Nolle Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate

N O L L E

PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFI LLMENT OF THE REQUI REMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Amerira n a (ﬁt rma n ira

NUMBE R 32

P UB L I C AT I O N S O F T H E UNI VERS IT Y OF PENNS YL VANIA | 9 l 7 CO PYR I G HT 1917

AL FR ED HENR Y n P ro fessor D - L h r debted ess . . e e t e U e to M arn d , of niv sity of

P e fo r the e e e e e ren nnsylvania , ncourag m nt and valuabl assistanc

the e D r e r . . . der d by him in pr paration of this wo k , and to E M

e the U e P e n e the Fog l , of niv rsity of nnsylva ia , for aid in r ading

He e e e e e for the proo f . furth r wish s to xpr ss his gratitud cour

L r h teous e e e e e the S t . L P t e tr atm nt xt nd d by ouis ublic ib ary,

the e S e the library of Stat Historical oci ty of Missouri , and

the s S e ee u se library of Mis ouri Historical oci ty , in giving fr o f

e source material found in th eir respectiv e archiv s .

Al H N lle e o . fr d .

u 1 1 . Col mbia , Missouri , July 7 , 9 7

3 8 1 6 1 5

T HE ERMA DR AMA T HE T G N ON S . L OUIS

ST A G E .

P E A E R F C .

the er he L e This account of G man drama on t S t . ouis stag is intended to form a contribution to the history of Americana

' e e e e ﬁ rst Germanica . It is bas d ss ntially on material gath red at

h f h er hand from t e ﬁles o t e G man newspapers publish ed in St . L ouis contemporaneous with t h e stage in the various phases of

e e th e 1 8 - 1 8 its exist nc . For period 35 98 the A n zeiger des We s ten s e th e r e r 1 8 0- 1 1 th es t was us d as p imary sourc ; f om 9 9 4 , e W li che P os t S e the Missis si i B ldtter e e and its unday dition , pp . Th s w ere suppl em ented by other contempo ran eous German and

er L e r he English pap s of S t . ouis and in s ve al instances by t D eu ts che P i on i er of Cincinnati and the N ew York er S ta a ts

Zei ti m The e the e e a r e g . ﬁl s o f n wspap rs e in most instanc s com

le re 2 1 8 2 te. e e e 1 8 e p Th y p s nt gaps from Octob r , 3 , to Octob r 9 ,

1 8 1 er 1 1 1 8 e 1 8 1 8 e 2 1 8 8 4 ; Octob , 43 , to Octob r , 44 ; Octob r 3 , 4 ,

er 2 0 1 8 e 2 0 1 8 1 r 1 1 8 2 to Octob , 49 ; Octob r , 5 , to Ap il 9 , 5 ; Octo

' er 2 o 1 8 2 r 1 8 1 8 2 1 e 1 1 860 b , 5 , to Ap il , 53 ; April to Octob r 9 , ;

e 2 0 1 86 1 2 2 1 862 e 2 1 1 8 62 Octob r , , to April , ; Octob r , , to July

2 0 1 8 6 e er e e e a re , 3 , and in s v al isolat d instanc s individual issu s

T h r h e h e re re missing . e narrative histo y of t e stag for t e p riods p

e e e e ee e e r er e s nt d in th s gaps has b n gl an d f om oth sourc s , but statistical material as to the reperto ri es for th e period cannot be

e r r h e o e e e he e e coll cted . I f reco ds fo t e p ri d r pr sent d by t s v ral

a re e d e e e e e . e gaps xtant, ilig nt s arch has fail d to locat th m Th y

r be h e e r ri e t L a e t . not to found in e s v ral lib a s in and about S ouis , including the library o f the State Histo rical Soci ety o f Missouri

the e e e e e e in Columbia , Missouri , and xc ll nt G rman library in B ll

e n or the L e . vill , Illinois , in ibrary o f Congr ss 1 H ein rich Bornstein in his memoirs treats in som e detail the

er h L e er p iod of his activity on t e St . ouis stag and to a c tain

1 Fu r u n ds e r n e lten i md eu en Welt M em oi ren ei n es Un ~ ef i beiq J a h e i d r a n , bed u 1 e ten den L e z : tt o W a n d 188 . . ip ig O ig , 2 D h tu m t L ou i i n riih eren J a hr en Ei n Geden k bu c h u r da s eu ts c . S s f . f

L i A n n r n n o a n 1 8 . St o s : . W e s u d o t u i bu ch S h P i i g C mp y, 93 Germ a n Di a m a on the S t L ouis ta e . S g

h e e . D e e e . n ext nt t p riod pr c din g his activity E . Karga in his 2 L ouis i n riiheren a h ren e e ee e e 5 t . f J d vot s ﬁft n pag s to a sk tch

1 8 the e e of the German stage prior to 93 . At tim o f the Op ning o f the Germania Theater the s ouvenir progra ms for the initial

e e e e f the e wa s p rformanc contain d a bri f account o stag , which

r e the L ouis Tri biin e S e e e I substantially rep int d in S t . for pt mb r ,

1 8 2 The A n z ei er des Wes ten s 1 2 1 8 e e 9 . g for July , 97, r print d “ ” e Die e e Biihn e e that part of an addr ss on d utsch in Am rika ,

‘ h L e e elb e t e St . e W which d alt with ouis stag , mad by F rdinand “ ” be fore th e Deutsch -Am erikanisch er L ehrerbund conven ed in

e elb e m e. W e e Milwauk This account , as pro f ss d , is tak n al ost ’ e e e e h s v rbally from Bornst in s M emoirs . Subs qu ntly t e Mi sis s i i Blotter for 2 1 8 h 1 1 6 e pp July , 99 , and Marc 4 , 9 9 , print d his torica l e e he r L o e h t e e St . . e t e sk tch s of G man stag in uis Th s , last ’ e W elb a re e n e o f which was compil d by , bas d upon Bor st in s

i ’ e Ka r a u s e e e brief a ccoun t M moirs and g account , suppl m nt d by a ’ of the occur rences postdating the appearance o f Ka rga u s book .

e a re r r e e e e Th y popula a ticl s full o f inaccuraci es . Th y giv no id a

e e the e The N ew Y er as to what was actually p rform d on stag . ork

S ta a ts —Zei ti m er 1 2 1 02 g for Octob 5 and , 9 , contains an account “ ” Die e e Biihn e im W e e P e e of d utsch st rn , by Carl l tz , which tak s

h L he t e St . e e e e t into account ouis stag , but , n c ssarily , consid ring

e e the e er e e e e wid ﬁ ld articl cov s , in v ry bri f compass . O f th s e e the e on e the e e s v ral accounts of stag only , M moirs of Bornst in , was a real help ; the oth ers were suggestive and helpful in out

the o f the e due e or lining history stag , but , to th ir inaccurate

e e be e sk tchy natur , had to us d with caution .

e a re the re e e All valu s in last analysis lativ valu s . To gain a

e th e th t L e conc ption of e lit rary value o f e S . ouis stag during the e e e e e e e ee various phas s of its xist nc , its history has , th r for , b n

ﬁ e the e e divided into ve p riods . On basis of th s a statistical survey of the literary compl exion of the several stages has been

T he er e e a re e mad e. statistical mat ial on which such stimat s bas d

h A x The the the is added in t e ppen di . division of history of

e for e e e stag as a basis stablishing comparativ valu s is not , how

T h e e e e a n r r . e e v r , a bit ary division divisions r pr s nt natural and

e e e logical periods in its d v lopm nt . Germ a n Dram a on the S t L ouis ta . S ge

1 1 8 2 - 1 8 . 4 59 .

T H E B EG I N N I N G S .

T he e a e re t L r ﬁrst G rm n th at in S . ouis dates from the yea 1 8 2 h e 1 8 . t e r 2 e e 4 In summ of 4 Rudol f Ri s , an actor of ability ,

r er the e e e e e e o iginally from B lin , in cours of a vari gat d xist nc , t L e e e S . . e e b cam strand d in ouis A numb r of young G rmans , on

e u e the e b coming acq aint d with man and his plight , sympathiz d

e r e e e with him in his mbar assm nt . Mon y th se for the mo st part poor clerks and busin ess app rentices did not have to offer the

r e st and d actor . But out o f a d esire to aid him they encouraged

e er e e er o e him to arrang a s i s o f th atrical p f rmanc s for his beneﬁt .

en d e ffe e e e e e The To this th y o r d th ir assistanc as dil ttant s . 3 e th r r e e e er L . sult was ﬁ st p rformanc of a G man drama in St . ouis For a record of this ﬁrst p erformance we a re indebted to the

e en e r e facil p of H in ich Bornst in .

Die e L e e e zu e e e e W r e j ung n ut ging n in m d utsch n i t , dessen Gasthaus an der dritten S trasse zwischen P ine und ‘ ’ e den S : e er S chlii ssel m ie Oliv child Zum Br m trug , und e e e e e e L e e e S der S e e t t n d ss n ob r s okal , in n lang n aal , als p is zimm er bei Hochzeiten oder anderen f estlich en Gel egen heiten benutzt wurd e — aus Zim m erm a n n sbock en und Bret e e e e N — Biihn e im rovosirt e e e t rn wurd in oth p , und so w it di s ' re e e die wei ss etii n chten W e des S e icht , wurd n g and aal s von einem Zim m erm a ler zu einem Wald e um gepin selt— fii r die S cen en die im e e e e e e e zu , Zimm r spi lt n , wurd n billig Tap t n Couli ssen und einer Hinterwand zusamm engekl ebt un d der ' z m m n n ahten e e e . Vorhang bestand aus zw ei usa e ge B ttd ck n ; — ein paar H olzstii hle und ein Tisch bildeten das Am euble - e e De r e m ent der Zim m er D ekoration . Mit di s n ko ation n

3 h t L o s Hi storica lly a uth en t ica ted in terest in the Germ a n d ra m a on t e S . ui “ ’ sta e da tes fr m h Am 2 1 e te er 8 t ra t der erst e o t e ea r 1 8 8 . g y 3 , S p mb 3 K n i sta dter- ea t er in er n a u f a s e er in St . L o s e s vom o s ) Sch u pi l ui , I k ( g Th B li , ‘ ’ un d decl a m i rte wah ren d der Zwi sc hen a ct e den M on ol og a u s W a llen stem s ’ T o d D er exi stirte so fa n d d eses Erei n is s a u f . a n o e n de t s es ea t ch k i u ch Th , i g den rettern es n L o ea t ers a m er a n s st a tt u n d sch em t B d a lte St . ui s Th ( ik i ch ) von Er folg g ek ron t g ew es en zu s ein ; w en ig sten s t ra t der Kii n stler n och a n ' ” ers ed A en f —D er deu ts c h e P i on i er n n n a t I I I . en en de u . v chi b n a (Ci ci i , — in n rod n 2 . T he n n o a t on ha d o e er n o m m ed a te on s e en es t g 75 i v i , h w v , i i c qu c i uci

m h L o s sta e. Ger a n dra m a p erm a n en tly on t e St . ui g I O Germ a n D ra m a on the S t L ouis t . S a ge

’ ‘ ’ wurd en als erste Vo rstellung S chill er s Rauber a u fgefuhrt — den r e e der l e Thu m , in w lch m a t Moor gefangen sitzt , hatte der kunstsinnige Zim m erm a ler so tauschend h erge e er wie ein e e u e — da e st llt , dass aussah ri sig r G g lhup f k in ’ L e fii r den e ei e e hnstuhl alt n Moor aufzutr b n war , so wurd eine alte Wa a ren k iste genommen und eine Wand derselben S itzhohle hera us esa t die e e e bis zur . g g , dadurch g wonn n n e e S L e e e e e Br ttch n dann als itz auf ist n g nag lt , das ganz mit einem Bettuche iiberzogen und der L ehnstuhl des alten e e e r e in Muthwilli er Graf n war f rtig . Hatt sich nun i g nd e g den S a e e es e ein e des p ss g macht , od r was Zufall , g nug , Zipf l Bettu ches hatte sich in den Strick des Verha n gs verschlun en — die r e 105 die e im e g , Vo st llung ging , vi r Mann Orch s ter e e e e e herun ter estrichen ﬁI eur hatt n in Ouv rtur g g , der S ou e e e n r r e gab das Glock nz ich n u d de Vo hang rollte in die Hoh . er e e der L e Ab mit ihm ging zugl ich das B ttuch hinauf , hn dem der e e rii cklin s stuhl , in alt Moor sass , wurd dadurch g ' umgeworfen und ein h eilloses Gela chter begrii sste di es en ' - Der iir tragi komischen Anfang . Vorhang musste unter st misch er H eiterkeit wi eder h eruntergelass en w erden und erst a ls Alles der Bii hn e e e wa r die . auf wi d r in Ordnung , nahm

— Vorstellung ih ren Verla.uf ; da kein e Schauspi el erin auf ‘ ’ e e e e e r e die e er zutr ib n g w s n war , so wu d Amali ganz h aus estrick en es e vo-n e e e e e g ; wurd nur ihr g sproch n , ab r s h n e i Di e - S e e s e . e e b kam man nicht Raub r tatist n , laut r j ung ' Volon ta rs e e e e die D e e sie e , war n vi l zahlr ich r als arst ll r , hatt n all e ihre Revolver und Jagdgewehre mitgebracht und bei der Ra uberscen e im dritten Akt wurd e so furchtbar drin geschos~ sen der e S a P er a n efii llt wa r , dass ganz a l dick mit ulv dampf g ein e N e e e e r e e und undurchdringlich r b l h rrscht , du ch w lch n die T a Ig-L ichter der B el euchtung wie roth e P un ktchen ' e Den fun ften er e e schimm rten . Akt wollte ab Ri s nicht e e e er e e e e e spi l n , w nn nicht in Amali , w nigst ns zum Tod e e e e e die des W r ein st ch n , hab ; ndlich musst Kochin i ths e e e e e die e a uﬂosen den w iss s Kl id anzi h n , sich Haar und in e P ulvern ebel e e zustii rzen e e m it dicht n auf Ri s , worauf di s r den betreffenden Worten seiner Roll e s ie erstach und als die e e um ﬁ el sie der e e arm Kochin nicht gl ich , mit Faust ni d r n e e e e des e e schlug . Von de l tzt n Akt n hatt man Rauchs w g n e e e e e P m fast nichts m hr g s h n und auch , da das ganz ubliku fii rchterlich e e e ehort S chlu sse e hust t , w nig g ; am j doch r e e e e m ehrerem a le stii rm isch e e wu d n all Mitwirk nd n g ruf n , ‘ Germ a n Dra m a on the St L ouis . S ta ge i i

worauf die ganze Einnahme unten in der W irthsstube ver k n ei t e Die e e p wurd . Z itung n j ener Zeit haben uns die N e e e e e di di e e am n j n r Mann r aufb wahrt , e damals e rst e e e e r e L li h St . erm o c ten d utsch Th at rvo st llung in ouis g , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ den r r e e e e den n D ein Ka l Moo spi lt Ri s ; Fra z John . Hill , ‘ ’ bekannter Holzha n dler ; den alten Moor H einrich Fisch er r s a ter e e der o ula rsten W irthe der Hippo K ug , p in r p p Stadt , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ spi elte den S chw eizer und den H ermann dazu ; Geo rg ‘ ’ re er e e e den Schu fterle der B ssl von B ll vill und Block , von ‘ spa teren sehr geachteten Firma Block und Evers den Spie ’ lber — Di e i e . e d e im e e g g Vorst llung , vollst n Sinn des Wortes S e e e L e r St . e nsation macht , musst nicht nur in ouis wi d holt er e e der e w d n , sond rn Ruf derselben wa r auch nach d m benachbarten B ellevill e gedrungen und Ri ese wurde ein ge e e e ese hin ii ber zu e die lad n , mit s in r G llschaft komm n und ‘ ’ ‘ ’ er a u fzu fiihren S o r e di Raub . wu d n d enn e Rauber mit e e e e e e e e a u f efuh rt d rs lb n B s tzung auch in B ll vill g , und da e e e e e wa r e k in Orch st r aufzutr ib n , so zog Hippo Krug , w nn ‘ ’ ‘ ’ er auf der Bii hn e sein en Schweizer und H ermann vera r beitet e ei e D ii ber e e e P ub hatt , n n omino s in Costum , li f ins W 0 der Biihn e ein e e e likum , vor Klavi r stand , und spi lt ie e - in e darauf d Zwisch nakts Musik , wobei e H rr Ochs mit Es- Clarin ette und ein H err Daun mit der Violine ihn a ccom n irten N der e r e e er die N pa g . ach Vorst llung wu d wi d acht r die e verk n ei t es e hindu ch Einnahm p und als Tag wurd , e e e der D e e e e e e hatt k in r arst ll r auch nur in n H ll r , um nach L zurii ck fa hren zu kon n en — er e rer St . ouis da barmt sich ih der e e e e e e e er Bi rbrau r Gottfri d Busch , li ss s in n gross n Bi e e die e e e Wag n anspann n , lud ganz G s llschaft hinauf und ” 4 e t L zurii ck fiihrte sie unentg ltlich nach S . ouis .

e the e e e e who the Encourag d by succ ss of his v ntur , Ries , , in

e e em e e e e newspap r adv rtis nts announcing his p rformanc s , styl d “ himsel f friiherer Di rektor der d eutsch en Oper zu Philadelphia

D re de e e e e N ew e e und i ktor s d utsch n Th at rs in Orl ans , announc d “ a series of perform ances under his directorship in R a n k en s ” L e e 2 e 2 okal , at irr gular int rvals dating from July to Octob r 9 ,

' 1 8 2 The e the e e R cii t ber er r e 4 . exact dat of m morabl p fo manc is

e r e The e e e e e not r co d d . programs of th s half doz n p rformanc s ,

M m r e oi en II , 240 ff. e o e ree e Di e B ra n t Di e Him m el a hr t ei n es V rh r ach th tim s , and f

’ S ii n ers e e D er N a chtwcichter a rid Di e S eelen wa n f twic ach , and

e e e e e . dera n g o n ce each . Th s plays w r announc d anonymously Usually two or th ree o f the shorter plays w ere given at on e per form a n ce re r the o e th e e , as was gula ly custom foll w d in num rous

o e er e e r e r e e e V lksth at , which mad th i app a anc a d cad and a half

er the L e er e e o e the er e lat , and in i bhab th at r , which ccupi d int v ning

r pe iod . 5 r e e - e T he theat e establish d by Ri es was short liv d . It could

r o r r e e e lay littl e claim to a tistic d amaturgical xc ll ncy . But it ‘ deserves recognition because it was epochq n a k in g in the cultu ral

he e e e L o . r be history o f t German l m nt o f St . uis F om it may r e the or the r the e t ac d hist y of institution , which , th u vicissitud s o f e e en e e e e r i mor than s v d cad s , has without s rious int r upt on , but with varying d egrees o f fo rtune continued to the p resent day to fulﬁll a cultural mission .

The er the r the er e t L p iod in histo y o f G man stag in S . ouis ’ beginning with Ri es e s v enture in 1 842 till the establishm ent o f th t L o er th r r 1 8 e S . e e e e e uis Op nhaus , ﬁrst p man nt th at , in 59 ,

e the eri od o the be i n n in s e constitut s p f g g . Att mpts to establish a German th eat re on a prof ession al basis during the p eriod proved

a n d - e er r h e in effectual short liv d . G man th eatricals du ing t e gr eat r part of this period rested in the hands o famateur or s emi -pro fes sion a l o on e e e e rganizations , in which or s v ral pro f ssional actors

r e th e e h e a e usually fo m d nucl us , around whic a group of dil tt nt s

e r e e fo T he er e e h the conc nt at d th ir e f rts . numb of dil ttant s w o in midst of their w ork - a - day activiti es could ﬁnd l eisure to study ro e e r e r e on e et l s and tak pa t in th atricals was not a la g , y among the young m en of that day there was a sufﬁci ent number of a de

e e ee the e e e o f L e e e e quat tal nt to m t r quir m nts a i bhab rth at r , who

5 ese osed on hi s S L o s fr en ds to s a n exten t t a t t e Ri imp up t . ui i uch h h y ere a d to rid t em s f him e o e t ed on e t t o w gl h elves o . Th y c ll c m y wi h which s en d him t o Phil a delphia wh ere h e wa s en ga ged a s b a riton e in a n I ta li a n o era om a n U n f en det h e a n i r p c p y . der t h e n a m e o B e ti s g n I ta li a n o p era fo s e era ea rs in N ew Y o r a de a o sto n a n d ot er t es n t h e v l y k , Phil lphi , B , h ci i , u il I s t s e He h r n oi . di ed in 18 in t e P oo H o se o l a ell s I sl a n d N ew v c 59 u B ckw , po rIhi 1 3

o e e e e sh w d willingn ss to tak part . In cons equ nce it was always p ossible for a p rofessional acto r or di recto r coming to the city

e r e e e e r e to ﬁnd ampl suppo t to nabl him to ngag in his p of ssion .

’ O f the L iebhaberth eater to follow in th e wake o f Riese s

e re the r be e e e S e e e 1 6 1 8 v ntu ﬁ st to organiz d was op n d pt mb r , 43 , er th e or e L und e dir ct at of Christian and ouise Thi elemann .

r e e e e e o e e e e Mm e . Thi l mann and his wi f w b th xp ri nc d actors .

e e L e e r r h er e ee Thi l mann ( ouis Ehl rs ) , p io to marriag , had b n

e a t ' the e re e e engag d royal th at in Kass l . Both had played in N w

e York and N ew Orl eans . Th y subsequently became th eatre di

r in h r recto s Chicago . T e principal amateu s cooperating with

e e e Kribben e - e e th m w r Christian , a w ll known lawy r ; his broth r

W e er e e r ilh lm , a Mississippi Riv pilot ; B nk ndo f , a j ournalist ;

Bii h l P - e e c e U . H rman Asch nbach , Julius , A . Ross ( ost Ross ) ,

e L isch er W e Ma ckwitz e r H nry , ilh lm , Hippo Krug , and G o g

e e T he Thielem a n n s la ed r R ichard and wi f . p y with this o ganiza

ee e e e e e tion for thr succ ssiv wint r s asons , with occasional p rform

n c th m e 1 8 Th d e r h e a es e . e t in su m r of 45 ir cto ship o f e soci ty ,

the e e e e e th e o f with s cond s ason , how v r , pass d into hands John

D e e er T h e e e e. e . Hill , a dil ttant who had playd und Ri s s ason

1 8 - 1 8 1 1 e - e e 45 46 closed May . A s ason of post s ason p rform a n ces e r e e e er follow d , for cha itabl purpos s , at irr gular int vals ,

D 1 2 1 8 6 P e e the ee e e e e . nding c mb r , 4 rformanc s during thr years of the existenc e of this L i ebhabertheater had been bi

e D the e e e e er e we kly . uring ﬁrst s ason of its xist nc p formanc s f ” im d r Hrn e e L in k em eier re e S e . we h ld alon Ang lb ck und , at Third and Walnut S treets ; during the last two s easons in the

Vaudeville Theatre at 2 4 North Main Street . T he price of a d

e e e e on e mission was ﬁfty c nts for singl p rformanc s , dollar and

ﬁfty cents for six performances by subscription . Following the last of these p er formances there was a lull

e e in German theatricals for more than a y ar , until this sam group o f m e e e De e e 1 8 e the e e a at urs r organiz d c mb r 7 , 47 , und r pr sid ncy

o f e o the e e . The e Adolph Ab ls , int Thalia G s llschaft purpos o f the n ew soci ety was not only to institute amateur theatrical per form a n ces e a n d e e , but also to arrang balls oth r social gath rings

e er for the beneﬁt o f its m embers and f ri ends . Its th atrical p I 4 form a n ces differed from those o f the L iebhabertheater which had p reced ed it in that only amateurs w ere to take part and that only members of the s ociety and th eir frieq w ere to be a d i the er r e e e e the e m tted to p fo manc s , tho xc ption was mad to latt r rul e on eveni n gs especially set asid e for the entertainment of th e

h rib n e e be the l public . T e K be broth rs continu d to spirit and sou

th n ew r . e e e of e o ganization It op n d its ﬁrst s ason January 5,

h P e ee P er 1 8 8 in t e e S . 4 , a building at corn r of Main and in tr ts form a n ces were usually given weekly on W ednesday evenings . The price o f admission for non - members vari ed between tw enty ~

ﬁ e e v and ﬁ fty c nts . With the s econd year o f its existence the Thal ia Ges ell schaft

h L n r n he reor a n re e t a e bti d. W t was organiz d as t e S . ouis S g ith g iza tion of the society debat es and declamatory exercis es became

e the e i erm e sev its chi f activity, to xclus on o f G an th atricals , for er e al y ars to follow .

the 1 8 1 X e e In spring o f 5 av r S trass r, accompanied by his

e e e r r e e wi f , two daught rs and st pson , all acto s by p of ssion , cam

L e S t . . S e c m to ouis upport d by lo al amat urs , a ong whom Adal ber t L ohr especially distinguished him sel f Strasser on the 7th ” e e L e e e e the e S e of April op n d a i bhab rth at r in Tontin , on cond

e er n e h Street near Elm . After s v al performa c s there e built and moved into a summer theatre in what was then Arsenal Park . “ r er r e e St ass p ov d a failur as a director . H is theatre in the Ton ” “ e e e e e — e e tin had promis d well . But his summ r th atr ine gross ” e n ur e e L u ftloc hern e e e e e e dunkl , mit w nig n v rs h ne Br tt rbud

r e r the r p ov d a ﬁasco f om sta t . It came to an abrupt close August

2 w e e the S e e e the 4 , h r upon trass r family at onc l ft city . ’ St ra s ser s ill - fated attempt as director was followed by another lull which lasted until the dramatic tal ent of the St: L ouis

S e e e e e 1 8 2 ang rbund again b cam activ . From F bruary till May , 5 , th e Sangerbund gave biw eekly per formances in the old Wash in ton r D c e r 1 8 2 till he . e e t 1 8 g Hall F om mb , 5 , spring of 53 it ’ er o r e o l the e e e e the P e p f m d ccasiona ly in Vari ti s Th atr , in eopl s

e re the e e e Th at and in Bat s Th atr . In 1 8 50 there was called to editorial leadership of the An zeiger des Wes ten s a m a n who more tha n a n y other on e m a n o fhis day was instrumental in the cultural and educational uplift “ ” the e e e e t L of G rman l m nt of S . ouis . Bildung ist Macht was

