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Archaeological Perspectives on the History and Conduct of the Queensland Labour Trade

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Archaeological Perspectives on the History and Conduct of the Queensland Labour Trade ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following work: Beck, Stephen William (2008) Maritime mechanisms of contact and change: archaeological perspectives on the history and conduct of the Queensland labour trade. PhD Thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: https://doi.org/10.25903/5ed6da5799c62 Copyright © 2008 Stephen William Beck. The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owners of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please email [email protected] Maritime Mechanisms of Contact and Change: Archaeological Perspectives on the History and Conduct of the Queensland Labour Trade. Thesis submitted by Stephen William BECK BSocSc (Hons ) in September 2008 For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology, Archaeology and Sociology in the School of Arts and Social Sciences James Cook University. STATEMENT OF ACCESS I, the undersigned author of this thesis, understand that James Cook University will make this thesis available for use within the University Library and, via the Australian Digital Thesis Network, for use elsewhere. I understand that, as an unpublished work, a thesis has significant protection under the Copyright Act and I do not wish to place any further restriction on access to this work. _______________________ _______________ Signature Date ii STATEMENT ON SOURCES DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references is given. _______________________ _______________ Signature Date iii ELECTRONIC COPY I, the undersigned author of this work, declare that the electronic copy of this thesis provided to the James Cook University Library is an accurate copy of the print thesis submitted, within the limits of technology available. _______________________ _______________ Signature Date iv STATEMENT ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF OTHERS Firstly, I would like to express my sincerest appreciation to my four supervisors for their advice, enthusiasm, guidance and scholarly criticism. My candidature was confirmed with supervision from Dr Peter Veth. After his departure, Dr Martin Gibbs took over and helped me develop the initial structure of the thesis while facilitating two field work visits to the wreck site of the Foam. As co- supervisor, Dr David Roe provided invaluable insights into Islander socio-economic systems and Oceanic archaeology in general. On assuming the role of principal supervisor, Dr Roe offered critical and constructive feedback on the structure and content of chapters. The final stages were supervised by Dr Nigel Chang who provided the guidance, momentum and support essential to mould my research into a completed thesis. To all my supervisors I owe a great debt for their belief in me and my research, their generosity in time and guidance, and academic espirit de corps I would also like to acknowledge the effort provided by the participants of the Foam Maritime Archaeology Project. Without the willing assistance of Dr Martin Gibbs, Dr Paul Muir, Peter Illidge, Ewen McPhee, Bill Jeffery, Susie Kennedy, Coleman Doyle, Bronwyn Jewell, Bruce Burnell, Mark Hedger and Brent Matters, the field work required for my research would have been impossible. I am very thankful to Melanie Hedrick, and Anita Reeves from the Townsville Hospital, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, and to Dr Madeleine Nowak of the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine at James Cook University (JCU) for their cutting edge analysis of South Sea Islander diets. I am also very grateful to the staff of JCU’s Advanced Analytical Centre at James Cook University for the material and chemical analysis of the ceramic armbands recovered from the Foam. v I would like to express my appreciation to Jane Hawkins, lecturer at the Ceramics Department of James Cook University for her assistance in manufacturing examples of ceramic armbands. Eldert Amse from the School of Arts and Social Sciences at James Cook University was vital for IT support and digital image manipulation. Likewise, Richard Ohman from the Creative Arts section was invaluable for his masterful manipulation of the wreck site photomosaic. I was honoured to receive an Australian Postgraduate Award Scholarship for my research together with funds from an Internal Research Allocation from JCU. Finally, it goes without saying that there were many more organisations and individuals who provided assistance and support. Hopefully the following acknowledgment has listed everyone. If by chance you are not mentioned, it is entirely my omission; I apologise in advance and seek your forgiveness. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the outset, I want to acknowledge the wonderful support and encouragement that my wife Chris has provided. Without Chris’s continual belief in me this thesis would not have come to fruition. Chris attributes her gradual transformation to an ash blonde to this thesis. Internationally, I need to acknowledge Ms Elenoa Delailakeba from the National Archives of Fiji, Dr Tim Bayliss-Smith, Reader in Pacific Geography at the University of Cambridge, Tony Butler from the Cowes Maritime Museum on the Isle of Wight, Kate White at the Pitt Rivers Museum, Alan King from the Portsmouth Central Library, Major Proctor director of the Black Watch Regimental Museum, Dr Steven Hooper at the Sainsbury Research Unit for the Arts of Africa, Oceania & the Americas, University of East Anglia, Lawrence. A Foanaota director of the Solomon Islands National Museum, Fuli Pereira from the Auckland Museum, Rex Key from the Society for Clay Pipe Research in the United Kingdom, Nigel Erskine at the Norfolk Island Museum, and Rhys Richards in New Zealand. Further, I thank the staff of the Isle of Wight Records Office, the East Cowes Heritage Centre, the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich and the staff at the research library for the School of Oriental and African studies at the University of London. Closer to home I would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by Michael Quinnell at the Queensland Museum in Brisbane, Antje Sonntag at the Australian Museum in Sydney and Susie Davies from the Macleay Museum at the University of Sydney. I also thank the staff at the John Oxley Library, the Queensland State Archives, the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney, the Mitchell Library in Sydney, the Butlin archives Australian National University, South Australian Museum and the State Library of Victoria. Locally, I need to thank for their time and assistance Vivian Moran, Curator of the Townsville Maritime Museum, Ailsa Head from the Maryborough Bond Store, Wendy Driver at the Fairymead House Sugar Museum, Carmel Murdoch from the Maryborough City Council and Greg Calvert. Likewise thanks to the staff at the Museum of Tropical Queensland, the Townsville Library, Ingham Library, Halifax vii Museum, Bundaberg Historical Museum, Port Douglas Shipwreck Museum and the Mourylian Sugar Museum. And last but by no means least I would like to acknowledge and make a special thank you to Darren Wurf for reconstructing my home computer after it suffered a massive virus attack and doing so without losing any data. viii ABSTRACT This thesis examines, from an archaeological perspective, the ‘maritime mechanisms’ of contact and change between Europeans and Indigenous populations (Islanders) in Oceania in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; in particular, how those mechanisms might be better understood through the application of archaeological methodology. For the purposes of this thesis, maritime mechanisms are defined as those mechanisms of contact and change associated with human activities on the sea. The Queensland labour trade is used as a case study. The key research questions are: • How were the Islanders being changed as a result of their participation in the Queensland labour trade? • Was the Queensland labour trade affected, changed or controlled by the Islanders involved in the trade, and • Did Victorian society and its values, as expressed in part through a changing legislative framework, have any influence on the Queensland labour trade? The thesis begins with a re-analysis of the historical sources, in particular citing the changing legislation that pertained to the Queensland labour trade. This analysis concentrates on understanding the nature of trade relationships within the islands before European influence and what changes seem to have come about after. Archaeological research centred on the wreck of the Foam, combined with my analysis of the artefacts recovered from this site by the Queensland Museum, are also key to this dissertation. The main conclusions fall into two groups. First, the more practical outcomes include the following; 1. schooners were the favoured types of vessels used across the labour trade, 2. some island groups were frequented more by recruiters than others, and 3. the ceramic armbands used as items of trade were not specifically manufactured for the Queensland labour trade but were part of a larger European trading system in which ix ceramic copies of Indigenous status goods were used as trade items from Africa across to Papua New Guinea and the South Sea Islands. Secondly, the broader conclusions are that; 1. when analysed as artefacts in their own right and due to their nature as ‘built environments’, the vessels themselves should be considered as sites of change for the Islanders as they were being transported, 2. the Islanders’ identity continued to transform during their participation in the various stages of the trade, 3. part of the reason for these transformations is that the existence of the Queensland labour trade allowed individuals to bypass traditional restrictions on travel and provided the opportunity to increase status and/or develop new trading relationships, 4. people of influence on the islands exploited the Europeans, their vessels and trade goods to maintain and enhance their status, and 5.
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