International Journal of Middle East Studies

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES

Contributions and Editorial Correspondence titles in Roman alphabets (French, German, etc.) should follow the Submit article manuscripts as MS Word documents through capitalization rules of that particular language. English translations our ScholarOne online submissions system: http://mc. of foreign language titles may be provided at the author’s discretion. manuscriptcentral.com/ijmes. Articles must be based on origi- Internet references must include a full URL and an accessed date. nal research and the careful analysis of primary source materials. Cities of publication should include the country or U.S. state (e.g., Manuscripts are evaluated with the understanding that they have Calif., Mass., N.Y.), except for major cities (Boston, Chicago, Los not been published elsewhere in any language and are not under Angeles, New York). The style of note citations should conform to consideration for publication elsewhere. Books are not solicited the following examples: for review from authors or publishers. Those wishing to have 1Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern books reviewed should send a review copy to the editorial office. Turkey, 2 vols. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977). Unsolicited book reviews are not accepted. Individuals interested 2Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic in reviewing books for IJMES should send a curriculum vitae to Period, 3rd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), [email protected]. 10; idem, Muslim Communities of Grace: The Sufi Brotherhoods Manuscript Preparation and Style in Islamic Religious Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 4. General. An article must be in English and may not exceed 10,000 3Howard Crane, trans. and ed., Risale-iMimarıyye: An Early- words or thirty-five double-spaced pages in 12-point font (includ- Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Treatise on Architecture, Studies in ing main text, endnotes, tables, and figure captions) with 1-inch Islamic Art and Architecture 1 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1987), 71. margins on all sides. Authors should submit the manuscript as 4Martin Rein and Donald Schon, “Frame-Reflective Policy Dis- an email attachment using a standard word-processing program. course,” in Social Sciences and Modern States, ed. Peter Wagner, The entire manuscript—including notes, tables, and references— Carol Hirschon Weiss, BjornWittrock,¨ and Helmut Wollman (New must be typed double-spaced and numbered consecutively. IJMES York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 262–89. follows a double-blind peer review process, so authors must avoid 5Clifford Geertz, “Toutes Directions: Reading the Signs in an putting their names in headers or footers and avoid any references Urban Sprawl,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 21 to themselves in the body or the endnotes such as might betray (1989): 291–306. their identity to referees. Selected citations of the author’s well- When references to the same work follow without interruption, known published work may be included only if the absence of such use ibid. When notes to the same work follow after interruption, use citations would be conspicuous. Submissions should not include the author’s last name and a shortened title of the book or article. acknowledgments, but these can be added later if the manuscript Do not use op. cit.: is accepted. All submissions must include a 150-word abstract and 6Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire,2:6. a cover email or letter that includes the author’s name, academic 7Ibid., 1:10–52. discipline and institutional affiliation (if any), land-mail address, 8Social Science Research Council, “Internationalization and telephone number, and e-mail address. The Journal conforms to Interdisciplinarity: An Evaluation of Title VI Middle East Stud- the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition. Transliteration follows ies Centers,” Social Science Research Council, http://www.ssrc. a modified Encyclopedia of Islam system, which is detailed on this org/programs/mena/survey of middle east studies/ (accessed 20 page. The editor may return manuscripts that do not conform to the March 2007). guidelines. 9Otis Glazebrook to the U.S. State Department, “Increase in Text. The start of the article and each section should be flush left; Cost of Living Caused by War,” 3 November 1915, consular cor- other paragraphs should be indented. Do not use desktop publishing respondence, American consulate in Jerusalem, record group 84, features (justified text, bold and underlined fonts, etc.). Block in- Vol. 72, National Archives at College Park, College Park, Md. dent long quotations (more than 50 words). Never cross-reference. (NACP). 10Muhammad Abd al-Rahman al-Maqrami, al-Tajammu al- Spelling and Punctuation. Use American spelling: color, not Yamani li-l-Islah: al-Ruya wa-l-Masar—Dirasa fi al-Masha colour; analyze, not analyse; traveling, not travelling. Use serial wa-l-Tatawwur (Sanaa, Yemen: Yemeni Reform Gathering, commas: blue, green, and yellow. For quotations, use American- 1998). style formatting, which puts the final period or comma inside the Foreign Words and Transliteration. If an English term exists for quotation marks, for example, “Gandhi said, ‘Poverty is the worst a word, use it. All technical terms from languages written in form of violence.’” For capitalizations, check the dictionary; when non-Roman alphabets must be italicized and fully transliterated in doubt, do not capitalize. Examples: President Obama; president with diacritical marks (macrons and dots), for example, qas. ı¯da. of the United States; the president. A technical term is defined as a word not found in Merriam– Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary or a multiword phrase, excluding Numbers and Dates. Spell out whole numbers, cardinal and ordinal, from one to one hundred; for exceptions see the Chicago Manual of titles and proper nouns. Diacritical marks, as well as the letters ayn Style. For percentiles, use numbers but spell out “percent,” for ex- and hamza, should be inserted using a Unicode font, preferably ample, 20 percent, except in tables and parentheses where it should Jaghbub Uni. For more information and to download the font, see be 20%. In both text and endnotes, use European, not American, the Author Resources page of the IJMES editorial office website: date format, for example, 8 February 2010. Use 20th century, not http://web.gc.cuny.edu/ijmes. Words that are found in Merriam– twentieth century; 1990s, not 1990’s or the nineties. Do not use Webster’s should be spelled as they appear there and not treated as double dating; use common era (A.D.) dates only, unless quoting technical terms. They should have no diacritics, nor should they be italicized—for example, mufti, jihad, shaykh. See the IJMES Word from an original source, in which case use the date as quoted (e.g., hijra) with the common-era equivalent in brackets. List on our editorial office website for exceptions that preserve ayn and hamza, for example, Quran, sharia, ulama. Diacritics should Notes and References. Notes must be numbered consecutively not be added to personal names, place names, names of political throughout the text using Arabic numerals, double-spaced, and parties and organizations, or titles of books and articles. These grouped together as endnotes following the text. Footnotes and in- words should be spelled in accordance with the IJMES translit- text citations are not permitted, nor are bibliographies. All titles in eration system but without diacritics. However, ayn and hamza non-Roman alphabets (Arabic, Cyrillic, etc.) must be transliterated should be preserved in all these cases, and should be clearly dis- and should follow English-language capitalization rules. Foreign tinguished from one another, preferably by inserting the symbols

