Study on the Allocation of Emissions from International Aviation to the UK Inventory – CPEG7

Final Report to DEFRA Global Atmosphere Division

Allocation of International Aviation Emissions from Scheduled Air Traffic – Present day and Historical (Report 2 of 3)

Appendices

December 2005

Lee D. S., Owen B., Graham, A., Fichter C., Lim L. L. & Dimitriu D.

Manchester Metropolitan University Centre for Air Transport and the Environment (CATE) Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering

1

Report prepared by Lee, D. S., Owen B., Graham A. and Fichter C. Reviewed/checked by Professor Callum Thomas

Report no. CATE-2005-3(C)-2

Date of issue, Version no. 25-04-2005 v1.2 for initial review and customer comment 24-11-2005 v1.5 Final release version

2 Table of contents

Appendix 1 Table of carriers and allocated country 5 Appendix 2 Results from the analysis of maximum flight altitudes by aircraft types and distances. 15 -1 Appendix 3 Domestic emissions from civil aviation, 1990 (Gg CO2 yr ) 22 -1 Appendix 4 Domestic emissions from civil aviation, 2000 (Gg CO2 yr ) 24 -1 Appendix 5 Allocation of international aviation emissions for Annex I countries, 1990 (Gg CO2yr ) 27 -1 Appendix 6 Allocation of international aviation emissions for Annex I countries, 2000 (Gg CO2yr ) 28 -1 Appendix 7 Allocation of international aviation emissions for all countries, 1990 (Gg CO2 yr ) 29 -1 Appendix 8 Allocation of international aviation emissions for all countries, 2000 (Gg CO2 yr ) 34 -1 Appendix 9 Allocation of international aviation emissions for all countries, 1990 (Gg NOx yr ) 40 -1 Appendix 10 Allocation of international aviation emissions for all countries, 2000 (Gg NOx yr ) 47 Appendix 11 Aviation, radiative forcing and the radiative forcing index 53 Appendix 12 Estimates of radiative forcing for 1992, 2015 and 2050 from IPCC (1999) and for 2000 (Sausen et al., 2005) 56

3 4 Appendix I Table of carriers and allocated country

CarrierID Carrier Country CarrierID Carrier Country CarrierID Carrier Country 2A DEUTSCHE BAHN DE DSO DHL AERO EXPRESO S.A. PA OI ASPIRING AIR NZ 2B AEROCONDOR PT DT TAAG ANGOLA AO OJ AIR ST. BARTHELEMY GP 2C SNCF FR DU HEMUS AIR BG OK CZ 2D FEDERICO II AIRWAYS IT DV LUFTTAXI DORTMUND DE OL OLT OSTFRIESISCHE GMBH DE 2E HEATHROW EXPRESS GB DW AERO CHARTER UA OM MIAT - MONGOLIAN AIRLINES MN 2F FRONTIER FLYING SERVICE US DX DANISH AIR TRANSPORT DK NAURU NR 2H THALYS INTERNATIONAL BE DY AIR DJ OO SKYWEST AIRLINES US 2J AIR BURKINA BF DZ TRANSCARAIBES AIR INTERNATIONAL FR OP PAN AMERICAM AIRBRIDGE US 2K KITTY HAWK AIRWAYS US E2 RIO GRANDE AIR US OQ SUNRISE AIRLINES US 2L LAER S.E. LINEAS AEREAS ENTRE RIOS AR E3 RU OR CRIMEA AIR UA 2M MOLDAVIAN AIRLINES MD E4 AERO PK OS AUSTRIAN AIRLINES AT 2P AIR PHILIPPINES PH E5 AIRLINES RU OT CL 2Q RUSAVIA RU E6 AVIAEXPRESSCRUISE RU OU AIRLINES HR 2R VIA RAIL CA E7 EUROPEAN AVIATION AIR CHARTER GB OV EE 2S ISLAND EXPRESS US E8 IE OW EXECUTIVE AIRLINES/AMERICAN EAGLE PR 2T CA E9 COMPAGNIE AFRICAINE D'AVIATION CD OX TH 2V AMTRAK US EA EUROPEAN REGIONS AIRLINES ES OY AFRICAN INTERCONTINENTAL AIRWAYS GM 2W WELCOME AIR AT EB EMERY WORLDWIDE AIRLINES US OZ ASIANA AIRLINES KR 2Y HELENAIR CORPORATION LC EC HELI INTER FR P2 SERVICIOS AEREOS PROFESIONALES S.A. DO 2Z CHANG-AN AIRLINES CN ED CC AIR US P4 AERO LINEAS SOSA HN 3A MAFIRA AIR CHARTER SERVICES MY EE GOLDWING AIRLINES IT P5 AEROREPUBLICA CO 3B AVIONES DE ORIENTE C.A. (AVIOR) VE EF FAR EASTERN AIR TRANSPORT CN P6 TRANS AIR US 3C CORPORATE EXPRESS AIRLINES US EG ASIA AIRWAYS JP P7 EAST LINE AIRLINES RU 3D DENIM AIR NL EH SAETA EC P8 PANTANAL LINHAS AEREAS BR 3E AIR BRETAGNE FR EI IE P9 PRO AIR US 3G ATLANT-SOYUZ AIRLINES RU EJ US PB PROVINCIAL AIRLINES CA 3H (SAD) CA EK EMIRATES AE PC AIR FIJI FJ 3J CA EL AIR NIPPON JP PD PEM-AIR CA 3K TATONDUK FLYING SERVICE US EM AU PE AIR IT 3L SCENIC AIR US EMO US PF PALESTINIAN AIRLINES YW 3M GULFSTREAM INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES INC. US EN IT PG AIRWAYS TH 3N UA EO CONGO AIRLINES CD PH POLYNESIAN AIRLINES WS 3P GEORGIAN AIRLINES GE EP IRAN ASSEMAN AIRLINES IR PI SUNFLOWER AIRLINES LTD. FJ 3Q YUNNAN AIRLINES CN EQ TAME LINEA AEREA DEL EC PJ AIR ST PIERRE PM 3R AVIA AIR AW ER DHL AIRWAYS INC. US PK PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES PK 3S SHUSWAP AIR CA ES TRANS AM AIRLINES PE PM TROPIC AIR AR 3T TURAN AIR AZ ESO DHL INTERNATIONAL E.C. BH PN PAN AMERICAN AIRWAYS CORP. US 3UK GB ET ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES ET PO US

5 3W WANAIR PF EU ECUATORIANA DE AVIACION S.A. EC PQ TROPICAL INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS KN 3X JAPAN AIR COMMUTER JP EV ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST US PQO AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION CORP. UZ 3Z NECON AIR NP EW DE PR PHILIPPINE AIRLINES PH 4A ARARAT AVIA AM EX AEROLINEAS DO PS INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES UA 4B OLSON AIR SERVICE US EY EAGLE AIR TZ PT SE 4C AIRES S.A CO EZ SUN AIR OF SCANDINAVIA DK PU PLUNA UY 4D AIR SINAI EG EZO EVERGREEN INT'L AIRLINES US PV SAINT BARTH COMMUTER GP 4E TANANA AIR SERVICE US F2 SOUTHERN INDEPENDENT AIR COMPANY UA PW PRECISIONAIR TZ 4F AIR CITY DE F3 FLYING ENTERPRISE SE PX AIR NIUGINI PG 4G SHENZHEN AIRLINES CN F4 EURECA IT PY SURINAM AIRWAYS SR 4H FLY BR F5 ARCHANA AIRWAYS IN PZ TRANSPORTES AEREOS DEL MERCOSUR PY 4J LOVE AIR GB F6 CHINA NATIONAL AVIATION CN Q2 IT 4K CA F7 KAIKEN LINEAS AEREAS AR Q3 ZAMBIAN AIRWAYS ZM 4M AFRICAN STAR AIRWAYS ZA F8 AIR CA Q4 MUSTIQUE AIRWAYS VC 4N CA F9 INC. US Q5 40 MILE AIR US 4P BUSINESS AVIATION CD FB GUARDAIR NO Q6 AERO-CONDOR S.A. PE 4Q AEROLYON FR FBO FINE AIR US Q7 SOBELAIR BE 4R NT AIR LTD CA FC TEMPLEHOF EXPRESS AIRLINES DE Q9 INTERBRASIL STAR S.A. BR 4T TCH OF RUSSIAN AIRLINES RU FCO FALCON EXPRESS AE QA AEROCARIBE/AEROCOZUMEL MX 4U TAVAJ - TRANSPORTES REGULARES S.A. BR FD CITYFLYER EXPRESS GB QB AIR ALMA INC. CA 4V CA FE EAGLE CANYON AIRLINES US QC AVIATION LABRADOR CA 4W WARBELOW'S AIR VENTURES INC. US FF TOWER AIR US QD ES 4X F'AIRLINES NL FG ARIANA AFGHAN AIRLINES AF QDO QWESTAIR AU 4Y YUTE AIR US FI ICELANDAIR IS QE CROSSAIR EUROPE FR 4Z SOUTH AFRICAN AIRLINK ZA FJ AIR PACIFIC FJ QF AIRWAYS AU 5A ALPINE AVIATION US FK LIMITED CA QG PRIMA AIR/FLYAIR ES 5B TIE AVIATION INC. US FL AIRTRAN AIRWAYS US QI AIR DK 5C US FM CN QJ LATPASS AIRLINES LV 5D AEROLITORAL, S.A. DE C.V. MX FN REGIONAL AIR LINES MA QJO JET AIRWAYS INC. US 5E BASE AIRLINES NL FP PAR AVION AU QK CA 5F ARCTIC CIRCLE AIR SERVICE US FQ AIR AW QM AIR MALAWI MW 5G QUEEN AIR DO FR IE QN CA 5H NO FS MISSIONARY AVIATION FELLOWSHIP AU QO NZ 5J CEBU PACIFIC AIR PH FSO SERVICOS DE TRANSPORTES US QOO AEROMEXPRESS S.A. MX 5K UA FT AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL KH QP AIRKENYA AVIATION KE 5L AEROSUR BO FU FR QR QATAR AIRWAYS QA 5M RU FV ES QS TATRA AIR A.S. CZ 5N AIRLINES RU FW FAIR JP QT REGIONAL AIR PG 5P PENA TRANSPORTES AEREOS S/A BR FX FEDEX US QU UGANDA AIRLINES UG 5Q SKARGARDSFLYG AB FI FY BROOME AIRLINES AU QV LAO AVIATION LA 5R IRS AERO RU FZ AIR FACILITIES AU QW TURKS & CAICOS AIRWAYS TC

6 5S L'AEROPOSTALE FR G2 AVIREX GABON GA QX US 5T AIR NEGRIL JM G3 CITY CONNEXION AIRLINES BI QY EUROPEAN AIR TRANSPORT BE 5U LINEAS AEREAS DEL ESTADO AR G4 , INC. US QZ P.T. AIR WAGON INTERNATIONAL ID 5V UA G5 AIRLINES RU R2 STATE AVIA ENTERPRISE RU 5W COMED AVIATION GB G7 IT R3 ARMENIAN AIRLINES AM 5X UNITED PARCEL SERVICE CO. US G8 GUJARAT AIRWAYS IN R4 THE STATE TRANSPORT COMPANY "" RU 5Y ISLES OF SCILLY GB G9 CONTINENTAL WINGS GM R5 MALTA AIR CHARTER MT 6A AVIACSA MX GA ID R6 AIR SRPSKA BA 6C CAPE SMYTHE AIR SERVICE INC US GBO ABX AIR INC. US R7 AEROSERVICIOS CARABOBO C.A. (ASERCA) VE 6D PELITA AIR SERVICE ID GC GAMBIA INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES GM R8 REGULJAIR SE 6H ISRAIR IL GD TAESA MX R9 CAMAI AIR US 6K ASIAN SPIRIT PH GE TRANS ASIA AIRWAYS TW RA ROYAL NEPAL AIRLINES NP 6L CA GF GULF AIR BH RB SYRIAN ARAB AIRLINES SY 6M SOUTH ASIA AIRWAYS BD GG AIR GUYANE GF RC FAROE ISLANDS FO 6N TRANS TRAVEL AIRLINES NL GH GHANA AIRWAYS GH RD TEAM IT 6Q SLOVAK AIRLINES SK GI ITEK AIR KG RE AER ARANN IE 6R BRITRAIL GB GJ IT RF ORD AIR CHARTER AU 6S PROTEUS HELICOPTERES FR GK GO ONE AIRWAYS GB RFO WEST US 6T AIR MANDALAY LTD MM GL GREENLANDAIR GL RG VARIG BR 6U UKRAINE AIR UA GM AIR SLOVAKIA SK RH REGIONNAIR CA 6V LIGNES AERIENNES CONGOLAISES CD GN AIR GABON GA RI PT MANDALA AIRLINES ID 6W RU GO GO GB RJ ROYAL JORDANIAN JO 6Y NICARAGUENSE DE AVIACION NI GQ BIG SKY AIRLINES US RK CI 72E SKY CABS LK GR AIR SERVICES GB RL AIR CHARTER INC. PR 72N STARWELT TRANS LLOYD CARGO MW GRO GEMINI AIR CARGO US RLO AIR CHARTER INC. PR 73A US GS INC US RM INTERNATIONAL MD 73L WEST TG GT GB AIRWAYS GI RO TAROM RO 73S TASHKENT AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION CORP. UZ GU AVIATECA GT RP , INC. US 75C C.A.L. CARGO AIRLINES IL GW AIRLINES OF KUBAN RU RQ AIR ENGIADINA CH 75R ROVER AIRWAYS US GWO GOLDEN WEST AIRLINES US RR ROYAL AIR FORCE GB 75W ITAPEMIRIM TRANSPORTES AEREOS S/A BR GX PACIFIC AIR PH RT AIRLINES OF SOUTH AU 75Y US GXO CA RU TCI SKYKING TC 75Z AIRFREIGHT EXPRESS GB GY GUYANA AIRWAYS CORPORATION GY RV REEVE ALEUTIAN AIRWAYS US 76N AERO SUCRE CO GZ AIR RAROTONGA CK RW RAS FLUGGESELLSCHAFT DE 76P AEROPUMA S.A. US H2 CITY BIRD BE RX REDWING AIRWAYS INC. US 77C COYNE AIRWAYS GB H3 HARBOUR AIR LTD. CA RY EUROPEAN EXECUTIVE EXPRESS SE 77T TRANS AM AERO EXP. DEL ECUADOR CIA.LTDA EC H4 HAINAN AIRLINES CN RZ SERVICIOS AERIOS NACIONALES S.A. CR 78D EXPO AVIATION LK H5 AIRLINES RU S2 SAHARA AIRLINES IN 78G GULF & CARIBBEAN AIR US H6 HAGELAND AVIATION SERVICES INC. US S3 SANTA BARBARA AIRLINES C.A. VE 78W BAX GLOBAL US H7 EAGLE AVIATION UGANDA UG S4 SATA INTERNATIONAL PT 79F HAITI AIR FREIGHT HT H8 - AIRWAYS RU S5 US

7 79X DIAMOND INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES, INC. US H9 TAM EXPRESS LINHAS AEREAS S/A BR S6 SWE AVIATION EUROPE SE 7A HAINES AIRWAYS US HA US S7 SIBERIA AIRLINES RU 7B AIRLINES RU HB HARBOR AIRLINES US S8 ESTONIAN AVIATION COMPANY ELK EE 7B4 BANKAIR US HC NASKE-AIR DE S9 SWE AVIATION EUROPE SE 7C9 CLA AIR TRANSPORT PH HD HOKKAIDO INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES JP SA SOUTH AFRICAN AIRWAYS ZA 7D DONBASS - EASTERN UKRANIAN AIRLINES UA HE LUFTFAHRT GESELLSCHAFT WALTER DE SB AIR CALEDONIE INTERNATIONAL NC 7D5 DHL AERO EXPRESO S.A. PA HF HAPAG LLOYD FLUGGESSELSCHAFT DE SC SHANDONG AIRLINES CN 7E AEROLINE DE HG HAITI INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES HT SD SUDAN AIRWAYS SD 7F CA HH ISLANDSFLUG IS SE SAMOA AIR WS 7F7 AIRCOMPANY VOLARE UA HI PAPILLON AIRWAYS US SI SVEA FLYG SE 7G BELLAIR US HJ SWEDEWAYS AIR LINES SE SJ AVIANDINA PE 7H ERA AVIATION US HJO ASIAN EXPRESS AIRLINES AU SK SAS SE 7J SKAGWAY AIR SERVICE US HK YANGON AIRWAYS MM SL RIO-SUL SERVICOS AEREOS REGIONAIS BR 7K KOGALYMAVIA RU HKO FOUR STAR AVIATION, INC. VI SM SUN WORLD INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES INC US 7L AEROCARIBBEAN S.A. CU HM AIR SEYCHELLES SC SN SABENA BE 7L2 US HN PROTEUS HELICOPTERES FR SO SUPERIOR AVIATION, INC. US 7L3 DHL DE , S.A GT HO ANTINEA AIRLINES DZ SP SATA AIR ACORES PT 7L8 LAPARKAN AIRWAYS GY HP US SQ AIRLINES SG 7M AIRLINES RU HQ BUSINESS EXPRESS US SR CH 7M2 MARIO'S AIR INC US HR HAHN AIR DE SS CORSE AIR INTERNATIONAL FR 7M6 US HS HIGHLAND AIR SE ST YANDA AIRLINES AU 7M7 SUPERIOR AIR KE HU HAINAN AIRLINES CN SU RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES RU 7N INLAND AVIATION SERVICES INC. US HV AIRLINES NL SV SAUDI ARABIAN AIRLINES SA 7N4 NAC NET INC. US HW NORTH-WRIGHT AIRWAYS LTD. CA SW AIR NAMIBIA NA 7P APA INTERNATIONAL US HX HAINAN AIRLINES CN SX AEROEJECUTIVO SA DE CV MX 7P3 PREMIER TRANS AIRE US HY AIRWAYS UZ SY INC. US 7P4 PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES US HZ SAKHALINSKIE AVIATRASSY RU SZ CHINA CN 7Q AIR L.T.A., C.A. VE IA IRAQI AIRWAYS IQ T2 NAKINA AIR SERVICE CA 7R RED SEA AIR ER IB ES T3 GB 7R8 CORPORATE CHARTER SERVICE PR IC INDIAN AIRLINES IN T4 TRANSEAST AIRLINES LV 7S ARCTIC TRANSPORTATION SERVICES US ID NORMANDIE AVIATION FR T5 AVIA COMPANY TURKMENISTAN TM 7T AIR GLACIERS CH IE SOLOMON AIRLINES SB T6 TAVREY AIR COMPANY UA 7T2 THAI AIR CARGO TH IF FIRST IT T7 TRANS KZ 7U RU IG IT T8 TRANSPORTES AEREOS NEUQUEN AR 7V US IH FALCON AIR SE T9 VARMLANDSFLYG SE 7V4 , C.A. VE IIO ADI DOMESTIC AIRLINE US TA TACA INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES SV 7W AIR SASK AVIATION 1991 CA IJ AIR LIBERTE FR TC AIR TANZANIA TZ 7W8 WINNPORT LOGISTICS LTD. CA IK IMAIR AZ TD ATLANTIS EUROPEAN AIRWAYS AM 7Y WEST ISLE AIR US IL ISTANBUL AIRLINES TR TE LITHUANIAN AIRLINES LT 7Z L.B. LIMITED US IM INTENSIVE AIR ZA TF TASMAN AUSTRALIA AIRLINES AU 7Z8 DHL DE GUATEMALA, S.A GT IN MAT- MK TFO THAI FLYING SERVICE TH

