Figure 3.2.2 Isohyetal Map in the Study Area the Development Study

F -5 Legend

Isohyetal line and annual average rainfall (mm)

Roads and villages

River (Wadi)

Boundary of river basins

Scale

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.2.2 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Isohyetal Map in the Study Area Japan International Cooperation Agency Annual Rainfall (1981-2000)

Annuel des Precipitation(1981-2000) 600 Beni tadjit Aghbalou Assoul 500 Ait hani Amellagou Errachidia Aoufous Boudnib 400 Goulmima Tinejdad Tadghoust Mellaab 300 Bouanane mm Erfoud Rissani Jorf F - 6 200 Merzougha Alnif

100

0 81/82 82/83 83/84 84/85 85/86 86/87 87/88 88/89 89/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.2.3 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Rainfall Fluctuation in the Study Area for recent 20 years Japan International Cooperation Agency

Groundwater LevelPiézométrie Record (Bassin (River Guir: BasinGourrama Guir: ～Boudenib) Goulmima - Boudenib) 0

10 547/39 596/39 12 553/39 992/48 14 952/48 941/48

Profondeur de la nappe pheréatique (m) 16 49/49

18 Groundwater Level from Ground Surface (m) Ground Level from Groundwater 20 1973 Jan 1974 Jan 1975 Jan 1976 Jan 1977 Jan 1978 Jan 1979 Jan 1980 Jan 1981 Jan 1982 Jan 1983 Jan 1984 Jan 1985 Jan 1986 Jan 1987 Jan 1988 Jan 1989 Jan 1990 Jan 1991 Jan 1992 Jan 1993 Jan 1994 Jan 1995 Jan 1996 Jan 1997 Jan 1998 Jan 1999 Jan 2000 Jan 2001 Jan 2002 Jan 2003 Jan (Date)

Groundwater Level Record (River Basin Todrha: Tinejdad/Tourong and El Kebir) Piézométrie (Bassin Todrha-Ferkla: Tinejdad, Mellab/Touroug, et El Kebir) 0

1357/56 15 1358/56 1360/56 1361/56 1363/56 Profondeur de la nappe phréatique (m) 1368/56 1373/56 20 1445/56 1476/56 1485/56 1510/56 Groundwater Level from Ground Surface (m) Ground Level from Groundwater 25 74 Jan 75 Jan 76 Jan 77 Jan 78 Jan 79 Jan 80 Jan 81 Jan 82 Jan 83 Jan 84 Jan 85 Jan 86 Jan 87 Jan 88 Jan 89 Jan 90 Jan 91 Jan 92 Jan 93 Jan 94 Jan 95 Jan 96 Jan (Date)

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.2.4 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Groundwater Level Record (1) (Moving average for 12 months) Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 7

Groundwater LevelPiézométrie Record (Bassin (River Gheris: Basin Goulmima, Gheris: Tilouine, Goulmima et Tarda) , Tilouine and Todrha) 0

15 670/47 678/47 663/47 20 691/47 764/47 Profondeur de la nappe pheréatique (m) 25

Groundwater Level from Ground Surface (m) Ground Level from Groundwater 30 1974 Jan 1975 Jan 1976 Jan 1977 Jan 1978 Jan 1979 Jan 1980 Jan 1981 Jan 1982 Jan 1983 Jan 1984 Jan 1985 Jan 1986 Jan 1987 Jan 1988 Jan 1989 Jan 1990 Jan 1991 Jan 1992 Jan 1993 Jan 1994 Jan 1995 Jan 1996 Jan 1997 Jan 1998 Jan 1999 Jan 2000 Jan 2001 Jan 2002 Jan 2003 Jan (Date)

Groundwater Level Record (River Basin Gheris: Fezna, Jorf, Bouya/Krair and Hannabou)) Piézométrie (Bassin Gheris: Fezna, Jorf, Bouia/Krair, et Hannabou) 0

10 1028/57 3628/57 3630/57 1029/57 15 1048/57

Profondeur de la nappe phréatique (m) 20 Groundwater Level from Ground Surface (m) Ground Level from Groundwater

25 1974 Jan 1975 Jan 1976 Jan 1977 Jan 1978 Jan 1979 Jan 1980 Jan 1981 Jan 1982 Jan 1983 Jan 1984 Jan 1985 Jan 1986 Jan 1987 Jan 1988 Jan 1989 Jan 1990 Jan 1991 Jan 1992 Jan 1993 Jan 1994 Jan 1995 Jan 1996 Jan 1997 Jan 1998 Jan 1999 Jan 2000 Jan 2001 Jan 2002 Jan 2003 Jan

(Date)

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.2.5 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Groundwater Level Record (2) (Moving average for 12 months) Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 8

Groundwater Level Record (River Basin Ziz: Rich, Errachidia, Meski and Aoufous) Piézométrie (Bassin Ziz: Rich, Errachidia, Meski, et Aoufous)

15 597/39 498/39 587/39 20 1195/48 29/48 25 98/48 1511/48 Profondeur de la nappe phréatique (m) 1204/48 30 581/48 1210/48

Groundwater Level from Ground Surface (m) Ground Level from Groundwater 35 1980 Jan 1981 Jan 1982 Jan 1983 Jan 1984 Jan 1985 Jan 1986 Jan 1987 Jan 1988 Jan 1989 Jan 1990 Jan 1991 Jan 1992 Jan 1993 Jan 1994 Jan 1995 Jan 1996 Jan 1997 Jan 1998 Jan 1999 Jan 2000 Jan 2001 Jan 2002 Jan 2003 Jan (Date)

Groundwater LevelPiézométrie Record (Bassin (River Gheris etBasin Ziz {Tafilalet Gher isands.s.}: Siffa, Ziz: Oulad Sifa, Zohras, Oulad et Rissani) Zohras and Rissani) 0

