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Contributions to the Study of African Languages from the Nordic Countries Arvi Hurskainen
Contributions to the study of African languages from the Nordic countries Arvi Hurskainen 1 Introduction This chapter gives an outline of the study of African languages in various Nordic countries. The description is limited to the work of individual researchers as far as it was financed by these countries. Therefore, the work of each researcher is included only as far as the above criterion is fulfilled. Research of African languages has often been carried out as part of study on general linguistics, or other such research area that has made it possible to study also African languages. Only the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, has a professorship dedicated to the study of African languages. In Norway and Denmark, African languages have been studied mostly in departments of general linguistics. In Finland, the professorship at the University of Helsinki is defined as African studies, that is, the wide research field makes it possible to study also such subjects that normally would be studied in other departments - anthropology and history, for example. 2 Early initiatives The motivation for studying African languages emerged initially as part of missionary activities. There was a need to be able to communicate using local languages. Missionaries had to learn the languages, and this was made possible by producing grammars and dictionaries. The pioneers had seldom formal linguistic training. Yet they produced valuable resources for many languages, which up today have remained standard language resources of those languages. The work of missionaries also included the creation of orthographies and production of teaching materials for schools. Finally, their contribution extends to such achievements as the translation of Bible or its parts to local languages. -
Voicing on the Fringe: Towards an Analysis of ‘Quirkyʼ Phonology in Ju and Beyond
Voicing on the fringe: towards an analysis of ‘quirkyʼ phonology in Ju and beyond Lee J. Pratchett Abstract The binary voice contrast is a productive feature of the sound systems of Khoisan languages but is especially pervasive in Ju (Kx’a) and Taa (Tuu) in which it yields phonologically contrastive segments with phonetically complex gestures like click clusters. This paper investigates further the stability of these ‘quirky’ segments in the Ju language complex in light of new data from under-documented varieties spoken in Botswana that demonstrate an almost systematic devoicing of such segments, pointing to a sound change in progress in varieties that one might least expect. After outlining a multi-causal explanation of this phenomenon, the investigation shifts to a diachronic enquiry. In the spirit of Anthony Traill (2001), using the most recent knowledge on Khoisan languages, this paper seeks to unveil more on language history in the Kalahari Basin Area from these typologically and areally unique sounds. Keywords: Khoisan, historical linguistics, phonology, Ju, typology (AFRICaNa LINGUISTICa 24 (2018 100 Introduction A phonological voice distinction is common to more than two thirds of the world’s languages: whilst largely ubiquitous in African languages, a voice contrast is almost completely absent in the languages of Australia (Maddison 2013). The particularly pervasive voice dimension in Khoisan1 languages is especially interesting for two reasons. Firstly, the feature is productive even with articulatory complex combinations of clicks and other ejective consonants, gestures that, from a typological perspective, are incompatible with the realisation of voicing. Secondly, these phonological contrasts are robustly found in only two unrelated languages, Taa (Tuu) and Ju (Kx’a) (for a classification see Güldemann 2014). -
Paleoecological Reconstruction of Lake Liambezi, Botswana Using Multidisciplinary Proxies
Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-9888, 2019 EGU General Assembly 2019 © Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Paleoecological reconstruction of Lake Liambezi, Botswana using multidisciplinary proxies Anaël Lehmann (1), Christophe Paul (2), Sevasti Filippidou (2), Léandre Ballif (1), Shannon Dyer (1), Pilar Junier (2), and Torsten Vennemann (1) (1) Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Geosciences and Environment, Lausanne, Switzerland, (2) Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Neuchâtel, Switzerland Lake Liambezi is located at the Eastern side of Caprivi Strip, straddling the border between Namibia and Botswana. The drainage basin of the lake is a large, flat wetland, including some woodlands, which contains a typically slow-flowing floodplain river (Seaman et al., 1978; Peel et al., 2015). The Lake changes its shape, size, and depth seasonally and over the years due to fluctuating contributions of water from its distinct source regions. The lake forms two elongated basins with a South-West to North-West direction joined by a main channel. The present study is based on multiple methods conducted on the watershed as well as on the lake. The aim is to give a paleoecological interpretation of the lake with isotopic and multi-proxy records. During the two field campaigns conducted during the dry season (September 2016) as well as at the end of the rainy season during March 2017, water from multiple sources of ground and surface waters were collected to better understand the drainage and hydrodynamics (Dyer, 2017). It was also established that the present climate supports a vegetation representing both the C3 and C4 photosynthetic cycles (Ballif, 2018). -