8 8A NO IP ATYRAU AIRWAYS KZ TG INTERNATIONAL TH 8B CARIBBEAN STAR AIRLINES AG IQ AUGSBURG AIRWAYS DE TH BRITISH REGIONAL AIRLINES GB 8C SHANXI AIRLINES CN IR IRAN AIR IR THO TRANSMILE AIR MY 8D VOLARE AIRLINES IT IS ISLAND AIRLINES US TJ TRANSPORTES AEREOS NACIONALES DE SELVA PE 8E US IT IRTYSH-AVIA KZ TK TURKISH AIRLINES TR 8F FISCHER AIR CZ IV FUJIAN AIRLINES CN TL REGIONAL AU 8G ANGEL AIRLINES TH IW AOM FRENCH AIRLINES FR TLO TRANS MEDITERRANEAN AIRWAYS LB 8H EQUAFLIGHT CG IX FR TM LAM-LINHAS AEREAS DE MOCAMBIQUE MZ 8J RU IY YEMENIA AIRWAYS YE TN AIR NUI PF 8K AIR OSTRAVA CZ IZ ARKIA - ISRAELI AIRLINES IL TO ID 8L NEWAIR DK J2 AIRLINES AZ TP TAP AIR PORTUGAL PT 8M MAXAIR SE J3 LEASE CA TQ TANDEM AERO MD 8N NORDKALOTTFLYG SE J4 CA TR TRANSBRASIL S/A LINHAS AEREAS BR 8O WEST CA J6 LARRY'S FLYING SERVICE US TS A.T. CA 8P LIMITED CA J7 CENTRE-AVIA AIRLINES RU TT AIR LITHUANIA LT 8Q BAKER AVIATION US J8 BERJAYA AIR MY TU TUNIS AIR TN 8R TRANSPORTE REGIONL DO INTERIOR PAULISTA BR J9 GUINEE AIRLINES FR TV VIRGIN EXPRESS BE 8S AIR ALASKA CARGO US JA AIR BOSNA BA TW US 8T LTD. CA JB AIRWAYS CA TX SOCIETE NOUVELLE AIR GP 8U SIMON AIR LR JC JAL EXPRESS JP TY AIR CALEDONIE NC 8V US JD JAPAN AIR SYSTEM JP TZ AMERICAN TRANS AIR US 8W AIR TEAM NO JE MANX AIRLINES GB U2 EASYJET GB 8Y AIR BURUNDI BI JF L.A.B.FLYING SERVICES US U3 TRAVELAIR US 8Z LINEA AEREA DE SERVICIO EJECUTIVO REGIO VE JG AIR GR U5 IBA SE 9B ACCESRAIL INC. NO JH NORDESTE-LINHAS AEREAS REGIONAIS SA BR U6 RU 9C GILL AIRWAYS LTD GB JI MIDWAY AIRLINES US U8 AUSTRIAN AIR TRANSPORT AT 9D RU JJ BRASIL CENTRAL LINHA AEREA REG. S.A. BR U9 TATARSTAN RU 9E EXPRESS AIRLINES US JK ES UA US 9F EUROSTAR GB JL JP UB MYANMA AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL MM 9G GR JM AIR JM UC LADECO AIRLINES CL 9H ECOAIR DZ JN SABRE AIRWAYS GB UD HEX'AIR FR 9J PACIFIC ISLAND AVIATION INC MP JO JALWAYS JP UDO FAST AIR CARRIER LTDA CL 9K US JP SI UE TRANSEUROPEAN AIRLINES RU 9L US JR AERO MX UF UKRAINIAN-MEDITERRANEAN AIRLINES UA 9M LTD. CA JS AIR KORYO KP UG TUNINTER TN 9N US JT AU UI ALASKA SEAPLANE SERVICE LLC US 9P PELANGI AIR MY JTO TRANSAIR AU UK KLM UK GB 9Q PB AIR TH JU JAT - JUGOSLOVENSKI AEROTRANSPORT YU UK1 BUZZ GB 9R RWANDA AIRLINES RW JV BEARSKIN LAKE AIR SERVICE CA UL SRILANKAN AIRLINES LK 9S SWAZI EXPRESS SZ JW AU UM AIR ZW 9T ATHABASKA AIRWAYS LTD. CA JWO ARROW AIR US UN RU

9 9U AIR MOLDOVA MD JX HELICOPTERES FR UP BAHAMASAIR BS 9V VIP AIR KZ JY JERSEY EUROPEAN AIRWAYS GB UQ O'CONNOR - MT GAMBIERS AIRLINE AU 9W JET AIRWAYS IN JZ SE UR UKRAINE UA 9X TASAWI AIR SERVICES PL K2 KYRGHYZSTAN AIRLINES KG US US AIRWAYS US 9Y AIR KAZAKSTAN KZ K3 SERVICE US UU RE A2 CIELOS DEL PERU S.A. PE K4 KRONFLYG SE UV HELICOPTEROS DEL SURESTE ES A3 GR K5 WINGS OF ALASKA US UW PERIMETER AIRLINES CA A4 SOUTHERN WINDS AR K6 KHALIFA AIRWAYS DZ UX ES A5 TIKAL JETS, S.A. GT K7 SAKHA AVIA RU UY CAMEROON AIRLINES CM A6 AVIATION AT K8 KALININGRAD AIR ENTERPRISE RU V3 VEG AIR RO A7 ASTANAIR KZ K9 SKYWARD AVIATION CA V4 VENSECAR INTERNACIONAL VE A8 AEROLINEAS PARAGUAYAS ARPA PY KA DRAGONAIR HK V5 RU A9 AIRZENA GEORGIAN AIRLINES GE KB DRUK AIR BT V8 AIR MIKISEW CA AA US KC CARPATHIAN AIR TRANSPORT HU V9 BASHKIR AIRLINES RU AB AIR DE KD KENDELL AIRLINES AU VB BIRMINGHAM EUROPEAN AIRWAYS GB ABO SUPERIOR AVIATION, INC. US KE KR VC VE AC CA KF AIR BOTNIA FI VE VE ADO AVIA LEASING UZ KH HORIZON AIRLINES AU VG VLM BE AE MANDARIN AIRLINES TW KI FR VH AEROPOSTAL, ALAS DE VENEZUELA S.A. VE AF AIR FR KJ BRITISH MEDITERRANEAN AIRWAYS GB VI VIEQUES PR AH AIR ALGERIE DZ KK TRANSPORTES AEREOS REGIONAIS (T.A.M.) BR VIO VOLGA DNEPR AIRLINES RU AI AIR INDIA IN KL KLM-ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES NL VJ KH AK AIRASIA MY KM AIR MALTA MT VK VIRGIN EXPRESS (IRELAND) LTD IE AL ASTRAL AVIATION US KN AU VL NORTH AIR CA AM AEROMEXICO MX KO US VM REGIONAL AIRLINES FR AN AU KQ KE VN AIRLINES VN AO ES KRO KITTY HAWK AIR CARGO INC. US VO TYROLEAN AIRWAYS AT AP IT KS PENAIR US VP VASP BR AQ US KT KH VQ AU AR AEROLINEAS ARGENTINAS AR KU KUWAIT AIRWAYS KW VR TACV CABO VERDE AIRLINES CV AS US KV RU VS GB AT MA KW AIR COMPANY KAS KG VT PF AU AUSTRAL AR KX CAYMAN AIRWAYS KY VU AIR IVOIRE CI AV AVIANCA CO KY AIR SAO TOME E PRINCIPE ST VV UA AW DIRGANTARA AIR SERVICES ID KZ LINEA AEREA DE SERVICIO EJECUTIVO REGIO VE VW TRANSPORTES AEROMAR S.A. DE C.V. MX AX AIR INC. US KZO NIPPON CARGO AIRLINES JP VX ACES CO AY FI L4 LAUDA-AIR S.P.A IT W4 M & N AVIATION PR AZ ALITALIA IT L5 HELIKOPTER SERVICE NO W7 SAYAKHAT AIR COMPANY KZ B2 BELAVIA BY L6 AIR MV W8 LA COSTENA S.A. NI B3 BELLVIEW AIRLINES NG L7 LAOAG INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES PH WA KLM CITYHOPPER NL B4 BHOJA AIR PK L8 AIRLINES RU WB SAN-SERVICIOS AEREOS NACIONALES EC

10 B5 FLIGHTLINE GB L9 AIR MALI ML WC ISLENA AIRLINES HN B6 JETBLUE AIRWAYS CORPORATION US LA LAN- CL WD HALISA AIR US B7 UNI AIRWAYS TW LB LLOYD AEREO BOLIVIANO BO WE RHEINTALFLUG SEEWALD AT B8 ITALAIR IT LC LEGEND AIRLINES INC. US WEO CHALLENGE AIR CARGO US B9 IRAN AIR TOURS IR LD LINEA TURISTICA AEROTUY VE WF WIDEROE'S FLYVESELSKAP NO BA GB LDO AHK AIR HK WH CHINA CN BB SEABORNE AVIATION INC. VI LE HELGOLAND AIRLINES DE WI U-LAND AIRLINES TW BC SKYMARK AIRLINES JP LFO CARGO INDIA IN WJ LABRADOR AIRWAYS CA BD BRITISH MIDLAND GB LG LUXAIR LU WK AMERICAN FALCON S.A. AR BE TAVRIA-MAC UA LH LUFTHANSA GERMAN AIRLINES DE WL PA BF AERO SERVICE CG LI LIAT (1974) AG WM WINDWARD INTERNATIONAL AN BG BIMAN BANGLADESH AIRLINES BD LJ SIERRA NATIONAL AIRLINES SL WN SOUTHWEST AIRLINES US BH TRANSTATE AIRLINES AU LL LINEAS AEREAS ALLEGRO MX WO WORLD AIRWAYS US BI ROYAL BRUNEI AIRLINES BN LM AIR ALM AN WP ALOHA ISLANDAIR US BJ SANTA BARBARA AIRLINES VE LN LIBYAN ARAB AIRLINES LY WQ ROMAVIA RO BK PARADISE ISLAND AIRLINES, INC. US LO LOT-POLISH AIRLINES PL WR ROYAL TONGAN AIRLINES TO BL VN LP LAN PERU PE WS WESTJET AIRLINES CA BM AIR SICILIA IT LQ AIRPAC AIRLINES, INC. US WT NIGERIA AIRWAYS NG BN LANDAIR INT'L AIRLINES US LR LACSA-LINEAS AEREAS COSTARRICENSES CR WW WHYALLA AIRLINES AU BO PT BOURAQ INDONESIA AIRLINES ID LS ILIAMNA AIR TAXI US WX CITY JET IE BP AIR BOTSWANA BW LSO CHANNEL EXPRESS GB WY OMAN AIR OM BQ AEROMAR AIRLINES, C. POR A. DO LT L.T.U. INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS DE WZ ACVILA AIR RO BR EVA AIRWAYS TW LV ALBANIAN AIRLINES AL WZO WESTERN AIR FREIGHT US BS BRITISH INTERNATIONAL GB LW AIR NEVADA - PACIFIC WINGS US X2 CHINA XINHUA AIRLINES CN BT AIR BALTIC CORPORATION LV LX CROSSAIR CH X3 BAIKAL AIRLINES RU BU ASA NO LY EL AL AIRLINES IL X5 GR BV IT LZ BALKAN BG X7 ZAMBIA SKYWAYS ZM BW BWIA WEST INDIES AIRWAYS TT M2 MAHFOOZ AVIATION GM X9 COMPANY UA BX COAST AIR NO M3 FILDER AIR SERVICE DE XC K.D. AIR CORPORATION CA BZ KEYSTONE AIR SERVICE CA M4 INTERIMPEX-AVIOIMPEX MK XCO AIR CARIBBEAN AN C2 AIR CARIBBEAN LTD. TT M5 US XE SBS AIRCRAFT KZ C3 ICAR UA M6 CHALAIR FR XF AIR RU C4 AIRLINES OF CARRIACOU GD M7 TROPICAL AIRWAYS D'HAITI S.A. HT XJ US C6 CANJET AIRLINES CA M8 MED AIRLINES IT XK COMPAGNIE AERIENNE CORSE MEDITERRANEE FR C7 AEROCONTINENTE CHILE S.A. CL M9 MOTOR SICH PJSC UA XL COUNTRY CONNECTION AIRLINES AU C8 EXPRESS AIRLINES US MA MALEV HU XM ALITALIA EXPRESS IT C9 CIRRUS AIRLINES DE MB MNG AIRLINES CARGO TR XMO AUSTRALIAN AIR EXPRESS AU CA AIR CHINA CN MD AIR MADAGASCAR MG XN AXON AIRLINES GR CB SCOTAIRWAYS GB ME AIRLINES LB XO CHINA XINJIANG AIRLINES CN CBO KITTY HAWK INTERNATIONAL US MF XIAMEN AIRLINES COMPANY CN XR LUXAVIA AIRWINGS US CC MACAIR AU MG CHAMPION AIR US XT KLM EXCEL NL

11 CCO AIR ICELANDIC IS MH MY XV AIR EXPRESS SE CD ALLIANCE AIR IN MI SILK AIR SG XW CHINA XINHUA AIRLINES CN CE NATIONWIDE AIR ZA MJ LAPA AR Y2 ALLIANCE AIR UG CG MBA PTY LTD PG MK MU Y4 EAGLE AVIATION KE CH US MM SAM - SOCIEDAD AERONAUTICA DE MEDELLIN CO Y7 F.S. AIR SERVICE US CI TW MN COMMERCIAL AIRWAYS ZA Y8 PASSAREDO TRANSPORTES AEROEOS S/A BR CJ CHINA NORTHERN AIRLINES CN MO INTL LTD CA Y9 TOL AIR SERVICES PR CK CHINA CARGO AIRLINES CN MP HOLLAND NL YB SOUTH AFRICAN EXPRESS AIRWAYS ZA CL LUFTHANSA CITYLINE DE MQ SIMMONS AIRLINES US YC FLIGHT WEST AIRLINES AU CM COPA - COMPANIA PANAMENA DE AVIACION PA MR AIR MAURITANIE MR YD GOMELAVIA BY CN ISLANDS NATIONAIR PG MS EGYPTAIR EG YI US CO -AIR MICRONESIA US MT FLYING COLOURS AIRLINES GB YJ NATIONAL AIRLINES ZA CP INTERNATIONAL CA MU CN YK KIBRIS TURKISH AIRLINES TR CQ SUNSHINE EXPRESS AIRLINES AU MV MANAS AIR KG YL RU CS CONTINENTAL MICRONESIA GU MW MAYA AIRWAYS BZ YN CA CU CUBANA CU MX COMPANIA MEXICANA MX YO HELI AIR MONACO MC CV NZ MYO AEROTRANSPORTES MAS DE CARGA MX YP AERO LLOYD DE CVO CARGOLUX AIRLINES INTERNATIONAL LU MZ MERPATI NUSANTARA ID YQ HELIKOPTERSERVICE EURO AIR SE CW AIR MARSHALL ISLANDS MH N2 AEROLINEAS INTERNACIONALES MX YR SCENIC AIRLINES US CX CATHAY PACIFIC AIRWAYS HK N6 AERO CONTINENTE PE YS PROTEUS FR CY AIRWAYS CY N7 NATIONAL AIRLINES INC. US YT SKYWEST AIRLINES AU CZ CN N8 NORWEGIAN AIR NO YU DOMINAIR DO D2 SEVERSTAL RU N9 NORTH COAST AVIATION PG YV US D3 DAALLO AIRLINES DJ NA NORTH AMERICAN AIRLINES US YW ES D4 IT NB STERLING EUROPEAN D/B/A STERLING CARGO DK YX MIDWEST EXPRESS AIRLINES INC. US D6 INTER AIR ZA NC NATIONAL JET SYSTEMS PTY LTD AU Z3 PROMECH AIR INC US D7 DINAR LINEAS AEREAS S.A AR NCO CARGO US Z5 GMG AIRLINES BD D8 DJIBOUTI AIRLINES DJ ND AIRLINK LIMITED PG Z6 DNIEPROAVIA JOINT STOCK AVIATION CO UA D9 RU NE , INC. US Z7 ZIMBABWE EXPRESS AIRLINES ZW DA AIR GEORGIA GE NF AIR VANUATU VU Z8 AIR ENTERPRISE PULKOVO RU DB FR NG LAUDA AIR AT Z9 AERO ZAMBIA ZM DC GOLDEN AIR FLYG AB SE NH ALL NIPPON AIRWAYS JP ZA ACCESS AIR US DD ATLANTIC COAST JET US NI PORTUGALIA PT ZB MONARCH AIRLINES GB DE CONDOR FLUGDIENST DE NJ VANGUARD AIRLINES US ZD CORAL AIR NZ DF AVIOSARDA AIRLINES IT NK US ZE COSMOS AIR DE DG ISLAND AIRLINES AU NL SHAHEEN AIR INTERNATIONAL PK ZF AIRBORNE OF SWEDEN SE DH ATLANTIC COAST AIRLINES US NP SKYTRANS AU ZK GREAT LAKES AVIATION US DI DEUTSCHE BA DE NPO HEAVYLIFT CARGO AIRLINES GB ZL HAZELTON AIRLINES AU DJ VIRGIN BLUE AU NT ES ZLO AFFRETAIR ZW DK EASTLAND AIR AU NU JAPAN TRANSOCEAN AIR JP ZN EAGLE AIRLINES AT DL US NV NORTHWEST TERRITORIAL AIRLINES CA ZO , INC. US

12 DM DK NW NORTHWEST AIRLINES US ZP AIR ST. THOMAS VI DN VASO AIRLINES RU NX AIR MACAU MO ZQ NZ DO AIR VALLEE IT NY AIR ICELAND IS ZR MUK AIR DK DP AIR 2000 GB NZ NZ ZS IT DQ COASTAL AIR TRANSPORT VI OA OLYMPIC AIRWAYS GR ZT AIR ZAMBEZI ZW DR AIR LINK AU OF TRAVAUX AERIENS DE MADAGASCAR MG ZV US DRO MEDITERRANEAN AIR SERVICE TN OG GO GB ZW AIRLINES COPORATION US DS AIR SENEGAL SN OH INC US ZX AIR BC US ZY ADA AIR AL

13 14 Appendix 2

Results from the analysis of maximum flight altitudes by aircraft types and distances. Large commercial aircraft