H r r his watchword . e was inst umental in o ganizing the Freie

‘ Méin n er- e e e e e for V r in which stablish d G rman schools boys , and e e S e r e e v ning and unday class s for g own p opl e. In conn ction

he e e H e re with Franz Schmidt stablish d a school for girls . e l ctu d e e e e e e e xt nsiv ly on a vari ty of topics and v n taught, for a tim , in ’ the girls school he had helped to establish . Thru the feuilleton

the A n zei er h e e e columns of g , o f which e b came sol propri tor

1 8 1 re e e in May, 5 , and thru his agg ssiv and som what sensational policy made the most widely circulating German newspaper in the W e e e the S e the Wes tli che Blotter st, sp cially in unday dition , , and thru the publication in book form o f a library of German belles lettres he dissem inated much wholesom e literature among

- 6 e u m e . D r e r e his f llow co ntry n This man , . H in ich Bornst in , had

m e m e e e e e e co to A rica with a vari d and rich xp ri nc , not only as

m e e e l e a j ournalist , but or sp cia ly as an actor and impr ssario and th e e playwright . In e cours e of his long and busy li f o f four scor and sev en years his vari ed career launched him into diverse ﬁelds h o f activity, but t e lure of the stage constantly attracted him in on e the e e capacity or oth r . His old fri nd and j ournalistic col e u e Kla u recht n ec rolo e a l ag , Emil p , writing his g from Vi nn , says “ ’ him W er Bo-rn stein s e e e N l e e e of , Charakt r , s in aturan ag n, g istig Eigenschaften und Temperament mit einem Wort bezeichnen

ein h i des soll , wird ihn T ea terk n d in der vollsten B ed eutung

“ orn stein ose fa t er rior t o his a rr a e h a d een a s es s f B , wh h , p m i g , b ucc ul a tor wa s or i H h e a e o f t en h e wa s n n a r N o e er 180 . At t c , b mbu g , v mb 4, 5 g t a en to L e er in A st r a n o a n d A ft er a n st d ed for a ea a t k mb g, u i P l . h vi g u i y n the Un i ers t o f L e er h e in 1 82 1 en tere th e A st r a n a r in i v i y mb g , , d u i my, wh ch he ser e fo r fi v e r I 2 6 d ed ed n e in ien n a a n d a t the e a s . n 1 8 h e st v d y u i m ici V , sa e i i l l r e n d rom 1 82 6- 1 82 m t m e d d editoria w ork for Ca r Edua d R i ol . F 7 “ ” z n rom 1 82 - 1 82 8 he wa s he worked for B a uerl e on the Th ea ter eitu g . F 7 s e reta r o f h e n ed se hsta d ea ter a n d th e ea t er a n der W en c y t combi J o p t Th Th i , n der a r For se era ea rs fo o n h e s er e a s sta e a n a er in ev u C l . v l y ll wi g v d g m g s fe era l of the ea n t es o f er a n a n d ta . I n 1 8 1 t hi s W i l di g ci i G m y I ly 4 , wi h , o he a rried in 1 82 he erfor e it s es s in sta r en a em en t s in wh m m 9, p m d w h ucc g g h r a es T h e fo lo in ea r he en t t o a r s ere h e t e ea n e n t . l di g G m ci i l w g y w P i , wh e a e a n a er fi rst o f the erm a n era a ter o f th e ta a n era . D ur b c m m g G Op , l I li Op . in g th e rev oluti on a ry da ys o f 1 848 h e wa s en ga g ed in j ou'rn a list rc a n d litera ry r in r s t th e ret rn o f on a a rte t o o er a s dic ta tor Born pu suit s Pa i W i h u B p p w , . ste n th e en t si a st a o a te o f o t a freedo ea r in 1 8 em i ra te i , hu ic dv c p li ic l m , ly 49 g d er A ft er a s ort sta in a n ds i n ois ere he did effi en t t o Am ica . h y Highl , Ill , wh ci servi e a s ph s i ia n d rin a n epidem i o f ol era he a epted the editors ip c y c u g c ch , cc h o f the An zei er des Wes ten s a r 8 1 8 0. g , M ch , 5 1 6

” 7 e e e e the e re Jugend . Bornst in b li v d in stag as a g at cultural - a n d e or e. He r es in M em oiren ducational and m al forc w it his , “ e der e e die e fii r Die beste Schul Erwachs n n , wahr Bildung das

e e er die S cha ubiihn e W e e die Volk , bi t t imm und ahrh it n , in

Bii chern zur Ken n tn iss W e e e e r e nur von nig n g lang n , d ing n von

dem P d des e e n e u n d e die se o ium Th at rs aus , sch ll ti f in Mas n

r e D u n d fassen feste Wu z ln . ie beste Schul e des Volkes ist und

' ‘ bl eibt eine gute Bii hn e und die Au ffii hrun g von L essings Nathan ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ der W e e S e D on e e is , von chill rs Carlos , von Go th s Faust und ‘ ’ Egm ont verbreitet m ehr gen ia lle Ideen und hebt und v eredelt die Massen mehr als alle Buch er und Kathed er— W eisheit und 8 alle Kanzelberedsamkeit He had early entertained the d esire

f n t L s e e o givi g to S . oui a G rman stag that should take rank with the e e e re e the e e m b st in G rmany , but wis ly aliz d n c ssity o f aking

e h l a small b ginning and gradua lly w orking up to t e d esired goa . “ r er L in wa e e e W St . e e e e Es m in h iss st unsch , in ouis d utsch s Th a ter zu rii n den er die S e e e e e der g , ab chwi rigk it n , b sond rs Mangel an guten d eutschen Schauspielern stellten m einen Wii n schen un iibersteigliche Hindernisse entgegen — ja es mussten

o e e e e e e eh e die R ea lisirun e e n ch vi l Jahr v rg h n , ich an g in s wirk

e e e e e er e e e Da s Hoch ste lich n stabil n d utsch n Th at s d nk n konnt . ,

im e e e e e wa r e e das damalig n Aug nblick rr ichbar , war n d mnach

D e - or e e ere or f l i e il ettant n V st llung n aber bess , s g a t ger vorbereit te

kii n stlerischer e e e e D e e - r e e und g l it t il ttant n Vo st llung n , als man ” 9 er zu e o e bish s eh en g w hnt gew sen war . To the en d he had in vi ew Bornstein in 1 8 53 organized the Phil ra m i h He od a t sc e G esellschaft . found for his purpose among

r e e e who e e his f i nds and acquaintanc s a numb r show d promis ,

ro er r e e en thu with p p t aining , of d v loping into good actors , who sia stica ll r ee e e e y emb aced his cause and volunt r d thei r s rvic s . What they lacked in innate histrionic ability had to be made up

e e r e e by dilig nc and enthusiasm . At ﬁrst Bo nst in hims lf and his

‘ A n zei er de t er 18 2 s Wes en s to . g , Oc b 9 , 9

c it . 2 2 2 Op . , II , . 2 p . c it . II 2 . O , , 3 tal ented wif e had to bear the burden of wo rk in the n ew o rgani z tion e e a . Bornst in act d as sta ge manager and acted in therol es

bon r r er r o f vivant and comic cha acte . Und st ess o f necessity it even became necessary for him in several instances to depart

o e e the e r fr m his accustom d lin to play part o f fool or j une premi e .

Mm r e — r e S e e her e. e e r Bo nst in Ma i t lz r , in youth a dans us t ain ed

er the e e th e re e e e — er e und y of F nch ball t mast r , B auval p form d

e e e the r r with much succ ss as soubr tt of o ganization . The fi st e ffe e ffi e the e er e s ason o r d di culti s to stag manag . To adequat ly fill the rol e of l eading lady (Salon - L i ebhaberin ) p resented a

r le ee e e p ob m . Volunt rs w r not lacking . But non e in the envi ron m ent of the unsophisticated n ew world had had oppo rtunity to acquire the necessary acquaintance with the lif e which they w ere

re T he en h supposed to interp t . mal e conting t o f t e organization

ere er the e e e w willing work s , but busy li f of a growing W st rn m etropolis did not always afford the nec essary l eisure for m em orizin g the parts assign ed them with the precision d emanded by

th re an exacting stage manager . But e ally capabl e dilettantes under the pro fessiona l guidance o f Bornstein and his wi f e gained

e e r e er r e Th e in attainm nt from p rfo manc to p fo manc . e s cond season brought the acquisition of a very valuable asset in a young

e e Austrian physician , Rudolf Gussmann , who had migrat d to America on account of political banishm ent from his native coun tr e e r e r e er r y. Gussmann poss ss d ma k d hist ionic tal nt and lit a y

He fo r sea son ssum ed h e e e e ability . this a t e rol o f l ading g ntl man (Sal on - L iebhaber ) which B o rnstein had found difﬁcult to ﬁll to

o The e e e th i his satisfacti n . s cond s ason also proﬁt d by e acquis tion o f two professi onal actors who had becom e strand ed in St .

L o S e r e e e e e uis , Carl t in , a cha act r actor of r put , and his tal nt d

e e e e e re the e e e S a n wi f , who lat r b cam dir ct ss of G rman Th atr in 1 0 Francisco .

Th ose reco rded a s t a ki n g p a rt i n the p erform a n ces o f the Ph ilodra m a tisch e Gesell sch a ft in a ddit ion t o th ose m en tion ed a b ov e w ere : M es s rs . rn e n Bii chel a er Gen s is erd Alb ert A sch en b a h A s sm a n n A . . o st i , , G , , F i , c , , S B y ' n rd L i sc h er Miiller N e e P re t n a n d Klii n der Ch ri st ia n K ribben L eo ha , , b l , y , , ,

m rn e e i d m es . n er hm idt H erm a n n roder t ierli n h o a s W a c , W l ; M , Sc , Sch , S , T , k i er Ch a rton Frim m el oser ro er Mii ller N ova a k er S chles g , , , K , K g , , , Schill , — K s eor off a n n . S c h r i der hild p a rts a rl orn stein l . F G g H , l ; c C B , uch , m K Mecliel D n h S t L ouis ta e 1 8 Germ a n ra m a o t e . S g

The efforts of the Philodra m a tische Gesellschaft m et with an enthusiastic and appreciative response on the part o f th e Ger

the e e e the r man public from the start . On op ning v ning o f ﬁ st season two plays from the pen of Bornstein wefe p res ented in the

r - e e e r e S ee e ee Va ieties Th atr , locat d on Ma k t tr t b tw n Fifth and

ree on e the e e re th e e e S ixth St ts , of larg st th at s in city , b for an

e the e The e e audi ence which crowd d hous . ﬁrst of th s plays , a

ﬁ — L us ts iel B etro en e B etrii er er er r e ve act p , g g , was lat p fo m d with distinct success more than twenty times in Vi enna and becam e a favo rite in the repertory of many stages in Germany ; the sec “ ” on d L e e dem D e - e e e e , a b nsbild aus utsch Am rikan rtum ntitl d

D eu ts che Ein wa n derun u n d deuts che Ges ells cha t e e r g f , b cam pa t of the repertory of practically every German dil ettante stage in

e e e re e the Unit d States at that tim . This initial succ ss augu d w ll

h h e ee r for t e future of t e organization . It play d w kly for fou

re winter seasons with growing artistic success . Houses Were

e D th e 1 8 e e e e . e port d good , v n in bad w ath r uring wint r of 54 1 8 55 the orga nization suffered competition at the hands of a com

e Ben rodt the e e e r e pany manag d by , which latt r r cruit d la g ly from the r he e e anks of a company to which had b long d , which had

e t L L e the er 1 8 be n brought to S . ouis from ouisvill in summ o f 54 by Julius Botzow for a s eries of performances beginning July 3 . The keen rival ry that existed mad e the Philodra m a tische Gesell e e e e e ef r e e e schaft mor d t rmin d to put forth th ir fo ts . In cons qu nc

e a e e ee e er ee a prof ssional st g att mpting to play thr tim s p w k , e the e e e e er e - e ntailing xp ns s of salari d play s , aft r a short liv d

e N e e 2 0 the m e s eason b ginning ov mb r , had to succumb by iddl

e he er m e e r o e r of F bruary to t superior p for anc s of th i c mp tito s , whose popularity made it possibl e for th em to utilize th e larger

Bates Theatre after Ben rodt had got possession o f the Vari eties . It spell ed failure for Ben rodt to attempt to stage plays beyond the e e he e possibiliti es of his limited ens mbl . What lack d in qual

h e e e e u s the e a dver ity att mpt d to mak up by e o f s nsational . His ’ tisem en ts for e e Fa us t e e e the m a Go th s , for xampl , contain d co “ e S chlusse de S uck es Hollen fa hrt ! r er m nt , Zum s t Fausts E st

” ' e Feuerwerk l The An aei er des W es ten s Tabl au mit Brillant g , ’ e e e e the e ee the e . Bornst in s pap r, cho s rivalry b tw n two stag s In

2 0

i ere the e e e r e W Home and similar institut ons w chi f b n ﬁcia i s . ith the f ourth season th e plans of the o rganization a n d con s equently the ﬁn ancial obligations o f th e m ember s becam e m ore p reten o e e re e e e r e o or , ti ous . It th r fo avow dly b cam a p of ssi nal ganizati n an nouncing that hencefo rth the proceeds o f the pe r fo rmances Would be divided among the perfo rmers on a pro rata basis

r th r according to d egree of s ervice rendered . Fo e o ganization

e e er r e be e was at no time to become a privat nt p is , but to conduct d on a republican basis . With the termination of the Philodra m a tische G esellschaft the L iebhabertheater may be said to have played th eir rol e in the

L D r h er t . t e history of the German stage in S . ouis u ing wint of ' 1 - 1 8 8 th t L ere é e S er 8 57 5 e S . ouis Turn V in gav r gular unday p f n c e D e e e th e e er e orm a s . uring subs qu nt s asons n wspap s continu

' to a n n oun ce perform a n ces by on e or the other Turn Verein o r

e rm e e e e re other organization . But such p rfo anc s in tim b cam mo

r e e e th e re r and mo e occasional . Th y did not always pl as di cto s of the e ro e e e e e r r gular p f ssional G rman stag , for th y k pt away f om

e the regular theatre many who would otherwise hav e attend d . As late as 1 909 on e of the di rectors o f the professional stage took

‘ o ccasion in a bri ef historical sketch of the German stage in St .

L e the Mississ i i B la tter 1 1 0 ouis , submitt d to pp (March 4 , 9 9 ) to “ o e L iebha berthea tern w a r l dg such a complaint , saying, An nam

c den e e e e e e ein e wie li h auch in s chzig r Jahr n b nsow nig Mang l , / dem iin sten r e welchem sie A n ha n sel in j g Jah z hnt , in als g von Gesang und Turnverein en den j eweiligen Theater- Unternehmern

' rosseren e e e ek un ia ren cha derr zu efii t bald g , bald g ring r n p S g g ” haben . The ﬁrst attempt to establish a German th eatre after the cessation of activiti es by the Philodra m a ti sche Gesellschaft was

e 2 8 8 6 h r e . e . 1 e e e mad by Ed H rrmann Octob r , 5 , institut d a G

r man stage in the Vari eti es Theatre. H er man mysteriously dis

e re er the e e e e e app a d aft s cond p rformanc , wh r upon Robert A .

W e e e the e N o e er 0 olff r op n d th atre v mb 3 . His company included six form er m embers of the Philodra m a tische Ges ellschaft

n Klii n der S er Mm e r e M . S . e m Assma n , , chmidt , ti lin , Kos und e Novack . Oth r members of the company w ere Dard enne (a 2 ' I _

r re r th n e e e S e e . com dian , form ly di cto o f tadtth at r i Augsbu rg ) ,

D r e redek in ro the e er u ing r and F g (f m Volksth at in Chicago ) ,

ern r e er S e e r N ew r e B ha d M issn , t inb rg (f om O l eans ) , Mm s ,

f W f e r e D r e e e e W . Ma i a d nn , M issn r and Maria ol f ol f play d

or e r 8 e he e the e with varying f tun till Ma ch , wh n gav up dir ctor

T h e e e e ee ship . e company th n play d und r dir ction of a committ

e er r 1 D r th e appointed from its m mb s until Ap il 3 . u ing e latt r period Ca rl S t ein and L ola Montez played with the c ompany in

rr a the r e S e r e The sta ing p rts , fo m r as hylock in a p rfo manc of

M ercha n t o Ven i ce the e r e r e L ola f , latt r in fou p rfo manc s of

t B a e n T h - e h e M ou ez in r . e t e e due y , non succ ss of s ason was chi ﬂy to an attempt to p erfo rm three tim es w eekly in plays beyond the

e f ef he capacity of a limited ens mbl e. Wol f made forts to ﬁll t

h f r gaps in the ranks of his company . But t e country o fe ed no

a e re e supply of avail bl actors from which to cruit th m . T he perfo rmances of the Philodra m a ti sch e Gesellschaft had

e e the e e ee e e — e s rv d purpos th y had b n d sign d to attain nam ly , to

r th e awaken an inte est in e German th atre. But thru lack of a di rector who would live up to standards artistically sufﬁci ently exacting to immediat ely fo llow up the work of the Philodra

h e m a tische e e t e er e the e . G s llschaft , Volksth at soon usurp d ﬁ ld The interest in German theatricals wh ich had been arous ed was soon capitaliz ed by the p ropri etors o f summer gardens and beer

T he e e e er th halls . ﬁrst of th s Volksth at to follow in e wake of th e activities of the Philodra m a tisch e Gesellschaft was opened ’ R uedi s k e S e S ree e ee e r in Vol sgart n , on cond t t b tw n Mulb r y and

L o S ee S 2 1 8 D th e e mbard tr ts , on unday , August , 57 . uring wint r o f 1 8 57- 1 8 58 Ferdinand Klii n der attempted to rehabilitate the ’ th r re Klii n der s n German stage in e Va i eties Theat . compa y con

r ere e ta in ed good mat erial . In its anks w includ d Robert Gilbert

r er r e the S e e Phila del (villain and cha act ol s , from tadtth at r in

Foll er L P e W orrett e phia ) , Anton g , Botzow , ouis losi , Carl (stag

re S er e o f the di ctor , from Chicago ) , Assman and ti lin (form rly

Ph l e o r i o dra m a tische e e . e e G s llschaft ) and Mm s B tzow , M issn

r D the r th e e P e . r e and Ma ia losi u ing ﬁrst pa t of s ason Kronf ld ,

r th e o e er D r r e r S chu n ck f om H fth at in a mstadt , and du ing F b uary

w e the De e e er e me and his if , of utsch s Th at in Cincinnati , p rfor d ‘ n th S t I ‘ : S ta e 2 2 Germ a n Dra m a o e . é g

Mm e e e e with the company in starring parts . . Bornst in app ar d

he e with the company f rom time to time. S play d without com ’ Klii n d r e e en sa tion e the e e . e s , p , sol ly in int r st of art But v ntur h er e e . t e due to various caus s , was not a succ ss Occasionally p

n s e e e e the the form a c e , sp cially thos giv n with aid o f visiting

e e e r m e players , r ach d a plan which won wo ds of com ndation

L e the from the pen of the critic . ack of coop ration on part of the e e er the e f e e e play rs , how v , and att ndant insu ﬁci nt r h arsals the c ritic o fttimes had occasion to ﬁnd fault on the score of poorly memorized or poorly interpreted parts — caused the per formances in many instances to suffer by comparison with those o f the Philo

e e e the e e e er dramatisch G s llschaft , to which n wspap rs constantly r f ‘ as the high -water mark in German thea tfica ls in the city up to ’ e Klii n der s e e e re r the that tim . stag th r fo did not att act patron f he a e o i e e e. e e t g thos who could a ford a good th atr Mor ov r , ” n e e e e S e season was o e o f ﬁnancial d pr ssion g n rally . hinplast r

e e e a r T he re he e was acc pt d far b low p . g at mass of t peopl e flock d

the e e e e e e e th e e to in xp nsiv Volksth at r , wh r pric of admission

er e 1 0 e wo fii r ein er vera b was usually adv tis d as c nts , Glass Bi ” re r e e ee e e icht wi d , or wh r admission was fr as an induc m nt to the public to come sp end their money with th e p ropri etor o f the

ee r e the e e e b r hall o gard n with which stag was conn ct d , and

ere e e the e e D he wh a danc usually follow d p rformanc . uring t

er 1 8 the e e e Klii n summ o f 57 and nsuing wint r , in comp tition to ’ ’ er e er r e the e re R uedi s e e d s nt p is , th at in Volksgart n usually play d

e ee The e e e h three tim s w kly . l v l o f p rformances o f t e Volks theater which the economic situation o f the p eopl e had h elped make popular soon shaped popular taste and created a demand for

er r e D the e 1 8 h such p fo manc s . uring summ r o f 58 t e theatre in ’ R u edi s r e e ee e erm e Volksga t n play d daily , and thr oth r G an stag s

- the De e N e e e e e utsch s ational Th at r , stablish d in Flora Gart n ,

S S e e S ree Ma 2 2 e S chun ck the on outh v nth t t , y , by Gilb rt and ,

n h 2 r n d l o e t e er e Ca o o et e e the t . in Tyrol Hall , at Av nu , and S

e e e er DeKa lb S ee e ee G org s Th at , on tr t b tw n Barton and Victor e re e the r l ee e er ee th l ss f qu ntly , ﬁ st two usua ly thr tim s p w k , e lat

r D the 1 8 - 1 8 te on Sundays . uring winter of 58 59 the Volk sthea ter he m L t e e e St . brought numb r of G r an stag s in ouis up to eight . 2 3

’ e e on e e re e e B n en e O f th s , r p s nting an att mpt by Jules o t to stab i ﬁ rst- e the e e e e e l sh a class stag in Vari ti s Th atr , with pric s at ﬁfty ,

- ﬁ ve ee e r e - e the thirty and ﬁft n c nts , p ov d short liv d . O f Volks ’ e e t e in Ru edi s e a e a n d h e th at r hos Volksgart n , in Flor Gart n , in t h ’ St . L S e er e B ec n er s e e ouis tadt Th at (form rly Vari ti s ) , on Fi fth

S ee e ee S ee e e tr t b tw n Morgan tr t and Franklin Av nu , usually

e r e The e irre u announced daily p rfo manc s . oth rs advertised g la rl or e e er e ee or y not at all , but usually play d s v al tim s w kly

The e e t e daily . th atr in Flora Gar n , admission to which was usu

e — ﬁ ve e the on e e e e ally tw nty c nts , was only which r c iv d occasional

e the e e th e r cognition from n wspap rs outside e adv rtising columns .

th A ei e 2 A contributor to e n z g r des Wes ten s for December 4 ,

1 8 8 e th e e e 5 , apprais s it as ranking ﬁrst among ight stag s playing

e D r th m er 1 8 h at that tim . u ing e su m of 59 t e number of German

t L e e e he e . e e th eatres in S . ouis r ach d ﬁft n Most of th se w ere p

e e e e e e re e m ral . Chang s in manag m nt and p rsonnel w re f qu nt in

N e e r e e h all . otice o f th m disapp a s ntir ly with t e establishment of he r er e L u S e e e t e e e St . ﬁ st p rman nt G man th atr in o is , in pt mb r ,

1 8 the e e e e e e 59 , with xc ption of a s ri s of p rformanc s in Flora

r e N e e 2 1 1 860 1 1 86 1 e the Ga t n from ov mb r , , to March 3 , , und r 1 3 Hochs e Th e e management of Emil t r and O . Schadt . e th atr s ’ R uedi s e e the on e in Volksgart n and in Flora Gart n , and con

e e e P e fe e r ee duct d by Al xand r f i f r in Apollo Gart n , on Fou th Str t

e ee P P 2 S e e e 1 8 b tw n oplar and lum , from May 3 to pt mb r 5, 59 , were r esuscitated after the disturbances attending the Civil W a r had t erminated the permanent German th eatre established in S ep e e 1 8 the e T e e e e t mb r , 59 , but only Apollo Gart n h at r was d stin d

r e er e er to ﬂou ish . It play d wint and summ r with but slight int ruption under fr equent change of managem ent thru the winter

1 8 0- 1 8 1 season 9 9 . I f we stop to vi ew in perspective the d evelopm ent of the stage

r e the e the e r e the du ing this p riod o f b ginnings , p rfo manc s of

Philodra m a ti sche e e r the dra m a tur G s llschaft , f om standpoint o f

Th n e e o ra a rten en s em e fo r t s s ea son on s sted o f es srs . o Fl G bl hi c i M Sch .

a l a fn er B eek ier r r ersen W e er e fert E en m es . M h , H W e b e Pet b i M , , , , , S , ug ; a t - Mea uber T r k ie z hl e W e er a n d L n a r d t a a s wic Mii . Sch , , ; Mll b , i Bu gk (chil pa rtsd i o e the gu dance of B rnst in , a man o f business ci rcl es had the r eputation 1 4 e o ee the e f r e the et work out of his mpl y s , p r o manc s o f soci y

e e th e gained unstinted prais e in pr ss r ports . Most of e comm nt on the stage of this p eriod must be gleaned f rom the columns o f ’ n er e e e e e e Bornstei s pap . Its r lativ validity is in a m asur att st d ,

o e e the e e t e e the er h w v r , by fact that subs qu n critics ofttim s tak p form a n ces of the Philodra m a t ische Ges ellschaft as the b a sis for

e e a t er e e e comparativ e judgm nt in stim ing lat p rformanc s . Oth r ' stages statistically show a larger per cent o f plays of literary

e e e ere e e worth pr s nt d , but such plays w usually giv n with limit d

e e b e or e r e the e o f the. ex eri ns m l , by amat u s who lack d guidanc p

‘ P re o e u on the the L e e en ced artist . ss c mm nt p plays of i bhab r theater preceding the activity of the Philodra m a ti sche Ges ell “ schaft was usually favorabl e but it was avowedly so mit Berij ck

' ichti un der rhal n is s g g Ve t se.

11 1 8 - 1 8 6 1 . 59 .