5 525/57 1038/57 3254/57 3107/57 10 2379/57 3669/57 3640/57 3659/57 15 3666/57 3887/57

Profondeur de la nappe phréatique (m) 20 Groundwater Level from Ground Surface (m) Ground Level from Groundwater

25 1980 Jan 1981 Jan 1982 Jan 1983 Jan 1984 Jan 1985 Jan 1986 Jan 1987 Jan 1988 Jan 1989 Jan 1990 Jan 1991 Jan 1992 Jan 1993 Jan 1994 Jan 1995 Jan 1996 Jan 1997 Jan 1998 Jan 1999 Jan 2000 Jan 2001 Jan 2002 Jan 2003 Jan

(Date)

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.2.6 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Groundwater Level Record (3) (Moving average for 12 months) Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 9

Groundwater Level Record (Pump Stations in Zone D) Piézométrie (Zone D) 0

Hannabou 10 Bin Jbilet (Boiya) Ouled Ghanem Ouled Ghanem El Achouria Laksibat 15 El Ghafouli El Ghouard Oled Cherki

20 Profondeur de la nappe phréatique (m)

25 Groundwater Level from Ground Surface (m) Ground Level from Groundwater

30 Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97(Date) Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03

Groundwater Level RecordPiézométrie (Pump (Zone E&F)Stations in Zone E and F) 0

Ksar Guiouaz Ksar Jbil 10 Z. Rmal ChorfBahaj Tabouassamet Tinaghras Sidi Boubker 15 Grinfoud Abadou Zet Sidi Ali Dar My Talet Amar a 20 Graoua

Profondeur de la nappe phréatique (m) Ksar Jdid Zet Taboubakkarte Ksar Ammar

25 Groundwater Level from Ground Surface (m) Ground Level from Groundwater

30 J-93 J-94 J-95 J-96 J-97(Date) J-98 J-99 J-00 J-01 J-02 J-03

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.2.7 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Groundwater Records observed at Pump Stations Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 10

Guir river (2 370 km2) Ait Aissa River (7 070 km2) 58.3 Mm3/year 130.3 Mm3/year

Upstream of Guir 7.8 Midstream of Ait Aissa 8.3 +Rhez

IRR = 555 ha IRR = 525 ha Bour = 237 ha Bour = 326 ha Cons = 9800 m3/ha IRR = 555 ha Cons = 9800 m3/ha

5.5 Midstream of Ait Aissa 12 Midstream of Guir Zelmou (3690 Km 22.4km3/year IRR = 640 ha TRR = 934 ha Bour = 270 ha Bour = 326 ha Cons = 6030 m3/ha Cons = 9800 m3/ha

Groundwater: 34 Tazouguert 45 Mm3 Beni Yatti 110 km3/ year 15.8 3.5 Downstream of Guir Downstream of Ait Aissa

IRR = 327 ha Zelmou 3.4 IRR = 540 ha Bour = 47 ha Bour = 65 ha Cons = 9350 m3/ha IRR = 390 ha Cons = 24.6 Mm3 Bour = 170 ha Cons = 6000 m3/ha

3 Evaporation = 22.5 Mm Ain Chouater Ks Hajoui 1.7 19 IRR = 77ha Bour = 204 ha 153 Mm3 Cons = 6000 m3/ha

IRR = Irrigation area by perennial flow

BOUR = Irrigation area by floods

CONS = Irrigation water requirement

= Hydrolic observation stations

Figure 3.3.1 The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Water Resources Balance

Japan International Cooperation Agency (Guir-Bouanane river basins)

F - 11

TODRHA RHERIS ZIZ FERKLA (3.4 + 18) (155 + 68) (39.9 + 21.4) 44.4 Mm3/year 223 Mm3/year 61.3Mm3/year

25.9 Groundwater

21.4 Upstream 18 Tineghir of Rheris Evap 20 BV. cpl Hassan 20 Mm3/year Addakhil Groundwater Source 16.5 16.2 Meski 25 4.9 Tinjdad Tadighouste 6.9 Ferkla Goulmima

36.7 23.5 36 Midstream of 25 Ziz 3.2 2.4 Infiltration et Evap. Groundwater 5.6 20 El Borouj

Groundwater 21.1 20 (déversés)

11.4 11.4 Tafilalet Fezna Jorf 40

26.1 Mm 3/year

Resource: Surface water : 349 Mm 3/year Subsurface water : 140 Mm 3/year Total : 489 Mm 3/year

Water use : 417 Mm 3/year

Evaporation : 26 Mm 3/year Flood used in downstream : 24 Mm 3/year

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.3.2 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Water Resources Balance Japan International Cooperation Agency (Ziz-Gheris river basins)

F - 12

ASSOUL

RICH AIT HANI

AGHBALOU

TADIGHOUST TINEGHIR TIMKIT

IFEGH BARRAGE HASSAN JBEL ASSIGNANE TAZOUGHMIT ADDAKHIL OAKHLIM MEZLAHAT GOULMIMA ERRACHIDIA GHELLIL AIT LABZEM CHTAM OUAKKA RAS SDAF FIRFIRA

13 F - MEROUTCHA TINJDAD BAAKRAM 3m3/s MELAB TILIOUINE AOUFOUS AOUFOUS

EL GUEFIFAT TOUROUG SIDI MEJBAR DCUIRA EL GARA LegendLEGENDE LAHMIDA EXISTANTStorage STOCKAGEdam (Existing) BARRAGE EXISTANT DERIVATION BARRAGE Diversion weir (Existing) EL BOROUJ MY.BRAHIM 3 DERIVATIONDiversion weirBARRAGE (Proposed) RETENU 50m /s MOUNGARA STOCKAGEStorage dam BARRAGE (Proposed) RETENU MHARZA 2m3/s ERFOUD BARRAGESmall dam/diversion COLLINAIRE weir

