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Appendix A W. G. Armstrong and Co. and Successor Companies, 1847-1928: A Commercial and Financial Record

W. G. Armstrong & Co., 1847-82

1847 Site at Elswick purchased April. Capital by summer £43 000. Pro­ duction began October. 1848 business growing. First, unsuccessful, attempts to build loco­ motives. 1849 Two hydraulic winding engines ordered by South Hetton Coal Co. 1850 45 cranes made. Employment at Elswick over 300. Armstrongs won contract for Grimsby dock gates. 1851 Armstrong hydraulic cranes and other machinery praised at . 1852 75 cranes made. 1853 At approximately this time, first bridge-building operations. 1854 First dividend paid to partners. Armstrong designed submarine mines for . November, plans for first Armstrong gun. 1855 First Armstrong gun delivered to War Office. 1856 New design for gun submitted. 1857 Development work on ordnance. 1858 W. G. Armstrong appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance to the War Office with control over Woolwich Arsenal. 1859 Elswick Ordnance Company formed. George Rende) brought in as a managing partner. 1860 Andrew Noble to Elswick as joint manager of ordnance works. 1861 Shoeburyness trials established superiority of Armstrong over Whit­ worth gun. A. Noble a partner at Elswick. C. Mitchell began five-year programme of Russian warship building at Walker yard. 1862 Second Armstrong attempt to produce failed in early 1860s. 1863 In winter and spring Armstrong's connection with War Office and Woolwich terminated. All British government orders for Elswick Ordnance Co. ceased. S. Rende! association with Armstrong com­ pany began in course of proceedings of Ordnance Select Committee. Late 1863, S. Rende! began search for first foreign orders. Joseph Whitworth supplying Confederate army with guns.

256 Appendix A 257

1864 212 cranes made. 1 January merger of engine and ordnance works as Sir W. G. Armstrong & Co. 1865 Blast furnaces built at Elswick. 1866 Agreement with William Palliser for use of his gun patents. H. 0. Rende! joined Armstrongs in engine works. 1867 Agreement with Mitchells of Low Walker that Armstrongs should build naval vessels in his yard. 1868 Armstrongs' first vessel, the gunboat Staunch, launched at Walker. Consideration and rejection of proposal to make guns in Italy. 1869 Armaments negotiations with Austria. 1870 Armstrongs took out licence to make Gatling automatic gun. 1871 Elswick in forefront of Nine Hour Movement Strike, May-October. 1872 Brazilian Ordnance Committee decides to adopt Whitworth gun. Armstrong negotiated over armament supply to France. 1873 Japanese visit to Elswick. 1874 Negotiations with Russia over plans to permit manufacture there on Armstrong patents. 1875 Throughout mid-1870s negotiations for sales with Turkish Empire. S. Rende! wrote The Question of the Guns to defend the Armstrong system against the claims of foreign ordnance and that of Whitworth. 1876 Strengthening of Armstrong contact with Italy. Swing Bridge, New­ castle, engineered by Armstrongs, opened- development of industry requiring sea access began above the Newcastle-Gateshead bridges. 1877 Progress by Noble and Abel with slow-burning powder. Armstrong negotiations with Brazil and China. 1878 Manufacture of heavy guns for Italy. 1879 Committee on Ordnance recommended British return to breech­ loaded guns. Whitworths made their first armour plate. 1880 S. Rende! left firm, as MP for Montgomeryshire. Joseph Whitworth opened Openshaw works to replace crowded Charlton Street, Man­ chester works. 1881 Employment by Armstrongs c. 4000. 1882 G. Rende! left Elswick to take up post of extra Civil Lord of Admiralty. November agreement for merger with Charles Mitchell & Co. as public limited company. Fast protected Esmeralda built at Walker for Chile (later delivered to Japan).

Sir W. G. Armstrong Mitchell & Co. Ltd., 1883-96

Profit After Taxation (£) 1883 146120 Construction of and steel works at Elswick well advanced. February, J. Vavasseur joined A/M and his operations moved from . 1884 150246 Shipyard and steelworks almost complete. 1885 172367 First , the Panther launched for Austria at Elswick. H. F. Swan inaugurated modern with Gluck­ aufbuilt at Walker. Land bought at Pozzuoli for Italian factory. 258 Appendix A

1886 195 415 Three warships and six merchant launched. 1887 213973 HMS Victoria launched at Elswick. Death of Sir Joseph Whitworth. 1888 233 594 Pozzuoli at work. Erith cartridge factory built. De- velopment of AIM Quick Firing Gun. 1889 243924 Part of Ordnance Works site given up for steelworks extension. Decision not to build shipyard at Pozzuoli. 1890 314588 Steelworks made 4000 tons forgings and 2000 tons castings. 1891 309621 Contract for supply of fast protected cruiser Yoshino for Japan. 1892 228 784 Trade badly affected by strikes in Durham coal mines and Scottish steelworks. 1893 231181 Strike in Tyneside , owners gave way. 1894 236246 Strike of moulders and pattern makers. 1895 251516 Revaluation of land and buildings at Walker and Elswick. Ordinary share capital increased to £3m. Death of C. Mitchell.

Sir W.G. Armstrong & Co. Ltd., 1896-7

1896 335 158 Consideration and rejection of proposal for construc­ tion of an armour plate works at Barrow.

Sir W. G. & Co. Ltd., 1897-1929

1897 442863 Amalgamation with Sir Joseph Whitworth & Co, approved January. Decision to build armour plate works at Openshaw. Consideration and rejection of suggestion for involvement in major US east-coast arsenal/naval shipyard. 1898 490962 Lengthy labour dispute. 1899 653612 Elswick blast furnaces demolished to make room for new shops. Land acquired at Scots wood to be developed for shot, shell and fuze works (and later for an auto­ mobile plant). 1900 671106 Death of Lord Armstrong. Sir Andrew Noble became Chairman. 1901 564864 Additional capital needed for Elswick extensions, Open­ shaw armour plate works and Scotswood. P. Watts left to become Director of Naval Construction at Admiralty. 1902 652698 Land and buildings revalued. Thames Ammunition Works on Dartford Creek purchased. 1903 631359 Acquisition of controlling interest in Ansaldo engineer­ ing group of Genoa. 1904 636323 Negotiations began for association with Hadfields of . 1905 618414 Accelerated capital spending to cope with requirement of new, faster machine tools. Appendix A 259

1906 652639 Took interest, shared with , in Whitehead Company of Weymouth. Consideration of acquiring an interest in Beardmore & Co. 1906 475777 (Six months to end December, marking transition from a financial year ending 31 June to one ending 31 December.) 1907 722409 Proposals for association with Hadfields rejected. 1908 491350 Seven-month strike. Consideration of acquisition of interest in Hawthorn Leslie. 1909 500325 Problems of suitable conditions for building larger warships causes first consideration of a new yard at High Walker. 1910 611345 Beardmore interest again considered. Decision to build new shipyard. 1911 681138 Resignation of Sir A. Noble from active management. 1912 761765 Extensions at Openshaw and Scotswood. New steel works at Montreal. E. H. T.-D'Eyncourt left Elswick to become Director of Naval Construction. 1913 877684 Death of Lord Rende!, June. 1914 925522 January, the Rio de Janeiro sold to Turkey and re­ named Sultan Osman. June, visit of Naval Architects Association to the new Armstrong Yard, Walker. 1915 1289419 Close Works, Gateshead rented from Parsons & Co. Increased depreciation in view of continuous use of machines. Sir Andrew Noble died October. J. M. Falkner succeeds as Chairman. 1916 'After the War Conditions' sub-committee appointed. Consideration of entering civil . 1917 Decision taken to provide own marine engine building 4053 605 capacity. 1918 building to be undertaken after end of war. 1919 Crompton and Co., electrical engineering, and Sidde­ ley Deasy Motor Car Co. acquired. 1920 675179 Acquired £0·86 million interest in Pearson Knowles of Lancashire. December, J. M. Falkner retired as Chair­ man. Sir Glynn West appointed to Chair. 1921 438887 Acquisition of Charles Walmesley, paper machinery works. Short of work in traditional lines. Large-scale cancellations of naval and merchant shipbuilding work. 1922 467 549 Strikes in year. Only busy departments were hydro­ electric and civil engineering. Decision taken to embark on Newfoundland electricity and pulp and paper developments. 1923 436376 Additional orders, but at tight prices. 1924 505250 Trade depression acute. Financial problems led to closer contacts with Bank of and with Baring Bros. 1925 891503 In financial difficulties with major contracts. (loss) 260 Appendix A