T H E T H A S S OP E U S . . LOUI R N

W e r e due the re e e e h n Bo nst in , to p ssur o f busin ss activiti s

e e e e reli ui shed e e which d mand d his tim and att ntion , q his int r st

C e . Win ia n i L u i N w f H d e En c cl o edia o th e His tor o S t. o s ( y , y p f y f Yor L o s e S t L o i r s o r , i ill . s : T h e o th e n Hi t Co . I . k u v , u S u y , , 44 A sta ti st ica l su rv ey o f th e pla ys p roduced on th e s ev era l sta g es du ri n g the a r o s er i Lo s v i u p i ods n th e hi story o f t h e G erm a n dra m a o n th e St . ui s ta ge will i n dica te th e rel a t iv e ch a ra cter a n d litera ry v a l u e o f th e s ev era l s ta s F r r a e g e . o c om p a ra t iv e pu rp os es th e st a ti st ica l s u rv ey o f th e sev e a l s t g s for th e p eriod o f th e b eg i n n i n g s a n d for s ub sequ en t p er i o ds i s a rra n g ed in t a u a ted form i h h rr e r o f r b l n t e a pp en dix foll owi n g t e n a a t iv p o t i n o thi s w o k . For the p eri o d o f th e b egi n n i n g s th e rep erto i res o f the v a r i ou s a m a teu r t ea t res n d n th e rn ere n er fo rm a n es a re n ded in th e sta t st a h , i clu i g Tu v i p c , i clu i ic l s r e for th e er od a fter 1 8 on er form a n es on the s e era ro tes u v y ; p i 59 , ly p c v l p s ou a sta es era er f rm n es a re n ded ere e fo rm r f i l g . Op p o a c i clu wh th y a p a t o the re er or f re e m a s a e p t y o a gul a r G r n t g . Germ a n Dra m a on th St Louis S ta e . ge

h Philodr m a tische e e h e s in t e a G s llschaft , e announc d that it wa his intention to relinquish perm anently his professional interest

th e ee e e e e e in e stag . But opportunity n d d but pr s nt its l f to induc ’ the actor and impressario of eighteen years experi ence on the

Th e e European stage to change his mind . e Vari ti es Th atre prop ert d o ee e e e wa s y ha n t b n a paying inv stm nt to its own rs . It accordingly sold at a bargain to two public - spirited citizens of L D S t . . e e ouis , Captain Eads and Mr ickson , whos purpos it was

e n e the n ew e e t o e the not to mak mo y out of inv stm nt , but sav h t L t e e for . prop erty to S . ouis for purpos which it had been built They had the building renovated and approa ched Bornstein with the e e the e e e e e proposal to tak ov r manag m nt th r of . Bornst in

e He e the e m er he acqui esc d . plac d ditorial colu ns of his pap in t D r L e e . e e e er e hands of his fri nd , Charl s . B rnays , an xp i nc d

r who e r e m e w the jou nalist had mig at d to A rica ith him , and man a gem en t of the technical details o f the pap er in the hands of his e H e e e e e the ldest son . was thus nabl d to d vot maj or part o f his

m e the n ew e e e e be - e ti to v ntur , which , tho d stin d to short liv d ,

o t L the e e e e e et was t give S . ouis b st p rman nt th atr it had y had ,

e e e e e . and aft r its susp nsion , was to hav for som y ars to follow

h L er r e e e the B liitezei m T e S t . ouis Op nhaus pr s nts ﬁrst t of Ger an

r t L theat icals in S . ouis . Bornstein announced his aims and intentions with reference to the n ew un dertaking in a seri es of articl es in the columns o f

e e a re e e e e e he his pap r . Th y contain d ss ntially in an xc rpt from t ﬁrst of th em :

e e zu den richti Es ist uns dab i vor All m darum thun , en S e e e den e e e e Biihn g tandpunkt f stzust ll n , in d utsch e in L e e 011 S t . ouis einn hm n kann und 3 und zugl eich das Ver

' haltn iss ee Bii hn e P m e e e di s r zum ublicu und umg k hrt , nah r zu e e e W ir e e i r e b l ucht n . woll n hi r nicht in d e vielbesp ochen e ei e e die Bii hn e e e N e e fii n Frag ng h n , ob in otw ndigk it r de e e e L e e e e e sei Bildungsgang und das g s llig b n in s Volk s , wir wollen hier nicht den Ein ﬂuss derselben auf Pﬂege und Entwickelung der national en L iteratur und Kunst hervor e e e e m i r h b n , wir woll n uns infach t de praktischen Frage ‘ bescha fti en : ein e e e e t L ein g Ist d utsch s Th at r in S . ouis S t L ouis S ta e 2 6 Germ a n Dra m a on the . g

Bedur fn iss und kann es dah er bestehen Die eigentliche e n ur r ein e e L osung dieser Frag kann du ch Exp rim nt , durch i die Er fah rung gebracht w erd en und w t; k on n en nur von - e e e von euro ai schen , e e e a and r n , nam ntlich p Th at r V rh lt

e e e S chlusse e e . D e nissen , zi mlich unsich r zi h n In utschland 2 - 1 000 h e ein e er e e S die 1 , , , hat in tadt , 5 , Einwo n r zahlt Th at

' das fiber der Mittelm a ssigk eit steht und Sta dte von 30 r e e e e e Biihn e e Einwohne n hab n in gut , stabil mit Op r and L e B evolk erun St . e e e Schauspi el . ouis hat in d utsch g von Ko fen e e Bevolk erun r p , und di s g ist du chschnittlich er e leben slusti er die e e wohlhabend und zugl ich g h als gl ich

Bevolk erun gsza hl i rgend einer grossen Stadt in Deutschland . In Deutschland haben Sta dte wie Hamburg; Bremen und e fii n f r e ea e die S m e e e Wien vi r bis g oss Th t r , om rth at r in r t L e a r e e Nun e . den Umg bungen g nicht ge chn t . uns r S ouis hat in diesem Sommer an fii n fzehn Somm ertheater des ver ten e e e di e e schieden s Calib rs g habt und w nn e Untern hm r ,

' r e U e e e e Schatze e ihre gross n nkost n halb r , auch k in samm l ten so e e c S e e des P ublicum s ein e e , z igt sich do h von it l bhaft r r T h a rlu e B esuch und ein e g osse e te st . Alles ware s hr erm uthi en d e — die er e e e g , w nn Erfahrung v gang n r Jahr nicht der hilodra m a tischen e e c di e e. e e war Auss r p G s lls haft , st ts

' r e die e 1 r l voll e Hause hatt , ab r auch nur 0 bis 2 0 Vo ste e e e e W er e e e e lung n in in m ganz n int gab, hab n all folg nd n re ula ren e er- Direction en theils m ittelm a ssi e g Th at hochst g ,

‘ h ils a bsolut e e Gescha fte e t e schl cht g macht . “ Bei ein er Bevolkerun g von M enschen sollte e bei e e e e Stiitzun fii n f P ro man doch , s lbst ganz b sch id n r g, cent als Th eater- Publicum anschlagen k on n en das gabe von De e e e h terbe u h r ea s c e . e utsch n dr i taus nd T N un d nn , w enn von di esen d rei ta u sa n d j eder Einzelne nur einmal in der W e e e e e och das Th at r b sucht , so kann eine gute deutsch Biihn e hi er bestehen ; w enigstens ist ihr dann ein Stamm publicum gesich ert und die Fremden und Durch reisend en

' e e un re ela ren e e e e die i e und j n g Th at rb such r , nur be b son ere e e e e e e e s d n G l g nheit n ins Th at r g hn , m ii sen dann den e e U e e e e . e L e e e e e twaig n Ausfall d ck n ns r s r w rd n g steh n , dass wi r s eh r besch eid ene Anfo rd erungen an die Unter stii tzun g des Theater - P ublicum s mach en und dass man

D a on the S t L ouis S ta e 2 8 Germ a n ra m . g

n e l i e damit bescheiden k on en . Wir woll n a so be dem Theat r e er e den e e annehmen nicht r ich w d n , wir sind sogar, in rst n e e e e Jahren w enigst ns , auf Opf r g fasst , und w nn wir uns e die e e e M e e diese Opfer und m hr noch ung h ur uh und Arb it , e e - D e a uﬂa den die eine Th at r ir ction mit sich bringt , , so

schiedt es dem e e St . L ein e e ge , um in d utsch n ouis d utsch s e e e e zu be run den der Theater h rzust ll n und f st g , das Zahl , e der dem Ein ﬂusse e e der St llung , Bildung und uns r r ” 1 “ lk n deutschen Bevo eru g entspricht .

It goes without saying that in a perio d of heated political

the m e e e controversy a man of pro in nc of Bornst in , to whom

wa s e e the m politica l plotting s cond natur , who in colu ns o f his

e e e the em o e e paper had und rtak n to rul rising a ncipati n mov m nt , should at the instigation of political anim osity in unfriendly

r e e the e e e e qua t rs hav sinc rity of his motiv s qu stion d . But his

e m e -m e e b t cont ntion that his was not a on y aking sch m , u a pur

u in the e e e e the e e e e s it int r st of art and cultur at l ast , s qu l of v nts

e does not disprov .

e ea e the e e e e e h Bornst in l s d form r Vari ti s Th atr , which e now h St L e He e t e . e e ten call d ouis Op rnhaus , for a p riod of y ars . at once had an extensive theatrical library containing the best classics and contemporary plays forwarded to him from Vi enna

L H e e and eipzig . e had a goodly supply of n ecessary stage sc n ry

e e e e e . paint d by a capabl Austrian stag paint r , F rdinand Kurz From a stranded Italian op era company he acquired a copiously stocked wardrobe m ore pretentiou s than that of most of the

e e e e m e e e e u e small r court th atr s in G r any . His ns mbl was r cr it d from the best tal ent availabl e in the country in so far as it was

e m e e e e Y e not p r an ntly ngag d in N w ork . In addition to Bornst in

e e e e the e e e e ﬁ rst hims lf and his tal nt d wif , ns mbl includ d such r e e e e P e fe e e at tal nt as Al xand r f i f r , actor o f h roic and charact r

e L e e e parts ; Karolin ind mann , charact r and moth r parts , and 1 7 e e Th m e o . Julius Asch r , co dian and charact r act r e ﬁrst two ,

A n zei er des Wes ten s Au st g , gu The ot er e b ers o f th e en se ble ere Adol hi b - pa rts Wilhelm h m m m w p , y ; er en a n a n d o a rts Ehn ler b - a rts ser a n t s ortn er ea n B b , vill i c mic p ; , y p , v ; F , l di g o ed a n a rt o f ﬁ rst sea son An ton Fo l er e n e re er i s ross c m i (p ) ; l g , j u p mi ; Jul u G a n n ea n en tle a n on i a n t s o i a rts E Hochster a la n ts m , l di g g m , b v v , c m c p ; mil , g l , Germ a n D ra t L oui n ia on he S t. s S ta ge 2 9

' who ha d e e New Y the Alm a n a ch der d app ar d in ork , eu tschen Bithn en i n Am erika lauded as the best talent on the N ew York 1 8 e the e stag at time of th ir appearance there. P feiffer had enjoyed extensive reputation and high rank as

I n e m e e an actor G r a ny . Expr ssion of lib ral political vi ews had

led fe e e the e th e e m to a dif r nc with manag r of e th atre at Mannh i ,

e e e e e e . Mm e. Bad n , which d t rmin d him to migrat to this country L indem ann (n é e Mii ller ) had received her tutelage under Cha r lotte Birch -P feiffer in Zii rich and had afterward scored a trium ph

D . e e e e e The in armstadt Asch r had app ar d succ ssfully in B rlin . mem bers of the ensem bl e were all engaged for a period o f eighteen ’ wa s e e n months . It Bornst in s plan to play sum m r and wi ter

e u h without int rr ption . In announcing his plans e wrote : “ e e zu dem e e bei e Ein Th at r, j d s Mal B eginn des Wint rs ein Dutzend Schauspi eler und Schauspielerinn en zusa m m en etrom m elt e e die e e e e e g w rd n , sich nicht k nn n and v rst h n , die dann fi ber Hals und Kopf in ein Noth - Rep ertoire hin ein estii rzt e e e sie e e g w rd n , um , w nn anfang n sich zusamm n e e ein e e zu e e e e s e zu zuspi l n und Ens mbl bild n , wi d r ntla s n e e der Frii hlin die e e e w rd n , sobald g und rst n Schwalb n m e — ein e on e- e- e e ko m n , solch s hors conc rn hab n wir in n i efuhr m e D e es Europa e g t und ocht n es auch hier nicht . i s Ex loitiren e e W e -S o e e Rii ck sicht p in r int r aison , hn all auf h h r e e Kon n en o e e e e e e . Kunstzw ck , konnt uns nicht b fri dig n wir hier nicht ein stabiles und gutes d eutsches Theater her e e wir e den e e e e st ll n , womit j tzt V rsuch b ginn n, so bl ibt uns fi r die e t e Biihn e e e u m it nichts b ig, als d u sch hi r, w nn a ch e e em S e zu ii berla ssen e e e B dau rn , ihr chicksal und uns r Th at r e e e e e den iibri en e e e in and r r W is , gl ich g am rikanisch n Th a ” 1 9 - - z r erthen tern auf das Moglichst B este u ve v .

- schk e n a i e p a rts Kin klin b pa rts Art r a p a n n a lla n ts ; L o is Men , v ; , y ; hu K m m , g u — a r s fa t ers ser a n ts b pa rts Fried ri Ro en a ck a ra ter a n d villa in p t , ; v , y ; ch p , ch c h W ierl n o e ia n W lson a n fa t ers a n d a ra ter pa rt s G . . t i , d ; i . Schw , h ch c ; S c m - - n re iere b a rts Mm e. W a lt er S chii ler b p a rts Mll e. orn stein e e p , y p ; , , y ; B ; j u m - l n z n re i ere Al in e Drem m el e n e p re iere b p a rts Mlle. Ha e , j e e p , w , j u m , y ; u m — L i ie e o i in Mm e. o se b pa rts Mm e. R oha rdin e tto lea d la d ; R d l , y ; O , g y u c m c

i er o ers a n d o old o en . The o ete ol o en Mm e. fe ff t d w m ; P , m h c mic w m c mpl i n n ere p erson n el o f the t ea tre in l din rop ert a ster a n d a ss sta ts , d h , c u g p y m umb r a bout fo ty . 1 ” H ein ri idt Alm a n a ch der deu ts chen B uhn en i n Am erika (New ch Schm , f Yor : . . T eubn er 1 i k G B , I , 4 ” ' An zei er des Wes ten s e te er 1 8 . g , S p mb 4, 59 t L ouis S ta e 30 Germ a n D ra m a on the S . g

h t L e h e e S e em e T e S . ouis Op rn aus was formally op n d pt b r

8 e ffo e the n ew e r 1 1 . 5, 59 In ord r to a rd tim for th at ical com pany to assemble and hold n ecessary rehearsa ls the Germ an the a trica l season proper wa s prefaced by a s eri es of tw enty opera ’ r P a rodi s e T he per forman ces by Signo a Italian Op ra Company .

e the e e company , which includ d as principals prima donnas T r sa

r e m the e n Sbi lia the Parodi and Ka lin Alai o , t nor Giovan i g , bari

n m the N e e e . ton F . G o and basso Barili , was pronounc d by critics to have been superio r to that of S tra k os ch and others which had

L . I re T i t e e . t e e L a ra v a a previously visit d S t . ouis p s nt d four tim s ,

P oliu to ee e I Tr ova tore L u cia di L a m m erm oore N orm a thr tim s , l , , ,

Ern a n i L ucret i a B or ia e e L a Fa vori ta R i o and g ach twic , and , g ” I B e i i i li lette and l a bi re d S v g a each once . T he theat rical season opened October 1 with a performance ’ e E P e e The sea e m on t e e e . of Go th s g . rformanc s w r giv n daily

e Th e e e e e e t the son promis d w ell . e r p rtory pr s nt d show d hat di recto r was working toward the artistic and cultural goal he had ’ Th i e S e r set before him . e hundredth ann v rsary of chill r s bi th ’ was commemorated in the Opernhaus by a seri es of Schill er s

R a u be K a a le un d L i e e Fi es o Ma ri ua t . r b b c a S t r plays His , , , , Wa llen s tein s T od and Wilhelm Tell w ere presented on Nov ember

8 1 0 1 1 T h e r e 6 e e e . e e e , 7, , 9 , and r sp ctiv ly s ri s was p fac d ’ N e e er L e K a rlss chiiler e ov mb r 5 by a p formance of aub s . Exc pt ’ S e e e An n a L isa ee ing a unday p rformanc of H rsch s , thr classic

2° ’ n ora P a rodi s o a n ret rn e to the Lo s rn Sig C mp y u d St . ui Op e h a u s Decem ber 2 for a s er es o f erfor a n es a t i the fo o n o er ere 7 i p m c , wh ch ll wi g p a s w n N orm a L T a ia t a n D n i e : , a r v a , d o Gi ova n n i ea t i e l l Tr ova tore g v , ch w c ; , L u i di L a m m erm oore L u cre i B i n d P olin c a c a or a a to on e. L a t er in th e , g , c sea son th e ren o era o a n fro N ew r ea n s t Mm e Da lm on t F ch p c mp y m O l wi h . ’ Messm a c re a s r m a don n a Dem ois e e D A rc a s so rette e a s p i , ll y ub , M . Philipp t en or a e a n m er o f er form a n es a tern a te h r , g v u b p c which l d with t e Ge m a n ’ t ea t r a erfor a n es . I n A ri 1 86 1 a a e o son s ta a n era h ic l p m c p l , , M d m C l I li Op om a n a e a s er es o f erfor a n es in th ern C p y g v i p m c e Op ha u s . T he c ompa n y n u ded th e r m a don n a s a n e o s on a n d s s e o the t en or i cl p i P uli C l Mi K ll g , B rig h n o t e a r ton e err a n d th e a ss o s n i . L a ter th e a n t li , b i F i b Su i p omim e a n d b a llet om a n — Z c p y Si eg ri st a m fretta with a l a rge corp s de b a ll et a n d excell en t da n s eu s es a n d ﬁ n , a ll An n a i shop it h er on ert o p a n a pp ea red on the y B w h c c c m y, sta e o f the ern a to len the sea s n rie g Op h u s d o va ty . Germ a n D ra m a on the L ou is S t . S ta g e 3 1

’ — Fa us t u n ra u o on Orlea n s Moreto s D on n a Di plays , J gf and a n n a (German by W est ) — attracted the largest audienc es during the

th e r e initial months of e season . Th se plays form ed pa t of a s ries

e ee e r e e e o f ight n p rfo manc s in which Antoni Grahn , form rly o f the ea e D e the S e e N ew Hofth t r in armstadt , lat r of tadt Th at r in

Y e e r e e e ork, app ar d in star ing parts , such as Gr tch n , Oph lia , Julia , D D h S a . S e e e e un Johanna , Maria tuart and onn ianna r c iv d

e e h er she e e e ﬁ rst - e stint d prais for work , in which r c iv d rat sup P ff r e e e e Mm e. port f om f i r in rol s such as Faust and Haml t ,

L e r oll er eo r e P e ind mann as Ma tha , F g as Rom , and Bo nst in as rin

D on n Di n n e the m in a a a . B ginning with February co pany had the e e the e e D support o f H inrich Kronf ld , of Ho fth at r in arm

H e e H m er e m e . e e e e stadt, in a nu b of p rfor anc s xc ll d in com dy .

e be Mme ee prov d to a drawing attraction , as . Grahn had b n . But the unhappy political and attending economic conditions

’ o f the tim e militated against the realization o f Bornstein s plans . As the perform ances grew in dramaturgical excellence and gained

the e m the the e e e e in sti ation of critics , att ndance d cr as d . Con

e the e e o f e e strain d by n c ssity attracting a full hous , Bornst in was

e e ffe forced to strive aft r tha t which was d sign ed for e ct . In

1 860 he e ee e e D er March and April , , stag d fourt n p rformanc s of

Za u bers chlei er rom a n tis ch- k om is ches Feen s i el m i t Gesa n un d , p g

Ta n a X S e e e S e . . . , an adaptation from crib by F Told In pt mb r and October of the same year he staged twenty- four perform ’ e B a rom eterm a eher a u der Za u berin s el an cs of Raimund s f , and in November nine performances of a local S cherzspiel by Told

L e elei n in i n i k erei en i n t L ui d Fo e i b e Ci n c n a t N ec S . o s un call d , p

ereion i n Ca ron delet e e e e e p . But such p rformanc s w r not stag d at

“ h e e e e the e r e t e sacriﬁce of quality . With r f r nc to p rfo manc s of “ the Za u bers chleier the An ze er e : Ha t , a contributor to ig wrot sich unser Opernhaus - Theater in B ezug auf Darstellung bis j etzt

n P e e es den schon de ersten latz in Am erika rob rt , so tritt mit letzten Au ffii hrun gen des Zauberschleiers auch in j eder anderen i t L e e die e e der e e e e n S . B zi hung in R ih gross n Th at r , und ouis

r ein e die Beurtheilun des da f stolz auf Institut s in , das auf g L oui t 32 Germ a n D ra m a on the S t. s S a ge hi esigen deutschen El ements auf das Vortheilha fteste zuruck ” 2 1 wirken m uss . e the L e e e e e m e a And comm nting upon i b l i n p rfor anc s , critic wrote : Wir dii ffen es dreist a ussprechen p da ss die Direktion

h en di k eit e e e e e e zu ffe mit der N ot w g , in R ih voll r Haus r scha n ,

N e e W e e e e die e e e den aufs eue in in r is ntl digt , wi d r inmal von

be tat i t di L o iser e e S s e St . u uns schon ausgesproch n n atz g , dass ” 2 2 de deutsche Biihn e die erste in n Vereinigten S ta aten ist . B ecause of poor attendance Bornstein concluded to close the

e 2 0 1 86 1 the e Opernhaus t mporarily January , , and in int rim to

e e e e et ta ke his compa ny to Cincinnati , wh r conditions w r not y h m e affected by the impending political crisis . T e co pany play d ’ e P e e e t e e with succ ss in ik s Op ra Hous in Cincinna i , wh r it had th e the e m e e ere e r e h arty support o f G r an pr ss , and th n , r tu ning

L e e e e t . e e e e e to S ouis , play d with appr ciativ r c ption for s v ral v n 2 3 e The e m e o e ings in L ouisvill . company r su d daily perf rmanc s

L e 1 in th e St . ouis Op rnhaus March 3 . Sunda ys had brought the German theatre its largest audi

h - he e en ces . W e t e t e e th h n Know nothing party, political n my o f “ ” ee- e e e e e e e fr soil G rmans , cam into pow r, th y at onc un arth d and arbitrarily enforced an antiquated law which prohibited the

r o e the 8 r th e th eat e to p n on Sundays . On th of Ap il e n ew polic

' ’ e er e Ou 1 e . S commission rs w install d unday, April 4, at six o clock

the e e e e to e e. in v ning, Bornst in was notiﬁ d not open his th atr

He e e ee the o e er ee e a e the d clin d to h d p lic ord . Fi ft n minut s l t r n ew chief of police with forty policem en cam e and took poss es

n the e e e e e h he sio of building . Thr at n d viol nc upon t e police by t

e e e e e ee e ass mbl d G rmans was for stall d by a sp ch from Bornst in ,

e em e e e h who advis d th to qui tly go hom . Inability to giv t e cus “ tom a r S e e he S e h y acr d Conc rts , as t unday p rformances a d in the ee er e e e m n e past b n t m d , dictat d that a G r a th atre could not

A n zei er de We te r 1 s s n s a 2 0 860. g , M ch , ” An zei er de We t r 1 1 s s en s No e e 1 860 . g , v mb , 23 “ H errn Born stein gebii hrt a ll erdin gs fu r die von ihm orga n i sirte a s e ert r e die er An fa n s der 6o er a re e en fa l s n a n n n a t Sch u pi l upp , g g J h b l ch Ci ci i ra te un d zu deren e fri sten U n terstii tzern a wir ehorten ros se An b ch , i g uch g , g e en n n ir g . W g esteh en es ein es wa r da s da s este de ts e h ea t er wa s rk u ” , b u ch T — Ci n cI n n a ti e e a t h t . D eu ts P i n i er in in n a ti X I V 2 0 j g h b a er d che o (C c , , . Germ a n D ra m a he L oui on t S t . s S ta ge 33

ee he e m t with ﬁnancial success . For t German el m ent of the city lived for the mo st part in the extreme northern and southern parts of the city and therefore had no time to attend perform

e er e ee e e e an cs aft busin ss hours on w k days . Bornst in cons qu ntly

e e re e 2 0 clos d his th at p rmanently April .

the e in ter feren c o n Had polic e n t put an a brupt e d to S t .

L o e the r the e uis Op rnhaus , political c isis , which within n xt fort

e m e e e e 50 e th night b ca acut , would hav don . A ft r e closing of the theatre B ornstein used all his energi es and did much to con

he e e e L e t t h . solidat G rman s ntim nt o f S . ouis in favor o f t e Union He was p rominent in organizing the German tr00ps for the de fen se the U e L H o f nit d States ars enal in St . ouis . e took part

e e er L the e 1 0 und r G n al yon in s izure of Camp Jackson May ,

1 86 1 He e e e e th e e . was l ct d Colon l of e S cond R giment of Mis

1 86 1 - 1 8 1 III . 9 .

A 1 8 6 1 - 1 86 A N ew E B e in s T Di t l ra . h rec r hi i . 7 . g e o s p of W

helm K oser .

h t L e After t e S . ouis Op rnhaus had closed its doors Al ex ’ an d er P f ei ffer attempted with a remnant o f Bornstein s en e the s mbl e to institute a German stage in Apollo Garten . At ” o r ee e e e. s u i Volunt rs , and as such saw activ s rvic ’ i n a er r e o D ra m a D er T ower o on iti l p fo manc , July 9 , B hu s , ’ L on don e T he o e e S cha us i el , was stag d . foll wing day B n dix s p ,

’ Di e S ti e m u tter P utlitz s L us ts i el B a dek uren e e er f , and p , , w r p ’ i o r e 1 1 er L us ts i el Freien n a ch ors chr t . f m d , and July , Top f s p , V f

This third p erfo rmance ma rked the en d of the experiment . At a time when the columns o f the German press w ere full of ca lls

”4 After s e era on t s f a ti e ta r ser i e s en t for the m ost a rt v l m h o c v mili y v c , p p in efferson it orn stein wa s a pp oin ted o n sel to re en b P res d en t J C y , B c u B m y i

L n o n He en t a roa to ret rn in 1 86 a t the in ta tion o f his frI en d, i c l . w b d , u 4 , vi ’ h e H P r o a e a rt i n L n o n s se on a a n . After t on ra n s . a t t F ci Bl i , k p i c l c d c mp ig e e ti on h e ret rn e t o hi s on s a r ost he e t e ri ed o f I t l c u d c ul p , which h ld ill d p v ’ in 1 864 i n con sequ en ce o f the rota t ion in offi ce which follow ed L in coln s e rom - 1 8 1 h wa s od re tor it a r Buk ovic s o f the ose d a th . F 1 869 7 e c i c w h C l , J ph sta d e r in en n a D r n hi s l a st ea rs h e orres on ed for the Ci n t Th a t e Vi . u i g y c p d ' - - H c i n n a ti Volk s bla tter th e Wes tli ch e P os t a n d the I lli n ois S ta a ts Zei tun . e , g

18 . died in i en n a epte er 1 0, 90 V , S mb L ou is S ta e 34 Germ a n D ra m a on the S t. g

h f r o eer to do er e th e e o f t e U , o . v lunt s military s vic in caus nion

r a n attempt to s et up a stage could not prove oth e than futil e.

