Kto Žije Za Ostnatým Drôtom?

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Kto Žije Za Ostnatým Drôtom? ÚSTAV POLITICKÝCH VIED SLOVENSKEJ AKADÉMIE VIED Edícia MONOGRAFIE A štúdie Zväzok 7 Marína Zavacká Kto žije za ostnatým drôtom? Oficiálna zahraničnopolitická propaganda na Slovensku, 1956 – 1962: teórie, politické smernice a spoločenská prax ÚSTAV POLITICKÝCH VIED SAV VydaVateľstVo saV Bratislava 2005 Ústav politických vied slovenskej akadémie vied vydáva túto publikáciu ako čiastkový výsle- dok riešenia úlohy číslo 2003 sP 51/028 09 00/028 09 12 Transformácie identít v súčasnom a historic- kom kontexte Slovenska so zreteľom na integračné procesy v rámci podprogramu výskumu a vývoja. Realizácia vynikajúcich projektov na podporu profesionálneho rastu mladých zamestnancov a doktorandov výskumu a vývoja, tematického štátneho programu výskumu a vývoja Rozvoj osobnosti a talentu mladých zamestnancov a doktorandov výskumu a vývoja do 35 rokov. Vedúci úlohy: Mgr. Juraj Marušiak, PhD. Je určená pre potreby riešiteľov úlohy, decíznu sféru a slovenskú akadémiu vied. © Marína Zavacká, 2005 Recenzenti: PhDr. Ivan Kamenec, CSc. PhDr. Michal Barnovský, DrSc. Vydal Ústav politických vied SAV vo Vede, vydavateľstve slovenskej akadémie vied ako 3676. publikáciu Prvé vydanie Zodpovedná redaktorka Jitka Madarásová obálka ľubomír Krátky Technická redaktorka Jana Janíková tlač Veda, vydavateľstvo saV ISBN 80-224-0897-2 5 Obsah ÚVOD ............................................................................................................................. 7 I. PROPAGANDA ALEBO „ČO ČLOVEK MAL A MUSEL VEDIEŤ“ .............. 17 definovanie pojmov ................................................................................................ 17 obsahy a úlohy totalitnej propagandy ................................................................ 20 dobová teória propagandy .................................................................................... 24 Propaganda v umeleckých reflexiách ................................................................... 30 Inštrumentárium tvorcov propagandy ..................................................................... 34 selekcia ..................................................................................................................... 34 Plánovitosť a centralizácia ..................................................................................... 37 Prekážky propagandistického pôsobenia ................................................................ 45 Faktor ľudskej pamäti a neovládateľnosti diania ............................................... 45 Faktor ľudskej nedokonalosti ................................................................................ 51 Faktor špecifík a stretov záujmov ......................................................................... 53 Faktor neuvedomelého recipienta propagandistických informácií ................. 57 ... a problémy s uvedomelým recipientom .......................................................... 60 II. ZAhRANIČNOPOLItIcKá propaganda 1956 – 1962: hRAcIE pole, POStUPy A hrdinovia ..................................................... 63 dvojpólovosť sveta .................................................................................................. 63 ... a dvojpólovosť jeho jazyka ................................................................................. 65 Propagandistický text .................................................................................................. 65 Názorová jednotnosť ............................................................................................... 66 Morálna a historická oprávnenosť ........................................................................ 67 Podvojná terminológia ........................................................................................... 67 správne chápanie .................................................................................................... 69 Osoby a obsadenie ....................................................................................................... 72 Nestori panteónu nepriateľov ............................................................................... 72 Kľúč na určovanie nepriateľov .............................................................................. 73 obete ......................................................................................................................... 75 Bojovníci ríše dobra ................................................................................................. 77 Rozprávanie o svete za hranicami ............................................................................. 80 sovietsky zväz .......................................................................................................... 