1926 531210 Scheme of arrangements for Debenture Holders to (loss) reduce interest charges. 1927 527953 Revaluation of investment in Italy. Arrangement (loss) to dispose of Newfoundland Power and Paper Co. Autumn arrangement for amalgamation with Vickers. 1928 551970 1 January 1928, all naval and armament business of Sir (loss) W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co. passed to Vickers-Armstrong Ltd. Appendix B Members of the Board of Directors of Armstrong Mitchell and Successor Companies, 1883-1929

Armstrong Mitchell

1883 Sir William Armstrong Chairman Capt. A. Noble Vice-Chairman W. D. Cruddas Sir James McGarel Hogg, MP C. Mitchell H. 0. Rende! S. Rende! Sir William Siemens H. F. Swan Rt Hon. Lord Sude1ey Rt Hon. Lord Thurlow J. Vavasseur P. G. B. Westmacott Lt. Gen. Younghusband 1884 Sir W. Siemens died: replaced by Hon. E. F. Leveson Gower. 1885 Col. H. Dyer added. 1887 G. Rende! and Count Albini added. 1888-9 J. M. Falkner succeeded W. D. Cruddas as Secretary, but not in a directorship. 1890 End of directorship of Lord Margheramorne (formerly Sir J. McGarel Hogg). 1895 S. Noble and P. Watts added. Death of C. Mitchell. 1896 Sir W. G. Armstrong and Co. 1897 Sir W. G. Armstrong Whitworth and Co. H. 0. Rende! resigned. Replaced by W. A. Watson-Armstrong. H. S. Carrington, M. Gledhill, H. Whitehead and Maj. Gen. Sir Henry Alderson of Whitworths joined Board. 1898 Death of M.G. Gledhill and of Col. H. Dyer. 1900 Death of Lt. General Younghusband. C. W. Mitchell appointed. Death of Lord Armstrong. Sir A. Noble Chairman, Lord Rende! Vice-Chairman.

261 262 Appendix B

1901-2 Retirement of P. Watts. J. M. Falkner appointed. (A. Cochrane Secretary, but not director.) 1902-3 Death of G. W. Rendel. Election of H. N. Gladstone. 1908 Death of E. Leveson Gower. 1909-10 Deaths of Count Albini, H. F. Swan and J. Vavasseur. J. Noble elected as director. 1911 Retirement of W. D. Cruddas. 1912 Election to Board of Sir E. P. Girouard, Rt Hon. Sir G. H. Murray, Rear Admiral C. L. Ottley. 1913 Death of Lord Rendel. J. M. Falkner Vice-Chairman. 1915 Death of Sir A. Noble. J. M. Falkner Chairman. Election to Board of Sir A. G. Hadcock, Rt Hon. Lord Sydenham. 1916 Reappointment to Board of Sir Philip Watts. 1917 Death of P. Westmacott. 1918 Election of Sir Glynn West, Lord Southborough. 1920 Retirement from Chairmanship of J. M. Falkner. Sir Glynn West elected to chair. Retirement of H. Whitehead and H. N. Gladstone. 1921 Sir J. Noble Vice-Chairman. A. H. J. Cochrane and W. T. C. Cochrane elected to Board. 1923 Retirement of Sir E. P. Girouard. 1924 Election of Sir E. H. T. D'Eyncourt. 1925 Election of J. F. Taylor. 1926 Death of Sir P. Watts. Resignation of Sir Glynn West, J. M. Falkner, Sir G. H. Murray, Sir Charles Ottley and Lord Sydenham. Lord Southborough Chairman. J. F. Taylor replaced J. Noble as Vice-Chairman. [At approximately this time the following were added to the Board: J. Hawson, J.D. Siddeley, J.P. Davison and Sir A. Kaye Butterworth, and S. Noble resigned.] 1927 Resignation of J. Noble, A. H.J. Cochrane, C. W. Mitchell and Sir A. Kaye Butterworth. 1928 Resignation of Lord Southborough and E. H. T. D'Eyncourt. 1929 Resignation of J. F. Taylor. Appendix C Warships and other Armed Vessels built by Armstrong Whitworth and its Predecessor Companies to 1912

Flag Number of ships Displacement tons

British 40 168363 Japanese 13 100587 Brazilian 11 81610 Chilean 9 61070 Chinese 22 25765 Norwegian 4 14554 Russian 8 14000 Argentine 5 13619 Italian 5 8969 Turkish 2 4 701 Portuguese 1 4253 1 3437 Austrian 2 3082 Spanish 2 2108 Roumanian 1 1331 Dutch 2 340 Grand Total 128 507789 Source: The Elswick Ordnance Co, privately published, 1912.

263 Notes and References

Sources: Records of Armstrongs and of Other Armament Companies Armstrong Whitworth Services . Vickers records - at Vickers House, Millbank, and now at the University Library, Cambridge. Correspondence of Stuart, Lord Rende! held by Miss R. Rende! and in the Rende! Collection of the National Library of Wales. Correspondence held by Mr John Noble. There is extensive material dealing with the reorganisation of the armament trade in the archives of the Bank of England. Recollections of T. H. W. Cruddas of Elswick since he joined as an apprentice in 1905, in a letter of 1957 to W. F. G. Pritchett (in Vickers records). Recollections of Sir James Reid in 1959 for J.D. Scott (in Vickers records). H. D. Scott notes for Vickers: A History (1962) (in Vickers records). J.D. Scott notes of discussions with the Bank of England concerning Armstrongs in the 1920s (1958) (in Vickers records). C. W. Townsin. Recollections and notes (1959) (in Vickers records). Other British Armament Firms Vickers - as above. - these records are reported to have been largely destroyed in the Second World War, or otherwise lost. John Brown - records of the Sheffield branch not traced; records of the Clydeside operations are in the business archives held in the University of Glasgow. Beardmores- in business archives of the University of Glasgow. Ordnance - not traced.

Abbreviations used in Notes

A&E Arms and Explosives A.H.J.C. A. Cochrane A.M. Armstrong Mitchell & Co. A.N. Andrew Noble A/W Armstrong Whitworth Papers B.B. Sir Benjamin Browne D.N.B. Dictionary of National Biography E.H.T.D. Eustace Tennyson D'Eyncourt Eng Engineer Engg Engineering E.R.P. Sir Edward Peacock E.S.C. English Steel Corporation Magazine

264 Notes and References 265

G.M. George Murray G.R. George Rende! H.N.G. Henry N. Gladstone H.R. Hamilton Rende! H.S.C. H. S. Carrington H.W. Henry Whitehead !.C. T.R. Iron and Coal Trades Review J.F.T. James Frater Taylor J.M.F. John Meade Falkner J.N. John H. B. Noble J.P. J. R. Perrett J.V. Josiah Vavasseur M.J. Mining Journal M.N. Sir Montagu Norman (later Lord Norman) P.N. Philip Noble S.M.T. Securities Management Trust S.N. Saxton Noble S.R. Stuart Rende! (Lord Rende!) T.E. Times Engineering Supplement Times T & E Times Trade and Engineering Supplement T&W Tyne & Wear Archives V.M. Vickers Minutes W.B.M. William Beardmore Minutes w.c. William Cruddas W.G.A. William George Armstrong (Sir William, later Lord)

1 Introduction: British Industrial Decline and the Armament Trade 1. Carr and Taplin, 1962, p. 151. 2. Trebilcock, 1977, passim.

PART I THE ESTABLISHMENT, EXPANSION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF ARMSTRONGS, 1847-85

2 The Foundation of Elswick Works and its Entry to the Armament Business

l. Cochrane, 1909, p. 20. McKenzie, 1983, passim. 2. Local Records, p. 209. 3. Dougan, 1971; Cochrane, 1909. 4. Cochrane, 1909, p. 67. 5. Hunt, 1851, p. 538; Hunt, 1862, p. 224; Poole, 1852, 'Cranes'. 6. Armstrong Whitworth, 1912. 7. Bessemer, 1905, passim. 8. The Times, 24 January 1860, p. 10, 'The Armstrong Gun'; ibid, 26 January 1860, p. 10 and 12 November 1860. 9. Beeton, 1883. 10. The Times, 6 June 1859, p. 10. 266 Notes and References

11. The Times, 6 May 1861, p. 10. 12. The Times, 28 February 1862, p. 6. 13. Quoted, The Times, 28 February 1859, p. 123; 12 March 1859, p. 12f. 14. Quoted, Jeans, 1884, pp. 27 and 92. 15. The Times, 6 November 1862, p. 4a; 10 November 1862, p. 5b. 16. E. Layard toW. Pole A/W T & W. Box 1192. 17. The Times, 13 February 1863, p. 9b. 18. The Times, 28 March 1863, p. 12C. 19. /.C. T.R., 13 March 1896, pp. 373-89 (especially 383-4). 20. Cochrane, 1909, p. 88; I. C. T.R., 1896 ibid; and Barry, 1863, pp. 94-5.