Major Trollope and the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel One Night As He Lay
Conference Paper for ABORNE 2009. Please do not cite vilify or pillage without at least talking to me. Beyond the Last Frontier: Major Trollope and the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel One night as he lay sleeping on the veranda of his residence in Katima Mulilo Major L.F.W. Trollope, the Native Commissioner and Resident Magistrate for the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel, was attacked by a nineteen year old wielding an axe. Major Trollope survived the attack and the assailant was soon arrested, but in the subsequent trial the “plum posting” that Trollope had created on the furthermost frontier of South African rule came crashing down. The trial brought to the fore that Trollope lived beyond the control of the South African administration to which he was formally subject, and that instead he had become enmeshed in the administrations of Northern Rhodesia and the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Originally appointed to Katima Mulilo to enforce South African rule in the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel, Trollope increasingly established his own fiefdom on the outer fringes of South African rule, and became evermore integrated in the administrations of countries beyond the borders of South Africa. By the time of his demise, Trollope ruled the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel in a manner that had more in keeping with the academically schooled coterie of District Commissioners of Northern Rhodesia and the Bechuanaland Protectorate, than that it bore relation to the apartheid securocrats of the South African Bantu Affairs Department to which he was nominally subject. Beyond the frontier Even amongst the arbitrarily drawn borders of Africa, the borders of the Namibian Caprivi strip are a striking anomaly jutting 500 kilometres into the African continent. -
Among the Khwe of South Africa: a Key Idiom of Personal and Interpersonal Distress Den Hertog, T.N.; De Jong, M.; Van Der Ham, A.J.; Hinton, D.; Reis, R
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) 'Thinking a lot' among the Khwe of South Africa: A key idiom of personal and interpersonal distress den Hertog, T.N.; de Jong, M.; van der Ham, A.J.; Hinton, D.; Reis, R. DOI 10.1007/s11013-015-9475-2 Publication date 2016 Document Version Final published version Published in Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): den Hertog, T. N., de Jong, M., van der Ham, A. J., Hinton, D., & Reis, R. (2016). 'Thinking a lot' among the Khwe of South Africa: A key idiom of personal and interpersonal distress. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 40(3), 383-403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-015-9475-2 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:30 Sep 2021 Cult Med Psychiatry DOI 10.1007/s11013-015-9475-2 ORIGINAL PAPER ‘‘Thinking a Lot’’ Among the Khwe of South Africa: A Key Idiom of Personal and Interpersonal Distress 1,2 3 T. -
Past, Present and Future of Namibian Heritage Conference Book
THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF NAMIBIAN HERITAGE CONFERENCE 28TH - 30TH AUGUST 2018 WINDHOEK, NAMIBIA `The Past, Present and Future of Namibian Heritage’ Conference 28TH - 30TH AUGUST 2018 Publisher and Conference Organiser MUSEUMS ASSOCIATION OF NAMIBIA WINDHOEK, NAMIBIA P.O.Box 147 Windhoek, Namibia 131, 2nd Floor, Maeura Park, Centaurus Road, Windhoek Email: [email protected] Tel: +26461302230 Published: August 2018 ISBN: 978-99916-902-4-7 Publication Layout and Design: NDAPEWOSHALI NDAHAFA ASHIPALA `The Past, Present and Future of Namibian Heritage’ Conference In many ways Heritage defies definition. It can take many forms. It is usually described as a package of objects, places and activities which are seen to reflect the values and beliefs that a family, community or nation wish to pass on to future generations. Yet, society changes over time and the way in which the selection of particular events, personalities, skills or places that are branded as `Heritage’ are remembered and perceived can also change. The `Past, Present and Future of Namibian Heritage’ Conference seeks to provide some time and space for us to exchange opinions. We want to learn HERITAGE lessons from the Past, review our Present practices and plan for the Future. /ˈhɛrɪtɪdʒ/ Participants in this Conference will have many different views, but we believe that by listening and learning from each other we will, together, build a noun common vision. noun: heritage; plural noun: heritages 1. Objects, sites and practices of The Conference has been made possible through a creative partnership the past that are between a number of institutions and donors. The Conference Organising significant because they tell peoples’ stories and Committee is drawn from the University of Namibia (UNAM), Museums help to show how we can enter Association of Namibia (MAN), University of Basel (UBAS) and Carl the future empowered by an understanding Schlettwein Stiftung. -
