Diachronic Syntax in Slavonic Languages
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COPULAR CLAUSES in ENGLISH* Masatake Arimoto Nanzan University 1. Introduction English Has Copular Verb Be As Exemplified In
COPULAR CLAUSES IN ENGLISH* Masatake Arimoto Nanzan University 1. Introduction English has copular verb be as exemplified in sentences like (1) and (2). (1) a. John is honest. b. John is a philosopher. (2) a. John is the Mayor of Cambridge. b. A picture of the wall was the cause of the riot. (Moro, 1997) Sentences in (1) and (2) appear to express that the pre-verbal elements are related to post-verbal elements in the same way. However, sentences in (1) and those in (2) behave differently. For example, if post-verbal elements are placed before be and pre-verbal elements are placed after be, the resultant sentences are unacceptable for (1) as in (3), but acceptable for (2) as in (4). (3) a. *Honest is John. b. *A philosopher is John. (4) a. The Mayor of Cambridge is John. b. The cause of the riot was a picture of the wall. Sentences like (2) and sentences like (4) again appear to express the same meanings, but there are some syntactic differences between them. Both of them appear in an ECM construction as in (5), but only sentences in (2) are possible in a Small Clause construction as in (6): sentences in (4) are impossible in a Small Clause construction as in (6b). (5) a. John considers a picture of the wall to be the cause of the riot. b. John considers the cause of the riot to be a picture of the wall. (6) a. John considers a picture of the wall the cause of the riot. b. -
On ''Verbal Dps'
From predication to reference: On ”verbal DPs” in Movima Katharina Haude To cite this version: Katharina Haude. From predication to reference: On ”verbal DPs” in Movima. Bonnot Christine; Outi Duvallon; Hélène de Penanros. Individuation et référence nominale à travers les langues, Lambert- Lucas, pp.53-77, 2019, 978-2-35935-294-8. hal-01971969v2 HAL Id: hal-01971969 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01971969v2 Submitted on 3 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. From predication to reference: On “verbal DPs” in Movima Katharina Haude (CNRS–SeDyL) Published as: Haude, Katharina. 2019. From predication to reference: On “verbal DPs” in Movima. In Individuation et référence nominale à travers les langues. Bonnot, Christine, Outi Duvallon et Hélène de Penanros (eds), 53-77. Paris: Editions Lambert-Lucas. Abstract In Movima (isolate, Bolivia), both verbs and nouns are basically predicates, but when preceded by an article, both nouns and verbs form part of a determiner phrase (DP). The article has an individuating function in that it specifies the referent for humanness/sex, number, and spatio- temporal location. When a DP contains a verb, it refers to an event participant, whose role in the event (single participant, agent, or patient) is identified by verbal morphology. -
A Cross-Linguistic Study of Grammatical Organization
Complement Clauses and Complementation Systems: A Cross-Linguistic Study of Grammatical Organization Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Philosophischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena von Karsten Schmidtke-Bode, M.A. geb. am 26.06.1981 in Eisenach Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Holger Diessel (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena) 2. Prof. Dr. Volker Gast (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena) 3. Prof. Dr. Martin Haspelmath (MPI für Evolutionäre Anthropologie Leipzig) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16.12.2014 Contents Abbreviations and notational conventions iii 1 Introduction 1 2 The phenomenon of complementation 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Argument status 9 2.2.1 Complement clauses and argument-structure typology 10 2.2.2 On the notion of ‘argument’ 21 2.3 On the notion of ‘clause’ 26 2.3.1 Complementation constructions as biclausal units 27 2.3.2 The internal structure of clauses 31 2.4 The semantic content of complement clauses 34 2.5 Environments of complementation 36 2.5.1 Predicate classes as environments of complementation 37 2.5.2 Environments studied in the present work 39 3 Data and methods 48 3.1 Sampling and sources of information 48 3.2 Selection and nature of the data points 53 3.3 Storage and analysis of the data 59 4 The internal structure of complementation patterns 62 4.1 Introduction 62 4.2 The morphological status of the predicate 64 4.2.1 Nominalization 65 4.2.2 Converbs 68 4.2.3 Participles 70 4.2.4 Bare verb stems 71 4.2.5 Other dependent -
Slavfile Spring 2012