Representative Distance Minimum FL Maximum FL Average FL Determined Notes for non- Aircraft Type Increment Maximum performable flights [nm] FL [hft] A300 270 61 310 197.3 190 A300 540 87 390 291.8 290 A300 809 240 370 319.9 310 A300 1079 196 380 319.2 310 A300 1349 270 390 322.1 330 A300 1619 281 400 323.8 330 A300 1889 140 370 325.4 330 A300 2158 310 350 327.2 330 A300 2428 310 370 326.8 330 A300 2689 310 370 340.0 350 A300 2968 320 320 320.0 330 A310 270 33 390 189.1 190 A310 540 109 400 287.8 290 A310 809 260 410 331.0 330 A310 1079 280 410 340.5 350 A310 1349 280 390 352.0 350 A310 1619 310 410 339.1 330 A310 1889 310 410 353.0 350 A310 2158 310 390 335.6 330 A310 2428 310 410 352.6 350 A310 2689 325 390 354.0 350 A310 2968 310 400 353.8 350 A310 3238 325 390 359.7 350 A310 3507 325 370 333.1 330 A310 3777 325 390 345.0 350 A310 4047 325 380 353.5 350 A310 4317 325 390 339.2 330 A319 270 35 380 222.1 230 A319 540 160 390 319.3 310 A319 809 170 391 362.4 370 A319 1079 167 410 364.9 370 A319 1349 280 410 367.1 370 A319 1619 240 391 367.2 370 A319 1889 280 410 366.3 370 A319 2158 310 393 367.0 370 A319 2428 350 391 368.3 370 A319 2968 400 400 400.0 410 X FL 370 (2665 nm) A320 270 25 400 206.4 210 A320 540 93 390 309.5 310 A320 809 124 391 351.4 350 A320 1079 83 390 356.3 350 A320 1349 280 390 358.1 350 A320 1619 167 400 356.4 350 A320 1889 243 410 359.8 350 A320 2158 290 391 361.7 370 A320 2428 330 390 367.7 370 A321 270 51 370 235.2 230 A321 540 170 390 316.0 310 A321 809 280 390 350.3 350 A321 1079 300 390 357.8 350 A321 1349 297 390 346.2 350 A321 1619 260 390 349.5 350 A321 1889 300 390 345.8 350 A321 2158 232 390 339.6 330 A321 2428 320 390 350.3 350 A330-200 270 100 400 181.6 190 A330-200 540 260 374 321.2 330 A330-200 809 340 410 368.6 370 A330-200 1079 340 410 366.3 370 A330-200 1349 350 410 380.8 390 A330-200 1619 330 410 392.1 390 A330-200 1889 370 411 393.7 390 A330-200 2158 380 410 400.0 410 A330-200 2428 350 410 394.1 390 A330-200 2689 350 410 393.1 390 A330-200 2968 350 410 397.1 390

15 A330-200 3238 340 410 386.9 390 A330-200 3507 350 410 384.7 390 A330-200 3777 258 410 387.0 390 A330-200 4047 360 410 387.5 390 A330-200 4317 370 410 389.4 390 A330-200 4587 370 400 386.2 390 A330-200 4856 370 410 391.3 390 A330-200 5126 370 400 385.7 390 A330-200 5936 360 360 360.0 370 X FL 370 (5500nm) A340-200 540 300 300 300.0 310 A340-200 809 300 370 344.0 350 A340-200 1619 380 410 391.3 390 A340-200 1889 340 410 370.0 370 A340-200 2158 370 400 383.3 390 A340-200 2428 390 400 392.5 390 A340-200 2689 370 390 386.0 390 A340-200 3238 380 380 380.0 390 A340-200 3507 350 410 382.9 390 A340-200 3777 350 390 370.0 370 A340-200 4047 350 410 384.1 390 A340-200 4317 360 380 374.3 370 A340-200 4587 350 390 381.3 390 X FL 370 A340-200 4856 350 400 371.4 370 A340-200 5126 330 400 366.2 370 A340-200 5396 330 330 330.0 330 A340-200 5936 350 350 350.0 350 A340-200 6475 390 390 390.0 390 X FL 350 A340-300 270 186 320 269.7 270 A340-300 540 270 350 314.1 310 A340-300 809 320 410 363.1 370 A340-300 1079 260 360 342.1 350 A340-300 1349 340 410 376.0 370 A340-300 1619 360 410 377.4 370 A340-300 1889 370 390 382.5 390 A340-300 2158 370 400 380.0 390 A340-300 2428 360 390 370.0 370 A340-300 2689 350 410 377.4 370 A340-300 2968 360 410 382.7 390 A340-300 3238 330 410 372.6 370 A340-300 3507 340 390 379.3 370 A340-300 3777 330 410 374.3 370 A340-300 4047 330 400 365.9 370 A340-300 4317 330 410 374.3 370 A340-300 4587 315 410 367.5 370 A340-300 4856 310 410 369.0 370 A340-300 5126 320 410 369.9 370 A340-300 5396 310 410 371.1 370 X FL 350 A340-300 5936 330 390 360.4 370 X FL 350 A340-300 6475 344 390 368.0 370 X FL 350 (6401 nm) A340-300 7015 370 370 370.0 370 X Not modelled B707 / DC8 270 61 306 221.9 230 B707 / DC8 540 140 468 305.2 310 B707 / DC8 809 183 410 338.1 330 B707 / DC8 1079 176 390 326.5 330 B707 / DC8 1349 230 410 338.8 330 B707 / DC8 1619 164 410 331.2 330 B707 / DC8 1889 179 390 335.0 330 B707 / DC8 2428 219 390 316.1 310 B707 / DC8 2689 310 360 333.3 330 B707 / DC8 2968 350 350 350.0 350 B707 / DC8 4047 270 270 270.0 270 B717 270 43 346 176.2 170 B717 540 190 370 301.4 310 B717 809 190 370 329.4 330 B717 1079 250 370 327.7 330 B717 1349 320 370 340.0 350 B727-200 270 17 310 162.7 170 B727-200 540 105 350 273.6 270 B727-200 809 131 370 312.3 310 B727-200 1079 242 390 314.1 310 B727-200 1349 260 390 320.0 330 B727-200 1619 140 370 325.7 330 B727-200 1889 280 350 323.3 330 B727-200 2158 330 350 342.5 350 X FL 330

16 B727-200 2689 330 330 330.0 330 X Not modelled B737-200 270 15 350 194.9 190 B737-200 540 58 410 294.3 290 B737-200 809 147 390 320.4 330 B737-200 1079 174 410 328.2 330 B737-200 1349 290 360 329.2 330 B737-200 1619 319 360 329.1 330 FL 330 (2066 nm) B737-200 2158 331 331 331.0 330 X Not modelled B737-500 270 21 390 219.9 210 B737-500 540 98 410 313.3 310 B737-500 809 182 410 335.4 330 B737-500 1079 220 450 334.8 330 B737-500 1349 250 406 334.9 330 B737-500 1619 260 390 330.8 330 B737-500 1889 310 370 336.6 330 B737-500 2158 290 370 342.1 350 B737-500 2428 360 370 365.0 370 X FL 350 (2420 nm) B737-600 270 120 365 273.6 270 B737-600 540 230 410 365.2 370 B737-600 809 210 410 374.1 370 B737-600 1079 320 390 364.8 390 B737-600 1349 370 410 390.0 390 B737-700 270 29 410 212.0 210 B737-700 540 81 410 318.4 310 B737-700 809 200 410 366.4 370 B737-700 1079 164 411 373.2 370 B737-700 1349 238 410 371.8 370 B737-700 1619 274 410 378.3 370 B737-700 1889 250 410 370.4 370 B737-700 2158 250 410 373.2 370 B737-700 2428 330 410 377.7 370 B737-700 2689 365 410 381.2 390 B737-700 2968 365 410 367.4 370 B737-700 3238 380 400 390.0 390 X Not modelled B737-700 3507 380 410 391.3 390 X Not modelled B737-800 270 19 410 214.5 210 B737-800 540 100 410 321.2 330 B737-800 809 89 410 359.2 350 B737-800 1079 151 450 354.9 350 B737-800 1349 249 410 359.1 350 B737-800 1619 200 410 360.6 370 B737-800 1889 250 410 368.7 370 B737-800 2158 310 454 361.2 370 B737-800 2428 330 410 364.1 370 B737-800 2689 340 390 365.0 370 B737-800 2968 261 400 343.7 350 X FL 350 (2820) B737-800 4587 390 390 390.0 390 X Not modelled B747-100 270 210 280 233.3 230 B747-100 540 310 370 333.3 330 B747-100 809 240 410 341.5 350 B747-100 1079 350 390 362.4 370 B747-100 1349 330 350 346.0 350 B747-100 1619 330 390 360.3 370 B747-100 1889 330 370 352.5 350 B747-100 2158 290 370 343.3 350 B747-100 2428 310 370 345.8 350 B747-100 2689 350 350 350.0 350 B747-100 2968 330 400 354.7 350 B747-100 3507 320 370 354.4 350 B747-100 3777 340 350 345.0 350 B747-100 4587 300 370 335.4 330 X Not modelled B747-200 270 156 344 217.7 210 B747-200 540 225 410 316.3 310 B747-200 809 310 400 340.3 350 B747-200 1079 310 390 341.9 350 B747-200 1349 161 411 337.7 330 B747-200 1619 174 390 341.9 350 B747-200 1889 265 410 352.7 350 B747-200 2158 310 400 349.6 350 B747-200 2428 243 400 361.8 370 B747-200 2689 330 401 347.6 350 B747-200 2968 290 450 357.3 350 B747-200 3238 300 410 348.7 350 B747-200 3507 290 400 354.9 350

17 B747-200 3777 149 391 352.1 350 B747-200 4047 265 390 345.8 350 B747-200 4317 300 390 356.8 350 B747-200 4587 320 400 358.2 350 B747-200 4856 320 390 365.6 370 X Not modelled B747-200 5126 330 410 370.8 370 X Not modelled B747-200 5396 370 400 390.0 390 X Not modelled B747-200 5936 310 390 351.5 350 X Not modelled B747-400 270 140 300 204.0 210 B747-400 540 170 410 313.8 310 B747-400 809 280 411 355.0 350 B747-400 1079 350 430 361.2 370 B747-400 1349 330 390 360.0 370 B747-400 1619 350 419 360.9 370 B747-400 1889 340 400 361.4 370 B747-400 2158 330 410 370.5 370 B747-400 2428 330 400 367.2 370 B747-400 2689 330 430 370.2 370 B747-400 2968 320 430 365.2 370 B747-400 3238 340 410 374.5 370 B747-400 3507 310 410 366.6 370 B747-400 3777 270 410 368.7 370 B747-400 4047 330 410 363.0 370 B747-400 4317 330 400 366.0 370 B747-400 4587 232 410 360.9 370 B747-400 4856 181 410 368.3 370 B747-400 5126 290 410 368.4 370 B747-400 5396 310 417 364.4 370 B747-400 5936 225 410 362.0 370 B747-400 6475 249 400 340.9 350 B747-400 7015 195 390 320.0 310 X FL 310 (6925 nm) B747-400 7555 330 330 330.0 330 X FL 330 (7000 nm) B757-200 270 19 407 233.5 230 B757-200 540 146 410 330.0 330 B757-200 809 110 410 359.9 350 B757-200 1079 147 410 366.1 370 B757-200 1349 100 410 367.3 370 B757-200 1619 150 410 369.1 370 B757-200 1889 207 410 369.1 370 B757-200 2158 280 410 363.7 370 B757-200 2428 88 410 361.7 370 B757-200 2689 139 400 354.4 350 B757-200 2968 310 410 357.0 350 B757-200 3238 350 390 371.9 370 B757-200 3507 350 391 371.2 370 B757-200 4317 340 340 340.0 350 X Not modelled B757-300 270 50 280 184.6 190 B757-300 540 260 370 336.2 330 B757-300 809 280 390 345.9 350 B757-300 1079 274 410 342.4 350 B757-300 1349 310 390 348.4 350 B757-300 1619 330 370 348.2 350 B757-300 1889 320 390 353.3 350 B757-300 2158 300 370 335.1 330 B757-300 2428 320 350 335.0 330 B757-300 2689 330 380 357.5 350 B767-200 270 37 327 199.2 190 B767-200 540 203 410 325.4 330 B767-200 809 320 430 367.9 370 B767-200 1079 310 410 370.5 370 B767-200 1349 223 410 370.8 370 B767-200 1619 340 410 378.2 370 B767-200 1889 142 410 374.6 370 B767-200 2158 280 410 378.6 370 B767-200 2428 239 430 375.2 370 B767-200 2689 360 370 368.7 370 B767-200 2968 340 410 376.5 370 B767-200 3238 300 390 365.1 370 B767-200 3507 320 400 374.6 370 B767-200 3777 310 410 369.7 370 B767-200 4047 149 400 371.3 370 B767-200 4317 330 400 364.2 370 B767-200 4587 320 410 356.8 350 B767-200 4856 360 400 376.7 370 B767-200 5126 340 410 376.5 370

18 B767-300 270 40 350 199.8 190 B767-300 540 145 430 321.2 330 B767-300 809 270 410 365.0 370 B767-300 1079 120 430 364.7 370 B767-300 1349 306 418 367.9 370 B767-300 1619 280 410 367.8 370 B767-300 1889 195 410 364.6 370 B767-300 2158 304 410 363.3 370 B767-300 2428 202 410 357.2 350 B767-300 2689 310 410 365.6 370 B767-300 2968 330 410 366.1 370 B767-300 3238 310 400 361.6 370 B767-300 3507 290 390 358.1 350 B767-300 3777 153 430 352.8 350 B767-300 4047 149 468 355.4 350 B767-300 4317 144 410 355.4 350 B767-300 4587 297 400 360.2 370 B767-300 4856 181 390 346.0 350 B767-300 5126 320 390 364.9 370 X FL 350 B767-300 5396 320 410 361.3 370 X Not modelled B767-300 5936 350 380 365.0 370 X Not modelled B767-400 270 187 297 242.0 250 B767-400 540 254 390 348.5 350 B767-400 809 323 370 355.6 350 B767-400 1349 292 386 341.0 350 B767-400 1619 280 390 349.6 350 B767-400 1889 310 370 343.2 350 B767-400 2158 320 360 341.1 350 B767-400 2428 302 380 337.5 330 B767-400 2968 310 370 335.0 330 B767-400 3238 310 390 343.5 350 B767-400 3507 300 370 340.9 350 B767-400 4317 255 370 335.6 330 B777-200 270 18 280 171.9 170 B777-200 540 205 390 336.3 330 B777-200 809 250 410 372.4 370 B777-200 1079 350 410 377.7 370 B777-200 1349 310 410 378.4 370 B777-200 1619 340 410 376.4 370 B777-200 1889 310 410 372.1 370 B777-200 2158 290 410 371.5 370 B777-200 2428 300 410 374.4 370 B777-200 2689 360 410 379.1 370 B777-200 2968 330 410 379.3 370 B777-200 3238 330 420 380.8 390 X FL 370 B777-200 3507 320 410 376.6 370 B777-200 3777 83 410 373.5 370 B777-200 4047 123 410 365.7 370 B777-200 4317 243 410 377.8 370 B777-200 4587 272 430 372.8 370 B777-200 4856 340 410 375.2 370 B777-200 5126 320 410 376.3 370 B777-200 5396 370 410 385.0 390 X FL 370 (5275 nm) B777-200 5936 219 410 373.6 370 X FL 350 (5670 nm) B777-200 6475 330 410 371.6 370 X Not modelled DC10 270 70 340 199.5 190 DC10 540 259 390 307.7 310 DC10 809 250 370 324.5 330 DC10 1079 290 390 329.9 330 DC10 1349 156 380 321.4 330 DC10 1619 247 370 335.1 330 DC10 1889 217 380 332.2 330 DC10 2158 169 370 330.1 330 DC10 2428 162 380 330.6 330 DC10 2689 330 360 343.0 350 DC10 2968 330 390 343.3 350 DC10 3238 310 370 350.3 350 DC10 3507 290 390 348.3 350 DC10 3777 284 431 355.5 350 DC10 4047 320 380 346.7 350 DC10 4317 270 410 350.0 350 DC10 4587 330 370 352.9 350 X FL 350 (4430 nm) DC10 4856 390 390 390.0 390 X Not modelled DC9-34 270 16 350 181.2 190 DC9-34 540 110 410 288.5 290

19 DC9-34 809 191 410 321.5 330 DC9-34 1079 250 371 323.0 330 DC9-34 1349 260 351 316.8 310 L1011 270 128 217 170.6 170 L1011 540 290 370 339.8 330 L1011 809 350 370 364.3 370 L1011 1079 173 390 307.8 310 L1011 1349 370 380 373.3 370 L1011 1LC619 380 380 380.0 390 L1011 1889 252 350 314.0 310 L1011 2689 350 350 350.0 350 L1011 2968 330 390 365.0 370 L1011 3238 350 380 371.7 370 L1011 3507 390 390 390.0 390 X FL 370 L1011 3777 350 380 368.0 370 X Not modelled MD11 270 110 307 230.4 230 MD11 540 260 410 340.7 350 MD11 809 280 410 352.5 350 MD11 1079 192 390 346.3 350 MD11 1349 318 390 351.6 350 MD11 1619 310 430 355.4 350 MD11 1889 310 410 361.3 370 MD11 2158 310 400 364.7 370 MD11 2428 235 390 348.5 350 MD11 2689 320 430 350.4 350 MD11 2968 310 430 357.7 350 MD11 3238 290 380 348.1 350 MD11 3507 290 390 350.5 350 MD11 3777 237 410 349.9 350 MD11 4047 280 391 344.8 350 MD11 4317 290 410 358.5 350 MD11 4587 274 390 352.3 350 MD11 4856 360 390 371.9 370 X FL 350 MD11 5126 330 390 361.9 370 X FL 350 MD11 5396 330 391 362.7 370 X FL 350 MD11 5936 320 370 339.0 330 X FL 330 (5870 nm) MD11 6475 350 400 369.8 370 X MD80 270 33 370 200.7 210 MD80 540 34 370 303.5 310 MD80 809 43 419 319.0 310 MD80 1079 94 390 320.9 330 MD80 1349 190 394 323.3 330 MD80 1619 260 390 328.1 330 MD80 1889 280 360 320.0 330 X Not modelled MD90 270 55 310 166.3 170 MD90 540 235 350 312.3 310 MD90 809 55 370 317.3 310 MD90 1079 260 370 311.8 310 MD90 1349 280 340 313.9 310 MD90 1619 320 320 320.0 330 MD90 2158 330 330 330.0 330 T134 / DC9-14 270 66 280 137.4 130 T134 / DC9-14 540 90 350 158.3 150 T134 / DC9-14 809 147 350 219.1 210 T134 / DC9-14 1079 197 350 256.8 250 T134 / DC9-14 1349 251 350 291.4 290 X FL 290 (1155 nm) T134 / DC9-14 1619 310 310 310.0 310 X FL 310 (1200 nm) T134 / DC9-14 1889 390 390 390.0 390 X Not modelled TU154 270 57 332 114.5 110 TU154 540 88 370 126.3 130 TU154 809 141 390 203.4 210 TU154 1079 192 390 288.8 290 TU154 1349 251 390 307.8 310 TU154 1619 299 360 311.7 310 TU154 1889 310 380 331.9 330 TU154 2158 310 370 319.3 310 TU154 2428 310 370 315.8 310 TU154 2689 310 310 310.0 310 Not modelled TU154 3507 310 310 310.0 310 Not modelled TU154 3777 310 310 310.0 310 Not modelled

