SERIES C - No. 15

SELEPET-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

by

K.A. McElhanon

N.A. McElhanon

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

The Australian National University

McElhanon, K. and McElhanon, N. Selepet-English Dictionary. C-15, xxii + 165 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. DOI:10.15144/PL-C15.cover ©1970 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is published by the L��gu�4t�c C��cle 06 Ca�be��a and consists of four series:

SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS

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EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve.

ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to:

The Secretary,

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS,

Department of Linguistics,

School of Pacific Studies,

The Australian National University,

Canberra, A.C.T. 2600.

Australia.

Copyright � The Authors.

First published 1970.

The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series.

This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the

Hunter Douglas Fund.

National Library of Australia Card number and ISBN 0 85883 065 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page.

Buk yukat topf)e iv

The Basis of This Book vi

Introduction viii

Phonology x

Morphophonemics x

Abbreviations xiii

Kinship Terminology xv

Presentation of Entries xvi

Identification of Flora and Fauna xix

Bibliography xxi

Selepet-En glish Dictionary 1

iii BUK YUKAT TOP�E

Buk yukat kut�e English (Igilis) denan dictionary (dlksaneri) samai. Diksaneri yukat top�e yuwu. Yen English (Igilis) den salikum top�e naganesarn otma yuwu salikunomai. Kadikum Selepet den haratahak kulemgu kulemgu�e yu ekma nagam yawuak salikunomai. a, a, b, d, e, g, h, i, k, I, m, n, �, 0, p, r. 5, t. u. w. y. Selepet den mem tetem ekma yan English (Igilis) den orowak salikum top�e naganomai. Yen Selepet denan sam giop sarnai yakat English (Igilis) denan girawu sarnai. Yakat top�e naganesarn yuwu salikunomai. Selepet den kun�an 9 ya mem tetenesarn yuwu otnomai. Esen�e konok konok mem panma esen�e kun�an mem tetem salikum genomai. Den kun�an 9 kulemgu kulemgu�e ya mem tetem salikum naganomai. Esen�e konok konok mem panma salikum esen�e 30 yan 9 mem tetenomai. Esen�e 30 yakat dop�e yuwu.

30 ete� ete�

Den kun�an 9 kulemgu kulemgu�e ya mem tetem bet�an gi yakat esen�e hohet�an konok konok mem panma mem tetem salikum naganomai. Esen�e 35 yan kun�an saliku�eta esen�e yakat dop�e yuwu otbuap.

gihit 35

Den kun�an gi kulemgu kulemgu�e ya mem tetem bet�an gio yakat salikum pai�ma eknomai. Esen�e 36 yan dop�e yuwu otbuap.

36 gik bararak godok godok 37

Otmu Selepet den haratahak kulemgu kulemgu�e yakat nagarn 0 wosan tap ya pai�ma mem tetenomai. 0 dop�e ya � otmu p ho hetyet�an mem tetenomai. Yuwu salikum genomai. gik bara rak. gik bere rek yap. gik guak me. gik gik yap, gik pak me, gikak, gike, giki ak, gikpok yap, gil am, gi la� gila�, gilap, gi lel) bele� tuhu, gi li� bele� I. gi li� bele� II, gi li� galal), gim, gimnak, gin gin, gini, gin�e, gi� burudu� ari, gi� gara ral) yakat geml)an giop salikum mem tetenomai. Otmu

iv v

English (Igilis) denan road, path, trail ya salikum top�e naganomai. Den top�e naganesam yu salikum arim ya top�e naganomai. Otmu yen Selepet denan sam han samai yakat English denan girawu samai. Yakat top�e naganesam yuwu salikunomai. Selepet den kun�an h ya mem tetenesam yuwu otnomai. Esen�e konok konok mem panma esen�e 40 yakat tanam�an ekma h salikum mem tetenomai. Esen�e yakat dop�e yuwu.

40 gulip hamesen 41

Den kun�an h kulemgu ku1emgu�e ya mem tetem bet�an ha yakat esen�e pai�ma esen�e 43 yan eknomai. Esen�e 43 yakat dop�e yuwu.