SlavFile Summer 2012 Vol. 21, No. 3 NEWSLETTER OF THE SLAVIC LANGUAGES DIVISION www.ata-divisions.org/SLD/slavfile.htm In this issue: To New SLD Members: 2012 SLD Banquet (yum) ........................................ 2 On Attending ATA Annual Conferences Irina Jesionowski, SLD Leadership Council Member SLD Logo Contest Finalists .......................................4 Lucy Gunderson, SLD Administrator On behalf of the SLD Leader- Notes from an Administrative Underground ........... 5 ship Council, I would like to ex- tend a warm welcome to the new Ralitsa Zlatanova members of our division. We Foreign Visitors in Bulgarian .....................................6 are delighted to have you among Martha Kosir us! We hope that membership Poetry of Josip Osti in translation ........................... 8 in this organization will bring Katarzyna Jankowski you multiple professional and personal benefits. We also hope Our new Polish Editor ............................................ 10 that you, in turn, bring fresh Lydia Razran Stone ideas and new energy helping to enrich and diversify SlavFile Lite ............................................................ 11 our guild of passionate Slavicists. Vladimir Kovner and Lydia Stone By now, you are probably aware of the many Tree idioms ............................................................. 15 resources available to SLD members, including a SLAVFILMS recently-established member-only LinkedIn group (www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=4279025&trk=myg_ Lumet vs. Mikhalkov ............................................. -
Russian (RUS) 1
Russian (RUS) 1 RUS 354. Language of the Russian Press and Mass Media. (3 h) RUSSIAN (RUS) Readings from Russian newspapers, magazines and the Internet, as well as exposure to Russian television and radio broadcasts. Emphasis is RUS 111. Elementary Russian I. (4 h) on improving reading and listening skills and vocabulary acquisition. P- The essentials of Russian grammar, conversation, drill, and reading of RUS 212 or POI. elementary texts. RUS 370. Individual Study. (1.5-3 h) RUS 112. Elementary Russian II. (4 h) Study in language or literature beyond the RUS 210-212 level. May be The essentials of Russian grammar, conversation, drill, and reading of repeated for credit. P-RUS 212. elementary texts. P-RUS 111 or equivalent. RUS 387. Honors in Russian. (2.5 h) RUS 153. Intermediate Russian. (4 h) Conference course in Russian literature or culture. A major research Principles of Russian grammar are reviewed and expanded upon; reading paper is required. Designed for candidates for departmental honors. of short prose pieces and materials from the Russian press. P-RUS 112 or RUS 388. Honors in Russian. (2.5 h) equivalent. Conference course in Russian literature or culture. A major research RUS 210. Russians and Their World. (3 h) paper is required. Designed for candidates for departmental honors. Introduction to Russian culture and society, with topics ranging from history, religion, art and literature to contemporary Russian popular music, TV and film. Taught in Russian. P-RUS 153 or equivalent. RUS 212. Introduction to Russian Literature. (3 h) Reading of selected short stories and excerpts from longer works by Russian authors from the 19th century to the present. -
HISTORICAL SYNTAX the C System of Relatives and Complement Clauses in the History of Slavic Languages Roland Meyer
HISTORICAL SYNTAX The C system of relatives and complement clauses in the history of Slavic languages Roland Meyer Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin This article scrutinizes the diachrony of relativizers and complement clause subordinators in Russian, Polish , and Czech . Historical morphology indicates a development from agreeing relative pronouns via noninflected relativizers to complement clause subordinators. This concurs with re - cent findings on Germanic (Axel-Tober 2017), but contradicts more traditional proposals that de - rive subordinators from demonstratives. The respective syntactic reanalyses are demonstrated on diachronic Slavic corpus data. Moreover, a quantitative comparison of sixteenth- to seventeenth- century East Slavic texts with and without West Slavic interference suggests that the use of kotoryj ‘which ’ as a relative pronoun spread into Russian as an inner-Slavic contact-induced change .* Keywords : relative clause, complement clause, historical linguistics, syntax, Slavic languages 1. Introduction . Diachronic transitions between different elements that occupy the (traditionally so-called) Comp position at the left clausal periphery are well known from the history of Germanic and Romance languages (cf. van Gelderen 2004, Axel 2009 , and references therein). In particular, pathways between the specifier and the head of Comp (SpecC and C 0), two potential surface positions of relative clause markers, have been captured descriptively by the spec -to -head principle or head preference principle of van Gelderen (2004). The principle holds that realizing C 0 is preferable to realizing SpecC. Given that relative pronouns are often descendants of older demonstrative pro - nouns (Harris & Campbell 1995 , Hopper & Traugott 2003:196ff ., Roberts & Roussou 2003, van Gelderen 2004:81ff ., 89ff ., Axel 2009, among many others), this principle cap - tures the diachronic pathway illustrated in 1. -