LAC MERZOUGA

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.3.3 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Location Map of Diversion Facilities in in the Kingdom of Marocco Gheris - Ziz River Basins Japan International Cooperation Agency TIOUZACUINE

INSLI TAGHIT KHBNG GUIR IMIDRE TALSINT GOURRAMA AIT HADDOU

AIT BOU BEKER

TOULAL TAGHANAMIT

ACHIR ZIDALLAH

MELLAH BENI TADJIT KADOUSSA

TAZOUGUERT KHENG-GROU BENI BASSIA NAAM

JBEL LAKHAL 14 F - BOUDENIB

GHABA BOUANANE SAHLI

DOUISS

AIN CHOUATER

LEGENDELegend EXISTANTStorage STOCKAGE dam (Existing) BARRAGE EXISTANT DERIVATION BARRAGE Diversion weir (Existing) DERIVATION BARRAGE RETENU The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.3.4 Diversion weir (Proposed) in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Location Map of Diversion Facilities in STOCKAGEStorage BARRAGE dam (Proposed) RETENU in the Kingdom of Marocco BARRAGESmall COLLINAIRE dam/diversion weir Guir River Basins Japan International Cooperation Agency Location Map of Communal Pump Stations (PDRT Program)

ERRACHIDIA 22 14 8 RICH 12 11 1 ERFOUD 4 3 1 RISSANI 3 3 0 PUITS (Wells with depth of 20 to 50 m) GOULMIMA 7 5 2 ASSOUL 10 5 5 IMILCHIL 1 1 0 FORAGE (Wells with depth of 50 m or more) BENI TADJIT 7 6 1

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.3.5 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Location Map of Communal Pump Stations by ORMVA/TF Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 15

Mother well

Vertical shafts

Gallery

Outlet of gallery

Village Farmland Regulating pond/tank F - 17 Groundwater surface

Rock foundation (Unpermeable layer) Aquifers

Recharge and yield Water conveyance zone Water conveyance zone Intake zone of domestic Intake zone of zone (Gallery) (Open channel) water irrigation water

① ② ③ ④ ⑤

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.4.1 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Schematic Diagram of Khettara in the Kingdom of Marocco Japan International Cooperation Agency

Fig. 1 Gallery with no protection Fig. 2. Protection of shafts with brick, masonry and gallery section

Fig. 3 Protection of shafts with brick, masonry and Fig. 4 Protection of shafts with brick, masonry and gallery section with semi-circle concrete gallery section with concrete (all section) conduits

Fig. 5 Protection of shafts with brick, masonry and Fig. 5 Protection gallery section with concrete gallery section with concrete (pre-fabricated) (pre-fabricated)

Source: PROJECT DE REHABILITATION DES KHETTARAS DANS LE TAFILALET

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.4.2 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Typical Section of Khettara

Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 18

F - 16

Q=0 0

Note: Khettaras with their discharge is 5.0 lit/sec or more are not plotted in the figure.

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.3.6 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Discharge of Khettaras（Q<5lit/sec） Japan International Cooperation Agency

45 DébitKhettara de laDischarge Khettara(lit/sec) (lit/sec) 1.0 KhettaraDébit de Discharge Khettara(lit/sec/ha) (lit/sec/ha) 40 0.9 0.8 35 0.7 30 ）

） 0.6 25 0.5 lit/sec

（ 20 lit/sec/ha （

Q 0.4

15 Q 0.3 10 0.2 5 0.1 0 0.0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Irrigable Are (ha) Superficie irrigation par Khattera (ha) Superficie Irrigableirrigation Are par (ha) Khattera (ha)

F - 19 40-45 1 0.90- 35-40 0 0.80-0.90 8 30-35 0 0.70-0.80 6 0.60-0.70 8 ） 25-30 0 27 20-25 8 0.50-0.60 lit/sec

（ 0.40-0.50 6 lit/sec/ha) （ Q 15-20 12

Q 0.30-0.40 22 10-15 15 0.20-0.30 20 5-10 40 0.10-0.20 18 0-5 115 0-0.1 45 0 20406080100120140 0 1020304050 NombreNumber de of la Khettara Khettara NombreNumber de of laKhettara Khettara

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.4.3 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Distribution of Khettara Discharge

Japan International Cooperation Agency The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project 15, 16 Dam P in Semi-Arid in Rehabilitation Khettara with Regions Atlas P 12, 13 Beni-Tadjit P Pump station Rich

Province of Figuig

Japan International Cooperation Agency Conduits

in the Kingdom of Morocco of Morocco the Kingdom in 14 P Hassan Addakhill Dam Bouanane Boudenib P 1-4 Errachidia P 5 Ain Chouater P 17

Gulmima 9 P P 8,11 P P 6 F - 20 10 Mellabou FeznaP 7 Jorf

Tinejdad Monkara Erfoud Hannabou 0 20 40 60 80km Province of Location Map of Pump Station and Conduits Figure 3.7.1 Ouarzazate Sifa Network Rissani

M’sissi （ ONEP Alnif Merzouga

）

Legend Toauz Boundary of catchment area City, village Errachidia

Khettara

Province of Errachidia The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project National Road

Semi-Arid in Rehabilitation Khettara with Regions Atlas Beni-Tadjit Regional Road Rich

Province of Figuig Japan International Cooperation Agency Rural Road

in the Kingdom of Morocco of Morocco the Kingdom in

Hassan Addakhill Dam Bouanane Boudenib

Errachidia Ain Chouater

Gulmima

F - 21 Mellabou Fezna Jorf

Tinejdad Monkara Erfoud Hannabou 0 20 40 60 80km Province of Ouarzazate Sifa Figure 3.7.2

Road Netweks in Errachidia Province Province Errachidia Netweks in Road Rissani

M’sissi

Alnif Merzouga

Legend Toauz Boundary of catchment area City, village Errachidia Khettara Province of Errachidia

