European Commission
Buffer zones – no
Admission fees - No
Protection plan/Protection tasks plan – Protection plan and / or plan of protection tasks for 1-10 years; protection plan for a period of 20 years, sets RDOŚ
Prohibitions - Take action that could materially negative impact on the area; RDOŚ may allow exceptions because of the necessary reasons of overriding public interest, in the absence of alternative solutions Nature monuments are individual objects of animate and inanimate nature, or their clusters, of scientific, cultural, historic and commemorative values as well as unique landscape characteristics distinguishing them among other objects, especially aged and grand trees and bushes of native or alien species, springs, waterfalls, exurgences, rocks, ravines, erratic boulders, caves.
A nature monument is specified by the virtue of an ordinance of a commune council.
Source: Nature Protection Law Act, 16.04.2004, Jounal of Laws, 2004, No, 92 Item880 Source: Environment 2012. Statistical book, 2012: Central Statistical Office, Warsaw
Photos source: Internet Tychowo, Nature Monument „Trygław” - the largest erratic boulder in Poland District of rock is 50 m, length 13.7 m, width 9.3 m, total height of 7.8 meters (including 4 m under ground), the volume of about 700 m3, the estimated weight of about 2,000 t
Photo source: Internet Nature Monument „Ferris boulder” (Bisztynek town, Mazury, north-eastern Poland) Photo source: Internet Documentation sites are sites where geological formations, fossil accumulations or mineral objects occur as well as exploited and discarded opencast and underground workings which are not visible on the surface or can be rendered accessible and are important for scientific and educational reasons. Documentation sites include also sites of fossil plants or animals.
A documentation site is specified by the virtue of an ordinance of a commune council.
Source: Nature Protection Law Act, 16.04.2004, Jounal of Laws, 2004, No, 92 Item880 Geosites
Photos source: Internet
Pieniny volcanoes Myslibórz small organs Ecological sites comprise the remains of ecosystems which are worthy of protection and having a significance in maintaining unique gene pools and environment types, such as: natural water basins, field and forest ponds, tree and bush clusters, swamps, peat-bogs, dunes, areas of unused flora, old river-beds, rock outcrops, scarps, gravel- banks and localities of rare or protected species of plants and animals, including places of their seasonal stay or breeding.
An ecological site is specified by the virtue of an regulation of a commune council.
Source: Nature Protection Law Act, 16.04.2004, Jounal of Laws, 2004, No, 92 Item880 Ecological sites
Ecological site „Sabnie”
Ecological site „Puszcza Biała” Photos source: Internet Natural and scenic complexes are created for the purpose of protecting extremely valuable fragments of the natural and cultural environment and preserving their aesthetic values.
A natural and scenic complex is specified by the virtue of an regulation of a commune council.
Source: Nature Protection Law Act, 16.04.2004, Jounal of Laws, 2004, No, 92 Item880 Arkadia natural & scenic complex
Photos source: Internet Plant, animal and fungi species protection is targeted at ensuring preservation and proper condition of protection of wild plants, animals and fungi as well as habitats, rare endemic endangered or protected species, specified in international agreements, and also preservation of specific and genetic diversity.
Species protection of animals and plants is introduced by the virtue of regulation of a minister of environment.
Source: Nature Protection Law Act, 16.04.2004, Jounal of Laws, 2004, No, 92 Item880 National parks in Poland
Source: http://www.parki.pl/noclegi/mapa_parkow_1.jpg Wolin National Park
Example of the sea coast landscape
Cliff coast near Międzyzdroje
Photo source: Internet Wolin National Park
More informations about this park: http://www.wolinpn.pl/index.php?page=45
Photo source: Internet Słowiński National Park Example of dune landscape
Łącka dune (43 m above sea level). In the background Łebsko lake (with an area of 71.42km², it is the largest Pomeranian lake).