’ A number o f actors fo rm erly belonging to Born stein s en sem ble w ere n ow engaged in active military servié e under his com mand . A n ew era for German theatricals began with th e spring

1 8 2 1 8 the e re o e of 6 . May th at in Apoll Gart n was formally

he directo rshi e e P e ffe e 1 reopened under t p of Al xand r f i r , Jun ‘ ’ h the on e in R eudi s Volksga rten under t e di rectorship of R .

ll r e re e ee P o e . Ro sinski and A . g Both th at s usually play d thr

D r e ee tho the e e e r e r . e tim s w kly , latt r adv rtis d i r gula ly u ing Jun and July occasional per fo rmances w ere also given in Flora

R m k i n Mm s s . I e e Garten under the managem ent of o th se .

e h L e e who e e t e St . o e L o uise Thi l mann , had b n activ on uis stag h h h r . T e e e t e in t e early part of its histo y , took part p rsonn l of

h on e the en performances during t e season was a varying . In sembl e of the theatre in Apollo Garten appear the names of

e o Kon em a n n L e Th od r Boll , Julius Grossmann , , ang (of Cincin

L i m n n Mm Mm . r n d a e L e. e e . nati ) , Ca olin , udovika and Mll Mal

P ff rr e e e e . W . win f i r, and in occasional sta ing parts , Asch r , G

i a e Poll er S e S tzn s W e e . e ti rlin , p , rb r and g , and Mm s Kos r , Otto

’ e e e e e the e e e e and W rb r, among th m m mb rs of ns mbl in Rud i s

the e e em e the e il Volksgarten . In latt r ns ble app ar nam s o f W

Foll r r m n e M e. a d e e W e e e. e h lm Bottn r, g , rb , Mll Bottn r , and

e P ritzk ow r n d 1 0 th . U a W e er . e Mm s Otto , , nga rb August

’ di rectorship o f the per fo rmances in R u edi s Volksgart en pass ed

the o f er r e into hands Bottner . In a numb of p erfo mances und r

e e r er e 2 the his short liv d dir cto ship , which t minat d August 4 ,

e e h e r on e combin d tal nt o f t e two stages took part . Asid f om

’ performance each of L aube s K a rlss ehiiler and M on tros e in Apollo Ga rt en nothing o f literary value was sta ged during this

e - P ff r r . e e e N e r r e e Go n e s ason Kotz bu , Fri drich , st oy , Bi ch f i r ,

e e the o e e e e th e and B n dix , most p pular dramatists r pr s nt d on

e r the er o e the e e the t stag du ing p i d ant dating stablishm nt of S .

L e the e e e ouis Op rnhaus , and popular on latt r stag , continu d to

e m D ra h L oui 36 G r a n m a on t e S t. s S ta ge

’ The for n er r k et and Walnut Streets . i winte hom e o f Koser s

e e e ﬁ re the 1 8 6 theatre had be n d stroy d by in spring of 6 .

D r the e e e the e e th u ing int rv ning summ rs , with xc ption o f e

8 e e er e 1 6 e e e. summ r o f 5, Kos r r gularly conduct d a summ th atr ’ During the summer of 1 863 he played ﬁrst in R uedi s Volks

6— e e garten and later (August Octob r 3 ) in Apollo Gart n . In the latter he again played the following summer (June 1 4

e D the e 1 866 he e the Octob r 3 , uring summ r of play d in Elm e S e er e S e e ee . tadtth at Gard n on tr t , b tw n Third and Fourth ’ The gap in Koser s activity as director p resented by the sum m er of 1 865 was ﬁll ed by Hannes L ewen s who conducted the

2 1 e 2 stage in Apo llo Garten from , May till S ptember 4 with daily performances principally o f L us tspiel and P oss e by an en semble recruited largely from the ranks o f the company directed

e the e e e D the e by Kos r during pr c ding wint r . uring cours o f ’ the summer Al exander P f eiffer played under L ewen s director

in L P e e e e ship four, and ouis losi and his wi fe in ight star ngag e m nts .

e e e m m e e e Kos r play d daily in both his wint r and su r th atr ,

the e e the e e with xc ption of ﬁrst two wint r s asons , during which he e ee The e o e play d thr or four times w eekly . p rs nn l of his stage during these years changed alm ost compl etely from sea 2 5 e h m son to s ason . With t e aid of talent such as Otto von Hoy

’ I n the foll owin g list o f those recorded a s pla yin g un der Ko ser s di re tors the ﬁ res 2 - - es e i e the ip g 6 a n d 2 etc . in di a te r p t v l c h u , 3 , 4, 3 , 3 4, , c c y s m m er — in ' sea son s 1 862 1 e n 2 etc . r 86 tc . a d the in ter sea son s 1 86 6 u , 3 , , w 3 , , du g th e a tor in est on a n i n e le An a steris n a tes t a t which c qu i pl yed i h s e s mb . k i dic h th e a ctor a pp ea red du rin g the s ea son n ot a s a regula r m ember of th e en sem ble but in t , Ga s spi ele * * * Ahlfeld -6 i s As er -6 ol Beck ier er a n -6 5 , Jul u ch 4, 5 , Rud ph 4, B m 5 , * * * * * - eodor - - — ll er o . on n on ra 6 An t on Fo 5, Th B ll 3 4, T C y 4 5, C dy 5 , g 3 , 4, 4 * a esa r Fra n 6 r e r e a r - An ton ra ff -6 6 H ein ri G ra ff , F i d i h G d 5 G , C ck c bh 4 , 5 , ch 6 Gr ehn e - - - iihlen -6 6 , o r 6 7 . ros s a n . Grii n ewa ld 5, Alb ert G 5 , , J G m 3 , 3 4 , R 4 eor e * - i - d r E i o a n 6 . a n E. a rt n 6 R olp H el e 6 l H G H , M H g 4, H 5 g h 3 g , u h m , m ch ster - * - ii h i a r a n - - -6 4, 5, tto von H o 6 G sta v H bsc 6 R d 3 4, 4 5, 5 , 4 O ym 7, u , ch J h * L n or - — s - ru er - W il d ig r , s o 6 7 re s 6 G eor , 4, u w K 4 Juliu K ch 4 5, , K 5 , g K g 3 3 * m n s - * - 6 n n r - n o Len sch h el t 5, 6 Em l L a ss itz 6 , H o L e e t 5 r Ku 4 , i w 5 , ug 4 , B u - - - — n er 6 a n n es L ewen s 6 6 6 Adolp L iebera ti 6, 6 7 . K . H , M , 4, 4 5, 5 , , 7, h J c ’ Affert P ro fessor in Ra in e olle e in on e p er for a n e o f Ha lm s S ohn y ( c C g , m c der Wi ldn is e r a r 1 2 L o is Men schk e - on ra u er 6 , F b u y , u 4, 4 5, C d M ll , W e m Mum sen 6 r edr N eidm a n n - -6 6 6 E i von der sten ilh l , F i ich 4 5, 5 , , 7, m l O * - * - - e zer exa n der r 6 u sta ster a n n , a rl tto 4, 6 7 P l Al P feiffe , G , 7 v O m 4 C O 3 , 3 * - - n k - i 6 a rl Rems er G . Ro e 6 R . Rosi s y , 3 4, Er n Ross a 6, 5 , K b g 4, gg 5 , 3 w b ch Germ a n D ra m a on the t L oui t S . s S a ge 37

der e e - . e e and Emil von Ost n , Mm s B kk r Grahn and Mlle.

se e e , , e , e e e Clau n Kos r was how v r abl to conduct a stag of lit rary,

e r P as w ll as dramaturgical impo tance. ress comment on the ’ per formance under Koser s directorship is occasional and general

e T h e e e e rem in natur . e relativ e m rit of his stag is att st d by in iscen t com m ent in the editorial columns of the press of the

e e e e e r e e e a re n xt d cad , wh r his pe formanc s and his audi nc s

e e P e ffe classed with thos of Bornst in and f i r . ’ O f the 945 perfo rmances recorded as given under Koser s

he T a ue i el e t r rs e re e e er e . dir ction , p r p s nt d 5 p c nt ,

h us iel 1 r k ii 1 er S c a e e . ol s t ek tc s e . p , 9 + p c nt , V , , 5 p

L us ts iel 2 r P s e 2 r e e . e e . o s e . c nt p , 5 p c nt , , 5 p c nt

i n s i el r e The S tc 6 r . e . e . e e O er g p , , p c nt , p , 5 p c nt e r r e r e e e r pe to y includ ed many plays of lit rary impo tanc . Th s ’ were (ﬁgures indicate number of tim es perform ed ) : Goethe s ’ Fa us t S e Bra u t o on Messi n a D on Ca rlos 1 4 ; chill r s 5, ,

Fi es eo 1 u n ra u o on Orlea n s K a ba le u n d L i ebe 2 M a ri a , J gf 5, ,

S tua r t R a u ber Wa llen s tein s L a er 2 Wa llen s tei n s T od I 3 , 9 , g , , ’ ’ Wilhelm T ell 4 ; L essing s N a tha n der Weis e 1 ; Grillparzer s

’ ’ ’ Medea 2 Gutzk ow s Kbn i sleutn a n t 1 Uriel Ac os ta 6 el ; g , ; H s ’ ' ’ c Gen oveva 3 ; Kleist s K ettchen n on H eilbron n 3 ; L aube s Gra y ’ ' ' Essex K a rlss ehiiler Al en kon i B a u er a ls 3 , 5 ; Raimund s p g 3 , ' ’ Million cir ers ehwen der e e e B eza hm te Wider 5, V 5 ; Shak sp ar s s en s ti e 1 Ha m let K a u m a n n n on en edi Othello 1 p g , 4 , f V g 3 , ,

tto ol - * - - it z R d p , 6 L eon a r erer 6 . . itz H . h 4 5 , h d 5 , 5, O u h Sch 5, J H Schm 4 Sc m - - 6 6 r * - 3 a on e . S chu n ck 6 r e r S chu rth e r edr 4, 5 , , C l Sch 3 , C , F i d ich 3 4, F i ich * a n - A exa n er l s a ren a - a r W er er - r st a n Schw 3 4, l d Ju iu V 4 5, C l b 3 4, 4, Ch i i f * - * - - * * - W o 6 n . l 5 , I n a tz W ol f 6 6 6 Alph on s von Zerbo i 6 g 3 4, 4, 4 5, 5 , , 7, * * * i n es Ahlfel - - * - n er - M . d 6 An toin e Be er Gra hn 5 6 Eli se ott 4, 4 5, 5 , kk 4 , , B * - * - * * - - - e. o a n n a e z s n es . Mll h a l s s n 6 6 6 Mm e. Da n i H a a n 4 , Mll J C u 4 5, 5 , , 7 , u m 3 * - — 6 Pa li n e Durs 6 6 o a Dzin ba 6 tt e en ee 6 Ma ri a Gra ff , y 5 , p i ili G u , S h , O , M - - Mm e An n a m e. a t a ra ff 6 es . Grem ler 6 E a G ros se 5 . M ild G Mll , h , p 5 , mm 4 * * Grii n e a l - * - - e es s - Ho fst eden w d es . L o se a a se 6 6 H d i H e 6 4 5, Mll i H 5 g 5 , u , 7, w - - - M 2 - 6 e a n n L e a n n -6 6 a ser 6 m e A ert n e oser . o a 4 5, 7, K i 5 , . lb i K 3 , , Mll J h hm 5 , * - Mm e r n e L em - - - 6 l es I da a r a n d 6 6 a o n a n n . 7, . C li i d 3 , 3 4, 4, 4 5, 5 , M l M ch , * - M l er N e es L . von der sten 6 n n a tt e il l 6 E a a n n 6 . O ili , mm um , Mm O 7, Mi - * - - r - e zer - st erm a n n ottn er Roha rdin e tto 6 6 H en d ic s P lt 3 , 4 , O B 4, O 4, 5 , 7, k 3 - i f ff -6 es M l in e P feif k e er . a w H en ri ette Peterson 5 6 Mlle. L u dw a P i 5 , M 4 , , m * - — — ll - r z R fer 6 Am a e P rit zk ow 6 P rii er , Mll es . F a n i s a 0 5 , li 3 4, 4, 4 5, 3 4 k * — — * - a n d a ro in e tz 6 o a n n a dt Mm e. L o se l 4 5, C l Schmi 7, J h Schmi 3 4, 4, ui - - - * - m t z 6 6 a r a von ra m m es . A sta on n en Sch i 3 4, 4 5, 5 , , M i Sch 3 4, Mll ugu S s e n - 6- An n a W e e e er a ro n e Wern er - -6 6— osa ch i 4 , 4 5, 7, d m y 4 , C li 4, 4 5, 5 , 7, R Z von erbon i 6 . e m D a t L ouis ta 38 G r a n r m a on the S . S ge

I I e d ul e 1 in term a chen e Ri cha rd I 1 R om o u n i t W r . , J , 5 Charlott

- P e ffe the o r for the er Bi rch f i r was most p pula dramatist p iod ,

e r e e e e 6 B enedix ranked sec ond . Th i plays w r p rform d 4 and 35

K -tz bu e e e e 1 2 e e e e e . o e e tim s , r sp ctiv ly was r pr s nt d tim s , Rau ’ e W e r Volkss tiick Di e Ma s chin en ba uer pach but onc . ih auch s , 2 6 1 m wa s the most popular individual play ; it was staged 4 ti es . ’ e e ffe e e Be In s v eral insta nces Kos r s stage su r d comp tition . Se e e 6 1 86 e e e ginning with pt mb r , 3 , an att mpt was mad to stag ’ e m Bechtn er s e e S ee et ee G r an drama in Vari ti s on Fi fth tr t , b w n

ee e e e for e the Morgan Str t and Franklin Av nu , call d this s ason

o h t r T he D r H c s e e e . eutsches Stadttheate . Emil was stag dir ctor

N n h e e e attempt was short lived . o e of t e plays pres nted poss ss d

e e e the e e e N e e 1 lit rary m rit . Aft r ighth p rformanc on ov mb r 5 all notice of the theatre disappears from the columns of the press . m 2 0 N em 1 86 e e 6 . n Fro May till ov b r , 4, R Rosi ski conduct d

er e e r the De er e 1 6 a G man th atr , at ﬁ st in utsch Volksgart n at 3

N r S ee e e er set the De s e o th Fi fth tr t and aft r cold w ath in , in ut ch

e the e wa s e e e e Volkshall with which Gart n conn ct d . His th atr was typically a Volkstheater which essayed nothing more pre ten tious e e L us ts iel P oss e e than an nt rtaining p or . It announc d at

e e e e e re The its op ning daily p rformanc s , but adv rtis d ir gularly .

e e e e e e limit d p rsonn l consist d of M ssrs . E . Goldschmidt , C . Mill r ,

Mm D L e e . h . k . e e e c m uc r R Rosinski , Haas and Mll s . ouis S t and

a e Freeberthe er e eff ere em e e c M ri y , whos orts w suppl nt d by o ca ’ sion a l e m e m h lp fro Kos r s ense ble. ’ On e or m ore of several Volksgarten— the form er Ruedi s

r e W e S ee Volksga t n , ashington Gart n at Third and Elm tr ts , and Franklin Garten at Tenth Street and Franklin Avenue— usually

e P oss en e e e th e er 1 86 stag d and kindr d pi c s during summ s of 4 ,

6 66 6 ee or t en e fo r 5, and 7 admission to which was fr c nts , ” 2 e - e e e e h which usually Bi r tick ts w r giv n to t e visitor . But

e e e such stag s rar ly advertis d .

” ’ Th e s ea s on o f 1863 -64 in cluded a h a l f dozen per form a n ces by H olm a n s ’ ' N a t on a ern - r e s a n e n s N a c h twa n dleri n a n d Ba l se s i l Op T upp , which g B lli i ’ ’ ' ' Zi eun erm ci dc hen ea t e a n d oss n s A s ch en brcidel a n d D on zett s g ch wic , R i i i i Tochter des R e im en ts e n e g a ch o c . Foll er r till 1 1 866 e e re g f om May 3 August 7 , , conduct d a th at

e r e r e e e with daily p rfo manc s in Apollo Ga t n . His ens mbl was

e T he e e re r e e o limit d . incompl t list o f those co d d as b l nging to it e the e Foll er r r e S includ d nam s of g , G af , Monch , F i drich chwan ,

P ritzk o e H m P ff Mm w . o h e e e . e . Amalia and Mll s M , f i r and

Foll er re e e e Emma N eumann . g li d larg ly for assistan c upon

L rr f th t h o e e . e re o e S ta d t e utsid tal nt udwig Kno , stag di ctor

e N ew Yor L Ro en a ck Zer at r in k , Julius Koch , Emil asswitz , p ,

e e - L Ro k n i bo . e e e en a c Zerbo ni , Mm s B kk r Grahn , ouis Haas , p , ,

e e er e he and Mlle. Johanna Claus n play d und his dir ction in t

r h e T h re r r cou se o f t e s ason . e g a t numbe of stars appea ing on this stage during t he season raised th e standard of its rep er ’ the e e e e e oe e Fa us t tory above that of av rag summ r th atr . G th s ’ ’ ’ S e Ma ria S tua r t L e Gra Ess en ° Gutzk ow s chill r s , aub s f and ’ Zo u n d S chwerdt e e e e r e e Gutzk ow s K 0 pf w r ach p rfo m d onc ,

n i s leu tn a n t e The ffere e ere re re g twic . di nt typ s of play w p sented as follows : Tra u erspi el 4 S cha uspi el 1 3

olkss tucle L us ts i el 2 P asse S in V , p 4 g ’ s iel e S tum m e n on etc . e e p , (including two p rformanc s of Aub r s

P or ti ci 1 6 ) ,

r 2 0 e 2 2 1 86 the F om January till F bruary , 7 , Olympic Theatre was th e scen e of el ev en German performances under the e re L ewen s The r e e o stag di ction o f Hannes . sho t liv d s as n was inaugurated by a number of acto rs who w ere fo r the time

e e e e e e er o e b ing without r gular ngag m nts , som of whom lat j in d ’ e e e Kos r s ns mbl e.

3 B 1 86 4 6 0 A n Un even t u l P eri od o D ecli n e . 7 7 . f f .

During the summer and the ﬁ rst half o f the ensuing winter ’ season following the suspension of Koser s activity on the St .

L e L re e e or e the ouis stag , Emil asswitz di ct d daily p rf manc s in

o r e e e Ma 1 1 - e 1 86 N e e Ap llo Ga t n Th at r ( y Octob r 7 , 7 ; ov mb r

2 1 1 86 — 2 0 the S er e be , 7 May , On six undays int v ning tw een the summ er and winter s easons L asswitz staged plays

n h r e Th o r e with his e sembl e in t e Va i eti es Theatr . e Ap llo Ga t n

e er h re r h Th at had in t e meantime been rebuilt . A vi ew e o f t e L ouis S ta 40 Germ a n Dra m a on the S t. ge

’ opening performance (Goethe s Cla o ig o ) takes occasi on to c om

r e e ro th e e o n : ment upo n the imp ov m nt w ught by r n vation , sayi g “ Wir e e erer e r ein e hab n nach lang r , bitt Entb h ung w nn auch ii rm a ssi e so o e e e e e Zu nicht be g gross s , d ch in hinr ich nd Zahl

e e ra chti e er e e er e schauer bequem fass nd s , p g ing icht t s , zi lich s d eutsch es Th eater und kon n en uns des Instituts mit vollstem ” 2 7 L a sswiz e e th e e r th e Rechte freu en . r sign d dir cto ship of theatre at the en d of January with the intention o f r etu rning to

e e o who ee e Germany , wh r up n Kurth , had b n associat d with him

e e e e Ma 2 0 . as busin ss manag r, took charg and play d daily till y

s T he e o m e e the the en d o f the s ea on . s as n was ad notabl by “ ” e e e e -o f e ffi e large numb r of Gastspi l , som which prov d su ci ntly attractive to warrant p erformances by the Apollo ensembl e occa sion a ll n h e e re the r y in o e of t e larg r th at s of city . In such sta ’ r e re e e e e r L Ar ing parts app a d C . Harting , Jos ph K ppl r , Th odo ’ r e e e L A rron e L e e e . ong , Mm s . H dwig g and ouis Haas , Mll s

e e e D r f the r e H dwig H ss and o a Rol f , and Hunga ian dwarfs J an

P P The e e re e e . ee iccolo , J an tit and Kis Jozsi latt r thr app a d almost daily before crowded houses for over a month (March 1 6— April S ome revi ewers proclaimed th em to be great

The e h A ei e te 1 . e t e n z r des Wes n s artists r vi w in g for April 9 ,

1 868 u e e e e the e : I m , undo bt dly com s n ar r truth wh n it says Ubrigen sind und bleiben sie wohl grosse Ku n stm erkwii rdigk ei ‘ ’ ten — P ra dika t Kiin stler e dem S e e e es das ab r in inn , in w lch m die Asthetik den em der Biihn e a n e Jung zuspricht , k n ihn n nicht ” e zuerkannt w rden .

the e the m e e o 2 t With op ning of sum r s as n , May 3 , Kur h

r r again continued to stage daily pe formances in the same th eat e. Alphons von Zerbo n i act ed as stage m anager under his di rector

1 h e r r . e r t e e y ship July 3 Kurth withdr w f om e theatr . His p tor

ee e e e the e e er had b n d sign d chi ﬂy with vi w to nt tain , but hard “ e e the e e e e e tim s k pt down att ndanc . Er hatte das S inig r dlich

dem e e W e etha n e er er e und mit b st n ill n g , hatt Opf auf Opf g r e e ein erziehlt rde der b acht , ab r ohn dass damit Erfolg wu , ihm

2’ An zei er des We t n N o e er 2 2 1 s e s 86 . g , v mb , 7 die W eiterfuhrun g des Th eaters hatte wu n schen swerth erschei n Die e ii berstie en e i en las sen . Ausgab n g st ts d e Einna hmen

e der m it der ee e Gescha ft sm a n n und H rr Kurth , Absicht , als r l r ree zu e e e e e L die D e l hand ln , s in r Z it mit H rrn asswitz ir ktion des o e e iibern om m en e — Ap llo Th at rs hatt , sah sich nach unun terbrochen en ek un iétren e e — e e e p V rlust n schli sslich g zwung n , sich

der L e des U e e e zuriick zuziehen Zu e e . von itung nt rn hm ns . vi l leere Hauser in den Woc h entagen— S onntags ist das Theater re~ gelm a s sig gut besucht gewesen— sind auch in der j ii n gsten W in ter— und in der ersten Hal fte der laufend en Sommersaison der N agel zum Sarge fii r das Unt ernehmen gew esen und es gehort

der so e e En tm uth i en den die in That Muth dazu , nach vi l n g

i D r r r S ache in d e Hand zu nehm en . e Eint ittsp eis ist

‘ (n a m en tlich im Somm ertheater ) so ausserordentlich ni ed rig ge ‘ e m a n e r e e die er die schechten Zei st llt, dass s h Vi l n , sich hint ’ ten e e e e se o e e e wie e rossere S e v rst ck n , nachw i n k nnt , in vi l g umm ihrerseits allabendlich der U n terstiitzun g der edl en Kunst des ” 2 8 Bi erbrauen s zugewendet wird .

the s e e re e Zerbon i About am tim that Kurth tir d becam e ill . He died after several w eeks and his wi fe out of d espai r over the

her o e ea e e e ollo loss of husband so n th r ft r committ d suicid . F w ’ e e e e S er the e ee o f the ing Kurth s r tir m nt Krug r and chill , l ss s

e re e e e L ewen s e e er th at , ngag d Hann s as stag manag r and und

e o the e n o o er 1 2 1 868 his guidanc br ught s ason to a co clusi n Oct b , . Since the retirem ent of L assowitz th e theat re had artistically

e n e er e ranked low and possess d o lit rary m it . Att ndanc e had

e S e e e the e r th e been poor . Krug r and chill r r sum d dir cto ship o f

he e the er e er 2 2 e th eatre with t op ning of wint s ason Octob . Th y ‘ n a s e er T h engaged L ewe s and Julius Koch stag manag s . e initial

ff r e w eeks during this winter in n o r espects o ered an imp ov m ent .

h e re r 1 8 r er The elite no longer patronized t e th at . Janua y K ug

h e e e L e a e She e and Schill er turned t e th atr ov r to ouis Ha s . mad

he h r c o— e elaborate plans for improvement . S had t e hea ty op ra

h e the e e e tion o f t e press . Comm nting upon chang of manag m nt “ the A n zei er 1 1 86 : Die direktion slose g for January 7 , 9 , says ,

A n zei er des Wes ten s l 1 1868 . g , Ju y 4, L ou 42 Germ a n D ra m a on t he S t. is S ta ge die schrecklich e Z eit erreicht h eute ihr Ende und von Morgen

e e e e e L e er e N an hat das Apollo Th at r in artistisch itung , d n icht v o rhandensein sich in j ii n gster Z eit n ur allzuseh r fii hlba r gemacht

Ue er dem e e e e T hea fer e e res hatte. b hi sig n d utsch n walt t s it Jah frist und langer ein eigener Unstern— und viell eicht geht ihm

lu klich r e Ei n es in der n euen Di rektion ein g c e St rn auf . ist

L e der e der die D m e sicher : Frau . Haas ist Aufgab , sich a

r er e e e e e u n m ittel nunm eh unt zi ht , g wachs n und das war n ihr

r a n er n i cht baren Vo g g . “ Di erre r er S e e e Gutm ein en der e H n K ug und chill r hatt n , k in

r da re e e e e e e r e e e wi d s in Ab d st ll n , in n in m h d nn in r Hinsicht

e er e S e er von e e dem auss rst schwi ig n tandpunkt , k in B id n ist mit Biihn en wesen auch nur ent f ernt vert raut und wa s die Folge die ser Tha tsa che e e e e e — die war , davon w iss das Th at rpublikum in r

— i z e Kasse der Unternehm er anderseits e n L i edchen u sing n .