20 Regional Jets

distance determined representative increment flightlevel aircraft type [nm] minimum maximum mean [hft] BAC11 270 74 180 85.8 90 BAC11 540 221 267 246.6 250 BAC11 809 260 330 292.0 290 BAC11 1079 340 340 340.0 350 BAC11 1349 340 340 340.0 350 CRJ100 270 40 324 220.7 230 CRJ100 540 90 362 289.9 290 CRJ100 809 130 370 307.6 310 CRJ100 1079 250 350 321.1 330 E145 270 37 370 202.3 210 E145 540 75 370 301.5 310 E145 809 53 373 340.6 350 E145 1079 290 370 354.5 350 E145 1349 350 370 360.0 370 E145 2158 390 390 390.0 390 X FL 370 (1780 nm) F100 270 32 360 198.9 190 F100 540 51 410 293.0 290 F100 809 200 360 313.1 310 F100 1079 235 350 321.2 330 F100 1349 350 350 350.0 350 J328 270 24 310 202.5 210 J328 540 160 323 273.5 270 J328 809 240 310 286.1 290 RJ85 270 70 320 219.3 210 RJ85 540 240 330 310.6 310 RJ85 809 270 330 316.3 310 RJ85 1079 250 310 290.0 290 YK42 270 135 260 143.3 150 YK42 540 195 340 250.1 250 YK42 809 265 280 274.7 270 YK42 1079 270 330 278.6 270 YK42 1349 240 300 279.0 270 YK42 1619 270 310 288.3 290 YK42 1889 270 280 275.0 270 X FL 270 (1780 nm)

Low Thrust Jets

distance determined representative increment flightlevel aircraft type [nm] minimum maximum mean [hft] C525 270 40 410 206.1 210 C525 540 212 430 319.7 310 C525 809 320 430 390.6 390 C525 1079 118 430 377.8 370 C525 1349 370 450 415.0 410 C525 1619 370 370 370.0 370 C525 1889 450 450 450.0 450

Turboprops

distance determined representative increment flightlevel aircraft type [nm] minimum maximum mean [hft] ATR72 540 25 350 175.0 170 ATR72 809 150 200 157.1 150 DHC8-100 270 11 330 116.0 110 DHC8-100 540 75 378 195.7 190 DHC8-100 809 161 240 211.2 210

21 -1 Appendix 3 Domestic emissions from civil aviation, 1990 (Gg CO2 yr )

Country CO2Tg %

AFGHANISTAN 0.02 0.01% ALGERIA 0.22 0.13% ANGOLA 0.05 0.03% ANTILLES 0.02 0.01% ARGENTINA 0.75 0.44% AUSTRALIA 2.93 1.70% 0.03 0.02% BAHAMAS 0.03 0.02% BANGLADESH 0.02 0.01% BELGIUM 0.00 0.00% BOLIVIA 0.12 0.07% BOTSWANA 0.01 0.00% BRAZIL 3.28 1.90% BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 0.00 0.00% 0.06 0.04% BURKINA FASO 0.00 0.00% CAMEROON, REPUBLIC OF 0.03 0.02% CANADA 5.38 3.12% CAPE VERDE 0.00 0.00% CHAD 0.00 0.00% CHILE 0.26 0.15% CHINA 1.68 0.98% 0.98 0.57% COMOROS 0.00 0.00% CONGO 0.01 0.01% COSTA RICA 0.01 0.00% COTE D'IVOIRE 0.01 0.01% 0.07 0.04% CYPRUS 0.00 0.00% CZECHOSLOVAKIA 0.07 0.04% 0.21 0.12% 0.01 0.01% ECUADOR 0.21 0.12% EGYPT 0.20 0.12% EQUATORIAL GUINEA 0.00 0.00% 0.07 0.04% FIJI 0.01 0.00% FINLAND 0.42 0.24% FRANCE 1.64 0.95% GABON 0.03 0.02% , FEDERAL REPUBLIC 1.87 1.08% GHANA 0.00 0.00% GREECE 0.28 0.16% GREENLAND 0.01 0.00% GUATEMALA 0.02 0.01% HONDURAS 0.03 0.02% ICELAND 0.02 0.01% INDIA 1.15 0.67% INDONESIA 1.39 0.80% IRAN 0.48 0.28% IRAQ 0.03 0.02% IRELAND 0.06 0.04% ISRAEL 0.02 0.01% ITALY 1.52 0.88% JAMAICA 0.03 0.02% JAPAN 5.98 3.46% JORDAN 0.01 0.00% KENYA 0.06 0.03% KOREA, REPUBLIC OF 0.75 0.44% LAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 0.01 0.01% LEBANON 0.02 0.01% LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYIA 0.18 0.11% MADAGASCAR 0.02 0.01%

22 MALAWI 0.01 0.00% MALAYSIA 0.49 0.28% MALI 0.00 0.00% MAURITANIA 0.02 0.01% MAURITIUS 0.00 0.00% 2.45 1.42% MOROCCO 0.09 0.05% MOZAMBIQUE 0.03 0.02% MYANMAR, UNION OF 0.03 0.02% NEPAL 0.00 0.00% 0.01 0.01% 0.01 0.00% NEW ZEALAND 0.52 0.30% NICARAGUA 0.00 0.00% NIGER 0.00 0.00% NIGERIA 0.16 0.09% 0.77 0.45% OMAN 0.01 0.01% PAKISTAN 0.37 0.22% PAPUA NEW GUINEA 0.09 0.05% PERU 0.37 0.21% PHILIPPINES 0.24 0.14% POLAND 0.03 0.01% PORTUGAL 0.11 0.06% ROMANIA 0.04 0.02% SAUDI ARABIA 1.19 0.69% SENEGAL 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.69 0.40% 1.59 0.92% SUDAN 0.03 0.02% SWEDEN 1.10 0.64% 0.17 0.10% SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC 0.02 0.01% TAIWAN 0.26 0.15% TANZANIA 0.03 0.02% 0.36 0.21% 0.04 0.02% TUNISIA 0.02 0.01% 0.33 0.19% TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS 0.00 0.00% UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 6.88 3.99% 0.02 0.01% 1.41 0.82% 118.32 68.58% URAGUAY 0.00 0.00% VENEZUELA 0.86 0.50% VIET NAM 0.02 0.01% YEMEN 0.04 0.02% YUGOSLAVIA 0.30 0.17% ZAIRE 0.13 0.07% ZAMBIA 0.02 0.01% ZIMBABWE 0.04 0.02% Total 174

23 -1 Appendix 4 Domestic emissions from civil aviation, 2000 (Gg CO2 yr )

Country Tg CO2 % of total Algeria 0.25 0.12 Angola 0.02 0.01 Antilles 0.03 0.01 Argentina 1.52 0.71 Australia 4.86 2.27 Austria 0.05 0.02 Azerbaijan 0.00 0.00 Bahamas 0.04 0.02 Bangladesh 0.05 0.03 Bolivia 0.23 0.11 Bosnia 0.00 0.00 Botswana 0.00 0.00 Brazil 5.24 2.45 Bulgaria 0.02 0.01 Burkina Faso 0.00 0.00 Cameroon Republic Of 0.02 0.01 Canada 5.26 2.46 Cape Verde 0.02 0.01 Cayman Islands 0.00 0.00 Chile 0.66 0.31 China 8.90 4.16 Colombia 0.85 0.40 Congo 0.02 0.01 Costa Rica 0.00 0.00 Cote D'Ivoire 0.00 0.00 Croatia 0.03 0.01 Cuba 0.06 0.03 Cyprus 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 Democratic Republic Of Congo 0.04 0.02 Denmark 0.13 0.06 Dominican Republic 0.01 0.00 Ecuador 0.09 0.04 Egypt 0.16 0.08 Eritrea 0.00 0.00 Ethiopia 0.02 0.01 Fiji 0.01 0.00 Finland 0.42 0.19 France 2.70 1.26 0.00 0.00 French Polynesia 0.04 0.02 Gabon 0.02 0.01 Germany 1.75 0.82 Greece 0.44 0.21 Greenland 0.02 0.01 Guadeloupe 0.00 0.00 Guatemala 0.02 0.01 Honduras 0.02 0.01 Iceland 0.02 0.01 India 2.05 0.96 Indonesia 1.31 0.61 Iran 0.67 0.32 Ireland 0.06 0.03 Israel 0.06 0.03 Italy 2.69 1.26 Jamaica 0.04 0.02 Japan 9.41 4.40 Jordan 0.00 0.00 Kampuchea Democratic 0.02 0.01 0.09 0.04 Kenya 0.07 0.03 Korea Republic Of 1.29 0.60 Kyrgyzstan 0.01 0.00

24 Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 0.00 0.00 Libyan Arab Jamahiriyia 0.08 0.04 Lithuania 0.01 0.00 Macedonia 0.00 0.00 Madagascar 0.04 0.02 Malawi 0.01 0.00 Malaysia 0.78 0.36 Maldives 0.01 0.00 Mali 0.00 0.00 Marshall Islands 0.00 0.00 Mauritania 0.01 0.01 Mauritius 0.01 0.00 Mexico 4.50 2.11 Mongolia 0.01 0.00 Morocco 0.09 0.04 Mozambique 0.03 0.02 Myanmar Union Of 0.09 0.04 Namibia 0.00 0.00 Nepal 0.02 0.01 Netherlands 0.01 0.01 New Caledonia 0.02 0.01 New Zealand 0.59 0.27 Nigeria 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.00 Northern Mariana Islands(US) 0.01 0.00 Norway 1.20 0.56 Oman 0.03 0.01 Pakistan 0.48 0.23 Papua New Guinea 0.12 0.06 Paraguay 0.00 0.00 Peru 0.47 0.22 Philippines 0.86 0.40 Poland 0.04 0.02 Portugal 0.33 0.15 Puerto Rico 0.00 0.00 Reunion 0.00 0.00 Romania 0.03 0.02 Russia 4.73 2.21 Saudi Arabia 1.25 0.59 Senegal 0.00 0.00 Slovakia 0.00 0.00 Somalia 0.00 0.00 South Africa 1.36 0.63 Spain 3.13 1.46 Sudan 0.04 0.02 Sweden 0.84 0.39 Switzerland 0.10 0.05 Syrian Arab Republic 0.03 0.01 Taiwan 1.23 0.57 Tanzania 0.04 0.02 Thailand 0.67 0.31 Togo 0.00 0.00 Tonga 0.00 0.00 Trinidad And Tobago 0.01 0.01 Tunisia 0.02 0.01 Turkey 0.68 0.32 Ukraine 0.07 0.03 United Arab Emirates 0.03 0.01 United Kingdom 1.71 0.80 United States 134.85 63.05 Uraguay 0.00 0.00 Uzbekistan 0.14 0.07 Vanuatu 0.00 0.00 Venezuela 0.81 0.38 Vietnam 0.18 0.09 Virgin Islands United States 0.01 0.00 Yemen 0.05 0.02

25 Yugoslavia 0.02 0.01 Zambia 0.01 0.00 Zimbabwe 0.04 0.02 213.88 100.00

26 Appendix 5

-1 Allocation of international aviation emissions for Annex I countries, 1990 (Gg CO2 yr )

2a %2a 2b %2b 3 %3 4 %4 5 %5 6 %6 8 %8 Australia 1,998 2.32 2,073 1.89 3,500 3.42 – – 3,513 3.44 2,052 2.11 1,821 3.64 Austria 367 0.43 364 0.33 639 0.63 – – 640 0.63 1,389 1.43 751 1.50 627 0.73 786 0.72 0 0.00 – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 Belgium 663 0.77 852 0.78 1,463 1.43 – – 1,430 1.40 2,152 2.21 631 1.26 Bulgaria 678 0.79 740 0.67 196 0.19 – – 198 0.19 292 0.30 322 0.64 Canada 2,855 3.31 3,297 3.00 4,242 4.15 – – 4,284 4.19 4,496 4.62 6,789 13.56 Croatia 150 0.17 161 0.15 0.00 – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 Czech Republic 902 1.05 1,251 1.14 229 0.22 – – 230 0.23 355 0.36 669 1.34 Denmark 325 0.38 401 0.36 766 1.37 – – 723 1.35 906 2.47 378 1.81 Estonia 204 0.24 293 0.27 0 0.00 – – 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Finland 363 0.42 421 0.38 604 0.59 – – 606 0.59 858 0.88 259 0.52 France 2,669 3.10 2,843 2.59 6,538 6.39 – – 6,505 6.36 7,958 8.17 4,156 8.30 Germany 5,701 6.62 7,711 7.02 8,408 8.22 – – 8,416 8.23 9,763 10.03 3,463 6.92 Greece 493 0.57 598 0.54 917 0.90 – – 920 0.90 1,143 1.17 450 0.90 477 0.55 626 0.57 260 0.25 – – 264 0.26 497 0.51 445 0.89 Iceland 13 0.02 13 0.01 86 0.08 – – 86 0.08 111 0.11 61 0.12 Ireland 250 0.29 232 0.21 609 0.60 – – 618 0.60 1,247 1.28 783 1.56 Italy 2,390 2.77 3,139 2.86 3,139 3.07 – – 3,137 3.07 4,234 4.35 1,409 2.81 Japan 5,577 6.47 8,191 7.46 11,736 11.47 – – 11,802 11.54 7,325 7.52 1,602 3.20 Latvia 137 0.16 169 0.15 0 0.00 – – 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Liechtenstein 1 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lithuania 239 0.28 287 0.26 0 0.00 – – 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 63 0.07 95 0.09 229 0.22 – – 221 0.22 339 0.35 69 0.14 Monaco 0 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 Netherlands 987 1.15 1,223 1.11 2,954 2.89 – – 2,970 2.90 3,580 3.68 764 1.53 New Zealand 290 0.34 174 0.16 1,397 1.37 – – 1,347 1.32 973 1.00 55 0.11 Norway 244 0.28 206 0.19 411 0.40 – – 415 0.41 966 0.99 223 0.45 Poland 2,652 3.08 3,618 3.29 382 0.37 – – 380 0.37 508 0.52 923 1.84 Portugal 289 0.34 307 0.28 946 0.93 – – 944 0.92 1,178 1.21 622 1.24 Romania 1,242 1.44 1,450 1.32 112 0.11 – – 111 0.11 164 0.17 742 1.48 Slovakia 339 0.39 435 0.40 0 0.00 – – 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Slovenia 94 0.11 113 0.10 0 0.00 – – 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Spain 1,351 1.57 1,602 1.46 2,824 2.76 – – 2,842 2.78 3,492 3.59 2,504 5.00 Sweden 342 0.40 403 0.37 915 0.89 – – 929 0.91 1,875 1.93 883 1.76 Switzerland 249 0.29 310 0.28 2,535 2.48 – – 2,491 2.44 3,957 4.06 525 1.05 USSR* 18,601 21.59 23,381 21.28 2,023 1.98 – – 2,050 2.00 2,011 2.07 8,134 16.24 United Kingdom 3,496 4.06 4,351 3.96 11,476 11.22 – – 11,527 11.27 11,612 11.93 2,394 4.78 USA 28,845 33.48 37,734 34.35 32,114 31.40 – – 32,027 31.31 20,432 20.99 7,718 15.41 Total Annex I 86,166 109,850 101,647 – – 101,629 95,865 49,543

27 Appendix 6

-1 Allocation of international aviation emissions for Annex I countries, 2000 (Gg CO2yr ) 2a %2a 2b %2b 3 %3 4 %4 5 %5 6 %6 8 %8 Australia 3,653 2.91 3,911 2.46 6,247 3.68 6,212 3.56 6,279 3.70 6,566 3.88 3,268 4.14 Austria 596 0.47 613 0.39 1,368 0.81 1,954 1.12 1,373 0.81 1,337 0.79 1,257 1.59 Belgium 1,093 0.87 1,350 0.85 2,847 1.68 2,893 1.66 2,787 1.64 2,740 1.62 1,186 1.50 Belorussia 519 0.41 596 0.38 57 0.03 94 0.05 57 0.03 37 0.02 683 0.86 Bulgaria 469 0.37 501 0.32 127 0.07 137 0.08 129 0.08 115 0.07 582 0.74 Canada 5,306 4.23 6,134 3.86 6,572 3.87 7,022 4.02 6,614 3.90 6,496 3.84 10,771 13.64 Croatia 162 0.13 169 0.11 83 0.05 104 0.06 83 0.05 73 0.04 419 0.53 Czech Republic 1,074 0.86 1,463 0.92 387 0.23 488 0.28 387 0.23 341 0.20 798 1.01 Denmark 496 0.40 595 0.37 1,810 1.07 334 0.19 1,808 1.07 1,571 0.93 1,042 1.32 Estonia 144 0.11 194 0.12 41 0.02 59 0.03 41 0.02 43 0.03 105 0.13 Finland 548 0.44 646 0.41 831 0.49 1,266 0.73 818 0.48 759 0.45 386 0.49 France 4,111 3.28 4,478 2.82 11,667 6.87 13,776 7.89 11,646 6.87 11,623 6.87 7,587 9.61 Germany 7,151 5.70 9,778 6.15 14,780 8.71 17,871 10.23 14,753 8.70 14,890 8.79 6,596 8.35 Greece 946 0.75 1,125 0.71 1,324 0.78 1,066 0.61 1,328 0.78 1,380 0.82 526 0.67 Hungary 606 0.48 655 0.41 440 0.26 555 0.32 440 0.26 392 0.23 756 0.96 Iceland 21 0.02 21 0.01 236 0.14 423 0.24 235 0.14 242 0.14 86 0.11 Ireland 496 0.40 486 0.31 1,020 0.60 1,631 0.93 1,046 0.62 995 0.59 888 1.12 Italy 3,954 3.15 5,132 3.23 5,705 3.36 5,060 2.90 5,692 3.36 5,458 3.22 2,024 2.56 Japan 9,693 7.73 13,647 8.58 17,247 10.16 14,191 8.13 17,215 10.15 17,521 10.35 1,991 2.52 Latvia 72 0.06 77 0.05 52 0.03 54 0.03 52 0.03 39 0.02 161 0.20 Liechtenstein 2 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lithuania 164 0.13 164 0.10 57 0.03 71 0.04 57 0.03 50 0.03 172 0.22 Luxembourg 43 0.03 55 0.03 581 0.34 1,442 0.83 566 0.33 493 0.29 88 0.11 Monaco 1 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Netherlands 1,577 1.26 2,006 1.26 6,877 4.05 7,915 4.53 6,863 4.05 6,727 3.97 1,006 1.27 New Zealand 512 0.41 320 0.20 1,855 1.09 2,273 1.30 1,823 1.08 1,869 1.10 53 0.07 Norway 405 0.32 365 0.23 636 0.37 175 0.10 643 0.38 492 0.29 304 0.39 Poland 2,808 2.24 3,553 2.23 468 0.28 576 0.33 468 0.28 440 0.26 1,595 2.02 Portugal 598 0.48 678 0.43 1,294 0.76 1,172 0.67 1,290 0.76 1,333 0.79 379 0.48 Romania 1,133 0.90 1,205 0.76 234 0.14 307 0.18 234 0.14 236 0.14 1,056 1.34 Russian Federation 13,651 10.88 17,284 10.87 2,700 1.59 3,936 2.25 2,685 1.58 2,364 1.40 10,918 13.83 Slovakia 348 0.28 426 0.27 21 0.01 21 0.01 21 0.01 17 0.01 272 0.34 Slovenia 143 0.11 174 0.11 58 0.03 87 0.05 58 0.03 43 0.03 180 0.23 Spain 2,815 2.24 3,326 2.09 5,668 3.34 4,534 2.60 5,682 3.35 5,683 3.36 2,342 2.97 Sweden 501 0.40 572 0.36 1,426 0.84 3,235 1.85 1,402 0.83 1,256 0.74 1,185 1.50 Switzerland 381 0.30 466 0.29 4,175 2.46 5,271 3.02 4,193 2.47 4,179 2.47 988 1.25 Ukraine 3,308 2.64 3,509 2.21 317 0.19 326 0.19 319 0.19 258 0.15 1,559 1.97 United Kingdom 4,720 3.76 6,142 3.86 20,151 11.87 20,463 11.72 20,264 11.95 20,564 12.15 3,568 4.52 USA 51,248 40.85 67,208 42.26 50,362 29.67 47,625 27.27 50,200 29.61 50,684 29.94 12,174 15.42 Annex I Total 125,468 159,029 169,722 174,620 169,553 169,306 78,954