Photo source: Internet Słowiński National Park
More informations about this park: http://slowinskipn.pl/en/ Wigry National Park
Example of lakeland landscape
Wigry lake. Peninsula (former island) with the ex-kamaldul monastery complex
Photo source: Internet Wigry National Park
More informations about this park: http://www.wigry.win.pl/index_en.html
Photo source: Internet Biebrza National Park
Example of the landscape of the river valley
Biebrza river
Photo source: Internet Biebrza National Park
More informations about this park: http://www.biebrza.org.pl/
Photo source: Internet Ujście Warty National Park
Example of lowland landscape
Photo source: Internet Ujście Warty National Park
Greylag geese (Anser anser)
Photo source: Internet Ujście Warty National Park Example of lowland landscape
More informations about this park: http://www.pnujsciewarty.gov.pl/118,general-information-about-the-park.html
Photo source: Internet Wielkopolska National Park Example of lowland landscape
Warta river
Photo source: Internet Wielkopolska National Park
More informations about this park: http://www.wielkopolskipn.pl/index.php/park/change_lang/eng
Photo source: Internet Ojców National Park
Example landscape of limestone highland
Photo source: Internet Ojców National Park
More informations about this park: http://www.ojcowskiparknarodowy.pl/
Photo source: Internet Ojców National Park
Famous Cudgel of Hercules. In the back the castle Pieskowa Skała
Photo source: Internet Roztocze National Park
Example of highland landscape
More informations about this park: http://www.roztoczanskipn.pl/angielski/aboutpark.html
Photo source: Internet Roztocze National Park
Polish wild horses (descendants of the tarpan Equus ferus ferus)
Photo source: Internet Świętokrzyski National Park
Example of old mountains landscape
Photo source: Internet Świętokrzyski National Park
More informations about this park: http://www.swietokrzyskipn.org.pl/?lang=en
Photo source: Internet Babia Góra National Park
More informations about this park: http://www.bgpn.pl/en
Photo source: Internet Pieniny National Park
Example of limestone mountains landscape
More informations about this park: http://www.pieninypn.pl/index.html?lang_id=UK
Dunajec river and Trzy Korony Peak
Photo source: Internet Border National Parks
1. Białowieża National Park Poland/Belarus 2. Tatra National Park Poland/Slovakia 3. Sudety National Park Poland/Czech Republic 4. Bieszczady National Park Poland/Ukraine/Slovakia Białowieża National Park
Example of forest landscape
Białowieża Forest is one of the last and largest remaining parts of the immense primaeval forest that once stretched across the European Plain.
Photo source: Internet European bisons in Białowieża National Park
Photos source: Internet Białowieża National Park (Poland/Belarus)
More informations about this park: http://bpn.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=104&Itemid=178
Source: http://bpn.com.pl Karkonosze National Park
Example of high mountain landscape
Photo source: Internet Karkonosze National Park
Photo source: Internet Karkonosze National Park
Śnieżka Peak (1602 meters above sea level) with the meteorological observatory
Photo source: Internet Karkonosze National Park
More informations about this park: - http://www.kpnmab.pl/ - http://cikpn.kpnmab.pl/wycieczka/ Krkonossky National Park (Czech Republic)
Nature protection plan
Source: http://www.krnap.cz/ +
issues - protection of nature: different approaches, the Czech Republic trails are off for a certain period of time (for the rebirth of vegetation) in Poland does not
change in the Czech Republic strictly protected areas to partially protected without an agreement with Poland Tatry National Park
Example of high mountain landscape
Photo source: Internet Tatry National Park
Photo source: Internet Tatry National Park
Photos source: Internet Tatry National Park
More informations about this park: http://tpn.pl/
Photos source: Internet Tatry National Park (Poland) – Nature Protection Plan
Source: http://tpn.pl/ Tatra National Park - TANAP (Slovakia) – Nature protection plan Source: www.tanap.org/english Tatra reserve biosphere (1992)
+
issues - protection of nature: different approaches such as hunting bears forbidden in Poland, Slovakia acceptable Bieszczady National Park
Example of mountain landscape More informations about this park: http://www.bdpn.pl/
Photo source: Internet Photos source: Internet Bieszczady National Park – Nature Protection Plan
Source: http://www.bdpn.pl/ East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (1992)
Covering an area of 2,080.89 km ²
1,087.24 km ² - part of Poland,
407.78 km ² - Part Slovak
585.87 km ² - part of Ukrainian
Source: http://ts3.mm.bing.net/th?id=H.5013379036481790&pid=15.1 International Biosphere Reserve "Eastern Carpathians" is faced with numerous difficulties, resulting from the need to reconcile the requirements of economic and ecological problems of cross-border cooperation. Crisis of the nature protection in Poland