D da rii ber wie fi er e e e der e e e och , b so manch s and r , V rgang nh it

An eho-re e der e e den g nd , mag Zwisch nvorhang fall n und in Vor dergrun d einzig und allein die neue Direktion mit ihrer theoreti schen wie prak tischen B efahigun gen zur L eitung des Theaters

e e r P e e r e die I n tr t n . Ihr wi d das ublikum mit all m V rt au n auf a ugurirun g einer neuen Biihn en - Era entgegenkommen ; ihr wird

r e der e e e e- e e e a der W er des zuvo d rst B w is g li f rt w rd n , d ss th Gel eisteten den Ma ssstab fii r die T heiln a hm e des Publikums a b

i b ein e e e e L e t St . o e e e g und dass d utsch s Th at r in uis b st h n kann ,

e e e der Biihn n l i n w nn das V rsteh n auf S eite e e tu g nicht mangelt . ‘ S r a e e se e R efor chon hort man von , durch F au H as b schlos n n

' ’ m en der e e e e die D e ein u Theil besitzen und von En rgi , d r n am g t ‘ ’ e dem R eform ir n e e . e e soll , lasst sich rwart n dass n b n auch das S ubstitu iren und Com pletiren in zweckentsprechender W eise ge ” e e handhabt w rd n wird .

th e e Mm e e e With e aid o f outsid tal nt . Haas was abl to

h e r B f e t e th e re. orn dor on e rais standard o f th at F au von , of the e e e e her starring p rform rs , dr w full hous s and at concluding per fo rma nce was presented with a silver service by a number o f h er r r F t L e o e ﬁ r - r e . or st e admi s a tim e S . ouis again nj y d class p form a n ces re r . e e e e e In spit of inc as d p ic o f admission , att ndanc

e e incr as d .

L ou i t ~ 44 Germ a n D ra m a on the S t . s S a ge in g thes e years w ere the following (ﬁgures indicate number o f ’ or e e e Cla oi o 2 E m on t 1 Fa us t 1 tim es perf m d ) : Go th s g , g , ; ’ er B ra u t von M essin a 1 D on Ca rlos I u n ra u n on Or Schill s , , J gf l ea n s 1 K a ba le un d L i ebe 1 Ma ri a S tua rt 3 Di e Riiu ber Wa l , , , 3 , ’ len s tein s L a er 2 Wilhelm Tell 2 Tura n dot 2 S k e e re g , , ; ha sp a s

a m let Ma cbeth 1 Othello R om eo un d uli et 1 Ei n S om H 5, , 3 , J ,

’ ' ’ m erm circhen 1 D er Widers en s ti en Za hm un e , p g g 3 ; Fr ytag s

’ ’ ’ zk K l a 2 e v va J ourn a lis ten 1 ; Gut ow s bn igs eu tn n t . ; H ebb l s Gen o e ’ ’ 2 e K a tchen von H eilbron n 2 L e Bos e Zu n en ; Kl ist s ; aub s g 4 ,

’ ’ ’ Gra Ess ex 2 Al en kbn i 1 B a uer a ls Milli on cir 1 f ; Raimund s p g , ,

ers ehwen der V 4 .

‘ 1 8 - 1 e A 1 8 - 1 8 C . 0 88 0 O r th oll ta 0 T e a on e o S e . h 7 . p p g 7 75 P el osi Direc torship 1 87 1

The summer season o f 1 870 (May 2 1 — October 16 ) Kruger and S chill er int roduced op era and op erette along with drama on the Apollo stage under the direction of Carl Sch ramm as musical ’ r D r the r e o f th e D e R e conducto . u ing cou s e summ r oniz tti s gi ’ m en ts tochter e ffe s erlobun bei der L a was sung onc , O nbach V g ’ tern e S e Flotte B urs che S chon e Ga la thee e e , and upp s and ach twic , ’ ffe Or heus i n der Un terwelt ﬁ ve e S ch on e O nbach s p tim s , his

H elen e ee e D er Bla u ba r t e ee e ﬁft n tim s , and ight n tim s . During the next ﬁ ve years the Apollo Garten Th eater was e e e e e e e e e d vot d to a larg xt nt to Op ra and op r tt . Julius H err the m e 1 8 0 e e r mann , who during su m r o f 7 had app ar d in sta ring

the e e er re t e e parts in Apollo Gart n Th at , was di ctor of tha th atr

r h e 1 8 0- 1 e du ing t e wint r of 7 7 . H rrmann made it his aim to

e e e e e Lus s i e The e m pr s nt almost xclusiv ly op ra and t p l . p rfor a n c es he e e e e e e e e stag d w r not p rf ct , but pl as d , as is appar nt from the word of wa rning contained in the c riticism printed in the

An zei er des Wes ten s e 2 1 8 0 e com g for Octob r 3 , 7 , which , aft r m en tin the e e e e th e e e e g on xc ll nci s o f p rformanc in qu stion , says “ Nichts ist so verderblich und muss verd erblich furs Th eater

e er e e e der S r e e e e sie s in , als B icht , d n n auf ti n g schri b n st ht , dass

' e e h sm a i e er esc a ft ss e P ff . e ein b n nichts w it sind , als g g u s W nn ‘ ’ Blatt z . B . schreibt; dass die Au ffiihrun g von Fra Diavolo am ‘ reita die e e wa r die e er e e e ehort wor F g b st , j mals hi g s h n , und g ’ den sei m a da s Gescha ftsem fehlun e e zu n t , so g , als p g, vi ll icht e

e e dem P e e er schuldig n s in , ublikum g g nub ist es aber nicht zu ‘ ’ e er e D di r . e e e re wie es e e r chtf tig n ass Cho tad llos wa n , in j n m

e zu e e e der W r e r hla Blatt l s n , h isst ah h it so sta k ins Gesicht sc

en Mu sikversta n di e die der Au ffiihrun e e ein g , dass g , g b iwohnt n , " e e fi er e L e e e zu er e R cht hab n , b solch s obhud ln ung halt n w d n . “ e r n e e e h H r man institut d a numb r of Galavorst llungen . At t e ’ ﬁrst of th ese Hugo Miiller s Gen rebild Adela ide followed by

e e e e ee e s l ctions from grand op ra was giv n . It succ d d in c rea ting interest anew for the stage in many who had grown apathetic “ Der e der im L er z r toward it . erst n auf e d Saison u ve anstalten den - e e e e e re e e e Gala V rsammlung n wohnt k in s hr zahl ich s , dag g n ‘ ’ ein ewahlteres P bei e e r e The um so g ublikum , so dass alt rg aut a terha bitues sich in die Zeiten der Al exander P feiffersch en Di

e de die e des N e e e r ktion , o r in Wint rsaison ational Th at rs unt r

D re er zurii ckversetzt e e e e e e i ktor Kos glaub n konnt n , in j n Z it n , da dem deutschen Th eater noch reges Interesse von S eiten der Elite des hiesigen Deutschtum es gesch enkt ward und das Audi torium die besten deutschen Famili en der Stadt in sich zu schlies

ﬂ D r des e e e sen p egte. e Anblick Zuschau rraums am g strig n Abend liess das B edauern iiber die in gewissen K reisen dem The

e e ber er e e L e e re e e e at r g genu h rsch nd auth it dopp lt g w rd n , und ” 2 9 er r n damit zugleich den Wunsch nach Bess we de . But the enthusiasm these Galavorstellungen a roused was

r De e er 1 the . L e ee e but spasmodic ss than two w ks lat , c mb 3 , revi ew er in the sam e paper complains bitterly over the poo r ‘ attendance at the really ﬁrst class p er fo rmances L ucretia ’ f f h i . im o e e e e a u e ii rt s e . Borgia wird Ap llo Th at r b ss r g , als z B ’ P u e s ater er Stra k osch s e e von der arodi Tr pp , p unt Manag m nt

- e e e e e r e. od er von der Ghion i Susini G s llschaft g g b n wu d Es hat ,

e e e e e der e S danach zu schliessen . also auch auf di s m G bi t alt atz , ‘ ’ nach w elchem der P roph et in sein em Vaterlande nichts gilt s eine

Weil D e e er n ieder ela s B erechtigung . ir ktor H rrmann sich hi g

i hiiler- er en weil er e e ii bern om m en we l Fr . S c s , das Th at r hat , Jag

‘ D L zu e W e re e weil St . und Frl . ziuba ouis ihr m ohnort rko n hab n ,

” An zei er des Wes ten s De e er 2 1 18 0. g , c mb , 7 r a D ra m o th t L ouis ta e 46 Ge m n a n e S . S g

e r ff fu r di ze en a i rf ee r etc . e S B tz , Humbl , G a , , gan aison g g sind , weil e s ie i L u e des W er zu ren man also noch Z it hat , m a f int s ho , des ha lb die o r e e e er der e e en lasst man V st llung n in anspr ch ndst , ‘ m elodien reichsten e e e T on m eisters un besucht l S e Op rn in s . olch r

die L die dem fi e S e der D e zu r e gestalt ist ogik , b ln tand ing G und

— re e e se n l e L . W a s e r li egt . Es ist f ilich in hr u ogisch ogik ab r wi d ! die e e e D wir ein bii ssen e e Folg schli sslich s in ass w rd n , was

‘ wi r j etzt besitzen und was keine zw site Stadt im ganz en L ande

e e e a en e e e n d e e e : e . U aufzuw is n hat in p rm n t d utsch Op r rst ,

' ’ e es zu e e der S se e e en t ht w nn spat s in , w nn chatz un r n Hand n g t n e er a e er e e e s in wird , st d nn wird das B dau n komm n , dann rst ‘ ’ m a n die e e zurii ckwii n schen die e die wird schon n Tag , ( Tag , uns ” e e e en e b t en 2 the solch musikalisch Fr ud g bracht a t . January 6 “ re e e e e u : e vi w r again sp aks in similar t rms , concl ding Es bl ibt hl ” e e e S e . b im Alt n , b im c imm n

Th er e 2 1 8 1 D e s e e . wint s a on conclud d Jun , 7 uring this

e e n e e he tim H rrma n had usually play d daily . B ginning Jun e 4

e e e e e 2 he comm nc d a summ r s ason . But as arly as June 5 found

e e e e e e e the hims l f constrain d to c as p rforming , b caus of apathy

the r ef e Ahlfel o f public towa d his forts . F rdinand d th en took

e re e a e e er e ee charg as di ctor with p rform nc s s v al tim s w kly , at

e the e S e e e 2 tim s daily , concluding s ason pt mb r 9 , which was fol low ed by a number of po st - seasonal performances ending October

2 . e e e e L us ts i el P oss e in 7 His r p rtory , mad up chi ﬂy of p and , e e e r e clud d occasional op ra p rfo manc s . During the ensuing winter the drama prevail ed on the

’ ’ e e the e L oui P l i Apollo stag und r dir ctorship of s e os . P elosi s advent marks a decid ed rise in the artistic and literary niveau o f

e e r L Th . e e G rman th at icals in St ouis . v ry successful season which he conducted during this winter will be discuss ed below in

e e e e th t L e. conn ction with his subs qu nt activiti s on e S . ouis stag

e e 1 1 8 2 e a e B ginning with Jun 7 , 7 , op ra gain mad its appear

e the e e the e . anc on Apollo stag , now call d Apollo Op rnha us N W a ldstin e o a e um e athan , a l c l busin ss man , ass d charge of the

e e H m . e e e e e e th atr ngag d Julius H rr an as stag dir ctor , with a

e a : ee company which includ d as princip ls E . B tz and Theodor

Ha belm a n n ten ors ' Em il e e e Adol Fra n osch , , T ll , bariton , p , Julius He r W er e hii l r . t Sc e s so e . S r mann , Ko n r and O to , ba s , Mll s ophia D e e em e e t e ziuba , Anna Jag r, B rtha Ro r , primadonnas , and Alb r in e e e m he . e t Hofst tt r, s cond pri adonna Carl H lmar, o f California

S e e a ﬂ e S n s e. e HO in tadtth at r in Franci co , and Mll Josi assist d a

e e m e r numb r o f p rfor a nc s . Opera and operette were sung unde ’ W a ldstin e s m em e ee e ee e a anag nt thr tim s w kly , and at tim s d ily ,

u the m m e e be 2 the througho t su r s ason , concluding Octo r 5, and e e e N e e 1 wint r s ason b ginning ov mb r . From an artistic stand

the e m e e e e e e the point p rfor anc s , though not p rf ct , r c iv d approval

e the - The e . of pr ss and public , including English sp aking public .

e e er e e e r e he principals in th s p formanc s w r usually p ais d , but t n ensemble work a d choru s ofttim es gave ground for criticism .

u en e o uf e m e the Tho gh att danc was g od , it was not s ﬁci nt to ak

e e a e e e o the v ntur a ﬁnanci l succ ss, a fact asily und rsto d in light

the e e e e be e e of pr s nt day , wh n d ﬁcits must constantly cov r d by

e e e a ldstin e re g n rous lov rs of art or by subsidy . W e th refore

e m the e e e e e Ha belm a n n e tir d fro v ntur , wh r upon Th odor at onc re- e e the rea e a the e e e e ngag d g t r p rt of ns mbl , add d to it , and

u e m e H re e e the witho t interruption r su d playing . e formally op n d

e n 1 1 He e e theatre under his dir ctio February . too stag d xclu sively opera a n d operette till the termination of the s ea son

May 30 . Ha belm a n n resum ed performances in the Opernhaus June 1 with the change that besides Opera an occa sional L us tspi el was

he en d the m e e S e e e 2 8 the staged . By t of su m r s ason ( pt mb r ) German public had grown apathetic toward the opera perform a n ces e the e er ee , not without r ason , for sam op as had b n sung

The er e e e e e e e St . L time and again . op a ns mbl th r for l ft ouis for

L e e e m et e e a e ouisvill , wh r it with no b tt r ﬁn ncial succ ss than in

L e 1 e e e e 1 2 00 St . ouis . By F bruary it th r incurr d a d ﬁcit of $ , which the L i ed erkranz of that city guaranteed .

Krii er a n d S e the e see the e e e e der g chill r, l s s of th atr , th r upon

N e e n i dem e e e e e oth g horch nd , cht ig n n Tri again assum d

e e e e the e m a e charg . Th y d vot d stag to dra with a company und r

en s The e ea o a n d the the directorschip of Hannes L ew . wint r s s n

h e e e 1 8 — ﬁrst part of t e summ r s ason following (Octob r 5, 73 July 1 1 8 e ffe e e e e e e L us t 9 , 74 ) rar ly o r d anything b tt r than oft r p at d

‘ s iel a n d P osse e e e the . p , which fail d to prov attractiv to public L oui t 48 Germ a n D ra m a on the S t . s S a ge

‘ The a pa thy of the public natura lly in turn reacted upon the stage. “ D r e Bii r ersta n d die e e e e Arbei e mittl re g , d utsch n Handw rk r und

er die e e der e en e c e Bii hn e e t sind es , s it Jahr n hi sig d uts h n zi mlich ' ’ e e e — D e en e die e kii m m erliches Dasein frist n h lf n und i j ig n , da st ts

e e L e e e e m ita n zusehen den von schl cht n istung n spr ch n , von nicht e S r e e tc . e Vo st llung n , e , sind mit , n in sind vorn hmlich daran chuld ,

e Di e e o or der Biihn e— die dass es eben so and nicht bess r . e Mis r

’ — n e N r des n leeren Bank e erz eugt Misere a ufder Biih . u Son tags pﬂegen die Vorstellungen (sowohl im Apollo wie im Olym pic - Theater) besucht zu s ein— und im let zten ﬁ n det sich eine An zahl d eutscher Fa m ilien regelm a ssig ein — aber gerade das ist eben nur ein B ew eis mehr fii r die Richtigkeit des oben Gesagten . Die mit j ed em Jahre zunehmende Za hl der geselligen Vereine bil det gleichfalls einen H em mschuh fii r das P rosperiren der T he

S o e zum e e e e e ater . kommt ins And rn und das Facit di s s R chn n ” 0 e e m xemp ls kann sich j eder achen .

O h m e L . In July a part f t e opera co pany r turned to St . ouis The maj ority of the performances during the rem ainder o f the

e e e 2 e e e e e e summ r s ason b ginning July 4 , w r th r upon d vot d to

h e e L a The e e opera under t dir ctorship of Fritz Fontain e. r p r

r fe e n ew The e m es a to y o f r d nothing . G r an pr s ag in found it

‘ h fe e L e h e n ecessary to upbraid t e indi f r nt public . at r in t e y ar

Ha lm a n n e e th e e em e e e be again r organiz d e op ra ns bl . It had c as d

r m N o e e 1 Ha belm a n n e m e e pe for ing v mb r 5. r su d performanc s in the Apollo on Christmas Da y to continue without interruption H till June 2 7 . e introduced at l east two n ew operas which had ’ not been heard in the Apollo before— M eyerbeer s Afrika n erin

’ ' W e Ta n n ha us er the e the W er e and agn r s , latt r ﬁrst agn ian op ra to be e h t L t e e e S . e e produc d on G rman stag in ouis ; it had , how v r ,

re ee om p viously b n sung by a visiting c pany . ’ Ha belm a n n s e e e e e e audi nc s w r usually r port d fair, but

fere e e m h o f d ground for complaint . As is vid nt fro t e following revi ew containing utterances that a re typical of a number of sim ila r e o u e e the e e e e dit rial tt ranc s , th atr its lf and its nvirons w ere responsible for the indi fference of part o f the public toward the

” An zei er des W s ten s No 0 18 g e , vember 3 . 73 . ein ehr e e P bei e e Um sta n de s zahlr ich s ublikum , und in di s m er e e e e der er n ur zu e e n e e blick n wir , g g nub r bish d utlich b ku d t n ‘ ’ Apathie der hOheren Gesellschaft ei n e W endung zum B essern . ‘ ’ W e se e e e W e es fi er e e n e ii ber nn un r f in lt b s H rz bring n kon t n , den loben swerthen B estrebungen der Di rektion und den An stren gungen der Mitwirkenden den viell eicht nicht allzu el eganten Ein gang zum Thea ter zu vergessen un d v ergeben ; w enn die H err scha ften e r e e e sie M e erbeersche m hr da auf d nk n wollt n , dass y

zu hOren e e e e e e r e Musik b komm n , und zwar in s in r g ossartigst n

SchO fun ' en e er e o e der p g , und sich w nig daran stoss n w llt n , dass Dress Circle nicht m it rotem Sammet ausgeschlagen ist (was es ’ ii brigen s in Ben de Bar s un d im Olympic auch nicht ) — w enn s ie

e e e e Au sserlichk eiten zu uberseh en das Opf r bracht n , di s , dann wii rde die Dierektion e e den S e e er en ihr rs its in tand g s tzt w d , dem Publikum mit der Z eit noc h B ess eres zu bi eten und nicht fortwahren der Sorge fii r Aufrechterhaltun g eines Kunstinstituts zu kam fen a e ein re e De wie hie p h b n , das zahl ich s utschtum das

e k ra fti un terstiitzen e kOn n te die re e sig so g sollt (und ) , dass g l

e e m i n des ten s er wie er massigst n Einnahm n , nicht ab , bislang, Mist ” 3 1 D o zu e e e a t eﬁcit l eider eine Hauptr ll e spi l n b kommt . An tempt had been made to engage the support of the dissentin g ele m ent of the German public by occasionally stagi n g per fo rmances

on e the r e e re o n S o the e re in o f la g th at s undays , but with ut d si d ’ e er e e De r er result . Comm nting upon a p formanc h ld in Ba s Op a “ e e e the A n zei er for r 2 1 1 : Hous a r vi w in g Ma ch , 875, said Man

e e e D e e e die n hatt glaub n soll n , dass i j nig n , als Entschuldigu g od er Rechtfertigung ihres N ichtbesuchen s der Op er jah raus jah r

n die n e des L k vorschii tzen die e e e e e Ge ei Ma g l o als , g st rn g bot n

' le en heit die e im e e Thea ter eba ude der S oren g , Op r b st n g tadt h zu kOn n en be e r er e n e e ha , nutzt hab n und sich in g oss Zahl i g st llt ben wii rden — fehl geschossen ! Von den H errschaften war keine ‘ ’ Spur zu erblicken Am Sonntag wird die Aristok rati e

” An zei er des Wes ten s n e 1 8 . g , Ju 4, 75 erm a n D a ‘f h L ou i G r m a on t e S t. s S ta g e

i so r e S fullt r so w e nicht e wart t . onntags sich das Haus du ch

‘ ' ’ Gewerbtreiben de der e e e e Gescha ft sm a n n dei , sog nannt Kl in , Handwerker und Arbeiter bereitet sich und den S einen da die

e e o e er die e e — un d di es e e er b st Erh lung, ind m in Op r g ht B such

e e r ihr re elm a 55 1 es W e er e s ie klass z igt du ch g g i d komm n , dass S inn und Geschmack fu r di ese Art Unterhaltung besitzt O f the 944 plays recorded for the Apo llo stage f rom the

er 1 8 0 e 2 1 8 ex the e e summ of 7 till Jun 7, 75, cluding wint r s ason o f

- 1 8 0 1 P e e o f the e e . 7 7 , during which losi had charg Apollo Th at r

1 e e er or o erettes S in s i ele e er o 43 w r op as p and 37 g p , tog th ab ut

0 the Th Tra u e i el S cha us i el olkss tii c h . e rs 5 % of total p , p , V ,

L e P oss e e e e e e e e 1 1 ustspi l , and , r pr s nt d r sp ctiv ly 7 1 1 h er e t e . and 4 p c nt . of total

The P elosi Direc torship 1 87 1 - 1 88 0

During the years in which the Apollo Theater was to a large

e e L the e e e e e e e St . xt nt b ing d vot d to op ra and op r tt , ouis at same tim e enj oyed a creditable German theatre under the di

e L P e e e P e r ctorship of ouis losi . As alr ady point d out losi had charge o f the Apollo Theater during the winter season of

1 8 - 1 r e 0 he e ee e ee . He 7 7 , du ing which play d thr tim s w kly cam L to St . ouis heralded with a ﬂattering reputation . An editoria l announcing his c oming sa id : Da s Apollo Th eater hat der P e e e e e die e e e e Biihn en has n so vi l rl bt , hi sig n d utsch n verhaltn isse haben im La uf e der Jahre alle Stadi en des Wohl er eh en s N ichtwohler ehen s r e der ff g und g du chg macht , dass Ho n un sa n k er der etzt e r e S e e e Freun g , j ausg wo f n wird , von it n all r den der Biihn e und des d eutschen Publikums im Allgem einen mit

‘ e e e e be rii sst e e e im P elos isch en dopp lt r Fr nd g w rd n sollt , da sich Ehepaa re die tii chtige Di rektionskraft mit t refﬂicher L eistu n gs

' fahigk eit auf den Brettern vereint und somit dem Hierherk om m en des P a ares zwi efacher W erth fii r die hi esigen T hea terver ' ” 3 2 haltn is e e e e the en d th se b izum ss n ist . Editorial comm nt at of e season indicates that P elosi lived up to the reputation which “ e e e e e e D e zu e e h rald d his coming . W nn j in ir ktion An rk nnung

” A n zei er des Wes ten s to er 2 6 18 1 . g , Oc b , 7

e m ra t L a u 52 G r a n D m a on he S t . is S ta ge

Mag die Sommersaison nun bringen was sre will — di e W in tersaison brachte sich er und gewiss ga r manches Gute und

S e e e u e e o e e e e Au ffiihrun chon und vor All m g r nd t , w hlvorb r it t ” n ge .

P e the e e ec e e the exce losi for n xt ight cons utiv wint rs , with p

the e 1 8 6- em n e e e tion of s ason 7 77 , cont pora ous with and for s v ral years following the seasons in which the Apollo was largely de L e e e e St . e e e n vot d to Op ra , continu d to giv ouis a cr ditabl G rma

e D r e e e he e e ee . stag . u ing th s s asons p rform d w kly on Sundays 3 5 During the ﬁrst four and the last of th ese seasons he staged his

the ea e the e 1 8 - 8 plays in Olympic Th tr , during s ason of 77 7 in ’ B n D r u e e 1 8 e e e e . e Bar s Op a Ho s B ginning Octob r 3 , 75, whil

S e m e the he e e staging unday p rfor anc s in Olympic , also p rform d e e e ee the e e e s v ral tim s w kly in Apollo Th at r , but discontinu d on 1 Th h . e e t e o e e January 7 s ason in Ap llo concluding Jun 4 , b gin ning March 3 was continued by a com pany under the director

o f Mm he e. S be e re e 1 6 t ship olia , to transf r d b ginning April to

e S e e The s m dir ctorship of ilb rb rg and Schulz . Apollo en e ble con tin ued e e e e ee e to p rform s v ral tim s w kly , and in addition gav ’ S e e De r e e unday p rformanc s in Ba s Op ra Hous . ’ During thes e years P elosi s performances continued to m erit favorable comm ent in the columns of the press and to attract

e e e be e m e ewiihlt Th e audi nc s which continu d to t r d g . e t nor o f the press comm ent is that of the excerpts quoted above for the e 1 8 0- 1 s ason 7 7 .

h — i T e winter of 1 8 76 77 P elosi spent in Germ any . Dur ng

8 e e t L e e m S e 1 S . . e his abs nc ouis had two th atr s Fro ptemb r 7 , ’ 1 8 6 1 1 8 De e e the e 7 , to April 5, 77, Bar s Op ra H ous was hom of

S e e T he e e e e the a e unday p rformanc s . s ason op n d und r m nag

e S e e e e 2 2 m nt o f ilb rb rg and Company . B ginning with Octob r it continued under the managem ent of P aul Dilg and Company .

er e e em e e e ee a e m e This Op a Hous ns bl att mpt d w kd y p rfor anc s ,

r the S t L e e S ee e ee ﬁ st in . ouis Stadtth at r, on Morgan tr t, b tw n

35 e te er I 1 8 2 t o Ma 18 A st 1 1 8 to Ma 1 8 S p mb , 7 , y 4, 73 ; ugu 3 , 73 , y 3 , 74 ; 1 ept e er 6 1 8 t o Ap ril 1 6 18 ; epte er 1 , 8 t o Ap ril 16 18 6 S mb , 74, , 75 S mb 9 75, , 7 ; to er 2 1 to Ap ril 2 1 1 8 8 ; epte er I 1 8 8 t o Ma I 18 S e Oc b , , 7 S mb , 7 , y , 79 ; p t em er 2 1 1 8 to De e er 2 1 18 . b , 79, c mb , 79 attendance caused the w eekday performances soon to be discon tin ued D h e f . t e e e W e e r o uring sam wint r Al xander urst r , dir cto the N ew e er e S er r e the Chicago Th at , conduct d unday p fo manc s in

e e -m Se e e 2 Ma 6 Olympic Th atr fro pt mb r 4 till y , with occasional he o Sunday and w eekly performances in t Ap llo . ’ e e er e e the M mb rs of Wurst s Company continu d , und r man a em en t L ewen s the e e the e n sum g of , during gr at r part of nsui g h m er to present P oss e and L us tspiel on Sundays in t e Apollo . Beginning with May 2 7 Carl Schmidt during the same summer di rected a summ er theatre devoted chi eﬂy to P oss e and L us tspi el in a n ew theatre erected in Stra thm a n n s L a Fayette Park at S ec

n l e P e e e ond Street and Ca ro do et Av nue. rformanc s on this stag

e e e ee e ee the n ot w r initially giv n thr tim s w kly . But public was

e h n e e e e e e 1 r sponsive to t e w nt rpris . An ditorial of Jun 7 in “ com menting upon the poor attendance it receiv ed says : Hi er

die Gleich ilt i k eit die e zu hat man sich g g , schon gar Manch s

r e e der S om m erbii hn e e e er e e G ab trag n hal f , auch g g nub g lt nd und

e e es e e e r zu zwar in solch m Mass , dass nach all n Richtung n s h

e e i st — S o e im e e e e r e b dau rn lang Apollo Th at r g spi lt wu d , das als Sommertheater nur der grossen Hitze w egen nicht allen An forderungen entsprach— so w eit die Ra um lichk eiten in B etracht

e — r e Nichthin ehen der L ok a lita t dem komm n wu d das g mit , mit

dem e e e e e m otivi rt . Eingang , mit Mang l an El ganz und d rgl ich n J etzt aber hat ein unternehmender P rivatmann im pra chtigsten

S e e e e e e e S r tadtt il , mitt n zwisch n Gart n und Baum n , mitt lst t as sen ba hn e e zu e e e n a chster N e des schOn sten b qu m rr ich n , in ah

P r der S ein S o e e e e e ein re a ks tadt , mm rth at r bau n lass n , das wah s

S chm uckka stchen e e r e e u t e~ ist , in in m Ga t n st ht , und worin g g ’ ‘ ’ spi elt wird— und wie sieht s nun da mit der Un terstii tzun g aus ! — Obgleich c hen tlich nur dreimal gespi elt wi rd so sind die e e S e e e e re Vorst llung n nur onntags ang m ss n b sucht , wah nd an

n u r r f den Woc h entagen der Zu schauerraum s eh selten ge iillt ist .