3 A Managerial Team

1. D.N.B., entry by W. F. Spear. 2. Obituary notice, Eng, 29 October 1915, pp. 406-7. Engg, 29 October 1915 pp. 449-51. 3. A copy of the agreement of 1 January 1864 is in Vickers File 38.

4 Beginnings in Shipbuilding

1. G.R. to S.R., 11 July 1868. 2. M.J., 12 March 1859, p. 179. 3. G.R. to S.R., 22 November 1866. 4. The Times, 22 May 1869, p. 9. 5. The Times, 10 January 1882. 6. M.J., 15 April1876, p. 419; 21 September 1878, p. 1043; and Elswick, 1880. 7. G.R. to S.R., 13 March 1881 and 5 April 1881. 8. S.R. letter, n.d., Vickers Archives. 9. S.R. to M.E. Grant Duff, 10 November 1882,25 July 1884,7 October 84.

5 Integration to the mid-1880s

1. S.R. and W. Palliser, correspondence 1866-75, A/W Papers, T & W Box 1186. 2. G.R. to S.R. during early 1876 and 25 April 1876. 3. Eng, 3 November 1899 p. 438; obituary of Younghusband. 4. The Times, 16 November 1908 and 20 November 1908, p. 53b. 5. W.G.A. to S.R., 10 October 1882. 6. Armstrong Mitchell and Armstrong Whitworth Minutes; and Cruddas, 1957, p. 6.

6 The Organisation of the Armstrong Company: the Role of Andrew Noble

1. Scott, 1962, pp. 32, 90. 2. Dougan, 1971, pp, 153-4. 3. Trebilcock, 1977. 4. McKendrick, in Trebilcock, 1977, p. XXVI. Notes and References 267

5. A & E, February 1910, p. 15. 6. Shipbuilder, November 1915, p. 205. 7. Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, 1915-16, Part 3. 8. The Times, 23 October, 1915. 9. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1917-18, pp. VI, XIV. 10. Fairbairn, 1958, p. 93. 11. The Times, 7 June 1913. 12. S.R. Memorandum, 10 July 1910. 13. Dougan, 1971, p. 153. 14. G.R. to S.R., 19 February 1873. 15. A.N. to S.R., 23 May 1867. 16. G.R. to S.R., 23 November 1879, 22 August 1880. 17. G.R. to S.R., 17 July 1877. 18. H.R. to G.R., 26 March 1880. 19. G.R. to S.R., 10 May 1880, 22 August 1880 20. G.R. to S.R., 11 February 1881. 21. G.R. to S.R., 15 May 1881; A.N. to S.R. 25 May 1881. 22. G.R. to S.R., 27 October 1881. 23. G. R. to S.R., 25 December 1880, 10 January 1881, 30 February 1882. 24. S.R. Memorandum, 10 July 1910. 25. S.R., quoted in Fairbairn, 1958. 26. S.R. Memorandum, 10 July 1910. 27. Manning, 1923, p. 105. 28. Engg, 28 July 1899, pp. 82-3. 29. S.R. Memorandum, 10 July 1910.

PART II INTEGRATION, ORGANISATIONAL PROBLEMS AND NEW COMPETITORS, 1885-1905 7 The Emergence of Vickers 1. Orde-Browne, 1896, pp. 168-9. 2. Sir Edward Reed in The Times, quoted l.C.T.R., 15 October 1897, p. 584. 3. A & E, October 1897, p. 6. 4. Shadwell, 1906, p. 132; T.E., 26 May 1909. 5. Trebilcock, 1977, pp. XXVI, 41; Scott, 1962, p. 41. 6. G.R. to S.R., 28 October 1870, A.N. to S.R., 27 July 1871. 7. Fisher, 1935, p. 10. 8. V.M., 20 February 1889, 14 August 1890. 9. V.M., 29 January 1895. 10. Eng, 26 November 1897, p. 535. 11. Eng, 8 July 1898, p. 30. 12. A & E, April 1901, p. 54; Eng, 18 May 1900, p. 513; 6 April 1900, p. 361; 26 July 1901, p. 105. 13. Eng, 29 March 1901, p. 333. 14. V.M., 8 August 1900; 18 November 1905. 15. V.M., 1 March 1902. 268 Notes and References

16. Shipbuilder, Summer 1912, p. 8. 17. Payne, 1967, p. 539. 18. H.W. to S.R., 18 August 1902. 19. A & E, July 1895, p. 175; Dougan, 1971, pp. 110, 113. 20. Brassey, 1875, pp. 36-7. 21. A.M., 27 September 1893. 22. I. C. T.R., 25 September 1896, p. 430. 23. /.C. T.R., 24 December 1897, p. 983. 24. A.W., 27 October 1897. 25. A & E, April 1901; Trebilcock, 1977, pp. 135-7.

8 Acquisition and Integration: the Transformation of the Armament Trade, 1896-1904

1. The Times, 30 July 1896, p. 5; 6 August 1896, p. 13. 2. l.C.T.R., 26 July 1895, p. 119. 3. A.N. to S.R., 13 March 1896. 4. A.M. Minutes, 19 March 1896; 25 March 1896; H.R. to S.R., 29 March 1896. 5. W.G.A. to Devonshire, 28 March 1896. 6. H.R. to S.R., 1 April 1896. 7. H.R. to S.R., 27 March 1896; A.M. Minutes, 25 March 1896; 22 April 1896; 28 April 1896. 8. A.M. Minutes, 7 September 1896. 9. A.N. to S.R., 8 December 1896. 10. W.G.A. to S.R., 20 December 1896; 22 December 1896; 24 December 1896. 11. A.M., 22 December 1896; 21 January 1897; 10 February 1897; 25 March 1897. 12. /.C. T. R., 5 February 1897, pp. 229-30; Lord Armstrong to share­ holders' meeting, The Times, 4 February 1897, p. 13. 13. Eng, 5 February 1897, p. 146.

9 Elswick Leadership, 1895-1903

1. H.R. to S.R., 9 August 1890. 2. S.R. to G.R., 15 December 1890. 3. W.G.A. to S.R., 24 December 1896. 4. H.F. Swan to S.R., 3 June 1898, 7 June 1898 and S.R. to H.F.S., 4 June 1898. 5. S.R. to J.N., July 1904. 6. W.G.A. to S.R., 7 January 1897. 7. Eng, 29 October 1915, p. 406. 8. H.R. to S.R., 29 March 1896. 9. S.R. Memorandum, 10 July 1910. 10. W. Cruddas to S.R., 21 October 1901. 11. J.M.F. to S.R., 2 February 1900. 12. H.W. to S.R., 30 September 1903. Notes and References 269

10 Problems of an Early Multinational: the Origins of Armstrong's Italian Venture

1. S. Rendel Diary, 1866; G.R. to S.R., 3 June 1866, 10 June 1866. 2. Cambridge Modern History, 1910, XI!, The Latest Age, p. 234. 3. Milone, 1961, p. 451; Matassi, 1969, p. 120; Russo 1911. 4. Rendel, 1931, p. 278. 5. The Times, 13 February 1868, p. 76. 6. W.G.A. to S.R., 28 August 1868. 7. Armstrong records of 1 August 1877. 8. Richmond, 1934, p. 82. 9. G.R. to S.R., 2 November 1880. 10. M.J., 14 April 1883, p. 452. 11. The Times, 30 September 1885, p. 11; M.J., 3 October 1885, p. 116. 12. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1885, article 'Pozzuoli'. 13. M.J., 3 October 1885, p. 114; A.M., 20 May 1885. 14. /.C. T.R., 13 August 1896, p. 229; 27 August 1886, p. 305. 15. G.R. to S.R., 6 December 1886 and 21 March 1887. 16. Ibid, Good Friday 1887, 5 May 1887. 17. Ibid, 13 December 1887. 18. Ibid, 22 December 1887. 19. Ibid, 7 March 1888. 20. A.M., 31 May 1888. 21. G.R. to S.R., 28 May 1888. 22. G.R. to S.R., 26 April 1889. 23. G.R. to S.R., 10 February 1888; G.R. to S.R. 6 June 1888; W.G.A. to G.R., 27 December 1888. 24. Westmacott to S.R., 12 June 1888; G.R. to S.R., 6 June 1888; 20 June 1890. 25. H.R. to S.R., 10 February 1888. 26. H. Dyer, G.R. and Albini Memorandum from Rome, 1 February 1888. 27. G.R. to S.R., 10 November 1888, 13 December 1890, 15 December 1890. 28. G.R. to S.R., 6 March 1889, 20 June 1890. 29. A.M., 17 July 1889·, 11 August 1889, 19 September 1889.