1. Failure to natural conventions and international agreements.
2. Poor progress in the implementation of the Natura 2000 network..
3. Illusory national strategy for biodiversity conservation (so called „lifeless/dead document”).
4. Strategic and planning documents in the economy does not take into account the protection of nature.
5. Poor status of protection of nature in the state administration.
6. Poor cooperation administration with scientists.
7. The lack of clearly designated responsibility for the state of nature.
8. For 15 years there was created any national park, but for 20 years it is planned to create three next (lack of money, opposition of local authorities)
Source: Report of the State Council for Nature Conservation - http://www.mos.gov.pl/; Crisis of the nature protection in Poland (2)
10. Poland gave one of their most important rights (and obligations) for the conduct of coordinated nationwide efforts to preserve natural heritage in the hands of unprepared local authorities (lack of knowledge, human resources and finance). According to the current rules, can not be create or enlarge a national park, nature reserve, landscape protected area without the consent of the local authorities. Local authorities also have the right of veto in the preparation of protection plans of Natura 2000 sites, as well as great opportunities to block the establishment of plans for the protection of other forms of nature. It can cause paralysis locally conservation, and makes it difficult to carry out its international obligations. Just dislike a one local government that values the importance of national or the world could not be effectively protected.
11. Rules of species protection inconsistent of natural EU Directives.
12. A small degree of enforcement of criminal laws.
Source: Report of the State Council for Nature Conservation - http://www.mos.gov.pl/; Crisis of the nature protection in Poland (3)
13. Ineffective protection of ecological corridors.
14. Lack of buffer zones, and their little much protection.
15. The crisis of landscape protection. Poland does not respect the the European Convention on Landscape and failed to convert it into Polish law. The Nature Protection Act struck most provisions for the protection of the landscape.
16. Lack of conservation plans or their failure.
17. Insufficient environmental monitoring.
18. Unfinished national system of protected areas in Poland.
19. Anti-natural government campaign.
20. Poaching.
Source: Report of the State Council for Nature Conservation - http://www.mos.gov.pl/; 1830 r. Puszczykowo town & Wielkopolska National Park
town partially located within a national park
changes in land use in the years 1830- 2010
Source: Macias et al. (2011)
1 - forests, 2 - arable land, 3 - grassland 1 2 3 and greenery areas, 4 - built up areas, 5 -
4 5 6 surface water, 6 - roads and railways References: - Kowalik, T., Świątkowski, P., Cieślik T., 1996: Parki Narodowe. National Parks. Parcs Nationaux. The Guide Book of the European Ecological Centre. Warszawa
- Chojnacka, I., 1995: Environmental Protection in Poland, Krajowy Zarząd Parków Narodowych. Warszawa
- Rąkowski G., 2009: Parki narodowe w Polsce (National Parks in Poland), Instytut Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa [in Polish]
- Walczak M., Radziejowski J. , Smogorzewska M., 2001: Obszary chronione w Polsce (Protected areas in Poland), Instytut Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa [in Polish]
- Rakowski G., Smogorzewska M., Janczewska A., Wojcik J., Walczak M., Pisarski Z., 2004: Parki krajobrazowe w Polsce (Landscape parks in Poland), Instytut Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa [in Polish]
- Rąkowski G., Wójcik J., Walczak M., Smogorzewska M., Brodowska M., 2005: Rezerwaty przyrody w Polsce Północnej (Nature Reserves in Northern Poland), Instytut Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa [in Polish]
- Rąkowski G., Walczak M., Smogorzewska M., 2006: Rezerwaty przyrody w Polsce Środkowejj (Nature Reserves in Central Poland), Instytut Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa [in Polish]
- Rąkowski G., Walczak M., Smogorzewska M., 2007: Rezerwaty przyrody w Polsce Południowej (Nature Reserves in Southern Poland), Instytut Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa [in Polish]
- Report of the State Council for Nature Conservation; http://www.mos.gov.pl/
- http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pnp/pnp.htm Thank you for your attention!