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.229, on 30 Sep 2021 at 17:51:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743814001342 and using the Jaghbub Uni font. Place names with accepted Tables, Figures, and Images. Tables, figures, and images must be English spellings should be spelled in accordance with En- cited in the text, for example (see Table 1). They should be num- glish norms, for example, Baalbek, Damascus. This rule ap- bered consecutively in Arabic numerals, captioned, and appear as plies to cities of publication in citations. Names of living in- a unit at the end of the article. They should not be interspersed dividuals may be spelled according to their preferred English in the text. Diagrams must be professionally rendered or com- spelling. Authors are responsible for the accuracy of their trans- puter generated; details should be large enough to remain legible at literations. 50% reduction. When appropriate, photos may be submitted with a manuscript. Their use will be at the editor’s discretion. All images Transliteration System. For Arabic and Persian, IJMES uses a should be submitted in electronic format. For halftones or other modified Encyclopedia of Islam system, which is detailed in the illustrations, consult the editor. Transliteration Chart below. Note that ta¯ marbu¯.ta is rendered a not ah, except in Persian, where it should be ih;inArabicid. a¯fa con- structions, it is rendered at. The feminine nisba ending is rendered Publishing Information -iyya (iyyih in Persian). Inseparable prefixes in Arabic are connected Production. The publisher reserves the right to copyedit manu- with what follows by a hyphen: bi-, wa-, li-, and la-. When one of scripts to conform to the journal’s style, which generally follows these prefixes is followed by al, the a will elide, forming a contrac- the rules found in the Chicago Manual of Style. Spelling will be tion rendered as wa-l-, bi-l-, li-l-, and la-l-. The definite article al- is edited to conform to American usage and Merriam–Webster’s Col- lowercase everywhere, except when it appears as the first word of a legiate Dictionary. sentence or endnote. When an Arabic name is shortened to just the The lead author will receive a link to page proofs for the cor- surname, the al- is retained; for example, Hasan al-Banna becomes rection of typographical or factual errors only. No rewriting will al-Banna. Connectors in names—such as bin, ben, abu, and so be allowed in the proof stage. Authors must return the material to forth—are lowercase only when preceded by a name, e.g. Osama the editorial office within 48 hours of receipt or approval will be bin Laden, but Bin Laden, Ibn Khaldun. Follow English capital- assumed. ization rules for transliterated titles; capitalize all major terms, but Offprints. The lead author of an article (but not book reviews) not articles, prefixes, coordinating conjunctions, or prepositions. will receive a high quality PDF of the article. Offprints may be Use italics to indicate a book, newspaper, or periodical. Do not purchased if ordered at the proof stage. Orders received after the add diacritical marks, but do preserve ayn and hamza (except for issue is printed are subject to a 50% reprint surcharge. initial hamza, which is dropped), for example, Faysal al-Tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa and al-Diaya ila Sabil al-Muminin. Copyright and Originality. Submission of an article implies that For Ottoman Turkish, either transliterate according to our chart it has not been simultaneously submitted or previously published or use modern Turkish orthography consistently. Persian must be elsewhere. Authors are responsible for obtaining permission to transliterated using the IJMES system, not that of the Encyclopedia publish any material under copyright. Contributors will be asked Iranica,soi and u must be used, not e and o. The Persian izafat is to assign their copyright, on certain conditions, to Cambridge rendered −i. University Press.

