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Berkala Arkeologi BERKALA ISSN 0216 – 1419 Vol. 32 No. 1 – Mei 2012 Gunadi Kasnowihardjo Pola Permukiman Neolitik di Kawasan Danau Grati, Kabupaten Pasuruan, Jawa Timur T.M. Hari Lelono Wisata Minat Khusus: ‘Menguak’ Kehidupan Masyarakat Jawa Kuna Melalui Relief Candi T.M. Rita Istari Penemuan Sebuah Candi Bata di Daerah Pantura Jawa Tengah Muhaeminah Temuan Keramik Asing Hasil Penelitian Arkeologi di Sulawesi Selatan Imam Nazaruddin Rumah Pencu di Kudus: Kajian Berdasarkan Tipologi dan Pola Sebaran Irsyad Martias Model Transformasi Sampah Cangkang Kerang di Permukiman Kawasan Pesisir Watukarung, Pacitan: Studi Etnoarkeologi Rusyad Adi Suriyanto, Etty Indriati, Toetik Koesbardiati & Delta Bayu Murti Latar Belakang Tengkorak Patologis Dari Paruh Pertama Abad Ke-20 M: Diskusi Bioantropologi Historis dan Bioarkeologis Masyhudi Temuan Naskah-Naskah Kuno di Masjid Layur, Semarang, Jawa Tengah BERKALA Volume Nomor Halaman Yogyakarta ISSN ARKEOLOGI 32 1 1 - 108 Mei 2012 0216 - 1419 Terakreditasi, nomor: 297/Akred-LIPI/P2MB/08/2010 B E R K A L A A R K E O L O G I ISSN 0216 – 1419 Volume 32 Edisi No. 1 – Mei 2012 SK Kepala LIPI tentang Akreditasi Majalah Berkala Ilmiah: 297/Akred-LIPI/P2MB/08/2010 PENGELOLA JURNAL BERKALA ARKEOLOGI Editor : Dra. Novida Abbas, M.A. Mitra Bestari : Prof. Dr. Timbul Haryono, M.Sc (Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, UGM) Prof. Dr. Inajati Adrisijanti (Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, UGM) Prof. Dr. Sumijati Atmosudiro (Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, UGM) Prof. Dr. Etty Indriati (Fakultas Kedokteran, UGM) Pemimpin Redaksi : Drs. Gunadi Kasnowihardjo, M.Hum (Arkeologi Prasejarah) Sekretaris : Agni Sesaria Mochtar, S.S. (Arkeologi Sejarah) Sidang Redaksi : Drs. Muhammad Chawari, M.Hum (Manajemen Arkeologi) Drs. T.M. Hari Lelono (Etnoarkeologi) Alamat Redaksi : BALAI ARKEOLOGI YOGYAKARTA Jl. Gedongkuning 174, Kotagede, Yogyakarta 55171 Telp/fax 0274 – 377913 Website : www.arkeologijawa.com E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] S.I.T : No. 797/SK.DITJEN PPG/STT/1980 Berkala Arkeologi diterbitkan oleh Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta 2 x 1 tahun Bulan Mei dan November, dan dalam event ilmiah tertentu menerbitkan EDISI KHUSUS. Penerbitan majalah ini bertujuan untuk menggalakkan aktivitas penelitian arkeologi dan menampung hasil-hasil penelitian, gagasan konseptual, kajian dan aplikasi teori, sehingga dapat dinikmati oleh para ilmuwan dan masyarakat pada umumnya. Jurnal BERKALA ARKEOLOGI diterbitkan pertama kali tahun 1980 oleh Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta. Jurnal Berkala Arkeologi mengundang para pakar dan peneliti untuk menulis artikel ilmiah yang baerkaitan dengan kajian arkeologi. Naskah yang masuk disunting oleh penyunting ahli. Penyunting berhak melakukan perubahan/penyuntingan tanpa mengubah isinya. BERKALA ARKEOLOGI ISSN 0216 – 1419 Volume 32 Edisi No. 1 – Mei 2012 SK Kepala LIPI tentang Akreditasi Majalah Berkala Ilmiah: 297/Akred-LIPI/P2MB/08/2010 KATA PENGANTAR Puji dan syukur kehadirat Tuhan, bahwa Berkala Arkeologi Vol. 32 No. 1 edisi Mei 2012 yang hadir ke hadapan pembaca ini mulai tampil dengan ukuran kertas A4 dan dilengkapi judul punggung untuk menyesuaikan standar jurnal intarnasional. Berkala Arekologi