Georgia's Road to NATO

vol. v/2015 vol. Warsaw East European Conference • 1990-2015 Review European East Warsaw Warsaw East European Review volume v/2015 R Warsaw East European Conference Okl_Warsaw East European Review 2015.indd 1 2015-07-09 09:05:08 Warsaw East European Review volume v/2015 Warsaw East European Conference INTERNAT I ONAL BOARD : Egidijus Aleksandravičius, Vytautas Magnus University Stefano Bianchini, University of Bologna Miroslav Hroch, Charles University Yaroslav Hrytsak, Ukrainian Catholic University Andreas Kappeler, University of Vienna Zbigniew Kruszewski, University of Texas, El Paso Jan Kubik, University College London Panayot Karagyozov, Sofia University Alexey Miller, Russian Academy of Sciences Richard Pipes, Harvard University Mykola Riabchuk, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Alexander Rondeli, Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies John Micgiel, Columbia University Barbara Törnquist-Plewa, Lund University Theodore Weeks, Southern Illinois University ED I TOR I AL COMM I TTEE : Jan Malicki, University of Warsaw (Director of the WEEC – Warsaw East European Conference, chair of the Committee) John Micgiel (chair of the WEEC Board), University of Warsaw Wiktor Ross (secretary of the WEEC Board, University of Warsaw) ED I TOR -I N -CH I EF Jerzy Kozakiewicz, University of Warsaw ASS I STANT ED I TOR Konrad Zasztowt, University of Warsaw ISBN: 978-83-61325-44-4 ISSN: 2299-2421 Copyright © by Studium Europy Wschodniej UW 2015 COVER AND TYPOGRAPH ic DES I GN J.M & J.J.M. LAYOUT Jan Malik PR I NT I NG Zakład Graficzny UW, nr zam. /2015 Foreword . 9 I. UKRA I NE , MOLDOVA AND THE EU Galyna A. Piskorska, Natalia L. Yakovenko, Ukraine in International Relations . 13 Olga Brusylovska, Territorial and Cross-Border Cooperation of the EU with Russia, Ukraine and Moldova. 27 Monika Ślęzak, Ethnic Structure of Ukraine and the Ukrainian Diaspora in Selected European Countries (Poland, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia). 41 Nataliya Chahrak, Aging Society in Poland and Ukraine: New Challenges for the Edu- cational Sector. 61 Nataliia Drozd, Ukraine’s Economic Performance Times of Global Financial Instability. 75 II. GEORG I A ’S REFORMS AND EURO -ATLANT ic ASP I RAT I ONS Marion Kipiani, Georgia’s Road to NATO: Everything but Membership?. 89 Marcin Rutowicz, Triumphs and Failures of Saakashvili’s Administration in Georgia (2003-2012). 109 Krzysztof Łukjanowicz, In Memoriam: Dr. Alexander Rondeli (1942-2015) . 117 III. CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE : FROM COMMUN I ST UTOP I A TO POST -COMMUN I ST REAL I T I ES Marius Tărîţă, Ukrainian Literature in the Moldavian SSR (1944-1953) . 121 Mariusz Maszkiewicz, Civilian-Based Defense System: New Approach – the Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian Experience. 131 Palina Prysmakova, Where are We on the European Map? Comparing Public Service Motivation in Central and Eastern Europe with Neighboring Countries. 149 FOREWORD Foreword he Warsaw East European Review (WEER) publishes some of the best papers presented at the Warsaw East European Conference, as well as articles written by scholars affiliated with the Centre for East European Studies. Usually the Tauthors are both young and experienced researchers specializing in Central and Eastern European, Russian, Balkan, Turkish, Caucasian and Central Asian issues. This time we decided to divide the new volume into three sections: “Ukraine, Moldova and the EU”, “Georgia’s Reforms and Euro-Atlantic Aspirations” and “Central and Eastern Europe: From Communist Utopia to Post-Communist Realities”. This year’s volume of WEER is especially dedicated to Ukrainian issues. It opens with the article of Galyna A. Piskorska and Natalia L. Yakovenko from Taras Shevchen- ko National University on Ukraine in international relations. The authors underline that forming a positive international image of Ukraine is a necessary part of effective promotion and realization of the state’s national interests. As Piskorska and Yakovenko emphasize, this issue became especially important for Ukraine after Russian aggression in Crimea and later in the Donbas region, after “the system of international agreements (as well as the post-war security system) has been destroyed, and divisional lines have once more appeared in Europe”. In her article, Olga Brusylovska from Odessa Mech- nikov National University focuses on various experiences of the cross-border cooperation between the EU and its Eastern neighbours: Ukraine, Moldova and Russia. Monika Ślęzak summarizes data from various sources on the demographics of ethnic groups in Ukraine and Ukrainian minorities in the countries of the region (Poland, Belarus and Baltic states). Nataliya Chahrak deals with the issue of aging society and compares situations in Ukraine and Poland, whereas