Un d o die e e ﬂei ssi ein stu dirt o r vo r d ch sind Vorst llung n g , s glich bereitet— die Gesellscha ft ist aus recht tii chtigen Kra ften zu sa m m en gesetzt— die Regie ruht in fahigen Handen und man darf sich 54

r e e den e e e e zu verbrin ve sich rt halt n , Ab nd auf das Ang n hmst k ” 3 6 en e L a fa ette a r e e e . g , w nn man das y p Th at r b sucht During the latter part of the s eason the L a Fayette Park Th eat er vari ed its p rogram by alternating English plays with Ger

er r e An e e the man p fo manc s . att mpt was mad during following

er e erm e re the a t summ to again stag G an plays in this th at , but tempt m et with no success ; after the middl e o f July the press gives

e e D the er no fu rth er notice of such p rformanc s . uring summ o f

L er e re D he e 1 8 St . t 79 . ouis had no summ th at uring summ r o f 1 88 0 an attempt was mad e to again establish a German stage in the L a e e P e t re e the S om m er a r Fay tt ark th a , now call d Thalia g ten Theater. But after several p erform ances the attempt was

e u giv n p . ’ Whil e P elosi after a year s absence resum ed Sunday per ’ form a n ces r the er 1 8 - 8 e De du ing wint of 77 7 , this tim in Bar s

er e W r er r the er re e Op a Hous , u st again as du ing wint p viously gav S unday per fo rmanc es in the Olympic (September 1 6 to April 7 )

The e P e th e e D he following wint r losi had e ﬁ ld to hims l f . uring t e 1 8 - 8 0 e h e the s ason 79 , whil was again playing in Olympic , his p er formances suffered competition by a stage instituted by W il

R ieckhoff R ieckhoff e er h elm . gav p formances three tim es w eekly 1 e r r 2 the e e from August 3 till F b ua y 7 in Apollo Th at r , which

e e e e r the r e the e e r had be n r mod ll d du ing cou s o f pr c ding summ e . At the en d of February due to poor attendance he discontinued the w eekday perfo rmances and played S undays only from Feb ’

rua r 2 0 1 880 P e e re N . y 9 till April 3 , , in op s Th at at inth and Ohio

S e e e e ee e e . Str ts . Th s unday p rformanc s prov d more attractiv ’ The character of Rieckhoffs audience compared favorably with

o f P I II P e e that elosi . fact losi this s ason discontinued p erform a n c es with th e en d o f December and the all egiance which the public had shown his enterprise was transferred to that of Ri eck

ff e he e O f th e h ho . A r vi ew toward t clos e s ason summarizes t e “ a ctivitiy o f the latter as follows Die R ieckhoffsche Gesell schaft hatte uns — w enige v ereinz elte Ausnahm en abgerechnet recht gute Vo rstellungen geboten und hatte die L ust an deutschen

a" A n eei er des Wes ten s n e 1 1 8 . g , Ju 7, 77 gen die deutsch e Biihn e geh errscht hatte ; die B esetzung der

' o e den e e e e e e e e e die Au ffiih R ll n war in m ist n Fall n in gut g w s n ,

' run en e sor fal ti e e e die — g war n g g vorb r it t , Ausstattung war was die e e der Da m e — vorzii lich e e o e Toil tt n n anlangt g , mit in m W rt die Gesellschaft verdi ent un geschm al erte Anerken nung fii r das

’ T he year 1 880 did not m ark the term ina tion of Pelosi s con n ec tion t the e m e e L Th t . e wi h G r an th atr in S ouis . following year he again appeared on the stage and subsequently was again

e e e e e r activ as dir ctor . But his subs qu nt dir cto ship falls in a period where the Germ a n theatre was handicapped by the want

e e The e r 1 880 e e e h o se of an ad quate hom . y a th r for marks t e cl ’ the m e P elosi e re of ost succ ssful part of s care r as di ctor . As reference to the repertory for the p eriod will show (see Ap

en dix e e e e p ) , his stag from a lit rary standpoint rank d far sup r e ior to that of his contemporari s .

- 1 1 A P e i Va r i n For tun e 1 88 0 8 . r o o d . d. 9 f y g

B eginning with the year 1 88 0 the English th eatres were commencing to be used on Sunday evenings for English per

n The e e e the er e form a ces . nomadic xist nc which G man stag in consequence of the want of a perma nent home was during the

e e e e e e e e e e t n xt d cade th r for constrain d to l ad , coupl d with fr qu n

e e e e the e the e e chang s o f manag m nt , mad fortun of G rman stag

e r on during this d cad e a va ying e. ’ R ieckhoff again staged Sunday performances in Pope s The

- 1 — 8 2 he e e atre during the winters O f 1 880 8 1 and 1 88 . T ﬁrst of th s The An zei er des We two seasons was again a m oderate success . g “ ' s ten s 2 6 1 88 1 a : Die dies ahri e e e s , for March , , s ys j g Th at rsai on Off welche H err Rieckhoff unter den gla n zen dsten Auspizi en er

e r e erfii llt e e D e n ete, hat zwar nicht all E wartung n , w lch ir ktion

r k n ii ften e sie o den e e e und P ublikum da a n p , ab r hat d ch B w is g n u r e ein e e e e er St . L lief rt , dass gut s d utsch s Th at in ouis nicht

' existen z fahi e e e a ls ein Bedii rfn i s e e g ist , sond rn g rad zu b tracht t

3’ A e s Wes ten s A ri 1 1880. n zeig r de , p l 9 , e m ra t L o 56 G r a n D m a on he S t . ui s S ta ge

e e R ieckhoff the o w erd n muss . This s ason had had ﬁeld t him h a 1 88 1 o h e . T e o e e e e e s l f f llowing s son ( h w v r , had s rious c ompetition by perfo rmances instituted by Al exander Wurster ' ro e e e th e e e with a st ng ns mbl in Apollo Th at r , which had again

een re a e e ffe e b built , and by numb r of visiting compani s who o r d

r r o T he W r e e e m e sta att acti ns . u st r ns mbl e usually perfor d on

S h er T h R i khoff e e e undays in t e Grand Op a House. e ec ns mbl excell ed in the L us tspi el and the K on vers a ti on ss tiick ; th e Wur

er e e e P oss e Ges a n ss tiick st ns mbl in and g .

L n ot e er se S t . ouis had for s v al a sons past adequately sup

r e n o r e re. n o po t d o e go d Ge ma n th at It could ot support tw . Both the enterpris e o f Wurster and of Rieckhoff therefore termi

a ted a r the e the er n b uptly with ﬁnancial loss to dir ctors , form

1 6 the 1 8 h e . t e e March , latt r April Though s ason from a

ee e e the ﬁnancial standpoint had b n a failur to both dir ctors , from standpoint of the standard of attainm ent reach ed on the two

e th r e h e stag s e public had p oﬁt d by t e competition between th m . “ Di e Saison 1 88 1 - 82 war eine sehr reiche und mannigfach e Ab

e e i kOn n te e e w chslung bi tend e. W e auch ine Th atersaison nicht re e die e e e e e S e e e e ich s in , uns in n Haas , in n onntag, in G isting r der di e m in oru m en tiu m die e e zu e g , als Gast kam n , gar nicht g

e e — r e ! e e die e e D e e d nk n b acht Fr ilich ging n b id n ir ktor n , di e e e Con curren z e da riiber e e zu sich bitt r macht n , l ndiglich G rund e und ihre hinterlass enen Truppen mussten sich nicht blos

e e e e e e dem e un et n in all Wind z rstr u n , sond rn auf nicht s hr g lich en W ege der Ben eﬁ zvorstellun g zum Theil ihr Fortkomm en

O li h n e e e e e e erm c e . von hi r , zum Th il ihr Hi rbl ib n g Ab r vorn

e di wie e S tandpunkte der Kunst b trachtet war e S aison, g sagt , ” 3 8 e e der e e die e zu e e e e . in b st n , wir noch j v rz ichn n hatt n 1 88 1 t L ha d m m e the Du ring the summ er of S . ouis no su r

e e e e the ee the atre. Cont mporan ous , how v r, with initial w ks of per formanc es of the rival stages und er the dir ection o f Ri eck

f W e S e S e em e 2 2 N em ho f and urst r , Victor arn r from pt b r till ov ber 1 1 88 1 e e e the e 3 , , conduct d a Volksth at r in Tivoli Hall at

S ee he e L us ts i el P oss e Fourth and Elm tr ts , in which stag d p and e e m e ee D the 1 882 he e s v ral ti s w kly . uring spring of conduct d

” i 1 882 . An zei er des Wes ten s Ap r l 30, g , Augu st of the same year he mad e a short - lived attempt to insti

t e e re U P r N re tu a similar th at in nion a k , inth St et and All en

e e e the i Av nu , which notic s such as follow ng w ere d esigned to “ make attractive : Fern er k a n n man wahrend der Vorstellung

a e Gem iithlichk eit e e en e e rre in ll r s in Glas Bi r trink , in Ciga dazu

‘

e S etc . er e e den der rauch n andwich , , v z hr n , und sich an auf ” Biihn e e e e n ii s en r Otze g bot n n Ge s e g n . This was the last summer L St . e e S e e er in which ouis nj oy d a omm rth at .

the e e ee S e e e 1 88 2 th e o o e er On s v nt nth o f pt mb r , , Ap ll Th at again became the home of an operette and d ramatic ensembl e un

r h r L T he to er f r r de t e di ection o f ouis Genee. plan p o m fou

ee e 8 h e en tim es w kly abruptly culminat d October . Although t

e e e ﬁ rst - e the r s mbl includ d class tal nt , including p imadonna Ma ria KOn i e to the re th e e g, it fail d gain cognition of public . Alwin

He n old the re e o f th e r e e o e e y , soub tt o ganization , th r up n att mpt d

e h r e her e T h e e to reorganiz t e th eat e und r dir ction . e att mpt n tt ed l ess than a dozen perfo rmances (Octob er 1 5 to N ovember 2 6 ) ere

e e De e er r S r er it fail d . B ginning with c mb 3 , Victo and Hugo a n

h e e ee t e S . assum ed charge of Apollo . Th y play d w kly on undays

o e r er o After s ev eral per formanc es th ey diss lv d pa tn ship . Hug

r e the e 2 0 e re Sarne continu d s ason till May , ssaying nothing mo p retentious than P oss e and L us tspi el which had been staged in

s er he f h t L e re o . t o o t e S . ouis many tim s p vi u ly Aft fashi n Volks “ th eater the perfo rmances w ere usually followed by a T a n zk ra n z

’ chen f

During this s eason whil e the Apollo was th e hom e of w eekly Sunday p erformances an attempt was mad e in the interest of a h better ensembl e and a more varied repertory to con stitut e a t e L u ee h ee e St . a trica l circuit o f t e thr citi s ouis , Milwa k and

r the An zei er des Wes ten s fo r Chicago . A parag aph taken from g

1 88 2 e the e e. August 3 , , outlin s sch m “ t L r im e e Da s deutsch e Theater in S . ouis wi d komm nd n

r L e e e der e ein W inter unter D irektor COllm e s itung st h n , s it paar l k eer e er e Jahren die Direktion eines der vi el en Mi wa u Th at g

Die e e e e e er des Direk tion strium fii hrt hat . b id n and r n Mitgli d

i ee ra s die Biihn en St . L vi t , das in ouis , Chicago und Milwauk nach 8 Germ a n D ra m a o the t L oui 5 n S . s S ta ge

‘ ’ dem Co— e e e op rationsplan b wirtschaft n wird , sind Alexander

e e e e r Wurst r und Maj or Is nst in . Al xande der Grosse ha t Mil

ee W e e e e der e bei e e wauk zum irkungskr is rkor n , Maj or bl ibt s m n L P e D e e . i . . e re e e ar n und nat n , d h in Chicago d i G s llschaften bil den k ein e die e e e t L S . fa tisch ; Mitgli d r wurd n bald in ouis , bald in

e a ee e e er i Chicago od r Milw uk spi l n , wohin imm s e einz eln oder

e a e e diri irt er e e als Ganz s ( la M ining n ) g w d n . Auf diese Weis

e e ein m O lichst e e em e es wird rstlich hi r g gut s ns bl g orgt s ein ,

e e e e e die wii n schen swerte um zw it ns wird das R p rtoir , nicht zu sagen n othwen dige Abw echslung bi eten und dritt ens wird der

' re elm a ssi e e den e e W e . vom g g B such r nicht ganz n int r (d h . Oc tober bis zum April ) sich an ein und d enselben Gesichtern m ii de e m ii ss n Da s s hen e . ist auch etwas ’ P e e re th th L e m op s Th at was e hom e of e St . ouis p rfor a n e T h er 8 P e e c s . e e e e o e s ason op n d Oct b . rformances w re giv n

he e ree ee S . t e e D w kly on undays But sch m f a il d to work . isag

h r ment am ong t e directo s ea rly in D ecember led to a dissolution .

The t L S . e e e e De ouis stag gav its last p rformanc cember 3 . The following winter the Apollo Theater was not used for

e a r T h r L e e e n e e t . G rm n p formanc s . e only G rma th at S ouis could boast of during this s eason consisted of a s eries of m edi

e e e e S Se e e 2 1 88 ocr p rformanc s h ld on undays , from pt mb r 3 , 3 ,

r 2 1 88 e the e r o f P e a n d to Ap il 7, 4, und r j oint dir cto ship losi ’ S r er P e e e m o e en Hugo a n , occasionally in op s Th atr , but r oft in on e the e u e or oth r T rnhall . During the winter of 1 8848 5 Victor Sarner again assum ed

e the e e e e P er charg of Apollo Th at r , making o f it a Volksth at r . fo rm a n ces w ere given on Sundays from N ovember 9 to May 1 0 . The following winter P elosi and Hugo Sarner again conducted th e e S er e ~ e Apollo stage. Th y gav unday p formanc s from S ep e e 2 0 M 2 o e t mb r to a y . Th ugh nominally this s ason not a Volks

e e the e e in e. th at r , th atr fact did not amount to mor

1 86 - 8 t L e During the wint er of 8 7 S . ouis again had no r gu l rl e r e em e P e i e a y established German th at e. In S pt b r los Institut d e re o e ed: German per forman ces in the Apollo . His v ntu so n nd

er 2 L Men schk e e e e the e e re Octob 4 , ouis r op n d sam th at with a e e S er e e the m e s ri s of unday p formanc s , which continu d till iddl of

60 Germ a n D ra m a on the t L ou S . is S ta ge the A n zeiger des Wes ten s his intention to stage performances in

L e ee r the St . ouis twic w kly du ing coming winter with an en

r d a n d e e e la ge improv d ens mbl . May 5 H erma nn Riotte in the same pap er outlined elaborate plans for a German theatrical sea e e e h son under his manag m nt . Fri nds of t e theatre realized from ’ past experi ence that three Germ an th eatres — including Schmitz s stage in the Apollo— would be more than the Germ an theatre

-lie o e e going pub could supp rt . Th y ther fore persuaded S arner

e U e and Riotte to j oin forc s . nd r their j oint directorship Sarner

e e 1 1 8 0 e ed the e and Riott , Octob r 9 , 9 , op n s ason with two sim ul ta n eous e r e on e e e f e - p rfo manc s , an op ra p r ormanc Cza a r un d

Zim m erm a n n — in the er e e ed Grand Op a Hous , d sign to attract the - e e e m - e th English sp aking as w ll as G r an sp aking public , e ’ oth er a p erformance o f S chOn tha n s S a lon s tiic k D a s L etzte l/Vor t

th e e T he e r . in e Olympic Th atr . two dir ctors disag eed over the

e e O e t L e e f asibility of continuing G rman p ra in S . ouis and th r

e e e er e 2 2 e ee fore amicably s v r d partn ship Octob r . S arn r agr d to

the e th e he withdraw from ﬁ ld for e r st of t season . Riotte con

e e De e er 8 The tinn ed to produc both op ra and drama till c mb .

e e the op ra company had includ d good individual soloists , but

o- T he e h ee o r. s t e e so chorus had b n p r t of s a n , concluding April

th P e m e e e e e . e e 5, was d vot d to drama rfor anc s w r usually giv n

e ee the e on e e four tim s w kly throughout s ason , ﬁrst in , th n in

e e re ee the m anoth r th at , on w kdays usually in small auditoriu of th ee e S ee Sun e Exposition Building at Thirt nth and Oliv tr ts , on i t n he e e. e e days usually Olympic Th atr Att ndanc was fair . A n ew r eason this s eason for the ﬁrst tim e gained promin en ce in the columns of the pr es s in argum ent for th e m a inten ance of the Ger e e e the e e o fthe e a u e to man th atr , nam ly , pr s rvation G rman l ng ag “ the u h e m e e. e es zu e e yo t o f G r an par ntag Hi r gilt z ig n , dass . die e e e sie e hOchstes uns Mutt rsprach e li b und w rth , dass uns r

e kOn n en e e e S e Gut ist hi r wir b w is n , dass wir inn und V rstand nis haben fii r die d eutsche Kunst hi er haben wir auch ein e bei e e e e bei e e die den Mitt l , uns rn Kind rn , b sond rs d n n , in Fl egel— beziehungsweise Ba ckﬁ schj a hren stehen und 50 gern en g ” 3 9 e die L e e S e e e zu e e . lisch plapp rn , i b zur prach ihr r Elt rn w ck n

” An zei er des Wes ten s to er 1 18 0. g , Oc b 9, 9 for the e r e the e e St L ﬁrst tim int oduc d on G rman stag in . ouis . ’ Sudermann s Di e Ehre was given for the ﬁrst time on Ch ristmas “ Da 1 8 0 Der r den Stiick e wa r er e y 9 , Eind uck , das macht , g ad zu ” r e re D . i e Ehre re e e De r g ossartig , unb sch iblich was p at d cembe

‘ 2 r 1 n d r 1 h a e r 0 . T e e e e e the 7 , Janua y F b ua y xc ll nci s o f play ,

e the r er o the re e er r e abov all cha act izati n vi w p ais d . But it took several years befo re the revi ew er and the public became recon

e th n ew e r h cil d to e r alistic d ama . Comm enting upon t e fou rth “ performance o f Di e Ehre the c ritic wro te : Allein Di e Ehre ist vor wenigen Wochen meh rmals hint er einander hi er a u fgefiih rt

r e es e e e e e er e der wo d n , und ist anzun hm n , dass j d r Th at fr und ,

i e r r s e e e e e e e e e e e . An s h n wollt , in di s r Vo st llung n b ig wohnt hat dern fa lls der des Stuck es er r er e re e ist Inhalt d a tig , dass k in in s

e e e e e et n lichen Um G ni ss n aufkomm n lasst , und sich unt r g

e e e e e e e e es e stand n g wiss nur w nig ntschli ss n konnt n , zw imal an ”4 0 zusehen . ’ Ibsen s Gespen s ter was performed for the ﬁrst time Janua ry “ Th r e n r r I m d o e e . 1 1 1 8 1 . e e , 9 c itic cond mn it in unc tain t ms ’ ‘ Olym pic Theater ist gestern Abend H einrich Ibsen s Charakter ’ ii r i Biihn e e e e bild Di e Gespen s ter be d e e g gang n . Es ist g gang n

e e r es e e er der ro e und hoff ntlich k h t ni mals wi d , das ist f mm

ffiih r n h ick en — N re W den e e Au u n a c sc . e unsch , wir di s r g ach un s r

' vi ell eicht vera lteten An sicht gehOrt di es es Stii ck des problem a ti

D i Biihn e er sch en norwegisch en ichters nicht auf d e e. Es ist j d

P e e e e e e versOhn en den e e e en o si bar, ntb hrt j d s und b fri dig nd Mo

e e e e e e un schOn e e e von m nts , j d r anspr ch nd n Figur , ist , abg s h n

e e e e e e S r e e um s in r klar n , knapp n , pack nd n p ach , und unwahr , w il

ii rli h wie e e e e er e der n a t c . e Ibs n mag , s in B wund r sag n ,

D e d e e e e er icht r es zwanzigst n Jahrhund rts s in , w shalb soll ab das ‘ ’ neunzehnte Jah rhundert sich von seinen Gj en ga n gere a n lii gen

e ! e e e L e e die W r e und anekeln lass n Ibs n b haupt t , das b n , ah h it

D r R in en der En stra n ds der er . e e zu schild n g , g und auch Man ’ er im L e e e e ein e W e e wie d s gibt s b n g nug, ab r wirklich s s n Frau

i er e re e e Alv n es Glii ck . W g, gibt zum nicht ohn Vo ing nomm n

“ ‘ An zei er des Wes ten s e r a r 1 1 18 1 . g , F b u y , 9 62 Germ a n D ra m o the t L ou a n S . is S ta ge

e der e e Au ffuhrun e e . R h it g strig n g b ig wohnt hat , wird uns echt

e e r der vort refﬂichen D e i e g b n , und t otz arst llung war wohl e n j ed r ”4 1 ii k z o St c u e . fr h , als das End war The naturalistic French dram a elicited the sam e type of eriti ’ i m Da udet s Di e beiden Com a n on s the e e e he c s . Of p g r vi w r in t “ A n zeiger for January 1 9 wrote : Da s Stii ck gehOrt zu j ener be

e fra n zOsischen Ehebruch sdra m en e e n s kannt n , mit d n n wir u nicht ” r r k n n en e e e e r a c echt bef eunden O . B n dix continu d to prov mo e ce ta bl the e e the W e e e e D a s p e to audi nc and to critic . ith r f r nc to bem oos te H a u t the e e the An zei er e p latt r on F bruary 9 , in g wrot

' Da s P a e wa s zur e e r der ublikum nahm ll s, V rm h ung

Rii hr n in u e r e e . e e e g b it ag n konnt , dankbar und willig an J d nfalls er e e e e da fii r wi r 1m W e e e sei D fr ulich r B w is , dass st n hi r Gott ank ” bl sir noch nicht a s t sind . The winter of 1 89 1 - 92 again found the theatre under the

r r e e t di ectorship of Hugo S arn er . Sa n r perform ed w e kly in S a ’ e e e e the e for the e n r s Th atr , form rly Apollo , now us d last s ason for er n e a n d o the e e G ma th atricals , ccasionally in Olympic Th atr , the r er e th re e G and Op a Hous and e Exposition Building . His p r tory from a literary standpo int marked a retrogression from that

the e e e e e Othello of wint r pr vious . Asid from a p rformanc of ,

r e e e the rOle the in which Mau ic Morrison app ar d in of a star , re e r ffere e e e e olkss til ck e L us t p rto y o d nothing b yond o ft r p at d V , s i el P oss e p , and .

T i Th te he Germ a n a ea r .