42 hamodot hahiwin 43

Den kun�an ha kulemgu ku1emgu�e ya mem tetem bet�an han yakat pai�ma salikum gem ari eknomai. Salikum gem ari ekma esen�e ala panma salikum gem ari ala panma salikum gem esenr,e 47 yan han sa1ikum eknomai. Otmu English denan earth, land, ground, plot, place _ area of ground, territory, countryside, terrain ya salikum top�e naganomai. THE BASIS OF THIS BOOK

They say that the name of this book in the English language is 'dictionary'. The basis of this dictionary is thus. When you want to read an English word and understand its meaning you must read like this. First you must look at the written Selepet alphabet, understand it and read it like this: a, a, b, d, e, g, h, i, k, I, m, n, I), 0 , p, r, S, t, u, w, and y. When you find a Selepet word you will also read an English word and know its meaning. What do they say in the English language for the Selepet word giop? When you want to know about that you must read like this. You must seek the Selepet words which begin with 9 and do like this. As you turn each page you must read at the top of the pages. You must find the written words beginning with g. When you turn a page at a time you will find 9 on page 30. Page 30 looks like this.

30 etel) etel)

After you find the words which start with 9 then turn one page at a time until you find gi and recognize it. When you read at the top of page 35 it will look like this.

gihit 35

After you find the words which start with gi then you must read and find words which read gio. Page 36 will look like this.

godok godok 37

And thinking about the written Selepet alphabet you must find where the letter 0 is found. You will find 0 between I) and p. You will read down like this: gik bararak, gik bererek yap, gik guak me, gik gik yap, gik pak me, gikak, gike, gikiak, gikpok yap, gilam, gilal) gilal), gilap, gilil) belel) I, gilil) belel) II, gilil) galal), gim gimnak, gin gin, gini, ginl)e, gil) burudul) ari, gil) gararal) and after that you will find and read giop. You will read and know its meaning in

vi vii

English as road, path, traiZ. When you want to know the· meaning of a word you will read and know it. What do they say in the English language for the Selepet word han? When you want to know its meaning you must read like this. Find the Selepet word which begins with h and do like this. Turn one page at a time and in the middle of page 40 you will see h and read it. That page looks like this.

40 gulip hamesen 41

After you find the words beginning with h then look for the page with ha and you will see it at page 43. Page 43 looks like this.

42 hamodot hahiwin 43

After you find the word beginning with ha then you will read down and see han . Read down and turn another page and read down and turn one more page and on page 47 you will read the word han . You will read and know the English meanings earth, Zand, ground, pZot, pZace - area of ground, territory countryside, terrain. INTRODUCTION

The Selepet people live within the Selepet Census Division, Kabwum Sub-district, Morobe District, Territory of New Guinea. There are two dialects of the language, 88% lexicostatistically related. The Northern dialect is spoken by about 3, 000 people living in ten villages (Domut, Hongo, Kabum, Kondolo, Nimbako, Pendeng, Satop, Sorong and Wap) located in the lower Pumune River valley and along the sea­ ward side of the coastal ridge. The Southern dialect is represented principally by the villages of Selepet, Indum and Wekae in the upper Pumune valley above the Kabwum SUb-district office. Several generations ago, in consequence of warfare, a portion of the people speaking the Southern dialect migrated out of the Pumune valley northward across the coastal ridge and settled on the seaward slopes. Until the arrival of Europeans after the turn of the century, the Selepet people lived scattered across the countryside in small hamlets. These settlements were patrilineal and the men and initiated youths slept in a men's club house while the women and children slept in private houses clustered about the men's house. When the Europeans arrived they encouraged the people to build and settle in larger villages. As a result, the refugees from the Pumune valley joined many of the people of the Northern dialect and today the villages of Domut, Satop, Pendeng and Hongo include speakers of both dialects. The villages of Belombibi, Karangan and Kulawi, on the other hand, consist primarily of speakers of the Southern dialect. The estimated population of the Southern dialect is about 2, 500. The Southern dialect is also spoken by an undetermined number of bilingual Komba people living in four villages (Eredengan, Gilang, Upat and Tipsit) with a population of over 2, 000. The Selepet language is a non-Austronesian language belonging to the Huon Stock of languages within the Finisterre-Huon Micro-phylum (see McElhanon, 1969) . The language is closely related to the Timbe language to its west and many adult males in the southern Timbe and

viii ix

Selepet areas are to a large extent bilingual. Although the Komba language to the east is structurally diverse from the Selepet and Timbe languages, the Komba people have little difficulty in learning either Timbe or Selepet. Thus, it is hoped that this dictionary will be useful outside the immediate Selepet area. The data upon which this dictionary is based were collected primarily in Indum village during 1964-69 while the authors were under the auspices of the Summer Institute of Linguistics and the Australian National University. The checking of semantic domains for much of the vocabulary was aided by a concordance of 25, 000 words of text collected mainly in the Southern dialect. This concordance was made on the IBM computer at the University of Oklahoma by the Linguistic Retrieval Project of the Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Oklahoma Research Institute, and sponsored by Grant GS -934 of the National Science Foundation. x