CMV Jorf

Khettara Association Union （Khettara 59 number. Association member：9 member）

Khettara Khettara Khettara Khettara Khettara Association Khettara Association Association Association Association Association (24) (10) (4) (8) (1) (1)

・・・・・・Traditional Water Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Traditional Water Usre's Group Water Traditional Traditional Water Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Traditional Water Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Traditional Water Usre's Group Water Traditional Traditional Water Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Traditional Water Usre's Group Water Traditional

Ksar Lhayen, Oulad brika, Taraa, Ksar Monkara Ksar Hannabou Ksar Oulad jellal, Ksiba, Gfifat Oulad ghanem, Oulad mbarek

Value in the parenthesis（）indicates number of khettara and trad itional water users association included in the khettara Traditional Water Users' groups and Khettara Associations in Jorf Area

CMV Tinejdad

Khettara Association （Khettara 26 number）

Khettara Association (4)

・・・・・・Traditional Water Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional Usre's Group Water Traditional

Ksar Ait Ben Omar Ksar Ksiba All Khettara Ksars in Tinejdad Area ( in Rural Commune of Ferkla Soufla)

Traditional Water Users' groups and Khettara Associations in Tinejdad Area

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Fgure 3.8.1 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Framework of Khettara Association

Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 22 Siege Direction

Secretariat Bureau d'ordre

Service Service Serice Planification Service Gestion Service Production Service Equipement Vulgarisation et Service d'elevage Administrative et Service du Materiel et Programme Reseau d'Irrigation Agricole organisation Financier

Bureau Burea de Bureau du Parc Bureau d'Etude et Bureau d'Etude Bureau Production Bureau Formation Bureau Programme d'Exploitation Vulgarisation et Automobile et du Topographie Agro Animale Continue Reseau A/V Mat.Agricole

Bureau Travaux Amelioration Bureau du Bureau Bureau Entretien Bureau Action Bureau protection Bureau Budget d'Equipement Bureau structures Personnel et des Approvisionnement Reseau Agricole Animale Hydro-agricole foncieres Oeuvres Socials et Inventaire Bureau Technique Bureau Bureau Suivi Bureau Bureau Gestion Sub-division Bureau Entretien d'Irrigation et du Organisation Evaluation Amenagement Rural CMV d'Elevage des Immeubles Drainage Professionnelle et

Bureau Subdivision Subdivision de Bureau Formation et Bureau Moyens Centre d'Elevage Informatique d'Equipement GRID Perfectionnement Ge n e rau x

F - 23 Bureau Juridique Bureau des Bureau Gestion et Marches CMV Domaniat

Subdivis ion Subdivision du Bureau Comptable Agricole Materiel

C.M.V

Office regional

Coordonateur

5 Subdivision

Ges t io n Equipement Vulgarisation Elevage Machenerie d'Irrigation 22 Centre CM V: Cen t re d e mis e en Valeu r CE: Centre de elevage C.M.V C.M.V C.M.V C.E C.M.V

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.9.1 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Organization Chart of ORMVA/TF in the Kingdom of Marocco Japan International Cooperation Agency

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 3.9.2 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Location Map of ORMVA/TF Offices

Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 24

Beni-Tadjit Rich Province of Figuig

Boudenib area

Bouanane Boudenib Tinejdad area Errachidia Ain Chouater

Gulmima

Monkara, Hannabou areas

25 F - Azag Mellaabo Fezna Jorf Tinejdad Monkara Erfoud Hannabou 0 20 40 60 80km Province de Rissani area Ouarzazate Sifa Rissani Taormart M’sissi (12)

Alnif Merzouga

Legende Toauz Boundary of river basin Villages Errachidia Alnif area Khettara Province of Errachidia

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 6.2.1 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Location Map of Khettara Sites for the in the Kingdom of Marocco Verification Study Japan International Cooperation Agency Social Capitals (S.C) are generally classified into 2 groups. The first group is composed with “Structural S.C” and “Cognitive S.C”. In this classification, existence of organization and formal institution is identified as “Structural S.C”, and existence of un-formal institutions which affect people’s psychological attitude such as social norm and self-esteem is recognized as “Cognitive S.C”. In this case, written institution of administrative supporting for poor community is categorized as “Structural S.C”, and unwritten rules, norms and self-esteem are categorized as “Cognitive S.C”. On the other hand, in second classification, factors which tighten cooperating attitude inside a community or group are identified as “Bonding S.C”, and factors strengthening relationship with outside organizations and formal institutions are recognized as “Bridging S.C”. In this case, establishment of people’s organization and originate cooperative works inside a community are categorized as formulation and strengthen of “Bonding S.C”, then expansion on provision of information and administrative assistance to a community are categorized as “Bridging S.C”. These classifications of Social Capital are summarized on the following table and figure. Social Capital (S.C) Concept Example Structural S.C Existence of organization and Community organization, written institution institutions of governmental supports

Group 1 Cognitive S.C Social norm, self-esteem Unwritten rural, norm, self-esteem Bonding S.C Factors tightening cooperative works Establishment of people’s organization, inside a community or group strengthening cooperative works Bridging S.C Factors strengthening cooperation Expansion on provision of information to Group 2 between organizations and institutions people by administrative organizations

Central Government

Laws and Institutions (Structural S.C)

Governmental Assistance

Bridging (S.C) Planning, Social norm, Self-esteem Organization and Institutions B udget (Cognitive S.C) (Structural S.C)

Community organization, Information Cooperation (B onding S.C)

Bridging (S.C) Change in attitude (Cognitive S.C) Application for Change in attitude assistance (Cognitive S.C)

Community (Group) Regional Administration

Classification of Social Capitals

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 6.5.1 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation

in the Kingdom of Marocco Classification and General Concept of Japan International Cooperation Agency Social Capital

F - 26 【Reduction of water source】 Proposed Components in the Master Plan Remarks Rainfall has decreased since 1980s, and surface water and recharge amount have affected, especially recent 5 years.