Expressions of Language Ideologies and Attitudes in Four Namibian Communities
SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics Vol. 19 (2018): 133-153 133 Similarities and differences between varieties of speech: Expressions of language ideologies and attitudes in four Namibian communities Helene Steigertahl [email protected] Abstract In attempts to determine what a so-called “language” and what a so-called “dialect” is, the linguistic criterion of mutual intelligibility has frequently been stressed for the latter (e.g. Webb & Kembo-Sure 2000; Heine & Nurse 2000; Skutnabb-Kangas 2000; Wolff 2000, 2016; Lewis et al. 2016). In general, this terminological dilemma cannot be solved as no clear-cut description exists. Therefore, the terms variety or speech form have been used. Still, further illumination on these concepts is needed as they occupy an important position in linguistic studies, especially with regards to language attitudes and behaviour. In the following, the “language” / “dialect” distinction shall be assessed in the Namibian sociolinguistic context. In this discussion, theoretical approaches will be combined with expressions of language attitudes and ideologies, focusing on mutual intelligibility. These expressions are taken from 77 semi-structured sociolinguistic interviews conducted in four Namibian communities in early 2015. Keywords: Namibia, dialect, language, attitudes, ideologies 1. Introduction So far, several attempts to define “language” and “dialect” have been put forward. However, definitions of what a “language” and what a “dialect” is frequently overlap and the terms “languages” and “dialects” have been applied and used interchangeably for the same variety, depending mainly on policy makers in so-called nation states. This tends to imply a certain regional, linguistic or ethnic superiority of one group or region over another (Alexander 1989: 8, 79; Heine & Nurse 2000; Skutnabb-Kangas 2000; Webb & Kembo- Sure 2000: 29; Wolff 2016: 290 and following.). -
Complete Paper
Shanjo and Fwe as Part of Bantu Botatwe: A Diachronic Phonological Approach Koen Bostoen Royal Museum for Central Africa Tervuren - Université libre de Bruxelles 1. Introduction1 Shanjo and Fwe are two small Bantu languages spoken in the southern part of the Western Province of Zambia. The number of Shanjo speakers was estimated at 3,033 in 1960 (Fortune 1963).2 The Shanjo live in scattered communities to the west of the Zambezi, between Sioma and Sesheke. They consider themselves as ethnically distinct from other communities in the Western Province, but their linguistic competence in Shanjo is seriously reduced in favour of the region’s vehicular language Lozi. Most Shanjo speak Lozi as their first language and the Shanjo language displays considerable interference from Lozi, mainly in the lexicon. Apart from some data in Fortune (1963), no published documentation is available for Shanjo. Most Fwe speakers live in the eastern Caprivi strip in neighbouring Namibia. Their number was estimated at 7,400 in 1998 (Gordon 2005). In Zambia, there were an estimated 1,649 speakers in 1960 (Fortune 1963). Zambian Fwe speakers mainly live in the Imusho area in the south-western part of the Western Province, but there also scattered communities more to the north. Linguistic competence in Fwe seems to be less threatened in Zambia, as compared to Shanjo, possibly due to its strong ethnic identity in the Caprivi (Seidel 2005; Elderkin 1998). The only hitherto published documentation on Fwe is on the Caprivi variant (Baumbach 1997). In Guthrie’s (1971) referential classification of the Bantu languages, Shanjo was classified in the Luyana group as K36. -
Josephine Ntelamo Sitwala Master of Arts
LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE IN THE MALOZI COMMUNITY OF CAPRIVI Josephine Ntelamo Sitwala Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the subject SOCIOLINGUISTICS at the University of South Africa Supervisor: Prof L.A. Barnes February 2010 ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. vi Abstract ............................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction: Statement of the problem ...................................................................... 1 1.2 Aim of the study .......................................................................................................... 1 1.3 The research questions ................................................................................................ 2 1.4 The hypothesis of the study ......................................................................................... 2 1.5 Significance of the study ............................................................................................. 3 1.6 Motivation for the study .............................................................................................. 3 1.7 The Malozi and their language .................................................................................... 4 -
Kalahari Khoe Khoekhoe