28

Appendix 7 -1 Allocation of international aviation emissions for all countries, 1990 (Gg CO2 yr )

3 %3 4 %4 5 %5 6 %6 8 %8 AFGHANISTAN 14 0.01 15 0.01 25 0.02 345 0.43 ALBANIA 4 0.00 4 0.00 11 0.01 69 0.08 ALGERIA 325 0.21 326 0.21 544 0.35 632 0.78 ANDORRA 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 0.01 ANGOLA 188 0.12 182 0.12 103 0.07 113 0.14 ANGUILLA 0.00 0.00 0.00 6 0.01 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 161 0.10 157 0.10 293 0.19 18 0.02 ANTILLES 301 0.19 291 0.19 540 0.35 20 0.02 ARGENTINA 679 0.43 689 0.44 765 0.49 371 0.46 AUSTRALIA 3,500 2.24 3,513 2.25 2,041 1.31 1,821 2.25 AUSTRIA 639 0.41 640 0.41 1,382 0.88 751 0.93 BAHAMAS 222 0.14 220 0.14 558 0.36 90 0.11 BAHRAIN 537 0.34 534 0.34 695 0.44 3 0.00 BANGLADESH 213 0.14 217 0.14 238 0.15 187 0.23 BARBADOS 287 0.18 270 0.17 428 0.27 8 0.01 BELGIUM 1,463 0.94 1,430 0.91 2,140 1.37 631 0.78 BELIZE 60 0.04 65 0.04 176 0.11 20 0.02 BENIN 33 0.02 30 0.02 74 0.05 40 0.05 BERMUDA 184 0.12 184 0.12 233 0.15 0.00 BHUTAN 2 0.00 2 0.00 6 0.00 36 0.04 BOLIVIA 96 0.06 96 0.06 113 0.07 145 0.18 BOTSWANA 20 0.01 20 0.01 61 0.04 92 0.11 BRAZIL 2,381 1.52 2,348 1.50 1,229 0.79 1,645 2.03 BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 7 0.00 7 0.00 76 0.05 12 0.01 BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 70 0.04 69 0.04 152 0.10 9 0.01 BULGARIA 196 0.13 198 0.13 290 0.19 322 0.40 BURKINA FASO 38 0.02 41 0.03 65 0.04 45 0.06 BURUNDI 21 0.01 25 0.02 43 0.03 8 0.01 CAMEROON, REPUBLIC OF 110 0.07 107 0.07 152 0.10 108 0.13 CANADA 4,242 2.71 4,284 2.74 4,473 2.86 6,789 8.37 CAPE VERDE 69 0.04 70 0.04 50 0.03 3 0.00 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 31 0.02 31 0.02 49 0.03 102 0.13 CHAD 48 0.03 50 0.03 51 0.03 258 0.32 CHILE 448 0.29 429 0.27 358 0.23 63 0.08 CHINA 795 0.51 798 0.51 816 0.52 3,485 4.30 COLOMBIA 443 0.28 454 0.29 532 0.34 464 0.57 COMOROS 21 0.01 19 0.01 34 0.02 0 0.00

29 CONGO 77 0.05 81 0.05 94 0.06 75 0.09 COSTA RICA 149 0.10 144 0.09 318 0.20 40 0.05 COTE D'IVOIRE 162 0.10 150 0.10 254 0.16 68 0.08 CUBA 294 0.19 270 0.17 150 0.10 264 0.33 CYPRUS 310 0.20 304 0.19 498 0.32 45 0.06 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 229 0.15 230 0.15 353 0.23 669 0.82 Denmark 1,399 0.89 1,377 0.88 2,380 1.52 908 1.12 DJIBOUTI 184 0.12 181 0.12 159 0.10 7 0.01 DOMINICA 4 0.00 4 0.00 31 0.02 4 0.00 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 350 0.22 353 0.23 544 0.35 67 0.08 ECUADOR 211 0.13 214 0.14 206 0.13 83 0.10 EGYPT 948 0.61 952 0.61 1,242 0.79 552 0.68 EL SALVADOR 91 0.06 91 0.06 260 0.17 30 0.04 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 2 0.00 2 0.00 11 0.01 5 0.01 ETHIOPIA 114 0.07 118 0.08 147 0.09 233 0.29 FALKLAND ISLANDS 18 0.01 18 0.01 7 0.00 0 0.00 FIJI 228 0.15 236 0.15 215 0.14 8 0.01 FINLAND 604 0.39 606 0.39 854 0.55 259 0.32 FRANCE 6,538 4.18 6,505 4.16 7,916 5.06 4,156 5.13 FRENCH GUIANA 79 0.05 76 0.05 72 0.05 17 0.02 GABON 75 0.05 77 0.05 107 0.07 76 0.09 GAMBIA 58 0.04 57 0.04 69 0.04 7 0.01 GAZA STRIP 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.00 GERMANY 8,408 5.38 8,416 5.38 9,711 6.21 3,463 4.27 GHANA 86 0.06 91 0.06 109 0.07 81 0.10 GREECE 917 0.59 920 0.59 1,137 0.73 450 0.55 GRENADA 25 0.02 25 0.02 129 0.08 0 0.00 GUADELOUPE 251 0.16 232 0.15 313 0.20 11 0.01 GUATEMALA 223 0.14 224 0.14 427 0.27 88 0.11 GUINEA 30 0.02 35 0.02 70 0.04 45 0.06 GUINEA-BISSAU 9 0.01 9 0.01 19 0.01 10 0.01 GUYANA 30 0.02 30 0.02 50 0.03 9 0.01 HAITI 94 0.06 94 0.06 165 0.11 39 0.05 HONDURAS 84 0.05 78 0.05 199 0.13 63 0.08 HONG KONG 3,936 2.52 3,983 2.55 3,855 2.47 47 0.06 HUNGARY 260 0.17 264 0.17 494 0.32 445 0.55 ICELAND 86 0.06 86 0.05 110 0.07 61 0.08 INDIA 2,371 1.52 2,372 1.52 2,036 1.30 2,465 3.04 INDONESIA 778 0.50 779 0.50 947 0.61 505 0.62 IRAN 268 0.17 274 0.17 308 0.20 1,555 1.92 IRAQ 153 0.10 155 0.10 191 0.12 723 0.89

30 IRELAND 609 0.39 618 0.39 1,240 0.79 783 0.97 ISRAEL 623 0.40 645 0.41 574 0.37 29 0.04 ITALY 3,139 2.01 3,137 2.01 4,212 2.69 1,409 1.74 JAMAICA 307 0.20 299 0.19 477 0.31 24 0.03 JAPAN 11,736 7.51 11,802 7.55 7,287 4.66 1,602 1.98 JORDAN 258 0.16 270 0.17 340 0.22 149 0.18 KAMPUCHEA, DEMOCRATIC 2 0.00 5 0.00 6 0.00 95 0.12 KENYA 649 0.41 645 0.41 535 0.34 209 0.26 KIRIBATI 2 0.00 2 0.00 6 0.00 0.00 KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF 21 0.01 21 0.01 14 0.01 76 0.09 KOREA, REPUBLIC OF 2,590 1.66 2,537 1.62 2,272 1.45 288 0.36 KUWAIT 269 0.17 272 0.17 363 0.23 74 0.09 LAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 4 0.00 4 0.00 14 0.01 141 0.17 LEBANON 303 0.19 305 0.19 199 0.13 38 0.05 LESOTHO 2 0.00 2 0.00 15 0.01 0 0.00 LIBERIA 10 0.01 10 0.01 20 0.01 8 0.01 LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYIA 235 0.15 239 0.15 290 0.19 456 0.56 LUXEMBOURG 229 0.15 221 0.14 338 0.22 69 0.08 MACAU 0.00 0.00 0.00 23 0.03 MADAGASCAR 41 0.03 39 0.02 61 0.04 36 0.04 MALAWI 46 0.03 46 0.03 75 0.05 38 0.05 MALAYSIA 1,001 0.64 1,008 0.64 1,453 0.93 657 0.81 MALI 66 0.04 65 0.04 101 0.06 157 0.19 MALTA 136 0.09 137 0.09 181 0.12 0.00 199 0.13 202 0.13 286 0.18 6 0.01 MAURITANIA 33 0.02 33 0.02 41 0.03 145 0.18 MAURITIUS 358 0.23 341 0.22 278 0.18 5 0.01 MEXICO 1,939 1.24 1,954 1.25 2,276 1.46 1,714 2.11 MONGOLIA 6 0.00 6 0.00 20 0.01 88 0.11 MOROCCO 334 0.21 333 0.21 464 0.30 276 0.34 MOZAMBIQUE 43 0.03 43 0.03 35 0.02 56 0.07 MYANMAR, UNION OF 14 0.01 14 0.01 36 0.02 513 0.63 NAMIBIA 68 0.04 67 0.04 65 0.04 34 0.04 NEPAL 69 0.04 71 0.05 127 0.08 137 0.17 NETHERLANDS 2,954 1.89 2,970 1.90 3,561 2.28 764 0.94 NEW CALEDONIA 63 0.04 62 0.04 101 0.06 9 0.01 NEW ZEALAND 1,397 0.89 1,347 0.86 968 0.62 55 0.07 NICARAGUA 61 0.04 60 0.04 135 0.09 84 0.10 NIGER 53 0.03 56 0.04 73 0.05 273 0.34 NIGERIA 385 0.25 393 0.25 365 0.23 208 0.26 NORWAY 411 0.26 415 0.27 961 0.61 223 0.28

31 OMAN 302 0.19 299 0.19 430 0.28 111 0.14 PAKISTAN 1,019 0.65 1,018 0.65 1,088 0.70 968 1.19 PANAMA 239 0.15 243 0.16 342 0.22 44 0.05 PAPUA NEW GUINEA 39 0.02 39 0.03 52 0.03 91 0.11 PARAGUAY 98 0.06 109 0.07 91 0.06 49 0.06 PERU 389 0.25 388 0.25 313 0.20 355 0.44 PHILIPPINES 990 0.63 1,003 0.64 1,033 0.66 238 0.29 POLAND 382 0.24 380 0.24 505 0.32 923 1.14 PORTUGAL 946 0.61 944 0.60 1,172 0.75 622 0.77 PUERTO RICO 1,378 0.88 1,365 0.87 1,986 1.27 10 0.01 QATAR 199 0.13 203 0.13 424 0.27 30 0.04 REUNION 133 0.08 152 0.10 184 0.12 2 0.00 ROMANIA 112 0.07 111 0.07 164 0.10 742 0.92 RWANDA 33 0.02 33 0.02 67 0.04 8 0.01 SAMOA 18 0.01 16 0.01 30 0.02 4 0.01 SAUDI ARABIA 1,586 1.01 1,572 1.01 1,774 1.13 984 1.21 SENEGAL 244 0.16 242 0.15 215 0.14 48 0.06 SEYCHELLES 76 0.05 76 0.05 83 0.05 0 0.00 SIERRA LEONE 22 0.01 23 0.01 40 0.03 12 0.02 SINGAPORE 3,731 2.39 3,778 2.42 3,754 2.40 0.00 SOLOMON ISLANDS 13 0.01 13 0.01 20 0.01 8 0.01 SOMALIA 19 0.01 19 0.01 30 0.02 82 0.10 SOUTH AFRICA 766 0.49 764 0.49 521 0.33 129 0.16 SPAIN 2,824 1.81 2,842 1.82 3,473 2.22 2,504 3.09 281 0.18 282 0.18 276 0.18 24 0.03 ST. CHRISTOPHER (ST. KITTS) NEVIS 15 0.01 15 0.01 94 0.06 1 0.00 ST. LUCIA 59 0.04 70 0.04 202 0.13 2 0.00 ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 SUDAN 117 0.07 117 0.08 162 0.10 529 0.65 SURINAME 64 0.04 64 0.04 40 0.03 27 0.03 SWAZILAND 8 0.01 8 0.01 23 0.01 3 0.00 SWEDEN 915 0.58 929 0.59 1,865 1.19 883 1.09 SWITZERLAND 2,535 1.62 2,491 1.59 3,936 2.52 525 0.65 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC 189 0.12 194 0.12 314 0.20 228 0.28 TAIWAN 2,062 1.32 2,069 1.32 2,666 1.70 146 0.18 TANZANIA 88 0.06 92 0.06 121 0.08 120 0.15 THAILAND 4,052 2.59 4,001 2.56 3,412 2.18 972 1.20 TOGO 67 0.04 57 0.04 155 0.10 35 0.04 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 105 0.07 105 0.07 288 0.18 0 0.00 TUNISIA 201 0.13 201 0.13 382 0.24 90 0.11 TURKEY 666 0.43 676 0.43 949 0.61 1,387 1.71

32 TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS 9 0.01 9 0.01 25 0.02 0 0.00 UGANDA 50 0.03 45 0.03 49 0.03 20 0.02 UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 2,023 1.29 2,050 1.31 2,000 1.28 8,134 10.03 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 3,172 2.03 3,138 2.01 2,712 1.73 206 0.25 UNITED KINGDOM 11,476 7.34 11,527 7.37 11,550 7.39 2,394 2.95 UNITED STATES 32,056 20.50 32,027 20.48 20,324 13.00 7,718 9.52 URAGUAY 70 0.04 76 0.05 209 0.13 180 0.22 VANUATU 17 0.01 17 0.01 27 0.02 1 0.00 VENEZUELA 825 0.53 806 0.52 729 0.47 263 0.32 VIET NAM 73 0.05 74 0.05 130 0.08 231 0.28 YEMEN 142 0.09 141 0.09 186 0.12 61 0.07 YUGOSLAVIA 385 0.25 387 0.25 531 0.34 1,035 1.28 ZAIRE 102 0.07 101 0.06 111 0.07 328 0.40 ZAMBIA 134 0.09 132 0.08 101 0.06 149 0.18 ZIMBABWE 221 0.14 216 0.14 197 0.13 130 0.16 Total 156,377 156,377 156,377 81,092

33 -1 Appendix 8 Allocation of international aviation emissions for all countries, 2000 (Gg CO2 yr )

3 %3 4 %4 5 %5 6 %6 8 %8 Afghanistan 3 0.00 7 0.00 3 0.00 1 0.00 655 0.48 Albania 41 0.02 44 0.02 41 0.02 25 0.01 167 0.12 Algeria 217 0.08 399 0.15 217 0.08 187 0.07 875 0.65 American Samoa 29 0.01 0.00 29 0.01 25 0.01 0.00 Andorra 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 Angola 123 0.05 126 0.05 128 0.05 126 0.05 244 0.18 Anguilla 3 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 4 0.00 4 0.00 Antigua And Barbuda 146 0.05 75 0.03 136 0.05 136 0.05 3 0.00 Antilles 316 0.12 212 0.08 371 0.14 292 0.11 0.00 Argentina 2,226 0.84 1,411 0.53 2,250 0.85 2,136 0.80 862 0.64 106 0.04 157 0.06 107 0.04 85 0.03 51 0.04 Aruba 244 0.09 179 0.07 259 0.10 243 0.09 4 0.00 Australia 6,247 2.35 6,212 2.34 6,279 2.36 6,566 2.47 3,291 2.43 Austria 1,368 0.52 1,954 0.74 1,373 0.52 1,337 0.50 1,353 1.00 Azerbaijan 217 0.08 242 0.09 223 0.08 169 0.06 114 0.08 Bahamas 200 0.08 56 0.02 201 0.08 178 0.07 45 0.03 Bahrain 545 0.21 1,605 0.60 546 0.21 583 0.22 2 0.00 Bangladesh 456 0.17 609 0.23 468 0.18 449 0.17 274 0.20 Barbados 320 0.12 0.00 322 0.12 325 0.12 0.00 Belgium 57 0.02 2,893 1.09 2,787 1.05 2,740 1.03 1,285 0.95 Belorussia 2,847 1.07 94 0.04 57 0.02 37 0.01 695 0.51 Belize 46 0.02 0.00 46 0.02 34 0.01 27 0.02 Benin 40 0.01 0.00 39 0.01 38 0.01 53 0.04 Bermuda 107 0.04 0.00 107 0.04 108 0.04 0.00 Bhutan 2 0.00 11 0.00 2 0.00 1 0.00 33 0.02 Bolivia 216 0.08 316 0.12 220 0.08 178 0.07 357 0.26 Bosnia 26 0.01 16 0.01 26 0.01 20 0.01 352 0.26 Botswana 12 0.00 15 0.01 12 0.00 13 0.00 277 0.20 Brazil 3,789 1.43 2,850 1.07 3,827 1.44 3,854 1.45 3,585 2.64 British Virgin Islands 13 0.00 0.00 13 0.00 20 0.01 0.00 Brunei Darussalam 156 0.06 430 0.16 155 0.06 156 0.06 6 0.00 Bulgaria 127 0.05 137 0.05 129 0.05 115 0.04 605 0.45 Burkina Faso 56 0.02 9 0.00 49 0.02 39 0.01 71 0.05 Burundi 10 0.00 0.00 10 0.00 9 0.00 4 0.00 Cameroon Republic Of 116 0.04 129 0.05 118 0.04 119 0.04 120 0.09 Canada 6,572 2.47 7,022 2.64 6,614 2.49 6,496 2.45 10,947 8.07 Cape Verde 157 0.06 48 0.02 172 0.06 169 0.06 2 0.00