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Journal of Language Contact 6 (2013) 134–159 brill.com/jlc Ukrainian in the Language Map of Central Europe: Questions of Areal-Typological Profiling Andrii Danylenko Department of Modern Languages and Cultures Pace University, New York [email protected] Abstract The paper deals with the areal-typological profiling of Ukrainian among languages of Europe, constituting Standard Average European (SAE) and especially Central European (CE). Placed recently in the context of the ‘areal typology’ and the ‘dynamic taxonomy’, Ukrainian together with Russian and Belarusian appear to be mere replica languages. Such languages are capable of only borrowing surface structures migrating all over the Europe unie or imitating deep structures on the model of SAE or CE. In order to elaborate on an alternative profiling of Ukrainian among languages of (Central) Europe, the author concentrates on both phonological and morphosyntactic features treated commonly as CE Sprachbund-forming (the spirantization of *g, the dispalatalization of the pala- talized consonants, the existence of medial l, the umlauting, the three-tense system, including a simple preterit from the perfect, and the periphrastic ‘ingressive’ future). As a result, the author advances another vector of areal classification, thus positioning Russian in the core of ‘Standard Average Indo-European’ and (Southwest) Ukrainian as an intermediate language between Russian and the rest of (Central) European languages. Keywords Ukrainian; North Slavic; Central European Sprachbund; ‘Standard Average Indo-European’; areal-typological profiling 1. Introduction In comparative and typological studies, Ukrainian has been routinely treated as a transitional language from East Slavic (cf. Jakobson, 1929; Stadnik, 2001:94) to North Slavic (Mrázek, 1990:28-30; Besters-Dilger, 2000), West Slavic (Lehfeldt, 1972:333-336) or even South Slavic (Smal-Stockyj and Gartner, 1913). -
Zive Naj Vsi Narodi K I Hrepene Docakat Dan D E Koder Sonce Hodi P Repir I Z Sveta Bo Pregnan D E Rojak P Rost Bo Vsak N E Vrag
12. letno srečanje Združenja za slovansko jezikoslovje Povzetki prispevkov 12th Slavic Linguistics Society Annual Meeting Book of Abstracts XII ежегодная конференция Общества славянского языкознания Тезисы докладов Ljubljana, 21.–24. 9. 2017 v / / Zive naj vsi narodi / / / K i hrepene docakatv dan , / / / D e koder sonce hodi , / / P repir/ iz sveta bo/ pregnan , / D e rojak / P rost bo vsak , / / / N e vrag, le sosed bo mejak. 12. letno srečanje Združenja za slovansko jezikoslovje: Povzetki prispevkov 12th Slavic Linguistics Society Annual Meeting: Book of Abstracts XII ежегодная конференция Общества славянского языкознания: Тезисы докладов ISBN: 978-961-05-0027-8 Urednika / Editors / Редакторы: Luka Repanšek, Matej Šekli Recenzenti / Peer-reviewers / Рецензенты: Aleksandra Derganc, Marko Hladnik, Gašper Ilc, Zenaida Karavdić, Simona Kranjc, Domen Krvina, Nina Ledinek, Frančiška Lipovšek, Franc Marušič, Tatjana Marvin, Petra Mišmaš, Matic Pavlič, Анастасия Ильинична Плотникова / Anastasiia Plotnikova, Luka Repanšek, Михаил Николаевич Саенко / Mikhail Saenko, Дмитрий Владимирович Сичинава / Dmitri Sitchinava, Vera Smole, Mojca Smolej, Marko Snoj, Petra Stankovska, Andrej Stopar, Saška Štumberger, Hotimir Tivadar, Mitja Trojar, Mladen Uhlik, Mojca Žagar Karer, Rok Žaucer, Andreja Žele, Sašo Živanović Vodja konference / Conference leadership / Руководитель конференции: Matej Šekli Organizacijski odbor konference / Conference board / Оргкомитет конференции: Branka Kalenić Ramšak, Domen Krvina, Alenka Lap, Oto Luthar, Tatjana Marvin, Mojca -
TORE NESSET How Russian Came to Be the Way It Is 2015 Review By
BOOK REVIEW TORE NESSET, How Russian Came to Be the Way It Is. A Student’s Guide to the History of the Russian Language, Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers, 2015, 361 pp. Tore Nesset’s How Russian Came to Be the Way It Is provides a compact introduction to the history of Russian for readers with different interests and academic backgrounds. On the one hand, it is a welcome and attractive textbook for students of Russian linguistics. On the other hand, the book can serve as a useful tool for those who are already specialists in, for instance, general linguistics, Modern Russian language, Russian history or Russian literature and would like to get acquainted with the main developments in the history of the Russian language. Nesset points out the relevance of historical linguistics for students of Russian, and he has indeed succeeded in creating an inspiring, motivating and pedagogical material. A basic knowledge of Modern Russian is, however, necessary in order to take in the information – and enjoy it. The structure of the book is very clear. In the Introduction the author addresses different types of readers from students to scholars, but motivates students of Russian by promising answers to many problematic exceptions in Russian grammar. The main pedagogical idea of the book is that “today’s exceptions are yesterday’s rules”. Knowledge of the history of Russian strengthens students’ language skills in contemporary Russian. The book may be read from cover to cover or the reader may pick up separate chapters or sections. The first three chapters give background information on history, literature and linguistics. -
East Slavic Parallel Corpora: Diachronic and Diatopic Variation in Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Russian