Control of pumpage Although illegal pumpage was regulated Capacity building 【Capacity building】ORMVA/TF ・ Capacity building for of ORMVA/TF ・ Project monitoring and evaluation 【Increase of pumpage】 with law in 1995, it was not practicably monitoring and evaluation （review of Master plan） Excessive pumpage beyond recharge amount control pumpage due to severe drought. ・Establishing networks has reduced groundwater. 【Abandonment of khettara maintenance】・Knowledge management 【Decrease of agricultural production】 Khettara itself has been abandoned due to

Agricultural productivity has decreased poor maintenance Increase of 【Khettara rehabilitation】ORMVA/TF ・ Effective cost allocation 【Decline of groundwater table】 due to water shortage by drought ・More burden to farmers water source ・Rehabilitation of khettaras for khettara rehabilitation ・ Khettara discharge has recreased due to ・Forcing labor + Construction of washing place works excessive pumpage beyound recharge 【Poor maintenance of khettaras】【Lowering of water use efficiency】

amount. Khettara discharge has further decreased Water use efficiency has lowered because 【Rehabilitation of irrigation system】・ Technical transfer for owing to poor maintenance of khettaras of aging of farmers, excessive labor ORMVA/TF water saving irrigation

associated with lower farm income. ・Rehabilitation of irrigation canal method ・Water saving system development 【Increase of pumping cost】 Excessively large pumping amount lowered groundwater 【Population movement to urban area】【Recharge facilities planning】・ Data collection of meteoro, level. Increase of pumping cost induced lower farm Farmers have moved to urban area ・Groundwater recharge hydro- geological income. because of lower farm income. information

Water resources 【Farming】ORMVA/TF ・ Diffusion of farming Irrigation, water use Farming. water use 100 100 ・ Cultivation of high value crops skills practicable in ① 【Decrease of farm income】・ Instruction of water saving irrigation local ② 【Farmland devastation】 Agricultural productivity has reduced method and technical support Farmland has devastated with due to aging of farmers and shortage of abandonment of farming labor supply. Farming and Strengthening of 【Organization strengthening】・ Sense of solidarity of

Desertification extension service farmers' organizations ・ Training of associations farmers' organizations 0 (Farmland devastation) 100 100 ・ Establishing associations and 【】 Environment ③ Lack of irrigation technique training Knowledge and experience on water saving irrigation are insufficient. ・ Market research Income generation 【 Post harvest, animal breeding 】 activities ORMVA/TF considering demand and ・Animal breeding supply balanve 100 100 Rural ・Processing of farm product ・ Introduction of income infrastructures Farmers' ・Apiculture, poultry farming generation organizations 【Potable water supply】ONEP Water supply system is planned to cover 【Education】Provincial office Prevention of 【Afforestation】・ Adaptability to arid 97 % service area by 2015. Provincial office continues to provide farmland devastation ・ Planting ・ Prevention of farmland devastation area 【Electrification】ONE educational system and facilities 【Malfunction of Farmers' organizations】 Power supply is extended further 111 areas 【Facilities for health】Provincial office Since farmers' groups were not registered to the by 2005. Rural health clinics (21 clinics) were government, financial support by the government was not provided to them. 【Roads】Provincial office constructed by 2004. Provincial office continues construction of 【Shortage of information】 roads Information on governmental support system was 【System of Agriculture Credit】The National Agricultural not spread to the farmers' organizations. Credit Bank (CNCA)

Farmers' income generation activities are also in Implementation of micro finance system for farmers. Flow of vicious cycle which prevent sound growth of slackening. economy of the rural communities. Figure 7.3.1 Present Constraints for Rural Development and Development Formulation of the Master Plan

F - 27 Phase of planning and verification Phase of the project implementation and planning Phase of the project implementation and Phase of water resources development and of integral water resources development (5 years) recharge facilities construction (5 years) development of rural communities (10 years)

Step 1: Elaborate the plans of khettaras rehabilitation, develop the farmers' Step 2:： Begin the khettaras rehabilitation works, Step 3: Proceed with the khettaras and irrigation canal Step 4: Proceed with the rehabilitation of organizations, improve irrigation (especially water saving systems), develop the farmers organizations, rehabilitation projects, the development of the khettaras, the development of the farmers improve agriculture practices, and implement the verification study. improve irrigation and agriculture farmers organizations, improvement of the organizations and improvement of the Implement the monitoring and evaluation within the verification in practices. After having confirmed/revised irrigation and agriculture practices. Launch the agriculture irrigation. Proceed with the construction of the recharge facilities and realization of the recharge facilities and order to establish the plans taking into account obtained results. the results of the studies related to the Collect data and necessary information for the establishment of the preservation of the underground waters, small-scale retention basin in the conformity with small-scale retention facilities in shows components during plans of the environmental protection such as development of the we will elaborate the plan for the the plan of the water resources development. conformity with the water resources the Verification study. underground water resources, preservation of the underground water environmental protection of for the Launch the program of the use of collective development plan, especially for the resources and fighting against the desertification. underground waters concentrated in the pumps in the sectors which obtained the benefit of the zones with the khettaras with recharge facilities for the underground significant results for the level of the groundwater small or not discharge waters of the Study area. recharge.