34 Cayman Islands 80 0.03 42 0.02 80 0.03 61 0.02 0.00 Central African Republic 10 0.00 0.00 10 0.00 10 0.00 196 0.14 Chad 41 0.02 0.00 43 0.02 42 0.02 505 0.37 Chile 915 0.34 981 0.37 889 0.33 865 0.33 128 0.09 China 3,984 1.50 3,695 1.39 3,968 1.49 4,086 1.54 7,869 5.80 Christmas Island 1 0.00 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Cocos Islands 2 0.00 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Colombia 734 0.28 740 0.28 762 0.29 711 0.27 912 0.67 Comoros 19 0.01 0.00 19 0.01 19 0.01 0 0.00 Congo 28 0.01 0 0.00 29 0.01 23 0.01 76 0.06 Cook Islands 29 0.01 0.00 29 0.01 31 0.01 0 0.00 Costa Rica 331 0.12 263 0.10 323 0.12 318 0.12 82 0.06 Cote D'Ivoire 252 0.09 594 0.22 249 0.09 256 0.10 101 0.07 Croatia 83 0.03 104 0.04 83 0.03 73 0.03 441 0.33 Cuba 826 0.31 710 0.27 836 0.31 704 0.27 302 0.22 Cyprus 415 0.16 295 0.11 414 0.16 429 0.16 47 0.03 Czech Republic 387 0.15 488 0.18 387 0.15 341 0.13 846 0.62 Democratic Republic Of Congo 52 0.02 31 0.01 49 0.02 51 0.02 732 0.54 Denmark 1,810 0.68 334 0.13 1,808 0.68 1,571 0.59 1,042 0.77 Djibouti 28 0.01 24 0.01 29 0.01 26 0.01 4 0.00 Dominican Republic 6 0.00 23 0.01 6 0.00 6 0.00 93 0.07 Dominican Republic 731 0.28 0.00 692 0.26 744 0.28 0.00 Ecuador 375 0.14 156 0.06 377 0.14 311 0.12 172 0.13 Egypt 1,127 0.42 1,017 0.38 1,131 0.43 1,203 0.45 606 0.45 El Salvador 198 0.07 380 0.14 198 0.07 198 0.07 67 0.05 Equatorial Guinea 17 0.01 0.00 17 0.01 18 0.01 4 0.00 Eritrea 14 0.01 7 0.00 14 0.01 10 0.00 25 0.02 Estonia 41 0.02 59 0.02 41 0.02 43 0.02 112 0.08 Ethiopia 188 0.07 555 0.21 192 0.07 176 0.07 338 0.25 Falkland Islands 19 0.01 17 0.01 19 0.01 14 0.01 0 0.00 Faroe Islands 15 0.01 17 0.01 15 0.01 14 0.01 2 0.00 Fiji 357 0.13 313 0.12 393 0.15 369 0.14 13 0.01 Finland 831 0.31 1,266 0.48 818 0.31 759 0.29 415 0.31 France 11,667 4.39 13,776 5.19 11,646 4.38 11,623 4.38 8,192 6.04 French Guiana 100 0.04 91 0.03 101 0.04 88 0.03 6 0.00 French Polynesia 174 0.07 134 0.05 174 0.07 180 0.07 1 0.00 Gabon 113 0.04 5 0.00 115 0.04 113 0.04 75 0.06 Gambia 12 0.00 28 0.01 13 0.01 9 0.00 5 0.00 Gaza Strip 75 0.03 46 0.02 82 0.03 60 0.02 0.00 Georgia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 125 0.09

35 Germany 14,780 5.56 17,871 6.73 14,753 5.55 14,890 5.61 7,123 5.25 Ghana 249 0.09 315 0.12 239 0.09 207 0.08 114 0.08 Gibraltar 17 0.01 0.00 17 0.01 18 0.01 0.00 Greece 1,324 0.50 1,066 0.40 1,328 0.50 1,380 0.52 552 0.41 Grenada 40 0.02 0.00 38 0.01 39 0.01 2 0.00 Guadeloupe 400 0.15 33 0.01 377 0.14 389 0.15 16 0.01 Guam 474 0.18 0.00 472 0.18 469 0.18 0.00 Guatemala 223 0.08 54 0.02 227 0.09 195 0.07 130 0.10 Guinea 46 0.02 0.00 47 0.02 36 0.01 44 0.03 Guinea-Bissau 3 0.00 0.00 4 0.00 2 0.00 9 0.01 Guyana 56 0.02 50 0.02 53 0.02 36 0.01 34 0.02 Haiti 76 0.03 12 0.00 75 0.03 67 0.03 39 0.03 Honduras 95 0.04 0.00 94 0.04 84 0.03 104 0.08 Hong Kong 7,324 2.76 7,255 2.73 7,331 2.76 7,423 2.79 0.00 Hungary 440 0.17 555 0.21 440 0.17 392 0.15 785 0.58 Iceland 236 0.09 423 0.16 235 0.09 242 0.09 90 0.07 India 3,029 1.14 1,602 0.60 3,062 1.15 3,156 1.19 3,746 2.76 Indonesia 1,296 0.49 1,126 0.42 1,296 0.49 1,389 0.52 773 0.57 Iran 372 0.14 577 0.22 368 0.14 359 0.14 2,091 1.54 Iraq 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 958 0.71 Ireland 1,020 0.38 1,631 0.61 1,046 0.39 995 0.37 896 0.66 Israel 1,598 0.60 1,961 0.74 1,583 0.60 1,701 0.64 46 0.03 Italy 5,705 2.15 5,060 1.91 5,692 2.14 5,458 2.05 2,189 1.61 Jamaica 415 0.16 489 0.18 410 0.15 440 0.17 29 0.02 Japan 17,247 6.49 14,191 5.34 17,215 6.48 17,521 6.60 1,998 1.47 Jordan 337 0.13 610 0.23 334 0.13 340 0.13 139 0.10 Kampuchea Democratic 70 0.03 0.00 70 0.03 60 0.02 181 0.13 Kazakhstan 251 0.09 314 0.12 256 0.10 225 0.08 2,270 1.67 Kenya 745 0.28 470 0.18 718 0.27 756 0.28 298 0.22 Kiribati 2 0.00 0.00 2 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Korea Democratic Peoples Republic Of 17 0.01 39 0.01 17 0.01 7 0.00 269 0.20 Korea Republic Of 4,871 1.83 7,704 2.90 4,838 1.82 4,930 1.86 437 0.32 Kuwait 595 0.22 786 0.30 597 0.22 621 0.23 69 0.05 Kyrgyzstan 72 0.03 118 0.04 72 0.03 57 0.02 182 0.13 Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 10 0.00 6 0.00 10 0.00 8 0.00 236 0.17 Latvia 52 0.02 54 0.02 52 0.02 39 0.01 167 0.12 Lebanon 551 0.21 770 0.29 551 0.21 464 0.17 25 0.02 Lesotho 2 0.00 0.00 2 0.00 3 0.00 1 0.00 Liberia 12 0.00 5 0.00 17 0.01 8 0.00 14 0.01 Libyan Arab Jamahiriyia 100 0.04 90 0.03 100 0.04 91 0.03 707 0.52

36 Lithuania 57 0.02 71 0.03 57 0.02 50 0.02 180 0.13 Luxembourg 581 0.22 1,442 0.54 566 0.21 493 0.19 96 0.07 Macau 202 0.08 151 0.06 189 0.07 203 0.08 0.00 Macedonia 82 0.03 115 0.04 82 0.03 60 0.02 160 0.12 Madagascar 94 0.04 110 0.04 97 0.04 98 0.04 73 0.05 Malawi 39 0.01 51 0.02 39 0.01 34 0.01 36 0.03 Malaysia 3,046 1.15 4,449 1.68 3,009 1.13 3,163 1.19 0 0.00 Maldives 148 0.06 25 0.01 143 0.05 161 0.06 0.00 Mali 116 0.04 9 0.00 114 0.04 110 0.04 242 0.18 Malta 187 0.07 250 0.09 187 0.07 183 0.07 0.00 Marshall Islands 15 0.01 0.00 14 0.01 13 0.00 0.00 Martinique 354 0.13 0.00 348 0.13 355 0.13 9 0.01 Mauritania 37 0.01 9 0.00 37 0.01 37 0.01 170 0.13 Mauritius 504 0.19 570 0.21 499 0.19 550 0.21 10 0.01 Mayotte 11 0.00 0.00 11 0.00 12 0.00 0.00 Mexico 3,020 1.14 2,334 0.88 3,034 1.14 2,785 1.05 1,951 1.44 Moldavia 52 0.02 69 0.03 53 0.02 33 0.01 76 0.06 Mongolia 26 0.01 44 0.02 26 0.01 23 0.01 651 0.48 Morocco 458 0.17 519 0.20 460 0.17 503 0.19 297 0.22 Mozambique 48 0.02 39 0.01 49 0.02 48 0.02 91 0.07 Myanmar Union Of 46 0.02 33 0.01 47 0.02 45 0.02 712 0.53 Namibia 139 0.05 154 0.06 140 0.05 130 0.05 164 0.12 Nauru 7 0.00 24 0.01 7 0.00 7 0.00 0.00 Nepal 136 0.05 132 0.05 141 0.05 137 0.05 219 0.16 Netherlands 6,877 2.59 7,915 2.98 6,863 2.58 6,727 2.53 1,101 0.81 New Caledonia 86 0.03 54 0.02 86 0.03 91 0.03 5 0.00 New Zealand 1,855 0.70 2,273 0.86 1,823 0.69 1,869 0.70 55 0.04 Nicaragua 76 0.03 125 0.05 76 0.03 64 0.02 128 0.09 Niger 27 0.01 0.00 29 0.01 25 0.01 365 0.27 Nigeria 442 0.17 0.00 446 0.17 458 0.17 261 0.19 Niue 1 0.00 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 10 0.00 0.00 10 0.00 7 0.00 0.00 Northern Mariana Islands 115 0.04 0.00 115 0.04 125 0.05 0.00 Northern Mariana Islands(US) 13 0.00 0.00 13 0.00 9 0.00 0.00 Norway 636 0.24 175 0.07 643 0.24 492 0.19 343 0.25 Oman 299 0.11 120 0.05 301 0.11 294 0.11 194 0.14 Pakistan 957 0.36 1,190 0.45 931 0.35 1,006 0.38 1,398 1.03 Palau 17 0.01 0.00 17 0.01 14 0.01 0.00 Panama 443 0.17 408 0.15 449 0.17 412 0.16 74 0.05 Papua New Guinea 37 0.01 59 0.02 38 0.01 35 0.01 106 0.08

37 Paraguay 43 0.02 38 0.01 43 0.02 30 0.01 64 0.05 Peru 709 0.27 124 0.05 708 0.27 711 0.27 554 0.41 Philippines 1,781 0.67 1,190 0.45 1,795 0.68 1,798 0.68 265 0.20 Poland 468 0.18 576 0.22 468 0.18 440 0.17 1,651 1.22 Portugal 1,294 0.49 1,172 0.44 1,290 0.49 1,333 0.50 403 0.30 Puerto Rico 1,393 0.52 4 0.00 1,385 0.52 1,371 0.52 15 0.01 Qatar 389 0.15 366 0.14 391 0.15 426 0.16 38 0.03 Reunion 450 0.17 52 0.02 455 0.17 413 0.16 2 0.00 Romania 234 0.09 307 0.12 234 0.09 236 0.09 1,078 0.79 Russia 2,700 1.02 3,936 1.48 2,685 1.01 2,364 0.89 11,014 8.12 Rwanda 14 0.01 5 0.00 20 0.01 14 0.01 7 0.01 Samoa 23 0.01 31 0.01 23 0.01 25 0.01 0 0.00 Sao Tome Island 3 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 3 0.00 0 0.00 Saudi Arabia 1,936 0.73 2,132 0.80 1,959 0.74 2,019 0.76 1,324 0.98 Senegal 365 0.14 3 0.00 367 0.14 347 0.13 46 0.03 Seychelles 87 0.03 136 0.05 87 0.03 95 0.04 0 0.00 Sierra Leone 8 0.00 7 0.00 9 0.00 4 0.00 19 0.01 Singapore 7,524 2.83 9,523 3.59 7,614 2.87 7,874 2.96 0.00 Slovakia 21 0.01 21 0.01 21 0.01 17 0.01 283 0.21 Slovenia 58 0.02 87 0.03 58 0.02 43 0.02 192 0.14 Solomon Islands 6 0.00 11 0.00 6 0.00 6 0.00 3 0.00 Somalia 5 0.00 0.00 6 0.00 5 0.00 125 0.09 South Africa 2,979 1.12 2,894 1.09 3,045 1.15 3,035 1.14 410 0.30 Spain 5,668 2.13 4,534 1.71 5,682 2.14 5,683 2.14 2,515 1.85 Sri Lanka 689 0.26 805 0.30 701 0.26 754 0.28 38 0.03 St. Christopher (St. Kitts) Nevis 21 0.01 22 0.01 21 0.01 19 0.01 0.00 St. Helena 38 0.01 0.00 38 0.01 26 0.01 0.00 St. Lucia 69 0.03 0.00 80 0.03 65 0.02 1 0.00 St. Pierre And Miquelon 1 0.00 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 St. Vincent And The Grenadines 11 0.00 0.00 10 0.00 13 0.00 2 0.00 Sudan 101 0.04 103 0.04 101 0.04 106 0.04 697 0.51 Suriname 61 0.02 42 0.02 62 0.02 60 0.02 50 0.04 Swaziland 4 0.00 0.00 4 0.00 4 0.00 2 0.00 Sweden 1,426 0.54 3,235 1.22 1,402 0.53 1,256 0.47 1,347 0.99 Switzerland 4,175 1.57 5,271 1.98 4,193 1.58 4,179 1.57 1,092 0.81 Syrian Arab Republic 257 0.10 293 0.11 256 0.10 253 0.10 337 0.25 Taiwan 4,776 1.80 7,410 2.79 4,754 1.79 4,796 1.81 127 0.09 Tajikistan 3 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 2 0.00 160 0.12 Tanzania 108 0.04 49 0.02 112 0.04 97 0.04 146 0.11 Thailand 5,625 2.12 4,013 1.51 5,608 2.11 5,799 2.18 1,246 0.92

38 Togo 51 0.02 20 0.01 55 0.02 39 0.01 22 0.02 Tonga 22 0.01 18 0.01 21 0.01 21 0.01 0.00 Trinidad And Tobago 230 0.09 533 0.20 228 0.09 200 0.08 8 0.01 Tunisia 338 0.13 311 0.12 338 0.13 344 0.13 140 0.10 Turkey 1,629 0.61 1,934 0.73 1,624 0.61 1,712 0.64 2,106 1.55 Turkmenistan 74 0.03 119 0.04 74 0.03 79 0.03 533 0.39 Turks And Caicos Islands 15 0.01 0.00 15 0.01 13 0.00 0.00 Tuvalu 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 Uganda 109 0.04 94 0.04 119 0.04 88 0.03 51 0.04 Ukraine 317 0.12 326 0.12 319 0.12 258 0.10 1,584 1.17 United Arab Emirates 5,385 2.03 2,062 0.78 5,302 2.00 5,445 2.05 251 0.18 United Kingdom 20,151 7.59 20,463 7.70 20,264 7.63 20,564 7.74 3,769 2.78 United States 50,362 18.96 47,625 17.93 50,200 18.90 50,684 19.08 12,702 9.37 United States Minor Outlying Islands 8 0.00 0.00 7 0.00 6 0.00 0.00 Uraguay 127 0.05 133 0.05 139 0.05 108 0.04 271 0.20 Uzbekistan 791 0.30 554 0.21 789 0.30 738 0.28 970 0.72 Vanuatu 17 0.01 28 0.01 17 0.01 17 0.01 0 0.00 Venezuela 783 0.29 397 0.15 789 0.30 707 0.27 474 0.35 Vietnam 360 0.14 349 0.13 360 0.14 352 0.13 501 0.37 Virgin Islands United States 109 0.04 5 0.00 111 0.04 120 0.05 1 0.00 West Bank 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9 0.01 Wallis And Fortuna Islands 3 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 Yemen 120 0.05 220 0.08 120 0.05 109 0.04 100 0.07 Yugoslavia 92 0.03 125 0.05 92 0.03 75 0.03 706 0.52 Zambia 62 0.02 29 0.01 62 0.02 53 0.02 318 0.23 Zimbabwe 247 0.09 272 0.10 245 0.09 228 0.09 0.00 Total 265,616 265,616 265,616 265,616 135,602

39 -1 Appendix 9 Allocation of international aviation emissions for all countries, 1990 (Gg NOx yr )

3 %3 4 5 %5 6 %6 8 %8 Afghanistan 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.12 0.02 1.77 0.46 Albania 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.31 0.08 Algeria 1.26 0.17 1.27 0.17 2.65 0.35 3.06 0.80 American Samoa 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Andorra 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 Angola 0.84 0.11 0.83 0.11 0.50 0.07 0.58 0.15 Anguilla 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 Antigua And Barbuda 0.70 0.09 0.71 0.09 1.43 0.19 0.08 0.02 Antilles 1.50 0.20 1.42 0.19 2.64 0.35 0.10 0.03 Argentina 3.36 0.44 3.43 0.45 3.73 0.49 1.59 0.41 Armenia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Aruba 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Australia 18.17 2.40 18.24 2.41 9.96 1.32 9.37 2.44 Austria 2.48 0.33 2.48 0.33 6.75 0.89 3.28 0.85 Azerbaijan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bahamas 0.81 0.11 0.80 0.11 2.73 0.36 0.36 0.09 Bahrain 2.70 0.36 2.68 0.35 3.39 0.45 0.01 0.00 Bangladesh 1.06 0.14 1.10 0.15 1.16 0.15 0.93 0.24 Barbados 1.48 0.20 1.38 0.18 2.09 0.28 0.05 0.01 Belgium 6.20 0.82 6.00 0.79 10.45 1.38 2.85 0.74 Belorussia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Belize 0.21 0.03 0.22 0.03 0.86 0.11 0.08 0.02 Benin 0.16 0.02 0.15 0.02 0.36 0.05 0.20 0.05 Bermuda 0.86 0.11 0.86 0.11 1.14 0.15 0.00 Bhutan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.19 0.05 Bolivia 0.29 0.04 0.30 0.04 0.55 0.07 0.58 0.15 Bosnia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Botswana 0.07 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.30 0.04 0.46 0.12 Brazil 12.43 1.64 12.24 1.62 6.00 0.79 8.16 2.12 British Virgin Islands 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.37 0.05 0.05 0.01 Brunei Darussalam 0.32 0.04 0.32 0.04 0.74 0.10 0.05 0.01 Bulgaria 0.68 0.09 0.69 0.09 1.42 0.19 1.39 0.36 Burkina Faso 0.18 0.02 0.19 0.03 0.32 0.04 0.22 0.06

40 Burundi 0.10 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.21 0.03 0.04 0.01 Cameroon Republic Of 0.53 0.07 0.52 0.07 0.74 0.10 0.52 0.13 Canada 19.90 2.63 20.09 2.66 21.83 2.89 35.21 9.15 Cape Verde 0.28 0.04 0.28 0.04 0.24 0.03 0.02 0.00 Cayman Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Central African Republic 0.17 0.02 0.17 0.02 0.24 0.03 0.54 0.14 Chad 0.22 0.03 0.24 0.03 0.25 0.03 1.36 0.35 Chile 1.43 0.19 1.38 0.18 1.75 0.23 0.22 0.06 China 3.83 0.51 3.85 0.51 3.98 0.53 17.58 4.57 Christmas Island 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cocos Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Colombia 1.58 0.21 1.67 0.22 2.60 0.34 1.87 0.49 Comoros 0.11 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.17 0.02 0.00 0.00 Congo 0.38 0.05 0.39 0.05 0.46 0.06 0.38 0.10 Cook Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Costa Rica 0.54 0.07 0.52 0.07 1.55 0.21 0.16 0.04 Cote D'Ivoire 0.79 0.10 0.73 0.10 1.24 0.16 0.31 0.08 Croatia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cuba 1.07 0.14 1.02 0.13 0.73 0.10 1.02 0.26 Cyprus 1.19 0.16 1.17 0.15 2.43 0.32 0.19 0.05 Czech Republic 0.68 0.09 0.68 0.09 1.73 0.23 2.97 0.77 Democratic Republic Of Congo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Denmark 5.46 0.72 5.36 0.71 4.40 0.58 4.56 1.19 Djibouti 0.97 0.13 0.96 0.13 0.78 0.10 0.04 0.01 Dominican Republic 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.01 Dominican Republic 1.57 0.21 1.60 0.21 2.66 0.35 0.27 0.07 Ecuador 0.75 0.10 0.77 0.10 1.00 0.13 0.31 0.08 Egypt 4.02 0.53 4.06 0.54 6.07 0.80 2.51 0.65 El Salvador 0.33 0.04 0.33 0.04 1.27 0.17 0.12 0.03 Equatorial Guinea 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.01 Eritrea 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Estonia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ethiopia 0.42 0.06 0.42 0.06 0.72 0.10 1.06 0.27 Falkland Islands 0.11 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 Faroe Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 Fiji 1.16 0.15 1.20 0.16 1.05 0.14 0.04 0.01