PHONOLOGY

The Selepet language has fifteen consonant phonemes: p, t, k, b, d,

g, m, n, �, w, y, h, s, I and r; and six vowel phonemes: i, e, a, �,

o and u. Allophonic variation is conditioned by the occurrence of contiguous segments. An articulatory description of the allophones with their acoustical correlates as well as a description of intonation and higher level phonology is found in McElhanon (1969c). For detailed treatment of the problems of interpreting vocoid clusters see McElhanon (1967a) and for the problems of interpreting stops and fricatives see McElhanon (1968b). The Selepet orthography has been styled primarily after that currently in use by the Lutheran Mission New Guinea for their publi­ cations in the Kate language and secondarily after English. Thus the symbols � and � have been borrowed from Kate but the symbol y has been borrowed from English in preference to the j of Kate. The symbol a

represents phoneme o. The alphabetical order used in this dictionary

is as follows: a, a, b, d, e, g, h, i, k, I, m, n, �, 0, p, r, 5, t,

u, wand y.

MORPHOPHONEMICS

A number of morphophonemic processes have been observed in affix­ ation and compounding and are summarised in the following rules:

(c • consonant, v = vowel). (1) The initial and final stop phonemes of the morphemes are replaced by their fricative counterparts initially and/or

finally if vowels occur contiguously. Thus v + b- + vw-;

v + d- + vr-; v + g- + vh-; -p + v + -wv; -t + v + -rv;

-k + v + -hv. There are a number of exceptions to this rule. Firstly, in a few cases the final t is replaced by I rather than r when followed by a vowel. This phenomenon appears to

be morphologically conditioned: t + I when followed by the

locative clitics -ab� out of as in nenga lab� out from among

us, -�n at as in sal�n at the teeth, -angen towards as in

ha l�ngen towards the forest, -�ngeba from as in yega langeba from their (pZaae); the restrictive morpheme -ak onZy as in

yuk�lak onZy for this; the 3rd per. sg. inchoative future

tense morpheme -ak Zet him as in talak Zet him be; and

certain remote past tense (rpt. ) morphemes, viz. , -on 2s, rpt.

as in ka lon you put it, -op Js, rpt. as in ka lop he put it,

-owo t 2-Jd, rpt. as in ka lowot you/they (du. ) put it;

t + r when followed by class III reflexive pronoun -aho

oneseZf as in siwi rahoap it roZZed itseZf up; benefactive xi

pronominal suffix -ag i for one another as in k� rag im

putting for one another; and -ama however as in nengarama

for us, however. When the class I reflexive pronoun -ak

(for) oneself occurs, the final t is usually replaced by r

although in a few cases it is replaced by I, viz., gai lakma

aarrying for oneself, hagulakma blowing on oneself,

haga lakma dressing oneself, duwa lakma tearing itself and

pidi lakma freeing oneself. That the replacement of t by 1 rather than t by r is considered the exception to the rule is based upon the replacement of the initial stop d by r, never by I, when preceded by a vowel. Thus the r replacement is regarded as predominant. The second exception is that the initial b phoneme of the contrary-to-fact verbal suffixes and the future tense habituative mode suffixes is not replaced by the fricative

counterpart w when preceded by a vowel: otbap he should have

done it and ariba p he should have gone (not ariwap); otbisap

he will always do it and aribisap he will always go (not ar iwi sap).

(2) Phoneme t reduces before 5 or 1. Thus t + 5 � 5; t+I�1. (3) When two identical vowels occur contiguously, one reduces. Vowels a and a act as identical vowels in morphophonemic processes. Thus a + a � a; a + a � a; a + a � a; e + e � e; i + i � i; 0 + 0 � 0; u + u � u. In the sequence a + a vowel reduction does not occur;

rather the second a dissimilates to e, i.e., a + a � ae.

For example, ba raen in the forest from bara forest and -an

in; sahaek let him tie it from saha to tie it and -ak (3rd person singular , inchoative future tense) . When -ak

only is suffixed to ya that, the resulting form is either

yae k or yaok only that. (4) When two identical consonants occur contiguously, one reduces.