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.229, on 30 Sep 2021 at 17:51:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743814001342 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.229, on 30 Sep 2021 at 17:51:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743814001342 THE CALL OF BILAL Islam in the African Diaspora edward e. curtis iv “This unique and valuable study of global Islam in the African diaspora is a compelling example of scholarly erudition, creative analysis, and original research wed to a synthesis of wide-ranging scholarship on the subject. It is refreshing to read a study of Islam that is concerned with its contemporary formations and that engages with important issues beyond those of religious violence.” —Sylvester A. Johnson, Northwestern University 224 pages $27.95 paper Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks

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Competitve Archaeology in Jordan Narrating Identity from the Ottomans to the Hashemites by elena corbett Tracing the complex history of Jordan through its archaeology, Com- petitive Archaeology in Jordan examines how foreign and indigenous powers have competed for and used antiquities to create their own gZkkZmbo^l%gZmbhgZeb]^gmbmb^l%[hk]^kl%Zg]\hg\^imbhglh_ma^gZmbhg' **[ piahmhl..'))aZk]\ho^k..'))^&[hhd

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Foodways and Daily Life in Medieval Anatolia A New Social History by nicolas trépanier Bringing to life an overlooked aspect of the dawn of the Ottoman empire, this illuminating study uses the prism of food—from farming to mealtimes, religious rituals, and commerce—to understand how Anatolian society gave rise to a superpower. ..'))aZk]\ho^k..'))^&[hhd university of texas press