41 Finland 2.59 0.34 2.60 0.34 4.17 0.55 1.26 0.33 France 31.77 4.20 31.64 4.18 38.64 5.11 18.64 4.85 French Guiana 0.41 0.05 0.40 0.05 0.35 0.05 0.09 0.02 French Polynesia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gabon 0.39 0.05 0.40 0.05 0.52 0.07 0.37 0.10 Gambia 0.30 0.04 0.30 0.04 0.34 0.04 0.03 0.01 Gaza Strip 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 Georgia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Germany 39.66 5.24 39.69 5.25 47.40 6.27 15.33 3.98 Ghana 0.41 0.05 0.43 0.06 0.53 0.07 0.39 0.10 Gibraltar 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Greece 4.01 0.53 4.04 0.53 5.55 0.73 1.98 0.51 Greenland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Grenada 0.10 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.63 0.08 0.00 0.00 Guadeloupe 1.36 0.18 1.24 0.16 1.53 0.20 0.05 0.01 Guam 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Guatemala 0.78 0.10 0.79 0.10 2.08 0.28 0.35 0.09 Guinea 0.13 0.02 0.15 0.02 0.34 0.05 0.22 0.06 Guinea-Bissau 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.09 0.01 0.04 0.01 Guyana 0.08 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.24 0.03 0.05 0.01 Haiti 0.33 0.04 0.33 0.04 0.81 0.11 0.17 0.04 Honduras 0.27 0.04 0.25 0.03 0.97 0.13 0.26 0.07 Hong Kong 20.87 2.76 21.10 2.79 18.82 2.49 0.24 0.06 Hungary 0.89 0.12 0.91 0.12 2.41 0.32 1.97 0.51 Iceland 0.34 0.05 0.34 0.05 0.54 0.07 0.30 0.08 India 12.17 1.61 12.17 1.61 9.94 1.31 12.36 3.21 Indonesia 4.15 0.55 4.16 0.55 4.62 0.61 2.59 0.67 Iran 1.42 0.19 1.45 0.19 1.50 0.20 7.69 2.00 Iraq 0.59 0.08 0.59 0.08 0.93 0.12 3.16 0.82 Ireland 2.44 0.32 2.49 0.33 6.05 0.80 4.10 1.07 Israel 3.03 0.40 3.15 0.42 2.80 0.37 0.13 0.03 Italy 14.67 1.94 14.66 1.94 20.56 2.72 6.30 1.64 Jamaica 1.38 0.18 1.33 0.18 2.33 0.31 0.09 0.02 Japan 63.86 8.44 64.24 8.50 35.57 4.70 8.40 2.18 Jordan 1.13 0.15 1.20 0.16 1.66 0.22 0.60 0.16 Kampuchea Democratic 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.44 0.12

42 Kazakhstan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kenya 3.24 0.43 3.22 0.43 2.61 0.35 1.01 0.26 Kiribati 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 Korea Democratic Peoples Republic Of 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.39 0.10 Korea Republic Of 13.83 1.83 13.51 1.79 11.09 1.47 1.49 0.39 Kuwait 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.77 0.23 0.32 0.08 Kyrgyzstan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.71 0.18 Latvia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lebanon 0.65 0.09 0.65 0.09 0.97 0.13 0.13 0.03 Lesotho 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.00 Liberia 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.04 0.01 Libyan Arab Jamahiriyia 0.79 0.10 0.81 0.11 1.42 0.19 2.28 0.59 Lithuania 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Luxembourg 1.30 0.17 1.30 0.17 1.65 0.22 0.30 0.08 Macau 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.03 Macedonia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madagascar 0.20 0.03 0.19 0.03 0.30 0.04 0.18 0.05 Malawi 0.18 0.02 0.18 0.02 0.37 0.05 0.19 0.05 Malaysia 5.07 0.67 5.10 0.67 7.09 0.94 3.33 0.86 Maldives 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mali 0.30 0.04 0.30 0.04 0.49 0.07 0.76 0.20 Malta 0.40 0.05 0.41 0.05 0.88 0.12 0.00 Marshall Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Martinique 1.04 0.14 1.06 0.14 1.40 0.18 0.03 0.01 Mauritania 0.15 0.02 0.15 0.02 0.20 0.03 0.66 0.17 Mauritius 1.90 0.25 1.83 0.24 1.36 0.18 0.02 0.01 Mayotte 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mexico 7.34 0.97 7.41 0.98 11.11 1.47 6.68 1.74 Moldavia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mongolia 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.36 0.09 Morocco 1.28 0.17 1.27 0.17 2.27 0.30 1.22 0.32 Mozambique 0.22 0.03 0.22 0.03 0.17 0.02 0.25 0.06 Myanmar Union Of 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.18 0.02 2.59 0.67 Namibia 0.34 0.04 0.33 0.04 0.32 0.04 0.17 0.04 Nauru 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43 Nepal 0.27 0.04 0.28 0.04 0.62 0.08 0.68 0.18 Netherlands 14.44 1.91 14.49 1.92 17.38 2.30 3.48 0.91 New Caledonia 0.29 0.04 0.29 0.04 0.49 0.07 0.05 0.01 New Zealand 7.37 0.97 7.10 0.94 4.72 0.62 0.27 0.07 Nicaragua 0.21 0.03 0.20 0.03 0.66 0.09 0.32 0.08 Niger 0.24 0.03 0.24 0.03 0.35 0.05 1.32 0.34 Nigeria 1.81 0.24 1.85 0.25 1.78 0.24 1.01 0.26 Niue 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Norfolk Island 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Northern Mariana Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Northern Mariana Islands(US) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Norway 1.40 0.19 1.43 0.19 4.69 0.62 1.03 0.27 Oman 1.45 0.19 1.44 0.19 2.10 0.28 0.57 0.15 Pakistan 5.18 0.68 5.19 0.69 5.31 0.70 4.89 1.27 Palau 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Panama 0.92 0.12 0.94 0.12 1.67 0.22 0.17 0.04 Papua New Guinea 0.16 0.02 0.16 0.02 0.25 0.03 0.48 0.13 Paraguay 0.24 0.03 0.26 0.03 0.44 0.06 0.19 0.05 Peru 1.60 0.21 1.60 0.21 1.53 0.20 1.33 0.34 Philippines 5.25 0.69 5.32 0.70 5.04 0.67 1.25 0.33 Poland 1.37 0.18 1.37 0.18 2.47 0.33 4.07 1.06 Portugal 4.25 0.56 4.24 0.56 5.72 0.76 2.84 0.74 Puerto Rico 6.00 0.79 5.94 0.79 9.69 1.28 0.04 0.01 Qatar 0.91 0.12 0.93 0.12 2.07 0.27 0.15 0.04 Reunion 0.66 0.09 0.77 0.10 0.90 0.12 0.01 0.00 Romania 0.34 0.05 0.34 0.05 0.80 0.11 3.36 0.87 Russia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rwanda 0.17 0.02 0.18 0.02 0.33 0.04 0.04 0.01 Samoa 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.01 Sao Tome Island 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Saudi Arabia 7.76 1.03 7.66 1.01 8.66 1.15 4.37 1.14 Senegal 0.96 0.13 0.94 0.12 1.05 0.14 0.22 0.06 Seychelles 0.38 0.05 0.38 0.05 0.40 0.05 0.00 Sierra Leone 0.09 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.20 0.03 0.06 0.02 Singapore 18.66 2.47 18.91 2.50 18.32 2.42 0.00 Slovakia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

44 Slovenia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Solomon Islands 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.04 0.01 Somalia 0.08 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.37 0.10 South Africa 4.08 0.54 4.07 0.54 2.54 0.34 0.63 0.16 Spain 12.34 1.63 12.39 1.64 16.95 2.24 10.52 2.74 Sri Lanka 1.46 0.19 1.47 0.19 1.35 0.18 0.12 0.03 St. Christopher (St. Kitts) Nevis 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.46 0.06 0.01 0.00 St. Helena 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 St. Lucia 0.27 0.04 0.33 0.04 0.99 0.13 0.01 0.00 St. Pierre And Miquelon 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 St. Vincent And The Grenadines 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 Sudan 0.37 0.05 0.38 0.05 0.79 0.10 2.49 0.65 Suriname 0.26 0.03 0.26 0.03 0.20 0.03 0.14 0.04 & Jan Mayen 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 Swaziland 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.11 0.02 0.01 0.00 Sweden 3.41 0.45 3.48 0.46 9.11 1.20 4.04 1.05 Switzerland 11.43 1.51 11.23 1.49 19.21 2.54 2.36 0.61 Syrian Arab Republic 0.79 0.10 0.80 0.11 1.53 0.20 1.03 0.27 Taiwan 11.18 1.48 11.23 1.49 13.01 1.72 0.78 0.20 Tajikistan 0.00 0.41 0.05 0.00 0.00 Tanzania 0.41 0.05 20.24 2.68 0.59 0.08 0.56 0.15 Thailand 20.48 2.71 0.29 0.04 16.66 2.20 4.81 1.25 Togo 0.35 0.05 0.52 0.07 0.76 0.10 0.17 0.04 Tonga 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Trinidad And Tobago 0.52 0.07 0.77 0.10 1.40 0.19 0.00 0.00 Tunisia 0.77 0.10 2.66 0.35 1.87 0.25 0.43 0.11 Turkey 2.62 0.35 0.03 0.00 4.63 0.61 6.38 1.66 Turkmenistan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Turks And Caicos Islands 0.03 0.00 0.18 0.02 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.00 Tuvalu 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Uganda 0.19 0.03 8.13 1.07 0.24 0.03 0.08 0.02 Ukraine 7.96 1.05 15.25 2.02 9.76 1.29 39.15 10.18 United Arab Emirates 15.42 2.04 57.49 7.60 13.24 1.75 0.99 0.26 United Kingdom 57.23 7.57 161.24 21.32 56.38 7.46 11.71 3.04 United States 161.73 21.38 0.00 99.21 13.12 36.60 9.52 United States Minor Outlying Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

45 Uraguay 0.28 0.04 0.30 0.04 1.02 0.14 0.91 0.24 Uzbekistan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Vanuatu 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.00 0.00 Venezuela 4.14 0.55 4.03 0.53 3.56 0.47 1.28 0.33 Vietnam 0.31 0.04 0.33 0.04 0.64 0.08 1.15 0.30 Virgin Islands United States 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 West Bank 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Wallis And Fortuna Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Yemen 0.46 0.06 0.46 0.06 0.91 0.12 0.22 0.06 Yugoslavia 1.64 0.22 1.65 0.22 2.59 0.34 4.41 1.15 ZAIRE 0.50 0.07 0.49 0.07 0.54 0.07 1.71 0.44 Zambia 0.69 0.09 0.68 0.09 0.49 0.07 0.75 0.20 Zimbabwe 0.94 0.12 0.92 0.12 0.96 0.13 0.63 0.16 Total 756.40 756.11 756.14 384.62

46 -1 Appendix 10 Allocation of international aviation emissions for all countries, 2000 (Gg NOx yr )

3 %3 4 %4 5 %5 6 %6 8 %8 Afghanistan 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 3.10 0.51 Albania 0.12 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.70 0.12 Algeria 0.82 0.07 1.51 0.12 0.82 0.07 0.86 0.07 4.18 0.68 American Samoa 0.16 0.01 0.00 0.16 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.00 Andorra 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 Angola 0.57 0.05 0.53 0.04 0.57 0.05 0.58 0.05 1.07 0.18 Anguilla 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 Antigua And Barbuda 0.54 0.04 0.15 0.01 0.54 0.04 0.62 0.05 0.01 0.00 Antilles 1.87 0.15 0.89 0.07 1.87 0.15 1.34 0.11 0.00 Argentina 9.75 0.80 5.49 0.45 9.75 0.80 9.81 0.80 3.46 0.57 Armenia 0.43 0.04 0.68 0.06 0.43 0.04 0.39 0.03 0.23 0.04 Aruba 1.18 0.10 0.73 0.06 1.18 0.10 1.12 0.09 0.01 0.00 Australia 29.42 2.41 27.72 2.27 29.42 2.41 30.17 2.47 15.71 2.57 Austria 6.08 0.50 9.20 0.75 6.08 0.50 6.14 0.50 5.58 0.91 Azerbaijan 0.97 0.08 1.05 0.09 0.97 0.08 0.78 0.06 0.52 0.08 Bahamas 0.72 0.06 0.17 0.01 0.72 0.06 0.82 0.07 0.18 0.03 Bahrain 3.04 0.25 8.83 0.72 3.04 0.25 2.68 0.22 0.01 0.00 Bangladesh 2.50 0.21 3.25 0.27 2.50 0.21 2.06 0.17 1.32 0.22 Barbados 1.39 0.11 0.00 1.39 0.11 1.49 0.12 0.00 Belgium 13.35 1.09 15.26 1.25 13.35 1.09 12.59 1.03 5.19 0.85 Belorussia 0.15 0.01 0.27 0.02 0.15 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.09 0.01 Belize 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.17 0.01 0.17 0.01 2.99 0.49 Benin 0.21 0.02 0.00 0.21 0.02 0.18 0.01 0.26 0.04 Bermuda 0.50 0.04 0.00 0.50 0.04 0.50 0.04 0.00 Bhutan 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.16 0.03 Bolivia 0.81 0.07 1.06 0.09 0.81 0.07 0.82 0.07 1.45 0.24 Bosnia 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.09 0.01 1.48 0.24 Botswana 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.06 0.00 1.15 0.19 Brazil 18.55 1.52 14.97 1.23 18.55 1.52 17.70 1.45 16.83 2.76 British Virgin Islands 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.09 0.01 0.00 Brunei Darussalam 0.68 0.06 1.86 0.15 0.68 0.06 0.72 0.06 0.04 0.01 Bulgaria 0.43 0.03 0.42 0.03 0.43 0.03 0.53 0.04 2.55 0.42 Burkina Faso 0.21 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.21 0.02 0.18 0.01 0.36 0.06 Burundi 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.00 Cameroon Republic Of 0.54 0.04 0.51 0.04 0.54 0.04 0.55 0.04 0.51 0.08 Canada 27.94 2.29 30.29 2.48 27.94 2.29 29.84 2.45 51.52 8.44 Cape Verde 0.82 0.07 0.22 0.02 0.82 0.07 0.78 0.06 0.01 0.00 Cayman Islands 0.28 0.02 0.14 0.01 0.28 0.02 0.28 0.02 0.00

47 Central African Republic 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.87 0.14 Chad 0.19 0.02 0.00 0.19 0.02 0.19 0.02 2.29 0.38 Chile 3.40 0.28 3.70 0.30 3.40 0.28 3.98 0.33 0.51 0.08 China 19.40 1.59 17.13 1.40 19.40 1.59 18.77 1.54 39.35 6.44 Christmas Island 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cocos Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Colombia 3.06 0.25 3.04 0.25 3.06 0.25 3.27 0.27 3.87 0.63 Comoros 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.00 Congo 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.32 0.05 Cook Islands 0.14 0.01 0.00 0.14 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.00 0.00 Costa Rica 1.24 0.10 0.97 0.08 1.24 0.10 1.46 0.12 0.32 0.05 Cote D'Ivoire 1.26 0.10 2.51 0.21 1.26 0.10 1.18 0.10 0.46 0.08 Croatia 0.32 0.03 0.43 0.04 0.32 0.03 0.34 0.03 1.88 0.31 Cuba 3.94 0.32 3.46 0.28 3.94 0.32 3.23 0.27 1.23 0.20 Cyprus 1.71 0.14 1.27 0.10 1.71 0.14 1.97 0.16 0.19 0.03 Czech Republic 1.29 0.11 1.59 0.13 1.29 0.11 1.57 0.13 3.40 0.56 Democratic Republic Of Congo 0.18 0.02 0.15 0.01 0.18 0.02 0.23 0.02 3.21 0.53 Denmark 6.68 0.55 0.93 0.08 6.77 0.55 7.22 0.59 1.44 0.24 Djibouti 0.13 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.00 Dominican Republic 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 Dominican Republic 2.88 0.24 0.08 0.01 2.88 0.24 3.42 0.28 0.36 0.06 Ecuador 1.48 0.12 0.54 0.04 1.48 0.12 1.43 0.12 0.68 0.11 Egypt 5.14 0.42 4.55 0.37 5.14 0.42 5.53 0.45 2.79 0.46 El Salvador 0.72 0.06 1.41 0.12 0.72 0.06 0.91 0.07 0.26 0.04 Equatorial Guinea 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.00 Eritrea 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.10 0.02 Estonia 0.11 0.01 0.17 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.20 0.02 0.43 0.07 Ethiopia 0.75 0.06 2.24 0.18 0.75 0.06 0.81 0.07 1.57 0.26 Falkland Islands 0.11 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.00 Faroe Islands 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.00 Fiji 2.01 0.17 1.26 0.10 2.01 0.17 1.69 0.14 0.06 0.01 Finland 3.22 0.26 5.32 0.44 3.22 0.26 3.49 0.29 1.73 0.28 France 51.96 4.26 61.95 5.08 51.96 4.26 53.40 4.38 33.37 5.46 French Guiana 0.47 0.04 0.00 0.47 0.04 0.40 0.03 0.02 0.00 French Polynesia 0.68 0.06 0.28 0.02 0.68 0.06 0.83 0.07 0.00 0.00 Gabon 0.51 0.04 0.56 0.05 0.51 0.04 0.52 0.04 0.33 0.05 Gambia 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.00 Gaza Strip 0.34 0.03 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Georgia 0.00 0.15 0.01 0.34 0.03 0.27 0.02 0.55 0.09 Germany 62.97 5.16 75.94 6.22 62.97 5.16 68.40 5.61 28.12 4.60 Ghana 1.19 0.10 1.70 0.14 1.19 0.10 0.95 0.08 0.57 0.09