Thus k + k � k; m + m � m; n + n � n; � + � � �; p + p � p; t + t � t. (5 ) When a nasal is followed by a homo-organic voiced stop the nasal reduces. Thus m + b � b; n + d � d; � + 9 � g. This rule produces poly-morphemic words which are homophonous with mono-morphemic words. n [o �oJ ladal kind of danae done by women n [o �oJ ladal you move from an- to move and -da (2nd person singular, heteropersonal dependent verbal suffix) . xii

A number of morphophonemic processes are associated with particular morphemes: (6) The final vowel of the adjectiviser -�e or the pronominal elements with a final e is replaced by a when the morphemes -�e (subject/instrument-agent clltic) or -gat (causal­ benefactive/possession clitic) are suffixed. Thus 10k ba l e�e

bad men but 10k bal e�a�e the bad men (as subject) or by the

bad men (as agent) and 10k bale�ahat for the bad men (as

causal-benefactive) or the bad men's (as possession) . bara t�e

his daughter but barat�a�e his daughter (as subject) or by

his daughter (as agent) and barat�a hat for his daughter (as

causal-benefactive) or his daughter's (as possession) ; nIne

myseZf but nlna hat for myseZf (as causal-benefactive) .

(7 ) When the locative clitic -an in, at is suffixed to the adjectiviser -�e or pronominal elements ending in e, the

vowels e and a reduce to a. Thus emet�e his house plus -an

in yields emet�an in his house; nine my own plus -an in

yields ninan with me (Zit. at my (pZace)).

(8) When the morpheme -ak onZy or (adverbaliser) is suffixed to the morpheme -�e (adjectiviser/subject clitic/instrument­ agent clitic/adverbaliser) or a pronominal element ending in e, either of two morphophonemic processes is operative.

Usually the final e and the a reduce to a as in tebe�e with

a bow plus -ak yielding tebe�ak onZy with a bow or nine my

own plus -ak yielding ninak my very own. In a few pronom­ inal forms, however, the e plus the a may become la as in

the alternate pronominal form nln iak I aZone (see McElhanon, 1969b) . xiii

ABBREVIATIONS

The following abbreviations are used in the entries. The abbreviations given for word classes represent distributional classes rather than morphological classes. Therefore differences are found between these classes and those posited in the description of the Selepet grammar (see McElhanon, 1970) .

Id first person dual Ip first person plural Is first person singular 2s second person singular 2-3d second and/or third person dual 2-3p second and/or third person plural 3s third person singular acc. accompaniment clitic or word acc. ph. Accompaniment Axis-relator Phrase aj. adjective aj ct. adjunct ajser. adjectiviser assoc. associative clitic aux. adjunct plus auxilliary verb avo adverb b. pr. pronominal benefactive marking verbal suffix (used for bene­ faction as well as malefaction) c. pr. contrastive pronoun cau. causal/benefactive clitic cau. ph. Causal/Benefactive Axis-relator Phrase cau. tag. causal/benefactive tagmeme cm. pro comparative pronoun conn. connective ctf. contrary to fact mode demo demonstrative pronoun dep. dependent verb dep. cl. dependent clause desid. desiderative verb dft. delayed future tense (shows intention) xiv

duo dual emph.p.pr. emphatic possessive pronoun emph. pro emphatic pronoun excl. exclamation .habit. habituative mode hbt. future tense, habituative mode hetero. dependent hetero-personal verb (i.e. change of actor indicated) homo. dependent homopersonal (i.e., same actor) icft. inceptive future tense (shows intention and perhaps determination) if. inchoative future (equals English 'imperati ve' ) ift. immediate future tense indep. cl. independent clause inst. instrument-agent clitic or word inst. ph. Instrument Axis-relator Phrase into pro interrogative pronoun inten. intensifier ipt. immediate past tense iv. intransitive verb k. of kind of lit. literally loco locative clitic loco ph. Location Axis-relator Phrase loco tag. location tagmeme m.s. man as speaker n. noun N. from Northern dialect nomser. nominaliser num. numeral, number O.N. ph. Origin Noun Phrase o.pr. pronominal object-marking verbal affix opp. opposite to p.m. possession-marking nominal suffix p.pr possessive form of the regular personal pronoun per. person . per. pro regular personal pronoun xv

perm. permissive mode pl. plural poss. possessive clitic poss. ph. Possession Axis-relator Phrase proh. prohibitive mode rft. remote future tense rpt. remote past tense s.m. subject-marking verbal suffix s. o. someone s. o. 's someone's s.th. something sg. singular sut. subject clit1c sub. ph. Subject Axis-relator Phrase sub. tag. Subject tagmeme t. time word t. m. time marking suffix temp. temporal clitic temp. ph. Temporal Axis-relator Phrase temp. tag. temporal tagmeme tv. I transitive verb, class I tv.II transitive verb, class II tv. III transitive verb, class III w. with w.S. woman as speaker III zero morpheme