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Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.229, on 30 Sep 2021 at 17:51:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743814001342 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES Published under the auspices of The Middle East Studies Association of North America Editor Beth Baron, City University of New York (Contents continued) Associate Editor Sara Pursley, The Graduate Center, CUNY Christopher Dole, Healing Secular Life: Loss and Devotion in Modern Turkey Book Review Editors (Brian Silverstein) 811–813 Bogac A. Ergene, University of Vermont Megan Reid, University of Southern California Laurent Bonnefoy, Salaﬁ sm in Yemen: Transnationalism and Religious Identity Ilana Feldman, George Washington University Christopher Stone, Hunter College (Bernard Haykel) 813–815 Toby C. Jones, Rutgers University Sean Yom, Temple University Negin Nabavi, Montclair State University Stig Jarle Hansen, Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005–2012 (Ken Menkhaus) 815–816 Staff Jeffrey Culang, Assistant Book Review Editor Khaled Al Hilli, Editorial Assistant Ahmet Yükleyen, Localizing Islam in Europe: Turkish Islamic Communities in Germany and the Netherlands (Mucahit Bilici) 816–818 Editorial Board Orit Bashkin, University of Chicago Mandana Limbert, Queens College, CUNY Spatial Practices Hamit Bozarslan, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales James McDougall, Trinity College, Oxford Nancy Y. Reynolds, A City Consumed: Urban Commerce, the Cairo Fire, and the Politics Zeynep Çelik, New Jersey Institute of Technology Alan Mikhail, Yale University of Decolonization in Egypt (Ahmad Shokr) 818–820 Nathan J. Citino, Colorado State University Eve Troutt Powell, University of Pennsylvania Christopher T. Dole, Amherst College Madawi Al-Rasheed, London School of Economics Lara Deeb and Mona Harb, Leisurely Islam: Negotiating Geography and Morality in Shi ite Edhem Eldem, Bo˘gaziçi University and Political Science South Beirut (Anouk de Koning) 820–822 Sibel Erol, New York University Chase F. Robinson, The Graduate Center, CUNY Ian Campbell, Labyrinths, Intellectuals and the Revolution: The Arabic-Language Moroccan Ulrike Freitag, Zentrum Moderner Orient Yezid Sayigh, King’s College London Novel, 1957–72 (Christina E. Civantos) 822–824 Nile Green, University of California, Los Angeles Cyrus Schayegh, Princeton University Jens Hanssen, University of Toronto Omnia El Shakry, University of California, Davis Social and Cultural History Arang Keshavarzian, New York University Wendy Shaw, Universität Bern Hamid Naficy, A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 1: The Artisanal Era, 1879–1941; Laleh Khalili, School of Oriental and African Studies Sarah Abrevaya Stein, University of California, Los Angeles A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 2: The Industrializing Years, 1941–1978; A Social Gudrun Kra¨ mer, Freie Universität Berlin Elizabeth F. Thompson, University of Virginia Fred H. Lawson, Mills College History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 3: The Islamicate Period, 1978–1984; A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 4: The Globalizing Era, 1984–2010 (Sara Saljoughi) 824–826 MESA and Cambridge University Press gratefully acknowledge the support provided to the editorial office of IJMES by the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Dana Sajdi, The Barber of Damascus: Nouveau Literacy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Aims and Scope: The International Journal of Middle East Studies publishes original research on politics, society, and culture in the Middle Levant (Steve Tamari) 826–828 East from the seventh century to the present day. The journal also covers Spain, southeast Europe, parts of Africa, South Asia, and the former So- viet Union, as well as other regions, for subjects of relevance to the Middle East. Contributions are welcome from across disciplines, including an- Bruce Masters, The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918: A Social and Cultural History thropology, comparative religion, cultural studies, economics, history, law, literature, philosophy, politics, sociology, and theology. (Jane Hathaway) 828–830 Editorial Office: E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://ijmes.ncsu.edu Setrag Manoukian, City of Knowledge in Twentieth Century Iran: Shiraz, History and Poetry Publishing, Subscription, and Advertising Offices: Cambridge University Press, 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10013-2473, USA; (Naghmeh Sohrabi) 830–832 or Cambridge University Press, The Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8RU, U.K. Subscription Information: International Journal of Middle East Studies (ISSN 0020-7438) is published quarterly by Cambridge University Politics Press, 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10013-2473, USA/Cambridge University Press, The Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8RU, U.K. Annual subscription rates for Volume 46, 2014: Institutions print and electronic: US $563.00 in the USA, Canada, and Noah Haiduc-Dale, Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Mexico; UK £351.00 elsewhere. Institutions electronic only: US $464.00 in the USA, Canada, and Mexico; UK £286.00 elsewhere. Institutions Nationalism, 1917–1948 (Liora R. Halperin) 832–833 print only: US $548.00 in the USA, Canada, and Mexico; UK £336.00 elsewhere. Individuals print and electronic: US $420.00 in the USA, Canada, and Mexico; UK £257.00 elsewhere. Individuals print only: US $350.00 in the USA, Canada, and Mexico; UK £219.00 S¸ener Aktürk, Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey elsewhere. All subscribers receive both 2014 issues of the Review of Middle East Studies, Volume 48, at no additional charge. Prices include postage (Ugˇur Ümit Üngör) 833–835 and insurance. The Middle East Studies Association of North America, Inc.: This association was founded in 1966 to promote high standards of scholarship in Rola el-Husseini, Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon (Michael Gasper) 835–836 the field of Middle Eastern Studies and to facilitate communication among scholars through meetings and publications. In addition to sponsoring Meshal Al-Sabah, Gender and Politics in Kuwait: Women and Political Participation the Journal, which is published for the association by Cambridge University Press, MESA publishes the Review periodically, holds an annual conference, and provides other professional services for its members from time to time. Individuals interested in becoming members should write in the Gulf (Mai Al-Nakib) 836–838 to Headquarters and Secretariat, MESA, University of Arizona, 1219 N. Santa Rita Avenue, Tucson, Ariz. 85721, USA. Dues for 2014 are as follows: full and associate members $90.00; students $40.00. Fee includes subscription to International Journal of Middle East Studies and to the Shireen K. Burki, The Politics of State Intervention: Gender Politics in Pakistan, Afghanistan Review of Middle East Studies and MESA Newsletter. and Iran (Tara Povey) 838–840 Indexing: This journal is covered by ISI. Gül Aldıkaçtı Marshall, Shaping Gender Policy in Turkey: Grassroots Women Activists, © Cambridge University Press 2014. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, the European Union, and the Turkish State (Berna Yazıcı) 840–842 photocopying, or otherwise, without permission in writing from Cambridge University Press. Permission to copy (for users in the USA) is available from Copyright Clearance Center, http://www.copyright.com, e-mail: [email protected]. Printed in the United States of America. NOTES AND COMMENTS International Journal of Middle East Studies (ISSN 0020-7438) is published quarterly by Cambridge University Press, 32 Avenue of the Americas, Cengiz Gunes A comment on Martin van Bruinessen’s review of The Kurdish National New York, N.Y. 10013-2473. Periodicals postage is paid at New York, N.Y., and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance 843–845 in the USA and Canada to International Journal of Middle East Studies, Cambridge University Press, 100 Brook Hill Drive, West Nyack, N.Y. 10994-2133, USA. Cover image of Gaza in 1917. From the digital archive of the Library of Congress.