48 Gibraltar 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.00 Greece 4.94 0.40 3.31 0.27 4.94 0.40 6.34 0.52 2.30 0.38 Grenada 0.11 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.01 0.18 0.01 0.01 0.00 Guadeloupe 1.69 0.14 0.08 0.01 1.69 0.14 1.79 0.15 0.06 0.01 Guam 2.09 0.17 0.00 2.09 0.17 2.16 0.18 0.00 Guatemala 0.84 0.07 0.17 0.01 0.84 0.07 0.89 0.07 0.48 0.08 Guinea 0.28 0.02 0.00 0.28 0.02 0.16 0.01 0.21 0.04 Guinea-Bissau 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 Guyana 0.20 0.02 0.16 0.01 0.20 0.02 0.17 0.01 0.15 0.02 Haiti 0.31 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.31 0.03 0.31 0.03 0.16 0.03 Honduras 0.33 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.03 0.39 0.03 0.38 0.06 Hong Kong 36.59 3.00 38.52 3.16 36.59 3.00 34.10 2.79 3.46 0.57 Hungary 1.48 0.12 1.80 0.15 1.48 0.12 1.80 0.15 0.41 0.07 Iceland 1.05 0.09 1.89 0.15 1.05 0.09 1.11 0.09 18.56 3.04 India 15.11 1.24 6.98 0.57 15.11 1.24 14.50 1.19 3.94 0.64 Indonesia 7.50 0.61 7.28 0.60 7.50 0.61 6.38 0.52 10.52 1.72 Iran 1.75 0.14 2.83 0.23 1.75 0.14 1.65 0.14 4.99 0.82 Iraq 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ireland 5.69 0.47 8.98 0.74 5.69 0.47 4.57 0.37 4.47 0.73 Israel 7.24 0.59 9.14 0.75 7.24 0.59 7.82 0.64 0.19 0.03 Italy 24.48 2.01 22.51 1.84 24.48 2.01 25.07 2.05 8.60 1.41 Jamaica 1.68 0.14 1.92 0.16 1.68 0.14 2.02 0.17 0.12 0.02 Japan 83.27 6.82 68.12 5.58 83.27 6.82 80.49 6.60 9.93 1.63 Jordan 1.34 0.11 2.37 0.19 1.34 0.11 1.56 0.13 0.60 0.10 Kampuchea Democratic 0.24 0.02 0.27 0.02 0.24 0.02 0.28 0.02 0.82 0.13 Kazakhstan 1.00 0.08 1.17 0.10 1.00 0.08 1.03 0.08 10.14 1.66 Kenya 3.17 0.26 1.76 0.14 3.17 0.26 3.47 0.28 1.38 0.23 Kiribati 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Korea Democratic Peoples Republic Of 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.00 1.32 0.22 Korea Republic Of 24.35 2.00 39.38 3.23 24.35 2.00 22.65 1.86 2.21 0.36 Kuwait 2.78 0.23 3.35 0.27 2.78 0.23 2.85 0.23 0.34 0.06 Kyrgyzstan 0.27 0.02 0.45 0.04 0.27 0.02 0.26 0.02 0.86 0.14 Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 1.24 0.20 Latvia 0.14 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.18 0.01 0.68 0.11 Lebanon 2.00 0.16 2.20 0.18 2.00 0.16 2.13 0.17 0.11 0.02 Lesotho 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 Liberia 0.11 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.11 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.06 0.01 Libyan Arab Jamahiriyia 0.38 0.03 0.36 0.03 0.38 0.03 0.42 0.03 3.24 0.53 Lithuania 0.15 0.01 0.18 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.23 0.02 0.70 0.12 Luxembourg 2.81 0.23 7.74 0.63 2.81 0.23 2.27 0.19 0.40 0.07 Macau 0.82 0.07 0.73 0.06 0.82 0.07 0.93 0.08 0.00

49 Macedonia 0.29 0.02 0.40 0.03 0.29 0.02 0.28 0.02 0.67 0.11 Madagascar 0.38 0.03 0.43 0.04 0.38 0.03 0.45 0.04 0.32 0.05 Malawi 0.13 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.16 0.03 Malaysia 16.27 1.33 24.81 2.03 16.27 1.33 14.53 1.19 6.20 1.02 Maldives 0.72 0.06 0.11 0.01 0.72 0.06 0.74 0.06 0.00 Mali 0.59 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.59 0.05 0.50 0.04 1.22 0.20 Malta 0.60 0.05 0.77 0.06 0.60 0.05 0.84 0.07 0.00 Marshall Islands 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 Martinique 1.56 0.13 0.00 1.56 0.13 1.63 0.13 0.04 0.01 Mauritania 0.16 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.16 0.01 0.17 0.01 0.82 0.13 Mauritius 1.93 0.16 1.98 0.16 1.93 0.16 2.53 0.21 0.04 0.01 Mayotte 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 Mexico 11.92 0.98 8.81 0.72 11.92 0.98 12.79 1.05 7.41 1.21 Moldavia 0.15 0.01 0.19 0.02 0.15 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.35 0.06 Mongolia 0.10 0.01 0.17 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.10 0.01 3.07 0.50 Morocco 1.72 0.14 1.80 0.15 1.72 0.14 2.31 0.19 1.31 0.21 Mozambique 0.18 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.18 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.44 0.07 Myanmar Union Of 0.18 0.02 0.10 0.01 0.18 0.02 0.21 0.02 3.46 0.57 Namibia 0.51 0.04 0.63 0.05 0.51 0.04 0.60 0.05 0.68 0.11 Nauru 0.02 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 Nepal 0.67 0.06 0.63 0.05 0.67 0.06 0.63 0.05 1.08 0.18 Netherlands 30.22 2.48 34.03 2.79 30.22 2.48 30.90 2.53 4.20 0.69 New Caledonia 0.35 0.03 0.20 0.02 0.35 0.03 0.42 0.03 0.02 0.00 New Zealand 7.77 0.64 9.69 0.79 7.77 0.64 8.59 0.70 0.22 0.04 Nicaragua 0.26 0.02 0.00 0.26 0.02 0.29 0.02 0.48 0.08 Niger 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.01 0.11 0.01 1.63 0.27 Nigeria 2.24 0.18 0.58 0.05 2.24 0.18 2.10 0.17 1.22 0.20 Niue 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Norfolk Island 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 Northern Mariana Islands 0.48 0.04 0.00 0.48 0.04 0.58 0.05 0.00 Northern Mariana Islands(US) 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 Norway 2.35 0.19 0.52 0.04 2.35 0.19 2.26 0.19 1.34 0.22 Oman 1.41 0.12 0.48 0.04 1.41 0.12 1.35 0.11 0.97 0.16 Pakistan 4.36 0.36 5.14 0.42 4.36 0.36 4.62 0.38 6.77 1.11 Palau 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.00 Panama 1.47 0.12 1.22 0.10 1.47 0.12 1.89 0.16 0.29 0.05 Papua New Guinea 0.16 0.01 0.24 0.02 0.16 0.01 0.16 0.01 0.47 0.08 Paraguay 0.14 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.23 0.04 Peru 2.76 0.23 0.49 0.04 2.76 0.23 3.27 0.27 2.17 0.35 Philippines 9.32 0.76 6.76 0.55 9.32 0.76 8.26 0.68 1.48 0.24 Poland 1.59 0.13 1.95 0.16 1.59 0.13 2.02 0.17 6.80 1.11

50 Portugal 4.99 0.41 4.32 0.35 4.99 0.41 6.12 0.50 1.69 0.28 Puerto Rico 5.76 0.47 0.01 0.00 5.76 0.47 6.30 0.52 0.06 0.01 Qatar 1.86 0.15 1.69 0.14 1.86 0.15 1.96 0.16 0.22 0.04 Reunion 2.51 0.21 0.16 0.01 2.51 0.21 1.90 0.16 0.01 0.00 Romania 0.79 0.06 1.05 0.09 0.79 0.06 1.09 0.09 5.08 0.83 Russia 11.30 0.93 17.51 1.43 11.30 0.93 10.86 0.89 49.93 8.18 Rwanda 0.14 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.14 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.00 Samoa 0.08 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.00 Sao Tome Island 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 Saudi Arabia 9.85 0.81 10.44 0.86 9.85 0.81 9.28 0.76 6.20 1.02 Senegal 1.71 0.14 0.01 0.00 1.71 0.14 1.60 0.13 0.20 0.03 Seychelles 0.34 0.03 0.55 0.04 0.34 0.03 0.44 0.04 0.00 0.00 Sierra Leone 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.08 0.01 Singapore 37.11 3.04 44.39 3.64 37.11 3.04 36.17 2.96 0.00 Slovakia 0.06 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.08 0.01 1.21 0.20 Slovenia 0.20 0.02 0.31 0.03 0.20 0.02 0.20 0.02 0.82 0.13 Solomon Islands 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 Somalia 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.66 0.11 South Africa 14.05 1.15 13.27 1.09 14.05 1.15 13.94 1.14 1.71 0.28 Spain 23.07 1.89 18.25 1.50 23.07 1.89 26.11 2.14 10.00 1.64 Sri Lanka 4.13 0.34 5.41 0.44 4.13 0.34 3.47 0.28 0.25 0.04 St. Christopher (St. Kitts) Nevis 0.08 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.00 St. Helena 0.23 0.02 0.00 0.23 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.00 St. Lucia 0.40 0.03 0.00 0.40 0.03 0.30 0.02 0.00 0.00 St. Pierre And Miquelon 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 St. Vincent And The Grenadines 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sudan 0.45 0.04 0.48 0.04 0.45 0.04 0.49 0.04 3.24 0.53 Suriname 0.26 0.02 0.16 0.01 0.26 0.02 0.28 0.02 0.24 0.04 Svalbard& Jan Mayen 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 Swaziland 0.01 0.00 0.00 5.16 0.42 5.77 0.47 0.01 0.00 Sweden 5.16 0.42 12.26 1.00 21.76 1.78 19.20 1.57 5.12 0.84 Switzerland 21.76 1.78 30.54 2.50 1.10 0.09 1.16 0.10 4.19 0.69 Syrian Arab Republic 1.10 0.09 1.24 0.10 24.05 1.97 22.03 1.81 1.71 0.28 Taiwan 24.05 1.97 35.94 2.95 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.67 0.11 Tajikistan 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.54 0.04 0.44 0.04 0.73 0.12 Tanzania 0.54 0.04 0.16 0.01 27.68 2.27 26.64 2.18 0.67 0.11 Thailand 27.68 2.27 22.09 1.81 0.25 0.02 0.18 0.01 6.32 1.04 Togo 0.25 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.10 0.02 Tonga 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.95 0.08 0.92 0.08 0.00 Trinidad And Tobago 0.95 0.08 2.35 0.19 1.39 0.11 1.58 0.13 0.03 0.01 Tunisia 1.39 0.11 1.26 0.10 6.10 0.50 7.87 0.64 0.59 0.10

51 Turkey 6.10 0.50 6.45 0.53 0.29 0.02 0.36 0.03 10.20 1.67 Turkmenistan 0.29 0.02 0.47 0.04 0.00 0.06 0.00 2.59 0.42 Turks And Caicos Islands 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 Tuvalu 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Uganda 0.60 0.05 0.36 0.03 0.60 0.05 0.40 0.03 0.22 0.04 Ukraine 1.03 0.08 0.97 0.08 1.03 0.08 1.19 0.10 7.15 1.17 United Arab Emirates 28.74 2.36 14.21 1.16 28.74 2.36 25.01 2.05 1.31 0.21 United Kingdom 92.64 7.59 89.04 7.30 92.64 7.59 94.47 7.74 16.28 2.67 United States 234.47 19.22 222.36 18.22 234.47 19.22 232.84 19.08 55.12 9.03 United States Minor Outlying Islands 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 Uraguay 0.51 0.04 0.49 0.04 0.51 0.04 0.50 0.04 1.08 0.18 Uzbekistan 3.84 0.31 2.34 0.19 3.84 0.31 3.39 0.28 4.54 0.74 Vanuatu 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.00 Venezuela 3.10 0.25 1.35 0.11 3.10 0.25 3.25 0.27 2.21 0.36 Vietnam 1.68 0.14 1.44 0.12 1.68 0.14 1.61 0.13 2.59 0.42 Virgin Islands United States 0.44 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.44 0.04 0.55 0.05 0.00 0.00 West Bank 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.01 Wallis And Fortuna Islands 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Yemen 0.48 0.04 0.89 0.07 0.48 0.04 0.50 0.04 0.48 0.08 Yugoslavia 0.34 0.03 0.49 0.04 0.34 0.03 0.35 0.03 2.93 0.48 Zambia 0.25 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.25 0.02 0.24 0.02 1.38 0.23 Zimbabwe 1.01 0.08 1.20 0.10 1.01 0.08 1.05 0.09 1.03 0.17 Total 1,220.14 1,220.15 1,220.24 1,220.24 610.64

52 Appendix 11

Aviation, radiative forcing and the radiative forcing index

In 2000, Lee and Sausen (2000) pointed out that the greater RF for aviation than its CO2 RF alone, had potential ramifications for the implementation of a market based option (MBO) designed to reduce climate change, emissions trading. The underlying philosophy of emissions trading and its application to aviation is described elsewhere (e.g. Arthur Andersen, 2001; TRUCOST, 2004; Cames and Deuber, 2004; ICF, 2004).

Lee and Sausen (2000) suggested that incorporating aviation into an open ‘CO2-only’ emissions trading regime for aviation had the potential to degrade the environment, the very opposite of the underlying policy objective, when viewed as a closed system. This thesis critically assumed that aviation was a net purchaser of permits (since it wanted to grow) and the regime was ‘open’, i.e. inter-sectoral trading was allowed. The reason for this is that transferring a permit for, say, 1 tonne of CO2 from a ground- source to aviation had a larger radiative effect that the total effect if it had been from a surface emission of CO2. Lee and Sausen (2000) concluded:

“The obvious way forward in an open-sector emissions trading regime is to weight any CO2 permits purchased by aviation such that the additional RF effects are accounted for. However, such weighting functions would be spatially and temporally variable, and the supporting science to define these require further development.”

The phrasing that Lee and Sausen (2000) used is rather subtle but nonetheless very careful; they proposed to weight

CO2 emissions permits, they did not propose the weighting factor, nor did they propose weighting a unit emission of

CO2 by the RFI. This has been frequently misunderstood and misrepresented as there is a difference between stating that ‘aviation has approximately 3 times the forcing of its CO2 (forcing) alone’ and; ‘aviation forcing requires multiplying the emission of CO2 by 3 to account for the RFI’. These are two different statements and Lee and Sausen (2000) did not state the latter.

The IPCC assessment of the RFI for 1992 was 2.7 (range 1.9 – 4.0). More recently, the TRADEOFF project reassessed the RF from aviation (Sausen et al., 2005), which implied an RFI of 1.9 (see Appendix 12); in both cases, a cirrus RF was excluded from the calculation of both total RF and RFI.

What is not commonly appreciated is the underlying calculations to individual RFs. A frequent question posed is whether any time element is incorporated into the RF calculations. This is made clear in the IPCC (1999) report. For example, the basis of the CO2 forcing calculation is given in a footnote to Table 6-1 in Chapter 6 of IPCC (1999). For

CO2, it is possible to calculate RF with a radiative transfer model that simulates the effect of CO2 concentrations on infrared radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere. However, it is more common to use simplified functions that simulate the performance – rather accurately – of these radiative transfer models such that CO2 RF can be more easily calculated. A function for this was given by the IPCC (1994) in the supplementary report to the First Assessment Report. Subsequently, this was elaborated in a report of simplified climate models by the IPCC (1997) and a further critique and summary of these functions given in the Third Assessment Report (IPCC, 2001).

There are two important points to be made regarding CO2 forcing calculations. Firstly, because of the long lifetime of

CO2 in the atmosphere, it is necessary to calculate the RF based upon a historical concentration profile. Secondly, the RF does not scale with CO2 concentrations because the functions used mimic the saturation effect of CO2. From this, two subtle points emerge: firstly, that an RF calculation for a given point in time is just that – the RF at time ‘x’ is based upon the history of concentrations and the consequential profile of RF. It says nothing about the future RF arising from that profile. Moreover, if one is interested in a component part – e.g. aviation – of that CO2 forcing, the fractional contribution depends upon the background concentration. Put another way, the same mass emission profile can produce different forcings, depending upon the background emissions. This is a point more relevant for forward projections.

For other aviation-relevant forcings, the only one that needs a time-element is CH4 as it has a lifetime of approximately 8 – 12 years. This is commonly accounted for in the calculations that provide the CH4 concentration reduction.

53 If one examines the IPCC RFIs for the 2050 scenarios, they are shown to be different, ranging from 2.2 to 3.1 (IPCC, 1999; see also Appendix 12). The reason for this is that the RFI is not an intrinsically fixed number – it is completely dependent upon either the actual history of CO2 emissions or, the assumed forward scenario. Thus, if aviation emissions were held constant from 1992 onwards – the RFI changes over time, gradually decreasing as CO2 assumes a more important role because of its long lifetime.

It is therefore important to understand that an RFI depends entirely on the scenario. That the RFI for 2050 under scenario Fa1 is 2.6, i.e. more or less constant over the time period from the 1992 base year, is entirely fortuitous. Thus, the higher growth rate scenario Fe1 has an RFI of 3.1 and the lower growth rate scenario Fc1 has an RFI of 2.2.

Thus the RFI has to be understood for what it is: it is the ratio of forcings and its use as a multiplicative factor for emissions of CO2 would be inconsistent with its definition. In order to calculate CO2 forcing from emissions, the history of emissions must be known, a carbon-cycle model (or similar) must be used to calculate concentrations from emissions, and then a recognized function – which is generally logarithmic – or a radiative transfer model must be used to calculate forcing (e.g. Mhyre et al., 1998).

It is potentially possible to devise a weighting function, as suggested by Lee and Sausen (2000) of emissions to derive a full environmental effect of the non-CO2 effects: work is currently underway to do this (Lee, personal communication 2005) with a simple analytical climate model (Lim et al., 2005) using a modification of the ‘Global Temperature Potential’ concept put forward by Shine et al. (2005).

Thus, here we do not multiply the aviation CO2 emissions calculated here by an RFI, rather we recommend that the results of a derivation of an accepted weighting function are used in due course.

54 55 Appendix 12

Estimates of radiative forcing for 1992, 2015 and 2050 from IPCC (1999) and for 2000 (Sausen et al., 2005)

Scenario Fuel burn NOx CO2 conc CO2 O3 CH4 H2O Contrails Sulphate BC Total RFI (Mt yr-1) emission (ppmv) aerosols aerosols (Mt yr-1) NASA 1992a 160.3 1.92 1.0 +0.018 +0.023 -0.014 +0.0015 +0.020 -0.003 +0.003 +0.048 2.7 Low +0.013 +0.011 -0.005 +0.000 +0.005 -0.001 +0.001 High +0.023 +0.046 -0.042 +0.005 +0.060 -0.009 +0.009 NASA 2015 324.0 4.34 2.5 +0.038 +0.040 -0.027 +0.003 +0.060 -0.006 +0.006 +0.114 3.0 Fa1-2050 471.0 7.15 6.0 +0.074 +0.060 -0.045 +0.004 +0.100 -0.009 +0.009 +0.193 2.6 Low +0.052 +0.030 -0.015 +0.000 +0.030 -0.003 +0.003 High +0.096 +0.120 -0.120 +0.015 +0.400 -0.027 +0.027 Fa2-2050 487.6 5.55 6.1 +0.075 +0.047 -0.035 +0.005 +0.100 -0.009 +0.009 +0.192 Fc1-2050 268.2 4.01 4.9 +0.060 +0.034 -0.025 +0.003 +0.057 -0.005 +0.005 +0.129 2.2 Fc2-2050 277.2 3.14 5.0 +0.061 +0.026 -0.020 +0.003 +0.057 -0.005 +0.005 +0.127 Fe1-2050 744.3 11.38 7.4 +0.091 +0.096 -0.072 +0.007 +0.158 -0.014 +0.014 +0.280 3.1 Fe2-2050 772.1 8.82 7.6 +0.093 +0.074 -0.055 +0.007 +0.158 -0.015 +0.015 +0.277 TRADEOFF +0.0253 +0.0219 -0.0104 +0.0020 +0.010 -0.0035 +0.0035 +0.0478 1.9 2000 TRADEOFF +0.0250 +0.0289 -0.0185 +0.0020 +0.0339 -0.0040 +0.0040 +0.0713 2.9 2000 (scaled to IPCC) aScenarios in bold were studied with atmospheric models and defined 3D emission inventories; others were scaled to these scenarios. The NASA 1992 and 2015 scenarios were scaled by 1.15 and 1.05, respectively to account for inefficiencies in flight routing; the TRADEOFF 2000 data were also scaled by 1.15

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