Experi ence had d emonstrated that a reputable German the at re could only be possible i f it had its own home and was not c ompell ed to journey from Sunday to Sunday from on e theatre

h Fo r th er e e e r ee t e e. e to anoth , as had in r c nt y a s b n cas Eng lish th eat res had begu n during the past d ecad e to utilize their re s ective e S e e p stag s for English drama on unday v nings , making it the impossibl e to ﬁnd a suitabl e stage for German drama . To en d o f establishing a permanent German th eatre meetings had

1 1 8 1 ee r e er ﬁ n a llv ee e . b n h ld July 4 , 9 , fourt n p omin nt G mans “ fo rmed an o rganization which incorporated as the German D ra

“ An zei er des Wes ten s a n a r 1 2 18 1 . g , J u y , 9 L h ea t e . L e r h i . . S e . . t e n O w A . , William J mp , Chas G tif l , Chas F , G riesediech eo D l n G . . e N u e . s . . r e . , Cap n , John C , J H Con ad s , G r B k l e . Oc r D r e e . . e Geo . . r C am r, Ad , A Moll , H unck , J F itz and W S e er e illiam chr ib . Th y bought an old P resbyterian Church at

ee S ee a d L a P e e re e e Fourt nth tr t n uc s lac , which th y had mod ll d e e h h and t rm d t e Germ a nia Theater . T e building equall ed in ele ’ e the r e e o e ganc fo m r Op rnhaus o f B rnst in s day . Under the most favorabl e auspices the theatre was opened

the S e e er r e e em e e the on fourth of pt mb with a la g ns bl , und r di

re ion . o f e e ct W . . e Carl ald mar and Ed C Bu ch l . Its list of sub scribers for the season includ ed the mo st prominent Germ ans o f ’ th S e e e Wi n term a rchen e th e city . hak sp ar s was stag d at e initial

T h e e e e he h n w per formance. e int r st mani f st d by t public in t e e theatre is attested by the controversy which was waged by con t ributors to the columns of the press concerning the propriety o f th e e h r e s l ction of a play in k eeping with t e occasion . Wald ema therefore felt himsel f obliged to justi fy his choice in a communi

e the An zei er for 2 1 1 8 2 cation publish d in g August , 9 , in which he says in part “ e e e dem e e e a e Ich bin s lbst s hr lang mit G dank n umg g ng n , das deutsche Theater mit einem Stii ck e deutschen Ursp rungs zu

ffn e Hi rfiir kOn n en n tur em a ss n ur e e e er erO n . e a S g Go th , chill r od

L e e L r e essing in B tracht komm n . Gute ustspiele haben abe di es ’ e e D e - e e e e e i L es uns r icht r H ro n , mit Ausnahm vi ll icht ( ) von ’ Min n a o on B a rn helm e e S fii r e e estvo rstel sing s , w lch s tuck in F

in dess e zu e e e Biihn en ha u s m it lung vi l infach , nicht und das n u e e D m zu erOffn en e e re in m ra a , dazu konnt ich mich rst cht nicht e e e e e bei e e ErOffn un s- Vorstel ntschli ssen . Auss rd m komm n in r g

e e e e Fa ctoren e e e der lung noch so vi l and r in B tracht , von d n n

' L e e e e e in ai absolut nichts w iss , nichts wiss n kann , mit d n n wir

e e hOchs t e e m zu e e e d ss n b d utsa r chn n hab n , dass schon aus sol chen Grii n den unsere Wahl n ur zu berechtigt ersch ein en m uss . Es handelt sich bei der ErOffn un g des neuen Theaters zur Haupt

e esa m m te Biihn en erson a l dem P sach auch darum , das g p ubli f hr n rz ii e . im iin sti sten L e . . e e vo u kum g g icht , d h in gut n Roll n

en e . 1 Da s ist der Fall im Wi n term a rch . Hi r sind ca 5 e e I n e e e e e e e L eistun s fah i k eit gut Roll n , d n n m in Mitgli d r ihr g g

i k n n en er r i betha t gen o . F ne kann ich d e grossartigsten Decora

- fe e e zu e e ro se e - S cen en tions E f kt hi r G ltung bring n g p Mass n , e e e Co stii m e wie e e e e Win term iirc hen ei bl nd nd , in h rrlich , zum gens c om pon irte Musik tragen weiter das Ihrige zum Gelingen des

e schOn st er W e e bei es e e P e Ganz n in is , kurzum , muss um j d n r is mit der E rst- Au ffii hrun g in j ed er B ezi ehun g ein voller Erfolg er ’ zielt w erden und deshalb eben wahlte ich fii r di ese Shakespeare s ” Win te m iirchen r .

’ He then cites S chl egel s estimate of the pla y and concludes “ by ﬁnding a preced ent for his s el ection in that the n ew Wiener ” r e e e e e th Dr Hofbu g Th at r was op n d und r e direction of . August

FOrster the e e e r m with sam Shak sp a ian dra a . P er formances during this sea son w ere give four or ﬁ ve tim es

o 2 8 h e r e ee . t e w kly , c ncluding May In addition to p rfo manc s t L h S . t e e e e e ee e given in ouis , ns mbl play d ﬁft n tim s in Chicago ,

e e e e e e e e nin tim s in B ll vill , ight tim s in Omaha , six tim s in Kan

t . P e S e eo . sas City , and twic in Jos ph and in ria From a ﬁnancial

the e e e e due e o standpoint s ason nd d with a d ﬁcit , larg ly to a l ss

000 e the t he a e e of $3 incurr d on visit o f comp ny to Chicago , wh r the poor loc ation of the theatre a n d bad weather com bin ed to keep

th e down e patronag . From a literary standpoint the stage during this season r 1 2 1 e e the e 0 anked high . O f plays p rform d during s ason 3 pos

e T he e e sess ed recogniz d litera ry quality . r pertory includ d two ’ ’ per fo rmances each o f Goeth e s Fa us t and Shakespea re s Win ter ’ m a rchen on e e e e e e E m on t S chil , and p rformanc ach o f Go th s g ,

’ er B ra u t n on Messi n a D on Ca rl os Fi es co J un ra u von Or l s , , , gf lea n s K a ba le un d L i ebe Ma ria S tua rt P i cc olom i n i R ii u ber a n d , , , , , ’ ’ Wa llen s tein s L a er L e Mi n n a von B orn helm Em ili e g , ssing s and ’ Ga lotti S e e re Othello R om eo a n d J ul ie Der Wider , hak sp a s , , und

' ’ ’ s en ti en Zcihm un Gutzk ow s Uri el A cos ta e Kii thchen p g g, , Kl ist s ’ ’ von H eilbron n L a e Gra Ess ex u ers chwen der , ub s f , Raim nd s V , ’ ’ i the e r a e and W ilden bru ch s Q u tzows . Of r alistic d am Ibs n s ’ S tiltzen der Ges ells cha ft and Wilden bruch s H a u ben lerche w ere ’ e e e e e e m s Die Ehre Di e Hei a h ach pr s nt d onc , S ud r ann and m t eac

e twic , ‘ c ritic . Judging from the lim ited number of rep etitions such

e e e e e e et r the plays r c iv d , th y w r not y in favo with public . Al exand er Wurster was engaged to di rect the theat re for the e ee e n xt thr y ars . With practically a n ew ens embl e he

e e the e S e e er 1 1 8 o e r op n d ﬁrst s ason pt mb 7 , 93 . It c nclud d Ap il

2 2 . The e a e r S e em er 2 r 2 1 H s cond l st d f om pt b 3 till Ap il . e

e e the r e S e e e 2 r n the Op n d thi d s ason pt mb r 9 , and again,as du i g

e e he e e ee He e e e er two y ars pr vi ous , play d thric w kly . x rt d ev y eff r e the r he o t to mak theat e a succ ess . But t tim e chosen to e e e L h a e S t . t e e e e en stablish a G rm n th atr in ouis , as s qu l of v ts

e o e Th r o th . e e e e show d , was inopp rtun fi st s as n in G rmani a had e e e D r n the r r nd d with a d ficit . u i g first fou weeks und er W u ’ ster s m a nagement the incom e had amounted to no more than on e- th e e th e r e the e th half e xp nse of e nte pris . By middl of e third s eason under his m anagement Wurster was const rain ed to

he e He e the n on - e the give up t dir ctorship . ascrib d succ ss of theatre primarily to the growm g indi fference on a large pa rt o f h er e r e r t e German public toward G man p rfo manc s . In a cu tain

ee e the e e r 1 h e sp ch mad on v ning of Janua y 9 , in which an n oun ced r th e t e he r : his withdrawal f om s ag , said in pa t “ Es ist hart und bitter fur m eme s elbstlosen und edl en Be

e e a m e e e a rbeit svollen L e e e t ein str bung n , End m in s b ns ang lang ,

e e e zu e ere e e e seh n und b klag n muss n , dass das Int ss am d utsch n Theater immer m ehr erkaltet und der Geschmack unserer h eran wachsenden Jugend sich li eber den am erikan isch en Scha u stellun

n e ge zuw end t . “ Vi el e der t reuest en An ha n ger me i n es Untern ehm en s hat

e e er e der ere ere n r r e s it mein m Hi s in Tod ilt , and si d du ch i g nd

Beein ﬂussun en or e e e e er n ere en w elche g f tg bli b n , wi d a d hab sich vielleicht durch i rgend ein unbesonnenes Wo rt m einerseits bel ei

n en di t efiihlt e e m ii ssen re ere n er , g g , and r in ih V i sv sammlu g Clubs und L ogen un d wi eder and ere sind zu alt und zu bequem

r en er un d e e geworden oder spiel en Skat und t ink Bi dazu , n u Freunde und Gon n er hat das Unternehmen l eider n u r wen ige ge

n fun de . 66 Germ a n D ra m a on th t ou is ta e e S . L S g

e e dem e e e veri cht Ich sch id mit B wussts in , .All s

' e zu e I n e e Verhaltn i ssen n u r m O lich und g tan hab n , was m in n g

eI n U e e e a m L e e zu e e e war, um nt rn hm n b n halt n , w lch s mit . T reue und L i ebe gel eitet und welches ich j etzt mit ti efem S chm erz e und W ehm uth in and ere Hande ii bergeben la ssen ”4 2 muss .

h L er T e fact that St . ouis today still maintains interest in G man d rama suffici ent to suppo rt a permanent company w ould in dica te that much of the fin a ncial n on - success of the Germania Theatre during these yea rs wa s due to the financial pa nic which

e 1 sw pt the country in 893 . In order to insure a continuation o f the thea t rical season a number o f fri ends of the German d rama im m ediately at a m eet

e D r P ee or iu r e th er e e . r t s e ing pr sid d ov r by Emil , o ganiz d G mania h e e e e . e er t e e e e Th at r V r in M mb ship in association m r ly , impli d that the m ember pledged him self to Subscribe to a c ertain number

e e th the e The e e e e of p rformanc s for e rest of s ason . V r in r nt d the Germ ania Theater a n d engaged the ensembl e which had been

e W e ree e e playing und r urst r , for th months . Oscar T usch r , a m e the e e r U e e e e . mb r o f company , was ngag d as stag manag nd r this arrangem ent the s eason was successfully brought to a con clusion 2 1 8 6 e e the e e e e April 4 , 9 , wh r upon Th at r V r in , having

e e e e be. fulﬁll d its purpos , c as d to At the close of the season a n ew Germania Th eater Verein

e e the e Ger was at onc organiz d , with purpos o f again insuring a

in th h 2 2 e e e e t e se . man th atr G rmania for coming ason May , L 1 8 6 St . wa s e e e 9 , ouis visit d by a d vastating tornado which l ft in its wake damage to property and real estate am ounting to more than T he s ection o f the city where those dwelt upon whom the Germ an th eatre d ep end ed for its patronage was

h fe h T h e the Ger t e sec tion most a f cted by t e storm . e own rs of

e e e a e mania Th at r , which had not prov d paying ﬁnancial inv st

e ere re n o e e Ger m nt , th fo saw bright prosp cts for a succ ssful h the man th eatrical s eason for t e ensuing winter . Inasmuch as

“ A n zei er des Wes ten s a n a r 2 0 1 8 6 . g , J u y , 9

L wa s e D e or Sto-lte the ouis, which spok n by ir ct at concluding

er or e the e s 2 1 er e i e p f manc of s a on , March , will s v to summar z ’ the e e s ason s activiti s .

Die deutscheKunst b esass nach langer Bitte

i r e e e e e s e e . Ein ign s H im , das l id r v lor

-N u n e e s ie N om a den sitte zi ht umh r nach ,

e zu r . Ein obdachlos s Kind , von Thor Tho D er Thespiskarren war stets a u fder R eise

r e o em e r . In uh l s Zug bald hi r , bald do t

U n d o zu frfi h er e dem e e e k mmt j tzt aus G l is , ’ ' ’ i r r S o st s e S c W . nicht uns huld , glaubt mi s au fs ort

D der ere D der e e e e azu schw ruck schl cht n Z it n ,

’ ’ ’ War s doch ein boses Jahr ffi r s . ganz e Land Bei der politischen Partei en Streiten

H i r a t j a d e Kunst stet s ein en schwe en S tand . W O Handel und Gewerbe li egt darni eder ’ s i o r r W i rd s elb t e n fi pp ger B den unf uchtba .

Vom e e r fe blu ht l e er R if g t o f n soba d nicht wi d , W a s einst des Gartens schOn ste Zi erd e wa r

Zum H emmschuh ward der Kunst bescheidn em ’ ’ N och And eres im l etzt verﬂoss n en Jahr

S ie r r W r e e rofe wi d soga vom i b lsturm b t f n ,

W e r re o e r . nn zwa auch nicht di kt , d ch mitt lba

Ga r er der frfi hern e e er e manch , in Z it n g n ,

S o o ft e e r in s e er g spi lt wa d , Th at kam ,

e e e W er an zlich er e Bli b ihm in di s m int g f n ,

W eil der Tornad o ihm sein All es na hm .

“ A n zei er des Wes ten s t o er 1 8 1 8 6. g , Oc b . 9 - Germ Dra m a on the S t L o is ta e a n . u S g 69

Da e e r e r spi lt n o ft wir vo halbl e em Hans .

I hr er e r es ffi r be reiﬂich a e w d t d um g h lt n , Dass die S aison so frfi h schon kommt zum S chluss

W ir e e e sa m hOheren e e w ich n gl ich G walt n , D enn zu geho rchen zwingt das hart e

S tolte the following s eason again attempted a German stage L S t . e the r er r e re m in ouis , this tim in fo m B oadway Th at , a s all

e re on S ro e ee r e W S ree . th at outh B adway , b tw n Ma k t and alnut t ts

T he e e e e e er 2 e e s ason Op n d S pt mb 3 , An att mpt was mad to play

T h e er r m e r daily . e nt p ise t with littl e esponse on the part of the ere o r o e m e t er 2 . public , th f r ab uptly ca a conclusion Octob 5 ’ After sev eral ben eﬁt per fo rmances f ollowing S tolte s with dra wa l r m the e e the e e the e f o th atr , building b cam hom of Eng

e e lish vaud vill . The next two seasons the Germa ni a Theat re was again the ‘ er r Th e e e the e re hom e of G man d ama . ﬁrst o f th s e s asons th at

e the e e re e r e e who was und r abl stag di ction of G o g H in mann ,

e e r n e e ee r er 2 1 8 8 r gav p rfo ma c s twic w kly f om Octob , 9 , till Ap il

1 6 1 r r n the e e . 8 . a , 99 F om an a tistic standpoi t s ason was succ ss

e the er Dra But ﬁnancially it en d ed with a d ﬁcit . Though G man

t s the er the e re e e o ma ic As ociation , own s of th at , mad d ducti ns f rom the amount o f renta l the contract with H ein emann ca ll ed for the er e e er o 800 the e re , latt claim d to hav p sonally l st $ in v ntu ,

s r He ere e re e re e aside f rom receiving no ala y . th for fus d to sum

r h charge of the Germania Theate t e following s eason . T he s eason in the German ia during the wi n ter o f 1 899 - 1 900 was mad e possibl e by a guara nt ee fund subscribed to by generous Mm F W the e o f s e. ra n dsch i n dividuals . ith h lp thi fund Anna

e r e he r D i el (of Cl ev eland ) agreed t o assum cha g of t Ge mania . She op en ed the season October 1 and per fo rm ed two and three

1 T he e o er e tim es w eekly till April . s as n was only a mod at suc

“ A n zei er des W es ten s a r 2 2 189 . g , M ch , 7 70

e T he e e f -r h . e o t e se m Mm e . e Fra h c ss ns mbl ason was li it d . n dsc could n ot th erefo re stage serious d ram a nor carry out her avowed ‘ e r d er int ntion to int o uce mod n plays . Aside frb m on e per fo rm ’ ’ e e S e Ma ria S tu a rt l Di e S kla vi n D anc ach of chill r s , Fu da s and i e ’ wilde a d W ilbra n dt s Di e T ochter des H errn Fa bri cius J g , and , her e ere er r e stag off d nothing of lit a y importanc . T he Germania Theater for the following two years wa s

the m e a e again ho of an English st g .

e Mm e Fr n d h Whil . a sc was staging German dram a in the

e e e e r e r rm G rmania , H in mann r gula ly conduct d pe fo ances with a s eparate ens embl e in the Olympic Theatre on Sundays from

i e r 2 2 T he e s Octob r 8 till Ap il . s a on was from the sta n dpoin t of a e e T he Wes tliche P . os t 2 1 00 att inm nt a succ ss for April 3 , 9 , summariz es it in the following eulogistic term s “ S um m a cu m la ude! diesem in der e r e S Mit . g st ig n chluss a u ffuhrun g der Hein em a n n schen Theatergesellschaft im Olym pic so o ft gebraucht en Ausdruck e m Oc hten wir die letzt e S ai so n

r k erisiren — d n ur e di L r Biihn e cha a t . h . so w it e eistungen auf de

e e W di D re o d r in B tracht komm n . ohl hat e i kti n in e Auswa hl der a u fzu ffihren den S e e e e e e f e tuck g l g ntlich in n Missgri f g macht ,

s r ein ffi r sie e e doch las t sich da aus kaum Vorwurf schmi d n .

‘ Die a u fzu ffihren den Stfi ck e waren durchweg gut ein studirt , hfi bsch in szen irt e ﬂ ott fi e di e e Da s e e und ging n b r e Br tt r . Ens mbl war stets tadellos und die Ha uptk ra fte d erselben lief erten uns L ei stun en die e fi e Durchschn itt sm a ss e g , w it b r das hinausging n und den Theaterbesuchern noch lange ein e angenehme Erinnerung bil

— L e dem e e P den werd en . id er kann d utsch n ublikum nicht das

i e e e s elbe gute Zeugn ss ausgestellt w rd n . Es war n fast Sonntag fu r die e e e zu e e e Vorstel Sonntag alt n G sicht r s h n , und manch

e e den e e W e wa r e r dfi rfti be lung , b sond rs in l tzt n och n , s h g

U e e e U e es D e sucht . nt r di s n mstand n ist , was ir ktion und

Kfi n stler e ff e e e e er die S s wel b tri t , dopp lt an rk nn nsw t , dass ai on , ‘ ’ ﬁ n a n zieller e e e la n zen der r er che in B zi hung k in g E folg war , ub ” haupt durchgeffi hrt wurd e.

T he e er 1 00 r 2 1 1 0 1 following s ason (Octob 7, 9 , till Ap il , 9 )

e er r e the m s H einemann sta g d S unday p fo manc s in Oly pic , thi Germ a n D ra m a on the S t L ouis ta e . S g 7 1

e er re e W elb who ha d for tim und joint di ction with F rdinand ,

’ e ee re the P e e e e ore y ars b n di ctor of abst Th at r in Milwauke . B f the Opening o fthe season the Theater Verein was again brought

e. e e due for to lif Its m mb rs paid but a small monthly , which they receiv ed the privilege of reduction 111 pr ice of admission to the th eat re on conditi on that they buy a certain number of tickets

er . e er e e e p month This Th at V r in continu s to exist today . It has since its Organization been an impo rtant factor in the support of

the r L e e e t . r e G rman th at in S ouis . Its pu pos is not only to

e the er e re l r e for e er h lp G man th at , but a so to p ovid its m mb s

e on e or er e e in social gath rings of sort anoth from tim to tim ,

the er e e e c e re e fre cluding summ months , wh n th s so ial f atu s hav

e e the re qu ntly assum d natu of picnics and boat excursions . During the season o f 1 90 1 - 1 902 and 1 902 - 1 903 H einemann

W elb e e ee the er h e er and play d twic w kly in G mania T at , and as

h - 1 1 e T h en d r t e e 1 00 0 e e e e e. e du ing s ason 9 9 , onc w kly in B ll vill of the season 1 902 - 1 903 marked the termination of the Germ a nia

T h ee er Theater . e building had not b n a ﬁna ncial success as a G

e r e e re e man th atre ; its own e s th r fo disposed of it . It has sinc

e ee th e e U er the e that tim b n e hom o f an English stag . nd nam of the Ga yety Theatre it is at the pres ent time the home of Eng

e e lish vaud vill . e B T he German drama ther fore had to seek a n ew home. e

the e 1 0 - 1 0 the e r ginning with s ason 9 3 9 4 Od on , an audito ium

e e c e e s ating two thousand , c ntrally lo at d at Grand and Finn y

e e e h h om e e r W th exce v n e t e . e A u s , b cam of G rman d ama ith p

o the e 1 0 - 1 0 e e e W elb e ti n of s ason 9 4 9 5, wh n H in mann and utiliz d th e re S e e for e r e the e Olympic Th at on unday v nings th i stag , Odeon continu ed to be the regular hom e of the German d rama

h 1 1 e re e e er till t e open ing in 9 3 of th p s nt Victoria Th at . T he j o int directo rship of H eineman and W elb of the Ger ’ t L e e e e Febru e S . man stag in ouis continu d till H in mann s d ath ,

2 W elb who ha d ee e er e e e 1 08 . ary , 9 , b n stag manag whil H in

e a e the u e e the re r mann assum d ch rg of b sin ss phas s of di cto ship ,

o e re r e er 2 1 1 0 . then continued as s l di cto till his d ath , Octob , 9 ’ Mm elb e r e the e e e her de e. W assum d cha g of th atr aft r husband s “ 2 Germ a n Dra m a on th S t L ou i 7 e . s S ta ge

th e cor a e e ee r e o £ the erm e of Vi t i Th at r , has b n in cha g G an stag L t . in S ouis . T he history of the German stage under the directo rship of Hei n emann a n d W elb after the termination of the Germ a n I a Theater and du ring the seasons of 1 9 1 0 - 1 1 and 1 9 1 1 - 1 2 was on e

e e r P e r e er r o f ven t no . rfo manc s w e given egularly on Sunday

en I n r er M e r ev s or a e . g f om Octob till April y. Att ndanc was fai

T h e e 1 0 - 1 06 e s ason of 9 5 9 nded with a smal l d eﬁcit . But usually the th ea tre was a ﬁnancial success without the aid o f sub sidy or

r ee I n e er e i t e e e e re gua ant . s v al instanc s b cam n c ssary to fo stall . a n impending d eﬁcit by exho rtati on to better attendance in the col u m n s o f the p ress and in speeches befo re the curtain in the the

n h re e re . e t e at In such insta c s public spond d promptly . Through out th ese years a n unusually co rdial relation exist ed betw een the

re a n d the e er o-f the e e e the di ctorship m mb s ns mbl and public , as

re o e r e T he re reﬂ ected in p ss c mm nt f om time to tim . p ss always

r n e er e re e o f the a g a t d lib al spac to a vi w pl ys which , as far as the r m a re e o o er e ere o e l d a tic p s ntati n was c nc n d , w alm st univ rsa ly

e r e er e er the in troduc complim nta y , though it took s v al y ars aft tion of the reali stic d rama before th e r evi ewer began to comment upo n them in a conciliatory ton e.

1 1 1 - 1 1 V . 9 9 4 .

P RESEN T D R C R S V C R I R . THE I E TO HIP . THE I TO A THEATE

When the G ermania Th eater was perman ently closed to the

er r 1 0 e e e e the e G man d ama in 9 3 , thos most int r st d in continuanc o f the German stage at o nce began to formulate plans for the

n r T he ow r e e e . buildi n g of a ew th eat . plans sl ly mat ializ d In the cou rse o ftim e th e D eutscher Thea terbau - Gesellschaft was or

n i r er ere e e the ga zed. In o d to int st as many G rmans as possibl in theatre it was plann ed not to al low a few m en to build a n d own the n ew e re a n d ere re r e e th at th fo to cont ol its d stiny, but to issu stock at t en dolla rs pe r share to as many individua ls as possibl e. 73

Initially the capital stoc k of the Theaterbau-Ges ellscha ft ~ was

‘ ﬁxedt a t the r 1 0 on e- On ﬁrst of Ap il , 9 7 , half of this

wa s e e e total called in . Imm diat ly a building site was purc has d

e he r o e r o e n on which to er ct t p op sed th at e. But it s on b cam e ma i f est tha t a larger capital stock would be n eed ed in order to insu re

e re f e e T h e e e r e a th at o any cons quenc . e v ntur th n d agg d until the r 1 1 2 e the re e the n o sp ing of 9 , wh n di ctorat of buildi g ass cia

a he r e e re the T he o o tion gain brought t p oj ct b fo public . ass ciati n voted to increase its ca pita l stock and commenced building

' The th er e. e e r op ations at onc building, locat d on no th

e De e e e e sid of lmar Boul vard , w st o f Grand Av nu , was completed at a cost o f about owned by between 500 h h h and 600 stockholders . At t e time t e building was opened t e Boa rd of Di rectors wa s mad e up of the following m en of promi n en ce : L eo c P re e r W e e e— P re Rassi ur , sid nt ; Edwa d st n , Vic si

e e S S e e e r e re d nt ; J . A . Val ntin chmidt , cr tary ; H n y H il , T as L P re ori s P n n L bel t u . te oe u rer . e a ; Edward , John R y , Ha s ,

F r h r D e r r W eue ba c e . o F ank . , Jacob G ldman , Hans Hack l , F ank

i e T om br d e e W a n d W . g , Fr d idman H nry alk T he n ew theatre— the Victoria Theatre— was formally

e e 1 1 1 e the r re r op n d March , 9 3 , und r a tistic di cto ship of Hans

L oebel e e the e o er 6 1 1 2 the eon , who had op n d s as n Octob , 9 , in Od ,

e e e e he re e the er wh r , as point d out abov , had also di ct d G man

’ 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 e er o e oe e stage in 9 9 . At this Op ning p f rmanc G th s

e e er e the P Fa us t e . . a was giv n Mll Kat H bst , l ading l dy of apst er h D e e ee . . t e eu e Th at r in Milwauk , and C G Ack mann , of tsch s

e e N ew Y e e the rOles re en a n d Th at r in ork , app ar d in of G tch

e e e e e e the er m em M ephistoph l s , r sp ctiv ly , assist d in oth parts by bers of the local stock company . ’ T he Victoria Theater under L oebel s direction has been a n

ce T he e 1 1 2 - 1 1 r 2 a rtistic suc ss . s ason 9 9 3 , concluding Ap il 4 ,

e T he e 1 1 - 1 1 er end ed with a small d ficit . s ason 9 3 9 4 (Octob 5 till May 1 0 ) ended with a deficit of approximately These d eficits were readily made up by subscription among the

the deﬁ more enthusiastic supporters of the German stage. As

e the e m e e e re e e r cits indicat , G r an th atr do s not c iv support f om Germ a n Dra m a on the S t L ouis S ta e 74 . g h e e e L he m t e G rman el m nt at large in St. ouis in t easure it de

he re e l e h e e e . t t e m re s rv s But lativ sma ln ss of d ﬁcits , co pa d with

e N ew W ee e a e e e thos of ork , Milwauk , and oth r pl c s , sp aks w ll for th e exten t o f interest in the German drama that still does e the re e e er m e e xist in city . At p s nt G rman p for anc s continu to be given in the Victoria Theatre once w eekly on Sunda y evenings

h e r er throughout t e s ason f om Octob till May . In addition to these performances a half doz en mid -week p erform a n ces have for sev eral s easons past been given in other auditoriums und er ” the e the Kun stbien en r a e auspic s of , an o g nization of G rman

r women interested in the fu rthe a nce of Germ an a rt and culture. These mid - week performa nc es h a v e been d evoted principally to the m odern rea listic

“ ’ For th e rep er tory o f th e Germ a n sta ge un der H a n s L oebel s director A en d x s see . hip , pp i m e e e e - ings . In this and subs quent tabl s ﬁgur s in l ft hand col

u e e e e e - um s indicat numb r of p rformanc s , thos in right hand col um n percentages .