11 Pozzuoli, 1890-1905

1. The Works of Sir W. G. Armstrong Mitchell & Co. at Pozzuoli, translated from the Italian of 5 March 1894; l.C.T.R., 5 July 1895, p. 24. 2. /.C. T.R., 18 March 1892, p. 383. 3. A.W., 21 February 1900; report on Pozzuoli. 4. Ibid. 5. A.W., 25 April 1900; 22 November 1900. 270 Notes and References

PART III DIFFICULTIES AND ADJUSTMENTS, 1905-14 12 Organisation and Efficiency in Complex and Multiplant Operations

1. Armstrong Whitworth, 1913, p. 5. 2. H.R. to S.R., 27 August 1900. 3. H.R. to S.R., 8 September 1900. 4. J.M.F. to S.R., 18 November 1901. 5. C.W. Mitchell to S.R., 25 November 1901. 6. E.H.T.D. to J.P., 13 August 1902. 7. E.H.T.D. to J.P., 12 May 1905. 8. J.M.F. to S.R., 1 September 1912. 9. A.W., 8 September 1897; 4 May 1898. 10. A.W., 31 October 1900. 11. Eng, 22 November 1911, p. 14. 12. The Times, 1 October 1901; A.W., 22 May 1901. 13. The Times, 30 September 1905. 14. A.W.,5July1911. 15. A.W., Shipyard Committee, 9 August 1915. 16. The Times, 19 June 1903. 17. The Times, (Shipping Number) 13 December 1912, p. 26. 18. V.H. Crozier recollections, 1959, to J.D. Scott; Vickers File 113. 19. Vickers File 120; report on Shipyard. 20. J.H. Glen, Assistant Manager, report on Barrow Yard, 19 November 1912. 21. Letters and reports in Vickers File 120, from W. Baristen, 18 April1913; W. Davis, 29 and 17 July 1913; R. Pollock, 6 June 1913. 13 Managerial Skills: Armstrongs and Vickers

1. J.M.F. to S.R., 1 September 1912. 2. Shipbuilder, October 1912. 3. Cruddas, 1957. 4. Vickers A.G.M., The Times, 9 March 1904. 5. Reports of conversation with Viscount Chetwynd, 1 & 13 June 1911, in Rende! papers at Vickers House. 6. Obituary notice ofT. Vickers, /.C. T.R., 22 October 1915, p. 529; Engg, 22 October 1915, p. 427; Eng, 22 October 1915, pp. 383, 4; The Times, 20 October 1915. 7. Obituary notice of A. Vickers, The Times, 11 July 1919, p. 15; Engg, 18 July 1919, p. 69. 8. Recollections of Dawson, c. 1958-60 by Colonel Maxwell, Sir Hugh Dawson and L.I.G. Leveson, for J.D. Scott (Vickers file 156). 9. J.N. to S.R., 2 February 1903. 10. S.R. to Cochrane, 28 July 1911. 11. S.R. to J.N., 19 November 1907. 12. S.R. Memorandum, 19 October 1911. 13. S.R. to J.N., 19 November 1907. Notes and References 271

14 A New 'Complete' Armament Firm: Beardmores of Parkhead

1. Moss and Hume, 1977, passim, 1979, p. 345. 2. Glasgow Herald, January 1896. 3. Eng, 16 October 1896, p. 384; 25 November 1899, p. 524. 4. Eng, 21 January 1903, p. 6. 5. Engg, 7 October 1904, p. 455. 6. Shipbuilder, Feb. 1914, Spring 1912; Eng, 8 April 1910, p. 363; The Times (Shipping Number) 13 December 1912, p. 25. 7. Moss and Hume, 1979, p. 55. 8. V.M., 12 December 1901; Moss and Hume, 1979, p. 51. 9. W.B.M., 15 May 1902. 10. V.M., 3 February 1903; W.B.M., 5 June 1904. 11. V.M., 25 May 1907, 5 November 1907; Moss and Hume, 1979, p. 89. 12. The Times, 15 March 1905; V.M., 10 August 1908; 16 December 1908. 13. W.B.M., 7 May 1909. 14. W.B.M., 31 August 1909. 15. Trebilcock, 1977, pp. 85, 86; V.M., 4 November 1913 28 July 1914.

15 Armstrongs and Beardmores

1. Moss and Hume, 1979, p. 81. 2. Trebilcock, 1977, p. 93. 3. J.M.F to S.R., 15 March 1905; 7 August 1905. 4. D'Eyncourt to J.M.F., 14 November 1905. 5. A.W., 20 June 1906. 6. A.W., 17 May 1906. 7. A.W., 18 September 1906. 8. V.M., 25 May 1907. 9. S.R. to J.M., 19 November 1907. 10. J.N. to S.R., 18 November 1907; 20 November 1907. 11. A.N. to S.R. and S.R. to A.N., 14 March 1910. 12. A.W., 17 March 1910; S.R. to J.N., 31 March 1910. 13. A.W., 5 May 1910; 11 May 1910. 14. Moss and Hume, 1979, p. 78. 15. H.S. Carrington, notes, July 1910; J.N. to S.R., 13 July 1910. 16. A.W., 4 August 1910. 17. Peat and Harrison, 1910. 18. T. Harrison to A.W., 3 August 1910; Engg, 24 January 1902, p. 117. 19. Peat and Harrison to A.W., 5 October 1910. 20. S.R. to A.J.C., 1 October 1910. 21. S.R. to S.N., 1 October 1910. 22. A.W., 6 October 1910. 23. S.R. to S.N., 14 October 1910. 24. A.H.J.C. to S.R., 17 October 1910. 25. S.R. to A.H.J.C., 18 October 1910. 26. V.M., 24 October 1910. 27. H.N. Gladstone to A.H.J.C., 18 November 1910. 28. A.W., 16 December 1910; 19 January 1911. 272 Notes and References

29. A.W., 20 July 1911. 30. S.R. to A.H.J.C., 28 July 1911. 31. A.W., 26 October 1911. 32. H.N.G. to S.R., 13 May 1910. 33. Moss and Hume, 1979, p. 92. 34. A.W., 9 ; 23 May 1912. 35. Moss and Hume, 1979, p. 92.

16 Italian Business, 1905-14

1. J.M.F. to J.N., 15 March 1905. 2. A.W., 17 June 1903; 15 October 1903; J.M.F. to S.R., 21 February 1905. 3. H.N.G. to S.R., 12 March 1907. 4. Albini Memorandum, 21 February 1907. 5. A.W., 19 March 1907. 6. H.N.G. to S.R., 7 March 1907; J.M.F. to S.R., 17 March 1908. 7. J.M.F. to S.R., 13 January 1907. 8. J.M.F. to J.N., 15 March 1905; J.M.F. to A.N. 2 July 1909. 9. Eng, 18 August 1911, p. 171,8 May 1914, p. n. 10. A.W., 14 September 1911; 14 December 1911; 18 January 1912; J.M.F. to J.N., 13 November 1911. 11. P. Giraldi to F.S. Nitti, 12 October 1911; F.S. Nitti toP. Giraldi, 28 October 1911. 12. S.R. to G.M., 14 March 1913. 13. J.M.F. to S.R., n.d. but 1910-1912. 14. Report by Marjoribanks, 30 October 1911. 15. J.M.F. to J.N., 13 November 1911, 17 November 1911. 16. A.W. Finance Committee, 13 May 1914.

17 Accommodating Increases in the Scale of Naval Shipbuilding: the Question of a New Yard

1. The Times, 31 July 1914, p. 72; J.M.F. to S.R., 5 January 1911. 2. Davidson, 1946, p. 22; T.E., 4 August 1909; Eng, 14 June 1912,5 May 1905, p. 459. 3. Armstrong Whitworth, 1912. 4. A.W., 3 November 1897. 5. A.W., 7 March 1900; 12 October 1911. 6. A.W., 18 January 1906; 21 February 1906; 30 May 1906. 7. T.E., 10 October 1906, p. 329, Eng, 4 January 1907, p. 21. 8. The Times, 8 August 1908, p. 15. 9. A.N. to S.R., 4 October 1908. 10. E.H.T.D. to J.P., 30 October 1908. 11. A.W., 17 December 1908; 21 January 1909. 12. T.E., 12 May 1909, p. 17. 13. A.W., 17 June 1909; 6 January 1910; 17 February 1910; J.M.F. to J.R., 11 February 1910. Notes and References 273

14. Newcastle City Council Minutes, 4 August 1909; 7 September 1910; A.W., 7 July 1910; 21 July 1910. 15. Advance Report by Cackett and Burne Dick on the proposed Walker Yard; A.W., 1 September 1910, 25 April 1912. 16. The Times, 19 April 1912, p. 20. 17. Eng, 17 July 1914, p. 67. 18. A.W., 24 September 1913; 23 April 1914. 19. A.W., 14 March 1918; 11 April 1918. 20. Armstrong Whitworth, 1919a, p. 14.

