Figure 1. Sharpshooter Weapons in the American Civil War (Photo Ex

ASAC_Vol107_02-Carlson_130003.qxd 8/23/13 7:58 PM Page 2 Figure 1. Sharpshooter Weapons in the American Civil War (photo ex. author's collection). 107/2 Reprinted from the American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletin 107:2-28 Additional articles available at http://americansocietyofarmscollectors.org/resources/articles/ ASAC_Vol107_02-Carlson_130003.qxd 8/23/13 7:58 PM Page 3 Sharpshooter Weapons in the American Civil War By Bob Carlson There is a proud tradition of sharpshooting in the military history of our nation (Figure 1). From the defeat of General Edward Braddock and the use of flank companies of riflemen in the French and Indian War, to the use of long rifles against Ferguson and the death of General Simon Fraser in the Revolutionary War at Saratoga, to the War of 1812 when British General Robert Ross was shot on the way to take Baltimore in 1814 and when long rifles were instru- mental at New Orleans in January 1815, up to the modern wars with the use of such arms as the Accuracy International AX338 sniper rifle, sharpshooters have been crucial in the outcome of battles and campaigns. I wish to dedicate this discussion to a true American patriot, Chris Kyle, a much decorated Navy Seal sniper whom we lost in February of this year, having earned two silver and four bronze stars in four tours of service to his country. He stated that he killed the enemy to save the lives of his comrades and his only regret was those that he could not save. He also aided his fellow attackers at bay; harassing target officers and artillerymen disabled veterans for whom he worked tirelessly with his from a long-range; instilling psychological fear and feelings Heroes Project after returning home. He exemplified the of helplessness and demoralization using “annoyance” fire true sharpshooter by his courage, skill, and patriotism. (an odd term for shooting one in the head); protecting the As described by Gary Yee1, a sharpshooter is “a military advance, rear guard, and flank soldiers (a most dangerous marksman skilled in shooting.” The concept of sharpshoot- position both from enemy and “friendly” fire); and gener- ing in the civil war era included, but was certainly not lim- ally being used as “force multipliers”to maximize the effect ited to, long-range sniping. There are basically four types of a smaller number of soldiers due to their increased (Figure 2). A fourth class sharpshooter was a common sol- lethality. dier merely instructed to act in this capacity; a third class Sharpshooting tactics underwent continuous ingenious was one proficient in positional warfare who gains profi- changes. The use of dug rifle pits and other means of cover ciency through practice in increased with experience. Steady rests using stumps, the combat situation; sec- tripods, bayonets, sandbags, and even carcasses were used. ond class were trained Simultaneous firing by multiple marksmen was done, espe- sharpshooters, most who cially at long range as when Virginia sharpshooters killed qualified by shooting a 10- General James Mulligan in July 1864. Firing was done inch group at 200 yards in a through loopholes in embankments, sometimes using mir- designated sharpshooter rors. Men fired obliquely to avoid direct frontal exposure. Figure 2. Definition of sharpshooting. unit; and the first class The concept of individual marksmen acting independently included exceptional marks- and choosing their own positions was followed more fre- men engaged in true long- quently as the war progressed. As with many other disci- range sniping akin to mod- plines in the war, i.e., trains, telegraph, medicine, etc, sharp- ern warfare. Their varied shooting was also a developing science. functions (Figure 3) included: A brief, albeit not comprehensive, review of some of dominating the battlefield the cast of characters is in order. Generally, sharpshooters in as skirmishers; suppressing the Union army (Figure 4) were better organized and had defenders during a siege to more formal tactical training, but an innate skill with Figure 3. Functions of sharpshooters. advance a line or to keep firearms was more prevalent in the Confederate armies. Reprinted from the American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletin 107:2-28 107/3 Additional articles available at http://americansocietyofarmscollectors.org/resources/articles/ ASAC_Vol107_02-Carlson_130003.qxd 8/23/13 7:58 PM Page 4 There were countless inde- Robert Rodes was an early pendent companies of innovator with his battal- sharpshooters in the Union ions of sharpshooters, and forces who were mainly R.E. Lee and Jackson used for skirmishing duties allowed him to innovate and flank protection. The and then adopted his earliest and most famous organization for the entire Figure 5. Confederate sharp- Figure 4. Union sharpshooter units were Berdan’s first shooter units. Army of Northern Virginia. units. and second US Sharp- Jeb Magruder formed some shooters (USSS), authorized by General Winfield Scott and of the earliest organized Secretary of War Simon Cameron and organized by Hiram sharpshooters on the Berdan, an excellent marksman, mechanical