T ra uerspiel h a spiel D ra a Sc u , m Volk sstfi ck a ra ter , Ch k em ii lde e tc . g , Lu stspi el 59 :35 osse a n etc P , Schw k, n s e a de Si g pi l , V u il e e c v l , t . Op erette

ota l Av R VT T . T ra uerspiel 2 :01 a spiel Dra a 2 7 zI o+ Sch u , m ol sstfi ck a ra t er V k , Ch k ' I 62 :10+ alde etc . g em , - 8 L u stspiel 1 37 :38 + l 430 3 2 1 02 : 2 :0 osse a n etc . 4 + 554 4 P , Schw k, i n spi el a de S g , V u i 1 :06 2 :06 v lle, etc . 5 9 Op erette 3 :01 + 2 6 : 1 Tota l 4 544

TABL E B I .

e e er (Abbreviations as in Tabl e A I . Figur s indicat numb

r e of tim es perfo m d . )

R : la vi o LT I B 1 S t I FII . S C GOET HE C g , Faust , , HILLE L L T T H2 B 1 Fl I S L T I Kabal e und i ebe 4 , , , R I , , Maria tuart , e 1 Di r L T W 1 KL R 2 VT I e e L W , e Raube 5, , 3 , , , Wall nst ins ag r

e L T W e e L T B2 W I Kl I R . Wall enst ins Tod 3 , ilh lm T ll 4, , , , 3 L T I De m Ven e i W 1 e L T , R I , r Kauf ann von d g L T5, , Ma cb th 5,

e L T e e er W e e zen Oth llo 3 , Rom o und Juli R I , D id rsp nstigen * * L T I Ph2 T H2 B 1 R t2 Fl T 2 GRI L L PA R ER S V . z mung , , , , 4, , 4,

Die L T 2 Kl2 K D . W : a s U der Ta rtii ffe Ahnfrau , . GUTZ O rbild T H I U e B 1 W 1 PI A r VT I S e , ri l Acosta , , 2 , p , , Zopf und chw rt A I R R : D I i i . e VT e d e Ba n d ten bra ut p KOE NE i Braut , H dwig ,

' L T2 B S t FI2 VT Da s Ka tchen on e L T I B I , 3 , 3 , , 3 , y H ilbron , ,

' ' R 2 St I Fl I e e e e R D er Na chtwa chter LT I , , , Kri g rs H imk hr 3 , , TH I B 1 VT I L T I Zrin L T 2 1 L B W . , , R I , , Toni , R I , y , AU E

ex A I Die Ka rlsschuler A I VT 2 P e Graf Ess p , p , , rinz Fri drich D A 1 . A M : Der Al en kOn i der e e e W p R I UN p g und M nsch nf ind 3 ,

Kl I R Der e Million a r A 2 Der e e e Ph , 3 , Bau r als p , V rschw nd r 3 , W2 KI I t I FII A 2 S . , , , , p

“ - 1 8 1 86 1 . I I . 59

T H E ST . R S LOUIS OPE NHAU .

Extant records for the performances from April 2 1 to Oc

1 1 8 0 e P ce The e r e e 6 a re e c . re a . tob r 9 , , incompl t ( f f ) r const uct d re e the e e er e e p rtory for Op rnhaus is , how v , practically compl t , for ﬁfteen o f the theatrical p erformances for the period between

2 1 er 1 a r e wa s r April and Octob 9 e account d for , and it du ing this period that the performances of the Colson and the N ew

e e e the S e r -Za m fretta de Orl ans op ra compani s , of i g ist corps ballet and of the concert com pany of Anna Bishop alterna ted with the German theatrica l performances .

* ’ L es sin in n n B rn helm wa s erfor ed on e r a r 1 8 18 a t g s M a va o p m F b u y , 57, ” a ss s er Bfi hn en -A en d a rra n e BOrn stein to e e ra te the or a n a kl i ch b , g d by c l b g “ ” D s es n st t t ffi r W s sen s a ft n st un d e er e. i za tion o f the eut ch I i u i ch , Ku G w b T ro ra a rrie out a n en se e a de o f th e est ta len t on he p g m , c d by mbl m up b ’ m em ers o f the Philodra m a t ische ese s a ft wa s W olff s sta g e a n d for er m b G ll ch , ’ o e er s reischfitz a ro o e o osed a n d ma de up o f the Overture t W b F , p l gu c mp ’ E rn ste n eet o en s ert re t o E on t a s en e fro m on t , spoken by B o i , B h v Ov u gm , c m g ’ O e a s en e fro a a e un d L e e We the v ert re t o M oza rt s Za uberﬂ t , l i b , O u c , m K b ’ o eron a n d in n a von Ba rn h el m. ber s Overtu re t Ob , M “ ’ o e n s ers on Di e beziihm te Widers en s ti e. Usua lly g iven in H lb i v i , p g 8 Germ a n ra m a ou th S t S ta e 7 D . e g

' lk s uck Cha ra k ter em alde etc Vo s t . , g , 3 + L ustspi el P t * e S e c . oss , chwank ,

S e e e etc . ingspi l , Vaud vill , Total

L TAB E B II .

: 1 1 S C R Don . : GOET HE Egmont , Faust 4 , Gotz H I LLE ‘ K a rlos 2 e o 2 e 1 e L e e , Fi sc , Jungfrau von Orl ans , Kabal und i b 3 ,

S 2 Die e 2 W e e W e Maria tuart , Raub r , all nst ins Tod 4 , ilh lm R 1 e 1 . S K S : e e e T ll HA E PEA E Haml t 3 , Kaufmann von V n dig ,

L e 1 e 1 e 2 eo e 1 . ZK W ar , Macb th , Oth llo , Rom und Juli GUT O

r T r fi ff 1 L B 1 Di Da s U de a t e . : e e rbild AU E Graf Ess x , Karls schfiler 1 r e der schwa r e P e , Mont os , g Markgraf 3 , rinz Fri drich

1 M D : Der Ba rom eterm a cher 2 Der e e e 2 . RAI UN 4, V rschw nd r

1 6 1 - 1 1 8 8 . III . 9

A 1 86 1 - 8 . 1 i 6 . A N ew Era B e n s The Directors hi o 7 g . p f

ilhelm K e W os r .

' B 1 86 - 1 8 A e e P . Un ul e De e 0. n v n t ri od o lin 7 7 f f c .

TABL E A III AB .

Abbreviations : A— P feiffer directorship May 1 8 to Octo ber 2 1 1 862 B— -FOll er-BOttn er 1 , ; Rosinski g directorship June

2 1 862 C— e re 1 862 - 1 86 D— L ew to August 4 , Kos r di ctorship 7 ; ’ en s re r 2 1 S e e e 2 1 86 E— POll er di cto ship May to pt mb r 4 , 5 ; g di

e r u 1 1 866 F— th e r cto ship May 3 to Aug st 7 , ; e Apollo stag

1 - 1 867 8 70 .

* ’ n n 2 erfor a n es o f a n ds B a rom eterm a cher a n d 1 er I cludi g 4 p m c R imu , 7 p

orm a n c e o f er Za u ers chlei er a da te fro ribe b T ol . f s D b , p d m Sc y d 79

Volk sstuck a ra er , Ch kt

em éfl g de, etc .

49 :47+ 2 36 :2 5 47 :3 1 + 2 8 :2 4 2 2 4 :2 2 -l

osse a n etc :6 1 2 2 :2 1 :2 8 P , Schw k, 23 3 5 4 n s ie etc . O : o o : o :06 8 :08 Si g p l , 55 4 +

er erette o : o o : o :0 o : o Op , Op 47 5 Tota l 104 38 945 1 48 I I 7 1 018

1 8 0- 1 88 - C. 0. O era on the A ollo S ta e 1 8 0 1 8 The 7 p p g 7 75 .

P elosi Direc tors hi 1 8 1 - 1 88 p 7 0.

D 1 8 - 1 o . 80 8 1 A P e i d o r i F r tu e r o Va n n . 9 . f y g

L D TAB E A III C .

e : G— the e e 1 8 0 e Abbr viations Apollo stag , summ r 7 to Jun

2 2 1 8 e e the e e 1 8 0- 1 8 1 r , 75, xclusiv of wint r s ason 7 7 , du ing which P elosi had charge of the Apollo stage ; H— the P elosi director ’ ship 1 87 1 - 1 880 ; I — Germ an p erforma nces in De Bar s Opera ’ House 1 876- 1 877 ; J— perfo rmances under Wurster s director ship 1 876 - 1 878 ; K— the Rieckhoff directo rship 1 879 - 1 882 L ’ Wurster s directorship 1 88 1 - 1 88 2 ; M— P elosi - Sarner director ship 1 883 - 1 884 ; N — the Apollo under Schmitz 1 887 - 1 89 1 ; X all per formances for the period 1 86 1 - 1 89 1 not included under the above headings ; T — total number of performances ; Av average percentage for all plays recorded for the period 1 86 1

1 8 1 9 . G I J K T ra uerspiel

- ha spiel D ra a f Sc u , m

Volk s stfi ck a ra ter , Ch k ' m alde etc . . gem , 3

61 . 0 1 I L u stspiel 107 :1 1

. osse a n etc P , Schw k,

0 0 I n s e etc . :0 Si g pi l , 37 4 o 8 p er perette 4 . 0 O , O

ota . T l 944 N

Tra u erspi el 1 z4 zo3

a s el Dra a Sch u pi , m

lk s stuck a ra kt er em a lde etc Vo , Ch g , .

Lu st spiel I I O :2 3 1 04 1 :2 2

- 2 o s se a n etc . I 2 : + 1 2 8 : + P , Schw k, 7 39 9 7

n s e etc . 2 :OI + 16 zo + Si g pi l , 3

er erette Op , Op Tota l 1 83 479 4753

L TAB E B III .

e e . (Abbr viations as in Tabl A III , a , b, c , d )

: Cla vi o F2 F 1 G H 1 C E 1 GOET HE g , Egmont , 3 , , Faust 4 , ,

F 1 1 e X 2 R Di C e . S C : e e , J , Iphig ni HILLE Braut von M ssina 5,

F 1 H 1 D on r C 1 F 1 K 1 e C 1 D 1 , , Ca los , , , Fi sco , , Jungfrau von

e C F 1 H 1 K 1 e L e e C2 P I G2 I Orl ans 5, , , , M I , Kabal und i b , , , J ,

X I r S C E 1 F2 H 1 K 1 M 1 Die e C D I , Ma ia tuart 3 , , , , , , Raub r 9 , ,

F G 1 H K 1 N 1 X I W le e L e C2 F2 H 1 3 , , 3 , , , , al nst ins ag r , , , Wal len in 1 H X 1 Z ste s C W e e C F2 N 1 . Z Tod , ilh lm T ll 4 , , 4 , , GO I

C R F2 L lo i D I Na S : n . SS : a tt ( HILLE ) Tura dot E ING Emilia G ,

der L I X 1 K R : e F W e e . S S C than is C I , , HA E PEA E Haml t 4 , 5,

H 1 K 1 n e e C G 1 x Die Kom Odie , , Kaufma n von V n dig 3 , , 3 , von

r e N 1 Die e W e e D 1 e P I Ir ung n , lustig ib r von Windsor , Macb th ,

e C 1 F G 1 I X 1 r C 1 e e Oth llo , 3 , , J , , Richa d III , Rom o und Juli

D I P I S er m I Der W e e e C I , , , Ein omm nachtstrau P , id rsp nstig n

Zéihm un C 1 F H 1 L I K 1 Win term a rchen A g , 3 , , , , Ein C5. N

ZE N GR U B ER : Der Herr ottschn itzer Am m er a u N2 e g von g , H rz

2 Der Mein eidba uer G6 K 1 N 1 Der P f e und Hand J , , , , arr r von

r N 1 R Y em K 1 Di e G . : W e ou rn a Ki chf ld 3 , F E TAG Graf ald ar , J

e P I H 1 K 1 Di e C 1 K 1 B : e e . list n , , , Val ntin , GEI EL Brunhild Der e X I . R R Z R 2 H2 M 1 GU TZK ow : : e e C . G ILLPA E M d a , , dr i

e e N e e C 1 Der KOn i sleutn a n t C2 E2 F2 L I K2 z hnt ov mb r , g , , , , ,

S e D 1 Da s U des T a rtfi ffe D K 1 U e Richard avag , rbild 3 , , ri l

C6 G 1 I I N 1 S e C2 E 1 G 1 H 1 K 1 . Acosta , , , , Zopf und chw rdt , , , , D Ka tchen HEEB EL : e e C 2 G 1 N 2 . S : a s G nov va 3 , F , , KLEI T von L B BOse e F e C F2 G H 1 K 1 N . : H ilbronn 3 , , 3 , , , 3 AU E Zung n 4 ,

H r e C D 1 E 1 F2 H2 Die Ka rlsc hfiler C 4 , G af Ess x 3 , , , , , AI , 5, D H X I e X I P n e G . A MU D : er 3, , Montros , ri z Fri drich 3 R I N T R I P F A D L B O S H O HEINE M AN N N W E .

ship of S arner and Riotte 1 890 - 1 89 1 ; B— under Sarner 1 89 1 18 92 C— the Germ ania Theater under Waldemar and Buech el 1 892 D— the Germania under Wurster 1 893 - 1 896 E — the

e e 1 8 - 1 8 8 F— the er m e stage und r S tolt 96 9 ; G mania under M . Fra n dsch 1 899- 1 900 ; G— th e directorship o f H einemann and

elb - 1 1 1 T — n be e the W 9 . total um r of plays stag d during period 1 89 1 - 1 9 1 1 Av— average percentage for all plays record ed for this period .

T ra uerspiel

a spiel Dra a Sch u , m

lk sstfi k Cha ra k ter em a lde etc . Vo c , g , L u st sp iel

osse a n etc . P , Schw k,

n s ie etc 0 ° 0 Si g p l , . Operette Tota l

Tra uerspiel

h a spiel Dra a Sc u , m

k h ra k ter em a lde etc . Volk sstfi c , C a g ,

L u st spiel

os se a n etc . P , Schw k,

Op erette 8 2

L TAB E B IV .

e e (Abbr viations as in Tabl A IV . )

’ T : F u C2 D 1 C R Di GOE HE Egmont C I , a st , . S HILLE : e

e G 1 Don r G 1 e 1 Braut von M ssina C I , , Ca los C I , , Fi sco C I , G ,

e C 1 D 1 G 1 e L e e 1 Jungfrau von Orl ans , , , Kabal und i b A I , C , D I G r S D I P I G P m Di , 3 , Ma ia tuart C I , , , 4 , iccolo ini C I , e Rau ber C 1 D I G e e L e C 1 W e e A I , , , 3 , Wall nst ins ag r , all nst ins T od

~ D 1 1 e e A D I L i G W G . SS : e a lott , , ilh lm T ll 4 , , 4 E ING Emili G C I , D I G 1 von Ba rn helm C 1 D I G2 S K S R , , Minna , , . HA E PEA E

e D 1 G 1 e e D I Die e ei Haml t , , Kaufmann von V n dig , lustig n W ber G 1 e B 1 C 1 D 1 E G 1 a von Windsor , Oth llo , , , 4, , Rich rd III ’ D I m eo e Der e en e Zeihm un , Ro und Juli C I , Wid rsp stig n g C I ,

D2 G 1 in term a rch n z Z R B R H e n W e . : eim fu , , Ein C AN ENG U E g ‘ den W eihn a chtsstfi ck G Mein eidba uer D 1 G 1 Der P e ( ) 3 , , , farr r

e E 1 2 Da e e 1 B ER N G s e G . O S EN : von Kirchf ld , , vi rt G bot J Ein

a lliss m en 2 FREYT 1 Di e t G . AG : W e r G e e F Graf ald ma , Journalist n A 2 D D D 1 I . : e e e G2 ie S P Der a l FUL A Jug ndfr und , klavin , , T is

G2 U e e e D 1 Da s e e e P e D G man , nt r vi r Aug n , v rlor n aradi s 5, 3 . Di D 1 F 1 2 B e e G . : e e e 1 wild Jagd , , GEI EL M ist r Andr a G .

ZK W : Da s U der T a rtfiffe G2 U e GUT O rbild , ri l Acosta

D I D 1 R R Z R Des C 1 G2 S e . : , , , Zopf und chw rdt G ILLPA E

er L 1 M : Der B e M eeres und d i ebe W ellen D . HAUPT AN N ib r D I Di 1 B B e G 1 e e e W e er G . p lz , Coll g Crampton , b HE EL

en 1 BS : e e e G 1 P u Maria Magdal a G . I EN G sp nst r AI , , Ein p

n h im E 1 r e e C 1 1 S e e e de G . p , Stutz n G s llschaft , KLEI T

he 1 2 L B : BOse n e Da s Ka tc n e C . von H ilbronn , G AU E Zu g n

D I sse D I G 1 Die Ka rlsschfiler , Graf E x C I , , , A I , E1 D I R I 2 M D : Der e e e G . S U , , G . RAI UN V rschw nd r C I , , 3

DER M A N N : Die e A C2 G e e L e e G2 Da s Ehr 3 , , 5, Es l b das b n ,

Glfi ck im e 2 Die e C2 D2 G e e G Wink l G , H imat , , 4 , Johannisf u r 4 ,

Di S chm etterlin sschla cht D 1 G 1 S e D2 P I G 1 e g , , odoms End , , ,

' 1 I L BRAN DT : Die o e des e Stein und Steinen G . W T cht r H rrn 1 W D B R C : Die D2 P I W D : S e G . Fabricius , . IL E alom IL EN U H

e e I 2 Der Men on it D 1 Die uitzows Die Haubenl rch C , G , , Q C I ,

R a n stein eri n I e S e De be G , Vat r und ohn , od r Aus utschlands

h e 1 sc hwerer Zeit (Va terlan disc es Schauspi l ) G .

AMERICANA GERMANICA

ra n s l a t on s of erm a n o etr i n A m eri a n M a a z n es 17 1 -1810 B E a r T i G P y c g i , 1 . y dw d Z eg er D a s P h . D . 2 3 4 . ri e i l vi , pp P c T h e a r m o n S o et A h a t er i n erm a n Am er 11 C u t u re t o H y ci y . C p G i l His ry

B h A r h a B h . s ra n i e J o n o e P . D 1 7 9 . 3 0 u t o s . r y c ib ld l , pp Ill i P c r e r h S h l er i n A m er a A on t r ut on t o t h e L t era t u r f t h S F i d ic c il ic . C ib i i e o e Poet

en t en a r 1 9 05 B E oo om a r r P h . D 1 1 7 r e C y , . y llw d C l y P y , . pp . P ic T h e I n u en e o S a lom on es s n er u on E n l s L t er a t u r e B B ert h a R ee ﬂ c f G p g i h i . y d 1 1 9 r e pp . P ic T h e erm a n S et t em en t S o et o la d el h a a n d I t s o lon H er m a n n G l ci y f Phi p i C y , , ' M s s ou r B a m G B ek 1 9 3 . P I I c e i i . y Willi . . pp ’ R v u n th n t ro u t on Philipp Wa ldec k s D i a r y 0 t h e A m er ic a n e o l t io . Wi I d c i

n M L ea rn e 1 6 8 . r i e . n h ot o ra h R e ro n ot o s . B . D . a d P g p ic p i y . d pp P c S chwen k felder H ym n o log y a n d t h e S ou rces of t h e Fir s t S chwen k felder H m n l l B oo k ri n e i n A m er a t h h o t o ra h R e r o u t on s . B y en P t d ic . Wi P g p ic p d c i a A n ers S ei t P h . D 1 1 2 . r e d p , . pp P ic ° C r 9 T h e S et t lem en t of t h e G erm a n Coa s t o f L o u i s i a n a a n d t h e Cr eo l es 0 e

m a n D es en t . B J . a n n o D e er . th u s t ra ti on s 1 3 6 . rI ce . c y H ll Wi Ill . pp 1 2 E a r l er m a n M us i n la d el B R R . D ru m m on P h . D . 1 i a . y G c Phi phi y . d , r e pp . P ic “ / ” U r 2 1 0 n le n s a n i n e m a n y . B y ra e E th M a c L ea n P h . D . 1 0 c C bi G G c di , g1 uc o pp .

1 1 Th e erm a n s i n exa s . A S t u y i n m m g ra t on . B y ert n g s B en . G T d I i i Gilb Giddi II ’ t II S r I U S t l a I O . e a m n P h . D . 1 6 1 p p . 3 j i . P ic

1 2 Th e A m er a n E t n o r a a l S u rve . on es t o a E x ed t on M . D . ic h g p hic y C g p i i .

r t r e . L ea rn ed , D ec or . c i P i 5 - 6 M n 1 3 S we s S et tl em en t s on t h e D ela w a r e 1038 166 . th a s a d 1 50 ll u s . di h , 4 Wi p I

t ra t i on s a n d h ot o ra h R e ro u ti on s . B Am a n u s J oh n s on P h . D ° P g p ic p d c y d , i o o um es . 9 08 r e o. o T wo v l pp . P ic s

1 4 N t on a l Un i n h er ma n N ovel B e or e 1870. B R o H err n . a t t e . P h . D i i y G f y y P i g , . 7 5 pp .

1 5. J ou r n a l o D u R oi t h e E l er L eu t en a n t a n d A u t a n t i n t h e S er e o f t h e f d , i dj vic - 8 a n e b h r ot D u k e o f B ru n s i k 1 7 7 6 1 7 7 . r s a t y a t e S . J . E n . w c , T l d C l ppi g 1 8 9 r e pp . P ic

T h L a n d or k s o ri ed/ri A r m a n d S tru b bc r . B res ton A B a r a 1 6 e e . . if W f F ch g y P b s t n s r P h D . 1 51 . 4 u t ra o . e . pp Ill i P ic

M o l lh a u s en t h e erm a n oo er . B P res t on A B a r 1 B dw n P h . 7 a . a . D 1 l i , G C p y b . 8 8

4 l u s t ra t on s . r e . pp . I l i P ic 1 8 B e e s a n d S u ers t t on s o h e n n s va n a erm a n B E M F l t e l s . n l . o e i f p i i f P y i G y dwi . g P h D 3 8 6 r e . . pp . P ic ’ ' 1 9 D k en s E i n u s s a u Un er n -S t er n er s el e n ll R l . ﬂ g e S to e a a e u n d E m er ic f b g , H i , . b h E s en a c . B J . eo or G ei s s en doerfer P h D 5 1 r e . ch b h y T d , . . pp . P ic ' r R l o e m n 2 0. t tl e s e a t n t o r a n L e a d ou t . B o a K a E a s t u rn Whi i G if Th g h y I l y b ,

P h D 1 6 1 r e . . . pp . P ic 2 1 B n m r k r . e j a n a n l n a n d e m a n y . B y B ea t r e M a r u er t e V t or P h i F i G ic g i ic y . D 1 8 0 r e pp . P ic

2 2 . D i e eu t s c h a m eri k a n i s c h e a t r i s L r D P i ot ch e y ik der A c h tu n dvi erzi or u n d I hr e ri u i s t o s e r n la e. B ot t e B et z P g y h . D 1 3 1 H ch G d G li b , . pp . r ice . 2 n e 3 . e i n A m er a . B B S a hs H c y . . c , P h . D . 1 93 r c i i H pp . P i e ‘ 2 4. S o a s m i n erm a n A m er L r c l G c a n i t e a t urre. B ll a i i i Y Wi i m F rederI c K a m m a n , P h . D . r e pp . P ic 2 5 R o er R e ze B o . t t l . y f E . Zu k er P h . D 7 4 b i Ad l c , . pp . P r ice

2 6 . T h e erm a n E em en i n B r a G l t z l . Col on es a n d D i a l ec B i i F ra n k “11 Sc h a ell e P h . D . 6 8 r e p p . pp . P ic ’ m 2 7 . K u n z e a S e i n a rtu m a n d t h e S o et t h ci y for e P rot a g a t ion 0 C M i‘ L wt a d Us u m n ef l K n o wl edg e A on g t h e G er m a n s i n A n ieri c a I ll u St r . a t edmI/

F a u s s m a n n P h D . r e . H , . P ic ’ ’ 2 8 . You n s on e tu r es on Or n a C os i g C j c ig i l o m p ti on i n E n g l a n d a n d A i c a B Y] M a x t n k . 1 2 S e e 5 . r ce i pp P i . .

° ’ 2 9 . Th e S n t a a o B r a n t N a rr h i y f s en s c ﬁ . B y H en r y D ext er L ea rn ed P h D 53 , .

T h e A ro a o A c a den vic to S o k en S t n p p ch f p y le i G er m a n . A S t u dy i n Po p u l a r S en ﬁ ros e fr m 1 8 1 9 1 4 B c t c o 50 t o . y Ch a rl es s ch er S l a den P h D i i P Fi , . . 4 r 5 pp . P ice

3 1 . Th e erm a n D r a m a . i n E n l s on t h e N ew Y or k S t a e o 183 B G g i h g t 0. y L ou is h r l es B a k er A M P h D 1 6 r e a . . . 8 . C , , . pp P ic h e erm a n D r m o 3 2 . T a a on t he S t . L ui s S t a e. B l fr d en G g y A e H r y o ll e P h. D N , 8 5 r ce pp . P i EDI T OR M AR I ON D EXT E R L EAR N E D

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BR A D . T . H E D G . H . . C N T J ATFI L W W H A R R . T . H . . C UTH EWETT A R H ER MANN COL L I T z . . H OHLFE L D K S TAR R W . CUTTING HUGO . S CHIL L ING

- E K D O D G E . S M D W A DANI L . H CH I T R TENBE R G A B F US R MA S E E . . A T H E NN CHO NF L D KUNO FR ANCK E CALVIN THO MAS W S . A D OLPH G E R BE R H . HITE JU L IUS G OEBE L H ENR Y W OO D

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o n i n - 5 B ok s m a y be Re e w e d by c a ll g 642 340 . DUEAS STAMPED BELOW

UNIVERSITY OFCALIFO RNIA BERKELEY , F RM N 006 ELEY A 9 4 7 2 0 O O . BERK C ,