18 The Completion of Integration: Marine Engine Manufacture

1. W.G.A. to S.R., 24 December 1896. 2. J.N. to S.R., April1898. 3. H.N.G. to S.R., n.d. 4. A.W., 19 January 1905. 5. A.W., 18 January 1912. 6. A.W., 21 November 1912, 19 December 1912. 7. H.N.G. to S.R., n.d. 8. J.M.F. to S.R., 18 July 1908; B.B. memorandum, 11 February 1909. 9. A.C. to J.R., 29 May 1908. 10. S.R. to J.M.F., 22 July 1910; J.M.F. to S.R., July 1908. 11. Sir B. Browne to J.M.F., 14 July 1908. 12. A.W., 18 June 1908; 24 July 1908. 13. J .M. Allan, 9 December 1908; report on Scotswood Engine Works. 14. B.B. to A.W. & Co., 11 December 1908. 15. S.R., 24 April 1912. 16. J.M.F. to S.R., 5 January 1911. 17. A.W. Shipyard Committee Minutes, 12 March 1912; 19 March 1912. 18. The Times, 24 November 1919.

19 Company and Regional Diversification: the Case of Automobile Manufacture

1. A.W., 25 March 1897. 2. A.W., 18 November 1915. 3. A.W., 16 December 1915. 4. Irving, 1975. 5. Time Financial and Commercial, 2 April 1906. 6. Rolls, 1910; Bell, c. 1925. 7. Trebilcock, 1969, pp. 448-9. 8. The Times, 1 October 1901. 9. Eng, 21 March 1902, p. 301. 10. Vickers Annual Report, 1 March 1902; E.S.C., Spring 1955, p. 7; Motor Trader, 26 March 1919. 11. Motor Trader, 6 August 1913, p. 385. 12. V.M., 24 February 1902. 13. H.S.C. Memorandum, 15 June 1907. 14. A.W., 18 March 1903. 274 Notes and References

15. S. Noble to S.R., 9 March 1903; 10 March 1903. 16. S.R. to S.N., 13 March 1903. 17. Irving, 1975, p. 154. 18. J. Noble, 23 March 1903; H.S.C. Memorandum, 15 June 1907; A.W., 19 June 1907; 26 September 1907. 19. A.W., 20 February 1908. 20. The Times, 13 November 1908, p. 5. 21. Motor, 1907, p. 3. 22. A.W., 17 May 1906; 13 May 1906. 23. Armstrong Whitworth, 1912. 24. H.W. to S.R., 9 January 1907. 25. S.R. to J.N., 16 April1908. 26. S.R. to J.M.F., 24 April1912. 27. A.W., 9 July 1908; J.M.F. to S.R., 13 August 1908; A.W., 5 August 1909. 28. Motor Trader, 21 February 1912, p. 514. 29. A.W., 17 March 1910; Motor Car Committee Minutes, 2 August 1910. 30. The Times, 7 April 1911. 31. A.W. Management Committee, 6 April1911. 32. Armstrong Whitworth, 1913. 33. Saul, 1962, p. 25. 34. Motor Trader, 21 February 1912, 20 November 1912. 35. A.W., 19 November 1913. 36. Irving, 1975, pp. 163-4; Saul, 1962, pp. 22-44. 37. Cruddas, 1957; A.W. Executive Committee, 18 January 1912; 29 . 38. A.W. Shipyard Committee, 3 June 1913. 39. A.W. Executive Committee, 17 December 1913; 7 January 1914; 23 July 1913; Memorandum from Girouard, 1 April 1914. 40. A.W. Executive Committee, 29 April 1914; 4 May 1914. 41. A.W., 19 November 1914; 12 October 1916. 42. A.W., 29 March 1917. 43. A.W., 12 December 1918; 9 January 1919; 23 January 1919; 6 March 1919; Finance Committee, 5 February 1919. 44. Motor Trader, 7 May 1913; 15 October 1913; 11 December 1918. 45. Motor Trader, 11 June 1923, p. 293. 46. The Times, 'Cars of Today', January 1924, p. 78. 47. Scott notes of interview with Sir James Reid, 26 May 1958 (in Vickers papers) and Vickers File 434.

20 New Blood and the 'Succession' to 1909

1. A.W., 27 November 1901. 2. E.C. Hubbard to S.R., 6 December 1899. 3. S.R. to H.S.C., n.d. but probably September 1908. 4. S.R. Memorandum, 28 November 1908. 5. H.R. to S.R., 27 August 1900. 6. W.C. to S.R., 18 October 1901. 7. S.N. to S.R., 25 March 1905. Notes and References 275

8. S.R. to A.N., 5 March 1903. 9. S.R. to J.N., 5 March 1903. 10. W.C. to S.R., 18 October 1901 and 1 November 1901. 11. J.V. to S.R., 31 December 1905. 12. P. Westmacott to S.R., 14 March 1908 and 26 October 1908. 13. S.R. to J.N., 16 April 1908. 14. J.M.F. to S.R., 4 January 1901. 15. J.M.F. to S.R., 27 March 1903. 16. H.N.G. to S.R., 12 March 1907. 17. S.R. to H.S.C., n.d. but early 1909; and S.R. to H.W., 1 September 1909. 18. S.R. to H.W., 9 October 1908 ('not sent'); H.W. to S.R., 18 December 1908; 24 December 1908. 19. S.R. to A.N., 7 January 1909. 20. S.R. to S.N., 18 September 1909.

21 The Salaries Crisis and the 'Concordat' of 1910-12

1. J.N. to S.R., 13 September 1909. 2. S.N. to S.R., 10 March 1910. 3. J.N. to S.R., 15 March 1910. 4. H.W. to S.R., 18 March 1910; S.R. to H.W., 19 March 1910. 5. A.W. Private Minutes, 11 May 1910. 6. S.R. to J.N., 25 April 1910. 7. Memorandum from S:R. as Chairman of Salaries Committee. 8. S.R. to J.M.F., 21 January 1910. 9. S.R. to W.C., 7 June 1910. 10. Papers of Salaries Committee, 17 May 1910. 11. J.M.F. draft, n.d. 12. H.W. to S.R., 11 June 1910. 13. S.R. to J.N., 11 July 1910. 14. H.N.G. to S.R., 13 July 1910. 15. J.M.F. 16. H.G. to S.R., 18 September 1910. 17. S.R. to J.M.F., 19 September 1910. 18. S.R. to J.N., 4 November 1910. 19. S.R. to J.N., 25 April1911; J.N. to S.R., 29 April1911. 20. S.R. to J.N., 1 May 1911. 21. S.R. to J.M.F., n.d. 22. A.N. to S.R., 28 July 1911; S.R. to A.N., 29 July 1911; S.R. to H.W., 29 July 1911. 23. S.R. to J.M.F., n.d. 24. S.R. to C. Ottley, 4 June 1912; Scott, p. 93. 25. Sir A.N. to A.W. Board, 14 September 1911. 26. J.M.F. to S.R., 29 September 1911,2 October 1911. 27. A.C. to S.R., 31 October 1911. 28. A. W. Private Minutes, 26 October 1911. 29. H.N.G. to S.R., 22 November 1911. 30. H.N.G. to S.R., 23 November 1911. 276 Notes and References

31. S.R. to A.N. 27 November 1911. 32. S.R. to H.W., 29 July 1911. 33. A.W. Private Minutes, 26 October 1911. 34. Ibid, 29 February 1912. 35. S.R. to A.N., 24 March 1913.