Khettara rehabilitation Khettara rehabilitation (inventory survey for pump) (continue) plan Khettara rehabilitation Khettara rehabilitation (for 191 productive khettaras) Khettara rehabilitation for 219 re-productive khettaras (leakage, urgency)

Farming, extension Cropping, production Cultivation of vegetables and high value crops Post harvest Post harvest Marketing services Marketing Land preparation Verification study Land preparation Farm skills Water saving irrigation with khettara water Water saving irrigation Farm skill transfer and marketing to farmers Seed variety introduction Seed variety introduction Canal rehabilitation Irrigation, water use Water management based on water saving irrigation Installation of communal pump systems Water use plan Control of pumpage (existing pump stations) Installation of communal pump systems

Strengthening of farmers' System managing Registration of traditional water users' groups nand Registration of traditional water users' groups, strengthening of farmers' groups strengthening of farmers' organizations organizations Training of groups Verification study for credit service Credit (continue)

Groundwater use Groundwater recharge Investigation on water resources Investigation and analysis on groundwater conservation, Construction of facilities for groundwater recharge and surface water storage Afforestation Prevention from farmland devastation Preparation of water resource development and environmental Environmental conservation cpnservation plan Public heath and hygiene Data collection Study and construction of recharge facilities Construction of recharge facilities (continue)

Planting Planting (150 ha around farmlands) Planting in recharge areas of khettaras, prevention from farmland devastation

Income generation Vegetable cultivation, Income generation activities including women development, such as vegetable cultivation, animal breeding, small scale industry, processing of farm products. animal breeding, food activities processing

Project benefits Selection of sites (+) Benefits by groundwater recharge and communal pump systems With project condition Selection guideline (1)Potential for public welfare ・Diffusion and effects Benefits by khettara and irrigation canal rehabilitation ・Groundwater potential ・Present condition ・Farming and land use ・Maintenance conditions Present (2) Government policy condition (3) Urgency and BHNs (4) Benefits from environmental and social aspects Without project condition

(2) ORMVA/TF policy Short Term Intermediate Term Long Term ・ Increase of flow (－) ・ Request from farmers ・ Equity, fairness Verification study 5 years from 2005, (191 productive khettaras) 5 years from 2010 (191 khettaras) Long term 10 yeras from 2015 (219 re-productive khettaras) ・ Association activities ・ Poverty alleviation Khettara selection Equity BHNs Benefits Benefits Benefits Recharge effects are confirmed

Figure 7.3.2 Phasing Development of Khettara Rehabilitation and Rural Community Development Project F - 28

Extension of gallery

Increase rate of the discharge by extension of the gallery depends on elevation between gallery base and groundwater surface. Increase discharge ⊿Q is roughly calculated by following equation. Incremental discharge depends on the length L3 that varies by groundwater surface elevation. L ∆Q = 2 × Q L3 In the case groundwater surface exists near the mother well, small extension of the gallery results in large increase of the yield.

⊿Q Q

L3 L4

L2 L1

Widening of mother well

In general, following equation expresses inflow discharge into the well. When permeable layer exists near the mother well, widening of well results in increase of yield. 2 2 πk H −h  Vertical shafts  0  Q=    R  Mother well 2.3×log10    r0  2ro

k:Hydralic gradient

t H ho Groundwater Gallery

R Masonry, etc

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.5.1 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Schematic Diagram for Khettara in the Kingdom of Marocco Rehabilitation（1/5） Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 29

Leakage loss reduction with lining

Adequate leakage loss is observed in the section groundwater level is lower the gallery base. Canal lining is most effective to reduce leakage loss.

Groundwater surface

Leakage loss

Sand, gravel layer

Leakage to ground Re-profiling of gallery

When groundwater surface situates above gallery base by re-profiling of the galley, yield volume increases corresponding to its length. (In case present longitudinal slope of the gallery is gentle, incremental discharge is limited. )

Groundwater surface

Change of longitudinal slope by re-profiling of the gallery increases yield.

Groundwater surface

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Figure 7.5.1 in the Kingdom of Marocco Schematic Diagram for Khettara Rehabilitation（2/5） Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 30 Protection of gallery wall to prevent from wall collapse

Steel support, concrete culvert prevents from sediment deposits in the gallery. It is most effective remedy to reduce labor requirement for the maintenance work. Internal section of width 0.6 m, height 1.2 - 1.5m is recommendable for maintenance work.

Gallery wall

Concrete culvert

Sand and gravel layer

Concrete support Gallery wall

Concrete support

Sand and gravel layer

Sediment trap pit installation of sediment trap pit increase labor requirement for a removal of sediment in the gallery.

Sediment removal from vertical shafts

Vertical shafts

Sediment trap pit

F - 31

Prevention of gallery wall collapse

Sheet pile wall, steel support, mortar spreading are effective to prevent gallery wall from collapse. It reduces laborious maintenance work.

Steel support Gallery wall Sand and gravel layer

Sheet pile Mortar spreading (Concrete, wood)

Sand and gravel layer

Protection of vertical shafts from sand material flow into the gallery

Extension of the vertical shafts, installation of cover, shaft protection are available to prevent sand materials from flow into the gallery, and it reduces laborious maintenance work.

Installation of shaft cover Protection of shaft wall

Vertical shafts

Extension

of vertical

shafts

Protection of shaft wall

F - 32

Khettara protection against flood damages

Flood protection dike, river revetment spur dike are effective to protect the khettara gallery and shaft from flood damages. It reduces laborious maintenance work.

Flood protection dike

Flood Vertical shafts

Gallery

Improvement for public health and hygiene

Concrete culvert and conduit are effective to prevent waste water from flow into the gallery. It is recommended to improve water quality from public health and hygiene viewpoints.