East Slavic parallel corpora: diachronic and diatopic variaton in Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Russian Dmitri Sitchinava [email protected] Bilingual corpora • Bilingual parallel corpora – contrastve linguistcs, “small” typology (English vs. Russian, Czech vs. Slovene) • Bilingual corpora can be symmetrical (Russian-English, English-Russian). The Norwegian team (HuNOR) calls only this symmetrical corpora “parallel” • “Families” of bilingual corpora within some “mother corpora” (Czech, Russian Natonal corpora, Norwegian, Lithuanian) • Within the RNC: 15 languages parallel with Russian (Slavic, Germanic, Romance, Baltc, Armenian, Buryat, Estonian, Chinese); 70 million tokens • Ukrainian/Russian and Belarusian/Russian – 9 million each Ukrainian and Belarusian in parallel corpora • Both Belarusian and Ukrainian are under-represented languages in the feld of corpus linguistcs. • There exist no comprehensive natonal corpus for either • The best existng monolingual corpora are, respectvely, bnkorpus.info and mova.info • The number of corpora-based research for them is also limited. • Rather few Belarusian and/or Ukrainian texts are featured in the collectons of massive parallel texts (Cysouw & Wälchli 2007) or multlingual parallel corpora. The Universal Dependencies corpora for B (translatons from Russian, sometmes with mistakes) & U are rather small (Post)-soviet translaton between East Slavic: quality issues • Machine translatons (texts retrieved from the Internet), and even in the printed sources • Looseness of translatons (typical for most genres) • Omissions (censure, just shortening etc.) • Soviet era: Russianizaton; Post-soviet era: avoiding direct calques Subnorms • Both Belarusian and Ukrainian are languages with standard forms that were established relatvely late. • There stll coexist multple sub-norms in the writen standards of either language, more “Russianized” and more “Westernized” ones, datng back to diFerent politcal periods, 1930s vs. -
English for Practical Purposes 9
ENGLISH FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES 9 CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction of English Grammar Chapter 2: Sentence Chapter 3: Noun Chapter 4: Verb Chapter 5: Pronoun Chapter 6: Adjective Chapter 7: Adverb Chapter 8: Preposition Chapter 9: Conjunction Chapter 10: Punctuation Chapter 11: Tenses Chapter 12: Voice Chapter 1 Introduction to English grammar English grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. There are historical, social, and regional variations of English. Divergences from the grammardescribed here occur in some dialects of English. This article describes a generalized present-dayStandard English, the form of speech found in types of public discourse including broadcasting,education, entertainment, government, and news reporting, including both formal and informal speech. There are certain differences in grammar between the standard forms of British English, American English and Australian English, although these are inconspicuous compared with the lexical andpronunciation differences. Word classes and phrases There are eight word classes, or parts of speech, that are distinguished in English: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. (Determiners, traditionally classified along with adjectives, have not always been regarded as a separate part of speech.) Interjections are another word class, but these are not described here as they do not form part of theclause and sentence structure of the language. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs form open classes – word classes that readily accept new members, such as the nouncelebutante (a celebrity who frequents the fashion circles), similar relatively new words. The others are regarded as closed classes. -
The Meaning of Approximative Adverbs: Evidence from European Portuguese
THE MEANING OF APPROXIMATIVE ADVERBS: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Patrícia Matos Amaral, Master’s Degree in Linguistics ***** The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Scott Schwenter, Adviser Professor Craige Roberts ____________________________ Professor John Grinstead Adviser Spanish and Portuguese Graduate Program ABSTRACT This dissertation presents an analysis of the semantic-pragmatic properties of adverbs like English almost and barely (“approximative adverbs”), both in a descriptive and in a theoretical perspective. In particular, I investigate to what extent the meaning distinctions encoded by the system of approximative adverbs in European Portuguese (EP) shed light on the characterization of these adverbs as a class and on the challenges raised by their semantic-pragmatic properties. I focus on the intuitive notion of closeness associated with the meaning of these adverbs and the related question of the asymmetry of their meaning components. The main claim of this work is that the meaning of approximative adverbs involves a comparison between properties along a scalar dimension, and makes reference to a lexically provided or contextually assumed standard value of comparison. In chapter 2, I present some of the properties displayed by approximative adverbs cross-linguistically and more specifically in European Portuguese. This chapter discusses the difficulties raised by their classification within the major classes assumed in taxonomies of adverbs. In chapter 3, I report two experiments that were conducted to test the asymmetric behavior of the meaning components of approximative adverbs and the role that they play in interpretation.