PART IV THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE FIRM, 1914-28

22 Armstrong Whitworth in the First World War 1. H.R. to S.R., n.d.; S.R. to J.N., 31 August 1911; S.R. to H.W., 1 September 1909. 2. S.R. to A.H.J.C., 3 August 1911; S.R. to H.W., 9 August 1911. 3. J.M.F. to P.N., 1 January 1916. 4. The Times, 11 January 1919, p. 5d; 20 November 1918, p. 3; Armstrong Whitworth, 1919b. 5. Lloyd and Layton, 1922. 6. A.W., 28 May 1915; 28 February 1917. 7. A.W., 19 July 1917. 8. A.W., 9 September 1915; 15 February 1917; 1 October 1917. 9. The Times, 24 November 1919. 23 Early Stages of Reconstruction and Diversification in the Postwar Era

1. Reid, 1959. 2. Scott, 1962, p. 137. 3. V.M., 15 May 1918. 4. V.M., 26 September 1918; 25 July 1919. 5. V.M., 25 March 1920. 6. A.W., 14 December 1910; 26 April1917; 9 August 1917; 13 Septem­ ber 1917; 13 December 1917. 7. A.W., 21 November 1918; 5 December 1918; 12 December 1918; 9 January 1919; 20 March 1919. 8. The Economist, 12 June 1926, p. 1136. 9. Armstrong Whitworth, 1919b, p. 52. 10. Watts, 197911980. 11. Armstrong Whitworth, 1919a. 12. Guardian Commercial, 18 May 1922. 13. D'Eyncourt Papers; Keeling and Wright, 1964, p. 69; A.W., 19 May 1921. 14. A.W., 15 March 1923. 15. The Times, 13 February 1923. 16. A.W., 12 April 1922; 18 October 1923; 13 December 1923. 17. A.W., 20 March 1919; 15 May 1919; 12 June 1919. 18. V.M., 26 September 1919. 19. Scott, 1962, p. 146. Notes and References 277

20. Reid, 1959. 21. A.W., 17 February 1921; 22 October 1921. 22. A.W., 14 September 1922; 13 October 1927; 21 December 1927. 23. A.W., 16 November 1922. 24. A.W., 13 April1924. 25. A.W., 20 March 1919; 7 August 1919; 29 January 1920; 20 October 1921; 12 April 1922. 26. The Times, 2 October 1924, p. 13. 27. Persian Railways (1930).

24 The Problems of Diversifying into Commercial Lines: the Instance of Scotswood Locomotives

1. A.W., 10 October 1918, 21 November 1918. 2. A.W., 29 January 1920. 3. A.W. Finance Committee, 25 February 1920. 4. The Times, 4 November 1919, p. 7c; 14 November 1919, p. 90. 5. The Times, 24 November 1919. 6. The Times, 6 December 1923. 7. A.W. Finance Committee, 17 March 1920; 26 May 1920; 3 August 1921. 8. The Times, 15 June 1923, p. 25. 9. The Times, 15 January 1924; 24 May 1925. 10. The Times, 22 May 1925, p. 24. 11. Townsin, 1959, p. 6. 12. Irving to J.F.T., 21 March 1928. 13. Irving to J.F.T., 17 November 1927 and A.W., 18 November 1927. 14. W. McLellan quoted by J.F.T. to E.R.P., 30 December 1927; S.M.T. 41/2 9. 15. A.C. Carr to J.F.T., 19 June 1928; S.M.T., A.W. 42/1 11. 16. Townsin, 1959, pp. 12-14. 25 Italian Business in the Twenties 1. A.W. Finance Committee, 7 August 1918. 2. The Times, 24 November 1919. 3. A.W. A.G.M., 12 October 1924. 4. J.M.F. to J.N., 28 May 1922. 5. Ibid. 6. A.G.M., 28 July 1921; A.W. Executive Committee, 7 October 1920; 6 April 1921; J.M.F. to J.N., 15 January 1922. 7. S.M.T., A/W. 7. 40/3. 8. Taylor and Garnsey, 1926, p. 5. 9. S.M.T., A/W 4112.9; G. Loria Report on Pozzuoli, November 1926. 10. The Times, 22 August 1927, p. 15. 11. The Economist, 12 June 1926, p. 1136; 11 June 1927, pp. 1228-9; 16 February 1929, p. 347. 278 Notes and References

26 The Newfoundland Project

1. Carrington, 1950, pp. 584-5. 2. Defebaugh, 1906, pp. 49-54. 3. A.W. Finance Committee, 16 November 1921. 4. A.W., 13 July 1922. 5. Townsin, 1959, p. 7. 6. The Times, 17 May 1923, p. 11; 15 June 1923, p. 25; 30 June 1923, p. 21. 7. The Times, 17 May 1923, p. 11. 8. A.W. Finance Committee, 23 January 1924. 9. A.W. Finance Committee, 17 February 1926; 16 March 1926; A.W., 22 September 1925; 19 November 1925; 22 November 1925; 21 January 1926; 12 February 1926. 10. A.W., 18 October 1923; 9 July 1926; 22 July 1926; 18 November 1926; 18 January 1927. 11. J. Stadler and J.F. Taylor in S.M.T., 8/3/, 39/1; A.W. & Co.; S.M.T., 8/1 34/12; M.N. 24 April 1925. 12. A.W., 18 February 1926. 13. Taylor & Garnsey, 1926; Vickers File 47; The Economist, 3 December 1927, p. 980. 14. H.D. Reid to Sir W. Leese, 1 September 1925 and 16 September 1925 in S.M.T., 8/3 39/1.

27 The Crisis at Armstrongs to Late 1925

1. Moss and Hume 1977, passim. 2. The Times, 15 March 1924. 3. The Times, 10 December 1925, p. 17, 'The Vickers Reconstruction'. 4. The Times, 18 December 1925, p. 27. 5. The Economist, 12 December 1925, pp. 983-4. 6. S.M. Gluckstein in the Financial Review of Reviews, XIX 154, July- Sept. 1926. 7. T. Reed at A/W A.G.M., 25 May 1924. 8. S.M.T., 38/5, letter of 27 March 1918. 9. S.M.T., 38/5, letter of 14 May 1921. 10. S.M.T., 38/5, letter of 8 February 1924. 11. A.W. Finance Committee, 12 March 1924; S.M.T. 8/1/ 38/4, letter of 21 November 1924. 12. F. Williams-Taylor to E.R.P., 16 February 1925. 13. S.M.T., 8/1 38/4; notes of a visit of Sir Glynn West, 24 April 1925. 14. S.M.T., 8/1 38/4; Whigham to West, 28 April 1925. 15. Cable from E.R.P., 30 April 1925. 16. S.M.T., 8/2, notes of 6 July 1925 and 28 August 1925. 17. S.M.T., 8/2 39/1; J.F.T. to E.R.P., 13 July 1925; 31 August 1925; E.R.P. to M.N., 27 August 1925. 18. A.W., 23 July 1925. 19. G. Murray to M.N., 2 September 1925; S.M.T., 8/3 39/1. 20. E.R.P. to M.N., 9 September 1925 and 24 September 1925 and notes of meeting 28 September 1925. Notes and References 279

21. Notes of24 September 1925 and 25 September 1925; E.R.P. to M.N., 30 September 1925. 22. Notes of meeting of 17 December 1925. 23. Notes of 28 September 1925. 24. Note of meeting of 28 October 1925.

28 Into the Depths: the Threat of Collapse 1. S.M.T., 8/3 3911; J.F.T. to E.R.P., 22 January 1926. 2. A.W. Finance Committee, 17 February 1926; 16 March 1926. 3. J.F.T. to E.R.P., 1 April 1926. 4. Anderson to M.N., 3 April 1926. 5. S.M.T. Memorandum of a meeting in M.N.'s room, 14 April 1926. 6. Revelstoke to A.W., 30 Apri11926 (Weir Papers, Glasgow University). 7. Weir papers (Glasgow University) memo of meeting at 8 Bishopgate, 14 May 1926. 8. S.M.T., 8/6 40/1; M.N. to Weir, 14 May 1926; Weir to M.N., 19 May 1926; A.W., 4 June 1926. 9. Weir papers; memo of meeting at Barings, 18 May 1926. 10. Ibid, 20 May 1926. 11. Southborough to E.R.P., 19 May 1926. 12. Memo of meeting of 25 May 1926. 13. S.M.T., A/W.7, 40/3; Price Waterhouse on A.W., June 1926. 14. A.W., 17 June 1926. 15. S.M.T., 8/7 40/2; J.F.T. to Barings, 6 July 1926. 16. J.F.T. to E.R.P., 24 August 1926. 17. Notes of meeting of Barings and Bank of England, 5 August 1926; J.F.T. to E.R.P., 26 August 1926. 18. J.F.T. to E.R.P., 26 August 1926 (present author's emphasis). 19. J.F.T. to E.R.P. and note of meeting of 16 September 1926; A.W. Executive Committee of 8 October 1926. 20. A.W., 17 June 1926; J.F.T. to E.R.P., 24 September 1926; M.N. to E.R.P., 28 September 1926. 21. A.W., 21 October 1926. 22. The Economist, 18 December 1926, p. 1058. 23. Scott, 1958 and n.d., passim.