Waste water Concrete culvert

Concrete conduits The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.5.1 in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Schematic Diagram for Khettara in the Kingdom of Marocco Rehabilitation（5/5） Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 33

F - 34

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.5.2 (1) in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Rehabilitation Plan (1/2) Japan International Cooperation Agency

F- 35

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.5.2 (2) in Semi-Arid Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Marocco Rehabilitation Plan (2/2) Japan International Cooperation Agency

Dischrage Longueur de la khettara et pertes（Debit 5～10 No. Length Upstream Downstream Leakage Longueur de la khettara et pertes lit/sec） (m) (lit/sec) (lit/sec) (lit/sec) A74 600 5.3 6.6 1.3 14.0 9.0 D34 3,200 1.8 7.0 5.2 8.0 12.0 D31 3,500 5.6 26.3 20.7 7.0 D54 3,640 1.2 23.1 21.9 10.0 6.0 5.0 F38 1,500 0.7 2.5 1.8 8.0 y = 0.0014x G53 250 0.5 0.5 0.0 4.0 6.0 3.0 Pertes(l/s) G64 1,200 1.7 5.1 3.4 y = 0.0015x Pertes(l/s) G83 2,400 0.3 3.7 3.4 4.0 2.0 1.0 A74 660 0.5 1.3 0.8 2.0 0.0 D34 2,700 1.6 5.2 3.6 0.0 0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 D31 2,200 5.7 20.7 15.0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 D54 2,700 1.2 21.9 20.7 Longueur de la khettara (m) Longueur de la khettara (m) F38 2,200 1.8 1.8 0.0

F - 36 G53 800 0.0 0.0 0.0 G64 1000 1.4 3.4 2.0 Longueur de la khettara et pertes（Debit >10lit/sec） Longueur de la khettara et pertes（Debit <5lit/sec) G83 2,600 3.4 3.4 0.0 A106 500 0.2 2.6 2.4 14.0 9.0 B17 850 3.5 24.2 20.7 8.0 12.0 C2 1,220 6.5 26.9 20.4 7.0 C6 1,400 4.0 21.6 17.6 10.0 6.0 D47 2,970 11.8 19.6 7.8 8.0 5.0 D58 3,500 10.9 35.8 24.9 y = 0.0019x 4.0 6.0

D64 3,400 6.0 11.0 5.0 Pertes(l/s)

Pertes(l/s) 3.0 y = 0.0007x E15 2,300 7.0 7.0 0.0 4.0 2.0 E8 2,024 0.7 40.0 39.3 2.0 1.0 F24 3,700 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 G4 1,700 1.1 2.6 1.5 0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 G63 600 0.4 1.4 1.0 Longueur de la khet t ara (m) Longueur de la khettara (m) G87 2,060 2.7 8.9 6.2

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project in Semi-Arid East Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Figure 7.5.3 (1) in the Kingdom of Morocco Leakage Loss (Discharge: June 2003) Japan International Cooperation Agency

Dischrage Longueur de la khet t ara et pert es（Debit 5～10 lit/sec） No. Length Upstream Downstream Leakage Longueur de la khettara et pertes (m) (lit/sec) (lit/sec) (lit/sec) A41 1,400 1.4 14.0 12.6 9.0 9.0 A50 484 3.1 10.5 7.5 8.0 8.0 A74 660 1.1 8.5 7.4 7.0 7.0 A106 500 1.4 4.4 2.9 6.0 6.0 y = 0.0014x y = 0.0015x C2 1,220 2.8 19.2 16.4 5.0 5.0 C6 1,400 3.5 23.8 20.3 4.0 4.0 Pertes(l/s)

D34 3,200 2.4 3.5 1.1 Pertes(l/s) 3.0 3.0 D34 1,350 1.1 1.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 D31 3,500 2.2 19.7 17.5 1.0 1.0 D31 2,200 1.0 17.5 16.5 0.0 0.0 D47 1,485 2.9 9.7 6.8 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 D54 1,820 4.4 27.4 23.1 Longueur de la khet tara (m) D54 1,350 1.5 23.1 21.6 Longueur de la khettara (m)

F - 37 D58 3500 6.1 29.0 22.9 D64 1,550 4.4 14.2 9.7 Longueur de la khettara et pertes（Debit >10lit/sec） Longueur de la khettara et pertes（Debit <5lit/sec) D64 3,400 3.7 9.7 6.1 E14 2,000 3.0 52.2 49.1 9.0 9.0 E15 1,125 5.3 5.3 0.0 8.0 y = 0.0023x 8.0 F24 3,700 1.7 1.7 0.0 7.0 7.0 F38 750 0.9 3.6 2.8 6.0 6.0 G4 850 2.7 6.7 4.0 5.0 5.0 G53 2200 2.62 5.22 2.6 4.0 4.0

G63 600 5.01 10.56 5.55 Pertes(l/s) 3.0 Pertes(l/s) 3.0 y = 0.0008x G83 2400 8.37 13.04 4.67 2.0 2.0 G83 1300 4.67 4.67 0 1.0 1.0 G87 1030 4.27 23.95 19.68 0.0 0.0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Longueur de la khet t ara (m) Longueur de la khet t ara (m)

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project in Semi-Arid East Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Figure 7.5.3 (2) in the Kingdom of Morocco Leakage Loss (Discharge: September 2003) Japan International Cooperation Agency

Longueur de la khettara et pertes（Debit 5～10 Dischrage Longueur de la khettara et pertes lit/sec） No. Length Upstream Downstream Leakage (m) (lit/sec) (lit/sec) (lit/sec) 7.0 9.0 A11 225 1.2 3.7 2.5 y = 0.0018x 6.0 8.0 A50 608 0.7 6.3 5.6 7.0 A74 660 0.6 18.3 17.7 5.0 6.0 A106 500 2.3 9.5 7.2 4.0 5.0 A113 500 4.4 22.3 17.9 3.0 4.0 B6 350 1.6 8.2 6.6 Pertes(l/s) Pertes(l/s) 3.0 C2 1,220 6.5 33.0 26.5 2.0 2.0 y = 0.0033x C6 1,400 2.9 24.4 21.5 1.0 1.0 D34 2,700 5.7 12.9 7.2 D47 2,970 4.0 15.6 11.6 0.0 0.0 D47 1,485 2.4 11.6 9.2 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 0 200 400 600 800 D54 1,820 3.4 24.6 21.2 Longueur de la khet t ara (m) Longueur de la khettara (m) D54 2,700 2.2 21.2 19.0 F - 38 D58 1750 4.7 30.0 25.3 Longueur de la khettara et pertes（Debit >10lit/sec） Longueur de la khettara et pertes（Debit <5lit/sec) D64 3,400 5.6 10.7 5.1 E17 2,024 3.8 34.7 30.9 7.0 9 E16 1,734 2.5 17.3 14.8 6.0 y = 0.0018x 8 G55 300 3.9 12.3 8.4 7 G59 500 2.9 4.7 1.8 5.0 6 G53 600 2.5 9.9 7.4 4.0 5 G64 1,000 2.0 4.6 2.6 3.0 4 Pertes(l/s) Pertes(l/s) 3 2.0 y = 0.0029x 2 1.0 1 0.0 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 0 500 1000 1500 Longueur de la khet t ara (m) Longueur de la khet t ara (m)