Khoe-Kwadi Khoe Kwadi Kalahari Khoe Khoekhoe West East Naro Gǁana Khwe Ts’ixa Shua Tshwa Naro Gǀui Caprivi (Handa) Nata Kua Ts’ao Gǁana ǁAni (Hiiyoo) Danisi Tsua ǂHaba Buga Deti Cua (Tshwao) ? Kwadi 1.1. Kwadi: Background • formerly spoken in southwestern Angola, south of Namibe • restricted to pastoralists who use “Kwepe” as term of self-reference • occasional references in Portuguese sources from the 17th century onwards • anthropological context referred to by Estermann and Almeida, linguistic data recorded by A. de Almeida (during 1950s), E.O.J. Westphal (see, e.g., 1964/5, n.d.a-b) and G. Gibson (during 1970s) • less than ten speakers during documentation attempts in the mid-20th century • two rememberers discovered in 2013 by J. Rocha, systematic attempts at recording in 2014 • language shift to Kuvale (Bantu, ?R.30~?R.10) has been completed 1.2. Kwadi: Classi%cation History! • considered to be an isolate (Westphal 1962, 1963) or a distant relative of the Khoe languages (Westphal 1965, 1971; Köhler 1981); Ehret (1982) speculates about a link to Eastern Kalahari Khoe, possibly based on shared patterns of click loss! • Güldemann establishes a higher order unit Khoe-Kwadi, based on morphological (Güldemann 2004) and lexical correspondences (Güldemann & Elderkin 2010)! 2. Khwe and Ts&ixa! Zambia Ngarange Angola Buma ǁXo ǁXom Namibia ǁAni Hii- yoo Buga Handa Botswana Ts’ixa Distribution of Khwe and Ts&ixa in the 19th century (Brenzinger 1998, 2013)! Modern distribution of Khwe and Ts&ixa (cf. Brenzinger 2013)! 2.1.1. Background: Khwe! • Khwe formerly spoken in southeastern Angola and western Zambia, in the Caprivi Strip along the Okavango River, and in and around the Okavango Delta in Botswana! • seriously a'ected by independence and civil wars in Angola and Namibia (Boden 2003, Brenzinger 2010)! • present-day distribution across Caprivi Strip and northern Botswana; some speakers in Platfontein and Schmidtsdrift, South Africa! • ca. -
Identity, Catholicism, and Lozi Culture in Zambia's Western
IDENTITY, CATHOLICISM, AND LOZI CULTURE IN ZAMBIA’S WESTERN PROVINCE BY BRADLEY JOHNSON A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Religion May 2012 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: Nelly van Doorn-Harder, Ph.D., Advisor Simeon Ilesanmi, Ph.D., Chair Mary Foskett, Ph.D. ii Acknowledgements I wish to express my very sincere thanks to my two advisors, Drs. Nelly van Doorn-Harder and Simeon Ilesanmi. During my short time at Wake Forest, they have always been willing to help in any capacity possible, and I have often found discussions with them to be very fruitful, both in the classroom and in their offices. I also extend my gratitude to the other professors who significantly shaped my education here: Drs. Mary Foskett, Jarrod Whitaker, Tanisha Ramachandran, Kevin Jung, Nathan Plageman, Tim Wardle, and Leon Spencer. Each one forced me to think and stretch my mind in new ways, which is one of the best gifts I can imagine. Special thanks also to the Department of Religion for helping to fund my research trip to Zambia and lifting a sizable financial burden from my family. Without the assistance, the fieldwork might not have been feasible. It is difficult to fully express my gratitude to the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate in the Western Province and Lusaka. Despite knowing me only through email correspondence and the testimony given on my behalf by a friend, they took me in and treated me with the utmost hospitality for a month and a half, eager to provide me with research opportunities along the way. -
Zimbabwe |Botswana
English NAMIBIA | ZIMBABWE | BOTSWANA NATURE RESERVES ALONG THE CAPRIVI STRIP Overview Travel Information |Namibia and Botswana Suggested Accomodation Tour Itinerary Map TOUR SUMMARY Small Group or Private Safari English- and German- speaking tour guide 12 Days Etosha National Park, Caprivi, Mahango and Mudume (Namibia), Chobe National Park (Botswana), Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe) INCLUSIVE Accommodation in double rooms and double tents of hotels, lodges, camps Breakfast All transfers All entrance fees Excursions according to the program EXCLUSIVE Beverages Additional meals Visa fee International flights Overview This "three-country nature travel" takes you to Namibia's wildlife rich Etosha National Park and the Mahango Game Reserve on the Kavango River in the western Bwabwata National Park and to Mudumu National Park on Linyati River in eastern Caprivi Strip (the Linyati is known in Angola as Kwando and in Botswana as Chobe). Wildlife observations are then continued in the adjacent Chobe National Park in Botswana. Wildlife watching also from boats. A visit to the Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe is the culmination of the journey. Scheduled accommodation Okaukuejo camp Onguma Bush Camp Hakusembe River Lodge Mahangu Safari Lodge Namushasha Lodge Chobe Safari Lodge Ilala Lodge Tour Itinerary Program Day 1: Windhoek Arrival in Windhoek and transfer to the hotel. In the afternoon, city tour through the capital of the country. Day 2: Windhoek - Etosha National Park Drive north with a stop at the craft market of Okahandja, then continue to the Etosha National Park. Evening observation of plains zebra, blue wildebeest, elephants and rhinos at a floodlit waterhole in the immediate vicinity of the rest camp.