29 The Reconstruction of Armstrongs and the Rationalisation of the Heavy Armament Business in 1927 and 1928

1. M.N. to Lord Southborough, 23 December 1926. 2. Jenkinson to J.F.T., 23 June 1926. 3. Quoted Scott, 1962, p. 164. 4. Ibid, pp. 163-5. 5. J.F.T., 27 December 1926; Stewart Report, 23 February 1927; J.F.T. to E.R.P., 8 April 1927. 6. Sir H. Lawrence to E.R.P., 11 January 1927; Southborough to Barings, 20 January 1927. 7. A.W. Advisory Committee Report, 11 April1927. 280 Notes and References

8. Scott, 1962, p. 165. 9. Memo of 5 March 1927. 10. A.W., 2 July 1927; 19 August 1927; Clay, 1957, p. 321; Scott, 1962, pp. 165-6. 11. A.W., 13 October 1927. 12. A.W. Extraordinary General Meeting, The Times, 29 November 1927, pp. 25-26. 13. Scott, 1962, p. 166. 14. Manchester Guardian Commercial, 26 January 1928, p. 21. 15. S.M.T., 8/36 37/4. 16. M.N. to Economic Advisory Committee, 31 March 1930.

30 Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers Armstrong after the Merger

1. E.R.P. to M.N., 30 September 1927. 2. J.F.T. to Sir E. Roney, S.M.T. 8/36 37/4. 3. Times T & E, 17 December 1927, p. 34. 4. A.W., 25 November 1927. 5. A.W., 21 December 1927; 17 February 1928; 15 June 1928. 6. A.W., 19 December 1928. 7. The Times, 23 February 1928, p. 16; 16 June 1928; 21 September 1928. 8. Times T & E, 12 November 1927; October 1938, p. 22. 9. Board of Trade, 1932, p. 15; Vickers-Armstrong, Precis of Factory Reports to Directors, 31 December 1928. 10. Scott, 1962, p. 317. Bibliography

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281 282 Bibliography

KEELING, B.S. and A. E. G. WRIGHT (1964) The Development of the Modern British Steel Industry (London). KIRKALDY, A. W. (1914) British Shipping: Its History, Organisation and Importance (reprint 1970, London). LLOYD, G.l. H. and W. T. LAYTON (1922) 'Munitions of War', Encyclo- paedia Britannica, 1922 Edn. Local Records of North Durham etc., 1832-1857 (Newcastle City Library). MCKENZIE, P. (1983) W. G. Armstrong (Newcastle). MANNING, F. (1923) The Life of Sir William White (London). MATASSI, L. (1969) 'The Italian Economy from the Eighteenth Century', Banco di Roma Review, March, May and July. MILONE, F. (1961) 'Regions of Italy', Banco di Roma Review, November. MOSS, M.S. and HUME, J. R. (1977) Workshop of the British Empire: Engineering and Shipbuilding in the West of Scotland (London). MOSS, M.S. and J. R. HUME (1979) Beardmores (London). ORDE-BROWNE, C. (1896) Our Ordnance Factories (Portsmouth). PAYNE, P. L. (1967) 'The Emergence of the Large Scale Company in Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Review, 20. PEAT, W. B. and T. HARRISON (1910) Memorandum on the financial affairs of Wm. Beardmore & Co. for the Directors of Armstrong Whitworth & Co. PERSIAN RAILWAYS (1930) Account of Persian Railways Syndicate. POOLE, B. (1852) Statistics of British Commerce (London). RENDEL, S. R. Diaries of trade negotiations (1865, 1866, 1869) (in MS in National Library of Wales). RENDEL, S. R. (1931) The Personal Papers of Lord Rende{ (London). RICHMOND, ADMIRAL SIR HERBERT (1934) Sea Power in the Modern World (London). ROLLS, C. S. (1910) 'Motor Vehicles (light)', Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edn. RUSSO, COL. G. (1911) 'Fifty Years Progress of Shipbuilding in Italy', Trans. Institute of Naval Architects. SAUL, S. B. (1962) 'The Motor Industry in Britain, to 1914', Business History, v. SCOTI, J.D. (1962) Vickers: A History (London). SHADWELL, A. (1906) Industrial Efficiency, vol. 1 (London). TAYLOR, J. F. and SIR G. GARNSEY (1926) Report to Directors of Sir William G. Armstrong Whitworth & Co. TREBILCOCK, C. (1969) Economic History Review. TREBILCOCK, C. (1977) Vickers' Brothers (London). WAITS, H. D. (1979/80) The British sugar beet industry (unpublished). Index

Admiralty, response to armaments Openshaw, 62 reconstruction, 245 at Parkhead, 103, 104 After the War Committee, 197 Automobile manufacture Albini, Captain, later Count model range at Armstrongs, 154, in early Italian situation, 72 155 in early twentieth century, 123-5 nature of early industry, 145-7 Allan, J.M., as marine engine authority, 141-2 Bank of England and Armstrongs, Anderson, A. G., of Bank of 226-48 England Barings and Armstrongs, 227-48 on Armstrong finance needs 1918, Barnaby, N., considered as manager 226 for Elswick yard, 24 on general basis of Armstrong Barrow problems 1926, 234 armour plate project, 57, 58 Ansaldo Co., 71, 122-5 development, 56-7 Armament trades operational problems at yard, 93-5 depression in 1920s, 223 Barrow Naval Yard, 49 economic characteristics, 3-6 Beardmore, William & Company overseas market cooperation with ambitious extensions, 106-8 Vickers 1919,201 at end of war, 195 Armstrong gun, origin and attempts to associate Armstrongs development, 12-17 with, 109-21 Armstrong Mitchell & Company, 23 crisis in 1920s, 224 growth to First World War, 102-5 formed, 157, 158 in First World War, 195 sold, 242 motor interests, 147 Armstrong, Sir W.G. & Company, rationalisation of, 1926-30, 247 formed, 16 Blast furnaces at Elswick, 1865-99, Armstrong Whitworth 29,31 after merger with Vickers, 248-50 Bowaters, Armstrong construction character of management, 162, of Gravesend mill for, 240 163 Breech loaded ordnance, 12 formation, 61, 62 Browne, Benjamin on Hawthorn's Armstrong Whitworth Development negotiations with Armstrongs, Company, 198 133, 140-3 Armstrong, William George Brozyna, motor engineer, 152 early career, 94 Buckham, G., invention by and loss form of control of company, 66, 67 to Vickers, 96 work as Engineer of Rifled Ordnance, 13-15 Caillard, V., financial management Armstrong Works, new tank plant at Vickers, 93, 99 built in 1980s, 251 Cammell Laird, formation 1903,55 Armour plate Carrington, H.S., joins Armstrong Barrow scheme, 57-59 board, 62

283 284 Index

Carter, George, as manager of Elswick shipyard Elswick yard, 96 closure, 136 Cassel, Sir E., part in Vickers/ established, 23 Beardmore association, 105, in Great War, 191 106 limitations of, 128 Chetwynd, J. B., career at Vickers organisation in early twentieth and consideration for century, 90, 91 Armstrong link, 96, 97 remodelled, 132 Close Works, Gateshead, leased in Employment changes in Armstrongs Great War, 191,197 before First World War, 159 'Concordat' of October 1911, 178, Engelbach, C. R., as manager of 179 motor business, 153-6, 158 Corner Brook pulp and paper mill, Engine works moved from Tyneside 217-21 to Glasgow, 192 Coventry Ordnance Co. 1905, 55 Excess profits tax and Armstrongs Crane manufacture by Armstrongs, profits in First World War, 192, 9-11 193 Crompton & Company purchased by Armstrongs 1919, Falkner, John M. 198 becomes chairman 1915, 187 sold, 242 progress in Armstrongs organisations, 167-70 Dalmuir naval yard qualities and self-assessment, 187, as location for possible building of 188 large warships by Armstrongs, resignation 1926, 237 112 Financial expertise excellence of, 103, 104 Armstrong's lack of, 166, 167 Dawson, Trevor at Vickers, 99 in relation to merger of 1927, 244 role in Vickers' growth and Gascoign, E., and Armstrong motor rivalry, 99 interests, 152, 153 Depression in staple industries, post- Giraldi, P. 1920,222 efforts to obtain orders for D'Eyncourt, E.T. Pozzuoli, 125, 126 directorship, 1924, 202 in early 1920s, 211 early shipbuilding career, 91 Girouard, Sir P., joins Armstrong Diversification by armament firms board, 182 after1918, 196,197 Gladstone, H. N., as representative Dyer, Henry of Rendel interests, 166 joins Armstrongs, 28, 29 Government refusal of financial works on early development of guarantees for Vickers Pozzuoli, 77-9 Armstrong, 245 Graving dock, Armstrong's lack of, Elswick 138 closure of, 251 Great War, impact on Armstrong works site and early operations, output, employment and 10, 11 profits, 190-4 Elswick Ordnance Company, 13- Group control at Armstrongs, 16 Rendelon, 162,163 Index 285