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project in Semi-Arid East Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Figure 7.5.3 (3)

in the Kingdom of Morocco Leakage Loss (Discharge: February Japan International Cooperation Agency 2004)

10 A-11 June 2003 8 September 2003 6 February 2004

4 2

Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

30 A-41

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

30 A-50

0 Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 30 A-74

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

30 A-106

0 Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 (lit/sec) Discharge 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

30 A-113

0 Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Distance (m)

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.5.4 (1) in Semi-Arid East Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Discharge Measurement of 30 Khettaras in the Kingdom of Morocco Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 39 30 B-6 June 2003 September 2003 20 February 2004

(lit/sec) Discharge 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

40 B-17 30

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

40 C-2

Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 (lit/sec) Discharge 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

30 C-6

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

30 F-24

Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 (lit/sec) Discharge 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 30 F-38

Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Distance (m) The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.5.4 (2) in Semi-Arid East Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Discharge Measurement of 30 Khettaras in the Kingdom of Morocco Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 40

30 D-34 June 2003 20 September 2003 February 2004

(lit/sec) Discharge 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

30 D-37

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

30 D-47

10 Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

30 D-54

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

40 D-58 30

Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

30 D-64

10 Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Distance (m)

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.5.4 (3) in Semi-Arid East Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Discharge Measurement of 30 Khettaras in the Kingdom of Morocco Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 41

50 E-8 40 30

20 June 2003 10 September 2003

Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge February 2004 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

60 E-14 50 40

30 20 10 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

30 E-15

Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

30 E-16

10 Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Distance (m)

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.5.4 (4) in Semi-Arid East Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Discharge Measurement of 30 Khettaras in the Kingdom of Morocco

Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 42 30 G-4 June 2003 20 September 2003 February 2004 10

(lit/sec) Discharge 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

30 G-53 20

Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

30 G-55 20 10

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 (lit/sec) Discharge 30 G-59

10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

(lit/sec) Discharge

30 G-63 20

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

40 G-64 30 20 10

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 (lit/sec) Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 30 G-83

10 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge

30 G-87 20

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge Distance (m) The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.5.4 (5) in Semi-Arid East Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Discharge Measurement of 30 Khettaras in the Kingdom of Morocco

Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 43 60 Category 1

D-34 D-37 50 E-15 G-83

Discharge (lit/sec) Discharge 20

60 A-41 Category 2 A-50 A-74 50 A-106 B-17 40 C-2 C-6 D-47 30 D-54 D-58 (lit/sec) Discharge 20 D-64 E-14 E-16 10 F-24 F-38 G-4 0 G53

60 Category 3 A-11 50 A-113 B-6 E-8 40 G-55

(lit/sec) Discharge 20

0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 Distance (m)

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.5.5 in Semi-Arid East Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Discharge Distribution along the Gallery in the Kingdom of Morocco (in volume) Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 44 150% Category 1 140% D-34 130% D-37 120% E-15 110% G-83 100% 90% 80%

70%

(%) Discharge 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 150% A-41 Category 2 140% A-50 130% A-74 120% A-106 110% B-17

100% C-2 90% C-6

80% D-47 70% D-54

(%) Discharge 60% D-58 D-64 50% E-14 40% E-16 30% F-24 20% F-38 10% G-4 0% G53 150% Category 3 140% 130% 120% 110% 100% 90% A-11 80% A-113 70% B-6

Discharge (%) Discharge 60% E-8

50% G-55 40%

30% 20% 10% 0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% 120% Distance (%) The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.5.6 in Semi-Arid East Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation Discharge Distribution along the Gallery in the Kingdom of Morocco (in percentage) Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 45 Present（Average） Sept Oct Nov DécJanｖ Féｖｒ Marｓ Aｖr Mai Juin Juli Aout % Wheat(62%) 10 20 30 40 50 Vegetable+Beans(6%+3%) 60 Pasture(17%) 70 80 Tree crops(15%) 90 100

Wheat(62%) Water Reguirement (Present : Average) Vegetable(6%) Vegetable+Beans(3%) Pasture(17%) Tree crops(15%)

1,000

800

(m3/month/ha) 600

400

200

0 Jan Feb Oct July Mar Aug Nov Dec Sept May June April

Proposed（Average） Sept Oct Nov Déc Janｖ Féｖｒ Marｓ Aｖr Mai Juin Juli Aout % Wheat(51%) 10 20 30 Vegetable+Beans(14%+7%) 40 50 60 Pasture(14%) 70 80 Tree crops(21%) 90 100

Wheat(51%) Water Requirement (Proposed :Average) Vegetable(14%) Vegetable+Beans(7%) Pasture(14%) Tree crops(21%)

1,000 800 (m3/month/ha) 600 400

200

0 ｖｒ Juli Oct Avr Mai Juin Nov Déc Sept Janv Aout Fé Mars

The Development Study on Rural Community Development Project Figure 7.6.3 in Semi-Arid East Atlas Regions with Khettara Rehabilitation in the Kingdom of Morocco Water Requirement

Japan International Cooperation Agency

F - 46