engineer, and Peninsula in April 1862 in inventor, in mid-June 1861. Their formation as a separate, response to Berdan’s sharp- distinct branch of service was probably conceived by Caspar shooters. Patrick Cleburne Trepp, an ex-Swiss officer during the Crimean War; however, (Figure 6) formed sharp- Berdan had more influence and therefore was credited with shooter battalions in multi- forming the units named for him. They instituted qualifica- ple Georgia, Alabama, tion standards requiring 10 shots at 200 yards without a rest Tennessee, Mississippi, and with an average distance from the center not more than 5 Louisiana battalions in the inches. Their training was mostly by Lieutenant Colonel Army of Tennessee on the Frederick Mears, Ninth Infantry. They used, sequentially, divisional level. They used heavy benchrest rifles, Colt revolving rifles, and the famous Figure 6. Maj. Gen. Patrick Whitworth and Kerr rifles “Berdan Sharps” rifles. Marksmanship, range estimation, and Cleburne (from John Plaster, and many P1853 and P1860 Sharpshooting in the Civil War). tactics were stressed, a unique concept at that time. The sec- Enfield rifles and stressed ond USSS were formed in September 1861. The Bucktails range estimation and marksmanship training. In 1864, (13th Pennsylvania Regiment in 42nd Pennsylvania Reserves) Cadmus Wilcox spurred R.E. Lee to increase sharpshooter used Berdan Sharps rifles after they were issued Springfield battalions including Mahone’s, Posey’s, Gordon’s, and and Enfield rifle muskets. Birge’s Western Sharpshooters Pegram’s brigades. McGowan’s Brigade in Pender’s Division (called 14th MO, then 66th IL), formed by Colonel Birge included my hero, Sergeant Berry Benson, who displayed under General John Fremont, used Dimick plains rifles and amazing courage and skill as a skirmisher, scout, and long- later Henry rifles. Andrew’s Sharpshooters (1st Co. of range sniper, using mostly his P1860 Enfield short rifle. Massachusetts Volunteer Sharpshooters), were formed by There were innumerable other companies and battalions of Captain John Saunders at the behest of Governor John sharpshooters in the Confederate armies in addition to those Andrew in July 1861, initially intended to be part of mentioned here, employing a number of weapons as we will Berdan’s group but attached sequentially to the 15th, 19th, evaluate later. and 20th Massachusetts Regiments. They initially used A wide variety of firearms were used by sharpshooters heavy benchrest rifles and later Sharps rifles. The Second in the American Civil War due to their widely varied func- Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters, formed in tions and developing technology, i.e., skirmishing at 200 to September 1861, were armed with heavies, and Enfield and 500 yards versus long-range sniping. Having a fascination Springfield rifles. Birney’s Brigade of Sharpshooters (203rd with their psychology, tactics, technology, and most of all PA) were promised Spencer repeating rifles but issued their courage, I have developed a special interest in sharp- Springfields. There were countless other companies and shooters and their weapons. I hope to review some of these brigades of sharpshooters throughout the war. Late in 1864, particular arms and why they were used in various, often the Berdan Sharpshooters, Bucktails, and others declined, changing situations with their varying advantages and disad- with severe attrition and ending enlistments, but the Union vantages. Whereas many of these rifles were amazingly accu- continued to arm flank companies and individual com- rate for their time, they definitely do not resemble today’s manders formed their own sharpshooter battalions in their extreme accuracy of, for instance, the McMillan Tach 50! divisions. Some of the reports of extremely long shots in the American Some of the most crucial characters in Confederate Civil War (i.e., a mile or more) were possibly the result of sharpshooting (Figure 5) were as follows. There were no real “grouped fire” by a number of sharpshooters firing simulta- formal sharpshooter regiments in the first year of the war. neously. 107/4 Reprinted from the American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletin 107:2-28 Additional articles available at http://americansocietyofarmscollectors.org/resources/articles/ ASAC_Vol107_02-Carlson_130003.qxd 8/23/13 7:58 PM Page 5 Figure 7. Twenty three members of 1st Co. Mass. (Andrew’s) Figure 9. Cpt. Jack Saunders (Author’s Collection). Sharpshooters with Cpt. Jack Saunders, proudly displaying their “heavies” & wearing Mass. issued dark caped greatcoats (Author’s collection). FIRST COMPANY OF MASSACHUSETTS (ANDREW’S) SHARPSHOOTERS The First Company Massachusetts Sharp- shooters, called Andrew’s Sharpshooters (Figure 7) as they were formed at the behest of Governor John Andrew (Figure 8), were organized and led by Captain John Saunders Figure 10. Note false muzzle, bullet starters and large powder flasks (Author’s Collection). (Figure 9), of Salem, Massachusetts. A 3-year regiment of 98 men mus- telescopes attached to their guns, which weigh an average tered on September 2, 30 pounds .

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