Haward, H., of LCC, attempt to bring him on to Armstrong all steel gun, 28 board, 180, 181 late nineteenth-century Hawthorn Leslie developments, 54 negotiations over engines, 140-3 negotiations over sale of yard to Lawrence, Sir H., head of Vickers Armstrongs, 133 1926,225 Hopwood, F. Locomotive manufacture by as Lord Southborough becomes Armstrongs chairman 1926, 237 early failures, 11 directorship 1918, 189 excellence of Scotswood plant in failure to secure for Armstrong twenties, 207, 208 board in 1911, 181, 182 interwar, 205-9

Indian locomotive manufacture, Machine practice, rapid changes in, plans for Armstrong 92,93 involvement, 203 McKechnie, J., management of Industrial decline, explanations of Barrow yard, 93, 94 British, 1-3,252-4 Main, A. and J., acquired by Inkerman, battle of, and Armstrong Armstrongs, 198 gun manufacture, 12 Managerial changes, Rendel's Integration in armaments, 4, 31 campaign for, 161-83 Iron-making, general lack of in Marine engines, 138-43 British armament firms, 31 Mass production, Armstrongs as 'I talianisation' of Pozzuoli example, 1 operations, 79, 80, 123, 126,210 Maxim Gun Company and Maxim­ Italy Nordenfeldt Company, 51 Armstrong decision to make Mitchells, shipbuilders of Walker on armaments in, 74, 75 Tyne,21 concentration of armaments Moncrieff, Colonel, and gun developments in North after mountings, 27 1900, 122 Multinational armament economy and Great Power manufacture aspirations in late nineteenth general considerations, 4, 69-70 century, 70-2 William Armstrong's objections productivity in naval construction to, 72,73 in 1880s, 74 Murray, Sir George joins Armstrong board, 182 Jarratt, C., involved in Armstrong replaced as financial director 1925, motor business 1914, 156 232 Jenkinson, W. after the merger, 248 National factories in First World in reconstruction of Vickers, War, 192 225 Naval construction in 1920s, 200, 201 negotiations with Armstrongs, Naval Defence Act 1889 and the 243,245 demand for armaments, 48 John Brown, acquires Thompsons, Newfoundland economic Clydebank, 1899, and controls development to the 1920s, 214- Firths, 55 17 286 Index

Newfoundland Power and Paper Peacock, Edward, of Barings, in Company and its impact on Armstrong's reconstruction, Armstrongs, 216-21 227-48 'New men' Pearson Knowles coal and steel Rendel's campaign for, 166-8 group salaries crisis and, 174-83 acquired 1920, 198 New Zealand contracts in the 1920s, critical situation in 1925, 230 202,240 Peronne, Commendatore, of Nitti, F., refuses Italian government Ansaldo, 123, 125 help to Pozzuoli, 125, 126 Perrett, J.R., work in Elswick Noble, Andrew shipyard, 90 control of firm by family group, Persian Railway Syndicate, 204 163 Pooling of armament orders death, 187 suggested in mid-1920s, 236 qualities assessed by Rende!, 165 Pozzuoli quality of his leadership of efficiency of before First World Armstrongs, 19, 20, 65-8 War, 126, 127 resigns management of origin of works, 76 departments and overall, 177, problems in late 1890s, 82-5 181 situation and efficiency in 1920s, Noble, John 210-13 business abilities assessed by steel plant installed, 122 Falkner, 168 in salaries crisis, 171, 172 Rationalisation of industry in the Noble, Saxton, in salaries crisis, 171, 1920s,222 172 Receivership Norman, Sir Montagu, on outcome for Armstrongs, 236, 239, 240 of rationalisation in armaments, threat of in Newfoundland 247 project, 218, 229 Reed, Sir Edward, endorsement of Ottley, Charles, joins Armstrong Elswick, 45,46 board, 182 Regional diversification and the Openshaw works motor industry in Britain, 144, association with, 61, 62 145 Gladstone's ideas for expansion, Reid interests 121 association with Armstrongs, 217, liaison between Elswick and, 91,92 221 new steelworks in Great War, 191 established in Newfoundland, 214, organisational problems, 89-93 215 taken into English Steel Rumanian projects in 1920s, 204 Corporation, 247 Russia Ordnance systems early Armstrong interests in, 70 Bessemer's, 15 trade with after the Revolution, Whitworth's, 15 202 Rende!, George Palliser, William, work on association with ordnance works, projectiles, 26 18, 19 Parsons Marine Turbine Company, involvement with Pozzuoli works, 139 76-80 Index 287

relations with Andrew Noble, 35- Taylor, James F. 9 appointed financial director, 232 withdrawal to Italy, 38 brought in to aid Armstrong Rende!, Hamilton reconstruction, 227 entry to Armstrongs, 19 General Managing Director, 238 resignation from board, 61 Taylor-Garnsey Rende!, James Meadows, 18 second report, Autumn 1926, 241 Rende!, Stuart survey of Armstrong-Whitworth association with Armstrong operations, March 1926, 233 begins, 6, 19 Terni death, 183 development as steel centre, 71 Vickers association with, 122 Salaries Committee and crisis of Thames Shipbuilding Company 1910and 1911,171-83 offered to Armstrongs, 130 Scale increase in naval vessels and Tyne bridges their implications, 92 and further developments at Scotswood works Elswick after 1876, 23 locomotive works, 205-209 limitations on Elswick motor works, 150 shipbuilding, 128, 130, 132, 133 planned marine engine works, 141-3 United States naval developments removal of motor works after and Armstrongs and Vickers, First World War, 197 52,53 run down and new tank factory, 251 Vavasseur, Josiah Secretaryship, character of at gunmaking career and joins Armstrongs, 162 Armstrongs, 27 Sheffield armament firms, 55 on succession to Noble 1905, 167 Shipbuilding 1919-20, 199,200 Vickers Siddeley-Deasy motor company, Armstrong's early business 157,158 contacts with, 47, 48 South Africa, involvement in steel rumoured combination with projects in the 1920s, 202, 203 Maxim-Nordenfeldt, Barrow Spezia, development as focus of and Whitworth, 59, 60 Italian naval armaments increasing links with Armstrongs, industry, 71 100 Stadler, J., Managing Director of at end of First World War, 195-7 Armstrong's Newfoundland crisis and reconstruction 1923-5, operations, 219 224,225 Staunch, HMS, gunboat and first Vickers, Albert, 97, 98 Armstrong vessel, 22 Vickers Armstrong Steelmaking at Elswick agreement signed October 1927, ending in 1920s, 197 245 established, 28, 29 steps towards formation, 243, 244 Stewart, 1927 report on comparative Vickers-Terni, 122, 123, 213 efficiencies of Barrow and of Vickers, Tom, 97,98 Armstrongs, 244 Swan, Henry, and the antipathy of Walker on Tyne, commercial Stuart Rende!, 65, 66 shipbuilding, 128 288 Index

Walker Naval Yard Westminster Bank and Pearson construction, 134-7 Knowles, 230 later developments and closure, White, Sir William 251 at Elswick, 40 prospects in commercial on Vickers, 49 shipbuilding in 1919, 199 Whitehead, Henry, qualities as Wallsend Slipway & Engine potential leader as assessed by Company, 138 Rende!, 165 Walmsley, C. Whitehead Torpedo Works, acquired by Armstrongs 1921, 198 interests in, 201 sale of, 242 Whitworths Warships, increase in size, 129, directors after the merger, 163, 130 164 Washington Conference, 1921-2 and link with Armstrongs, 59-63 effects of naval agreement on use of steel for guns, 28 armament work, 200, 201 Wilson-Pilcher motor car venture, Watts, Philip 147-9 invitation to return to Armstrong Wolseley motor investment of board, 182, 190 Vickers, 146 moves to Admiralty, 1901 , 167 Woolwich, Armstrong gun Weir, Lord, involvement in manufacture at, 13, 16 Armstrong reconstruction, 236 West, Glynn, Chairman 1920,202 Younghusband, Charles W., work Westmacott, P. on high velocity guns, 26 at Elswick Engine works, 18 Yugoslavia, projects in during 1920s, on successor to Noble, 167 203