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V O L . 4 6 NOVEMBER 2 0 1 4 N O . 4 759–778 784–786 737–758 779–780 781–783 703–718 719–736 787–790 791–793 794–796 797–779 809–811 681–702 657–679 653–656 651–652

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801–807 170.106.35.229 Feeding the City: The Beirut Municipality and the Politics and the Politics Feeding the City: The Beirut Municipality https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743814001342

. IP address: . SPECIAL ISSUE: W SPECIAL Sequestration, Scholarship, Sentinel: The Post-Politics of Peace Post-Politics of Peace Sequestration, Scholarship, Sentinel: The Atrocity Propaganda and the Nationalization of the Masses in the of the Masses in the Atrocity Propaganda and the Nationalization Republic of Paradox: The League of Nations Minority Protection The League of Nations Minority Protection Republic of Paradox: When Mothers Ate Their Children: Wartime Memory and the Language Memory and the Language When Mothers Ate Their Children: Wartime The Government of War Introduction Bodies and Needs: Lessons from Palestine Bodies and Needs: Lessons from Palestine The Dirty Subject of the First World War The 21st-Century Turn to Culture: American Exceptionalism The 21st-Century Turn to Culture: American FOREWORD “Memories of the Beloved”: Oral Histories from the 1916–19 Siege from the 1916–19 Siege “Memories of the Beloved”: Oral Histories The Case of William Yale: Cairo’s Syrians and the Arab Origins of American of American Yale: Cairo’s Syrians and the Arab Origins The Case of William Introduction Toxic War and the Politics of Uncertainty in Iraq Toxic War and the Politics of Uncertainty Recording World Wars The Millennial Sovereign: Sacred Kingship and Sainthood in Islam

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ˇan Çetinkaya d d n i . https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms 4 - World War I The Technopolitics of War in the 20th and 21st Centuries The Technopolitics of War in the 20th and Islam and Secularism 6 Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912–13) Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars of Food during World War I (Audrey Truschke) of Medina of Food in Syria and Lebanon Influence in the Post-Ottoman Middle East, 1917–19 Influence in the Post-Ottoman Regime and the New Turkey’s Step-Citizens Regime and the New 4 _ Toby C. Jones Y. Dog ROUNDTABLE Jennifer L. Derr Sherene Seikaly (and War) (and A. Azfar Moin, Melanie Schulze Tanielian Melanie Schulze Tanielian Nikolas Kosmatopoulos Dina Rizk Khoury Rochelle Davis Toby C. Jones REVIEW ARTICLE miriam cooke BOOK REVIEWS Alia El Bakri Najwa al-Qattan Max Reibman Lerna Ekmekcioglu Lerna Ekmekcioglu ARTICLES Mustafa Aksakal Beth Baron EDITORIAL INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES, journals.cambridge.org/mes Cambridge Journals Online Cambridge Journals further information about this journal please go For to the journal website at: 8 3 4 7 0 Downloaded from available at 2 0 000207438_46-4.indd 1