80 triedny nepriateľ ..................................................................................................... 82 Nespoľahliví proletári všetkých krajín ................................................................. 83 Príklady vybraných propagandistických kampaní ................................................ 85 XX. zjazd KssZ, boj proti kultu osobnosti, za kritiku a sebakritiku, jar 1956 86 Maďarské povstanie, jeseň 1956 ............................................................................ 97 Karibská kríza, jeseň 1962 ...................................................................................... 104 6 III. cENZúRA – PROtIPóL I ORGANIcKá SúČASŤ propagandy. ZáSAhy StD DO SPRáV O ZAhRANIČí ................................................... 114 organizácia a inštitúcie cenzúry ......................................................................... 114 std ako spolutvorca obrazu čitateľa o zahraničí ............................................ 117 cenzurovaný politický vývoj v ZSSR ..................................................................... 119 Vysporiadavanie sa s kultom osobnosti ............................................................. 119 Z návštev v krajine, kde zajtra znamená už včera ............................................ 122 Politicky nevhodná sovietska literárna produkcia ........................................... 125 sovietsky zväz, náš vzor ....................................................................................... 127 Záštita, mierotvorca a zástanca pracujúcich – alebo ako nechváliť ZssR ..... 129 o sovietskom zväze len dobre ............................................................................ 131 Novinky z „nášho“ tábora ......................................................................................... 134 Špecifiká Juhoslávie ............................................................................................... 136 Čína a albánsko ..................................................................................................... 138 O súdruhoch z rozvojových krajín .......................................................................... 139 Politické následky zahraničného obchodu ........................................................ 142 Kapitalistický blok ..................................................................................................... 142 Paradoxy negatívnej propagandy ....................................................................... 142 Zaostávanie za najlepšími vzormi z cudziny .................................................... 145 Permanentní víťazi mierového súťaženia .......................................................... 147 Ďalšie paradoxy boja za mier ............................................................................... 148 Nevhodné zalomenia – „zrkadlá” hodné svojho mena .................................... 151 Čo život priniesol ................................................................................................... 155 ZáVER ........................................................................................................................... 159 PRAMENE A BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................. 163 7 Úvod Otec so synom sa pozerajú z Devína do Rakúska. – „Tata, a kto žije za tým ostnatým drôtom?“ – „My, synček.“ Zámer napísať prácu s tematikou komunistickej propagandy, ktorá by sledovala propagandistickú prax a jej účinnosť vo vzťahu k verejnej mienke, má korene na jednom zo seminárov novodobých dejín na stre- doeurópskej univerzite, kde sa mi dostala do rúk kniha Francoise thom Newspeak, the Language of Soviet Communism. Bola to prvá teoretická prá- ca zameraná na jazyk sovietskej propagandy, s ktorou som sa stretla, a bola som ňou dosť sklamaná. svoje dovtedajšie skúsenosti so spoločen- ským prijímaním oficiálneho tlačeného slova ako nástroja totalitnej moci a s jeho pôsobením som pociťovala inak ako autorka. thom prirovnávala proces ničenia ľudskej individuality komunistickým „ovládnutím jazy- ka“ (ako sprostredkovateľa informácií) k súbežnému procesu zničenia samostatnosti jedinca úplným zoštátnením súkromného hospodárstva. Vzhľadom na vysokú úspešnosť komunistického režimu pri podria- dení si ekonomiky predpokladala jeho absolútnu úspešnosť i v oblasti podriadenia si verejnej mienky.1 Moja osobná skúsenosť však zahŕňala množstvo ľudí, žijúcich v ideologickej clone vytváranej komunistickou propagandou, ktorí si voči informáciám v totalitnej tlači zachovávali od- stup a dokonca sa ich pokúšali podrobovať kritickej analýze. Nehovoriac o tom, že aj o totálnej štátnej kontrole nad ekonomikou som – vyrastajúc v „socialistickom“ svete fušiek, rozkrádania materiálu, vekslákov, pod- pultového tovaru a najrôznejších protislužieb – mala dôvodné
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