kali ini menampilkan tiga tulisan hasil penelitian Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta, satu tulisan Balai Arkeologi Makassar, dan tiga tulisan lainnya dari Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Studi permukiman di kawasan Ranu Grati, Pasuruan merupakan rangkaian penelitian permukiman masa lampau di kawasan danau-danau di Jawa Timur yang dilakukan oleh Gunadi Kasnowihardjo sejak tahun 2008. Penelitian ini telah mmenghasilkan data permukiman kuna yang cukup signifikan, baik data geo- arkeologi seperti teras-teras danau, dan temuan artefak berupa fragmen tembikar, bandul jala, dan beliung yang merupakan bukti adanya permukiman di kawasan danau tersebut. Tulisan mengenai wisata minat khusus untuk mengetahui kehidupan masyarakat Jawa Kuna berdasarkan relief candi yang ditulisa oleh T.M. Hari Lelono, merupakan pengambangan dari hasil penelitian ragam hias relief candi- candi di Jawa. Melalui relief candi banyak hal dapat diungkapkan tentang kehidupan masyarakat pada masa Jawa Kuna, seperti misalnya informasi mengenai jenis flora dan fauna, jenis pakaian dengan kelengkapannya, serta cerita dan dongeng yang mengandung nilai-nilai kultural asli Indonesia, berupa pendidikan moral dan budi pekerti sebagai identitas dan jati diri bangsa. Laporan penemuan Candi Kayen di Kabupaten Pati oleh T.M. Rita Istari, menambah jumlah bangunan candi berbahan bata di Jawa Tengah. Candi ini merupakan temuan yang penting dan masih langka di kawasan pantai utara Jawa Tengah. Kabupaten Pati yang selama ini dikenal sebagai kota wisata religi, dengan banyaknya tinggalan-tinggalan masa Islam, ternyata juga mempunyai peninggalan bangunan candi dari masa Klasik/Hindu-Buddha, yang dapat menambah aset wisata budaya daerah ini. Tulisan Muhaeminah mengenai temuan keramik asing, hasil penelitian arkeologi di Sulawesi selatan merupakan hasil penelitian Balai Arkeologi Makassar. Sebagian besar keramik tersebut bentuknya fragmentaris, dan ada diantaranya yang utuh hasil penggalian liar oleh masyarakat lokal. Keberadaan keramik tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pada abad 12-20 M sudah ada aktifitas dagang yang menggunakan keramik sebagai salah satu barang komoditas. Penelitian mengenai rumah Pencu oleh Imam Nazaruddin, bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai tipe rumah Pencu berdasarkan klasifikasi arsitektural, dan menjelaskan pernedaan karakter budaya antara wilayah Berkala Arkeologi Vol.32 Edisi No.1/Mei 2012 i Kudus kulon dengan Kudus Wetan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, diketahui bahwa Kudus Kulon adalah poros dari kebudayaan tradisional masyarakat Kudus. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan kedekatan anatara rumah Pencu dengan sebaran situs-situs masa Islam yang banyak terdapat di Kudus Kulon, sedangkan di Kudus Wetan lebih banyak dijumpai situs masa Kolonial dibandingkan situs Islam. Irsyad Martias melakukan studi etnoarkeologi tentang model transformasi sampah cangkang kerang di permukiman pesisir Watukarang, Pacitan. Penelitian etnoarkeologi ini mengkaji sistem tingkah laku masyarakat lingkungan Pantai Watukarang yang secara rutin mengumpulkan, mengonsumsi, dan membuang limbah kerang laut. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat bermanfaat sebagai analogi model pembentukkan data ekofaktual sampah cangkang kerang laut pada situs-situs arkeologi. Penelitian tentang latar belakang patologis sebuah tengkorak dari paruh pertama abad ke-20 M oleh Rusyad Adi Suriyanto, dkk bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi patologi dan mendiskusikannya secara antropologi historis dan bioarkeologis. Interpretasi penelitian ini dikompilasikan dengan data sejarah dan sosio-kultural yang berkaitan dengan suasana dan peristiwa pada masa kehidupan individu tersebut. Para peneliti ini berupaya memberikan nuansa yang berperspektif luas dalam memandang manusia sebagai makhluk biokultural. Mengakhiri tulisan dalam edisi ini Masyhudi berupaya mengungkap temuan naskah-naskah kuno di Masjid Layur Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Beberapa naskah ditemukan dalam keadaan tidak terawat di atas langit-langit masjid. Salah satu naskah berisi materi khotbah dan menggambarkan bahwa naskah tersebut terkait dengan komunitas etnis Arab di Kota Semarang. Pentingnya data yang bersifat filologis ini, maka perlu dilakukan langkah konkrit dalam upaya pelestariannya. Semoga beberapa tulisan dalam Berkala Arkeologi edisi ini dapat menambah wawasan khasanah kearkeologisan di Indonesia. Selamat membaca. Redaksi ii Berkala Arkeologi Vol.32 Edisi No.1/Mei 2012 BERKALA ARKEOLOGI ISSN 0216 – 1419 Volume 32 Edisi No. 1 – Mei 2012 DAFTAR ISI Kata Pengantar i Daftar Isi iii Gunadi Kasnowihardjo Pola Permukiman Neolitik di Kawasan Danau Grati Kabupaten Pasuruan, Jawa Timur 1 T.M. Hari Lelono Wisata Minat Khusus: ‘Menguak’ Kehidupan Masyarakat Jawa Kuna Melalui Relief Candi 13 T.M. Rita Istari Penemuan Sebuah Candi Bata di Daerah Pantura Jawa Tengah 27 Muhaeminah Temuan Keramik Asing Hasil Penelitian Arkeologi di Sulawesi Selatan 39 Imam Nazaruddin Rumah Pencu di Kudus: Kajian Berdasarkan Tipologi dan Pola Sebaran 51 Irsyad Martias Model Transformasi Sampah Cangkang Kerang di Permukiman Kawasan Pesisir Watukarung, Pacitan: Studi Etnoarkeologi 65 Ika Dewi Retno Sari Latar Belakang Tengkorak Patologis Dari Paruh Pertama Abad Ke-20 M: Diskusi Bioantropologi Historis dan Bioarkeologis 83 Masyhudi Temuan Naskah-Naskah Kuno di Masjid Layur, Semarang, Jawa Tengah 101 Berkala Arkeologi Vol.32 Edisi No.1/Mei 2012 iii POLA PERMUKIMAN NEOLITIK DI KAWASAN DANAU GRATI KABUPATEN PASURUAN, JAWA TIMUR NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN GRATI LAKE AREA, PASURUAN REGION, EAST JAVA Gunadi Kasnowihardjo Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta [email protected] ABSTRACT Study of Neolithic settlement pattern in Ranu Grati area at Pasuruan-East Java is a part of research series on the ancient settlements at the lakes area in East Java, conducted by author since 2008. Research has been csttied out every year in a row starting from Ranu Klakah, Ranu Gedang, Ranu Segaran, Ranu Bethok, and Ranu Grati. Eventhough in its early stage of research, the results are quite promising, both geo- archaeological and archaeological landscape as well as its artifactual data. Lake terraces as geo-archaeological data and artifacts such as pottery sherds, net-sinkers, and Neolithic adze are evidences of settlement in Grati Lake area. Keywords: Neolithic Settlement, Grati Lake, Net-sinkers. ABSTRAK Studi pola permukiman neolitik di kawasan danau Ranu Grati, Pasuruan, Jawa Timur merupakan rangkaian penelitian permukiman masa
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