Nataliia Drozd analyses Ukraine’s economic situation in the period of global financial instability. The second section of articles contains studies on Georgia, its relations with NATO and the reforms related to the country’s democratization process, as well as the security WEEReview v/2015 9 Introduction sector’s transformation. Marion Kipiani, an Austrian scholar based in Tbilisi from summer 2009 until early 2015, reviews the long record of Georgia’s efforts to become a member of NATO. She also analyses the current chances of the government in Tbilisi to speed-up this process. The article by Marcin Rutowicz evaluates the successes and failures of Mikheil Saakashvili presidency. At the end of the Georgian section, Krzysztof Łukjanowicz, from the Caucasus Bureau of the Centre for East European Studies in Tbilisi, pays tribute to Alexander Rondeli, director of the Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies (GFSIS), who passed away on June 12th, 2015. It is worth mentioning that Dr. Rondeli participated in many events organized by the Cen- tre for East European Studies. In recent years, more than a dozen Polish students and academics completed internships in Alexander Rondeli’s organization, GFSIS. He also published many excellent articles in WEER. The last section’s articles deal with various topics related to the Communist past and current realities in Central and East European countries. Marius Tărîţă, from Chisinau’s Institute of History, describes the mutual fascination of Moldovan and Ukrainian Soviet writers. The former, nevertheless, had to participate in the gloomy spectacle of con- demning the Ukrainian poet, Volodymyr Sosyura, staged by the totalitarian regime. The Moldavian Union of Soviet Writers was forced to emphasize its “fight against bourgeois nationalism in literature”. In his article, former Polish Ambassador to Belarus, Mar- iusz Maszkiewicz, analyses the effectiveness of non-violent methods of social resistance against authoritarian regimes. He examines the experience of recent revolution in Kyiv and draws upon the thought of Lithuanian philosopher Gražina Miniotaitė, who already in the 1990s formulated the concept of civilian-based defense. Palina Prysmakova from Florida Atlantic University compares public service motivation in Central and Eastern Europe in her article; still shaped to a large extent by the Communist past. 10 WEEReview v/2015 I UKRA I NE , MOLDOVA AND THE EU Ukraine in International Relations GALYNA A. PI SKORSKA , NATAL I A L. YAKOVENKO Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv orld globalization processes, which are especially reflected in the communi- cation sphere, mean that Ukraine must consider general tendencies of world information space development, the integral part of which is the image of Wthe state – fast turning into one of the key problems of information security. The point is to essentially increase the regulative influence of the modern state on the formation process of such specific information resources as its international reputation, as well as its public and political images, which should reflect basic national values and goals of the state, up to and including stereotypes and various other representations.1 The tasks mentioned above have become especially topical for Ukraine after signing the Associa- tion Treaty with the EU, which has caused the need for new important tasks to be solved concerning national security, the strengthening of Ukraine’s political and economic po- sitions of the state on the international arena, as well as the development of equal and mutually beneficial cooperation with other subjects of international relations. The image of the nation as a subject for research came about in response to the need to clearly define between “ours” and “not ours – stranger’s”, as well as to create an image of the enemy based on stable ideological stereotypes, often unreal and artificially produced.2 After gaining independence, the new post-Soviet states faced acute problems to overcome such stereotypes, and create a positive convincing and characteristic image in world policy and amongst the international community. In Ukraine in particular, the coordination of positioning technologies and their assessment was dealt with by many official institutions, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs the State Committee on Tourism, State Agency on Investments and National Projects of Ukraine, as well as spe- cialized departments of governmental structures, such as the the O. Razumkov Centre of Economic and Political Research, and the Ukrainian Agency of International Devel- opment, not to mention corporate and non-government structures of the state. 1 Л.В. Губерський, “Імідж України міжнародний”, Українська дипломатична енциклопедія у 2-х т. (Кyiv, 2004), Vol. 1,

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