KINS HIP TERMINOLOGY

The kinship terms are abbreviated according to the method pre- sented by G.P. Murdock (Social. Structure. New York, 1949) : Br brother Pa parent Ch child Sb sibling Da daughter Si sister El elder So son Fa father Sp spouse Hu husband Wi wife Mo mother Yo younger When these terms occur in succession, possession proceeds from left to right as in MoSiSo 'mother's sister's son' , i. e. , the son of one's maternal aunt. xvi

PRESENTATION OF ENTRIES

Several difficulties arise in trying to present semantic equivalents for English words in Selepet and vice versa. In some cases a single morpheme in the source language is rendered by a phrase, clause or sentence in the receptor language. In some cases semantic distinctions found in English morphology are expressed by syntactic construction in Selepet. Moreover, some words may have such widely divergent semantic domains that an explanation is necessary. The chief aims in this volume are accuracy and clarity of presentation. Since this dictionary is designed to be useful to the Selepet speakers learning English as well as the English speakers learning Selepet, explanations and examples are freely added. In writing a language for the first time one must make many decisions regarding spelling and word division; decisions which involve personal judgments and so are subject to dispute. The reader should not expect finality in the spellings given in this dictionary. Indigenous opinions regarding spelling vary considerably so that perhaps a number of variant spellings may be allowable for any particular word. The fact that language is always in a state of flux provides the basis for variant pronunciations and spellings. In treating this phenomenon the authors have listed all variant pronunciations of a particular word if these variant pronunciations have a wide occurrence. Idiosyncracies are avoided. The variants are cross-referenced to the statistically prevalent form if this saves space. In the case of apparently idiosyncratic pronunciations the variants are not noted. For example, in the pronominal form nongo the n is sometimes assimilated to the 9 so that the form is [ no�goJ or the 9 is sometimes assimilated to the n so that the form is [nondoJ. Hyphens are used to mark morpheme boundaries and to indicate that a particular form does not occur in isolation (except for kinship terms which occur unpossessed in vocative forms) . Usually a root marked by a hyphen may be conjugated. It should be noted, however, that some word classes. particularly verbs. occur with zero morphemes among the

affixes. Thus the entry ari- to go indicates that the form cannot occur in isolation; however, the form does occur with a zero morpheme

-0 'second person singular, inchoative future tense' as in ari You gol When an entry is given with hyphens on either side of parentheses, these hyphens indicate that the form indicated in the parentheses is

part of the total word. Thus bat-(p. m . ) -an on someone's hand indicates

that the forms will be such as batnen�a n on our hands, batye�an on

their hands �tc. Parentheses are also used in the English glosses to indicate that certain words do not occur in the Selepet example but xvii

are required for idiomatic English.

1. Repetitive forms commonly occur in Selepet. In making word divisions and determining the subsequent spellings, a number of principles have been followed: (a) If the repetitive forms have all the characteristics of individual stress groups they are separated by spaces; e. g. h h h P [p �� p �� k ua J He shook it is written pa� pa� kuap . (b) If the repetitive forms are single syllables and occur as two individual stress groups but on some occasions occur united in a single stress group, both forms are given with the single stress group cross-referenced; e.g., paba m sam ari- (af. pam pam sam ari-). (c) If the repetitive forms occur as a single stress group forming the basis for a derived word the forms are written as a single word; e.g., go� go� is apparently the basis for gogo�e arooked and gogogu- to bend s.th. (d) If the repetitive form is polysyllabic each repetition is written as a separate word; e.g., ihot ihot BZaak-aapped Lory.

2. Verbs are not listed as minimal free forms but rather in their root form with hyphens indicating the occurrence of obligatory affixation. For the intransitive verbs and class I transitive verbs the root forms are the same as the minimal free forms because the 2s inchoative future morpheme as well as the 3s object-marking suffix are represented by zero morphemes. Class II and class III transitive verb roots do not occur without overt affixation. Only one verb in Selepet accepts object marking prefixes; viz., -n to aaZZ upon, say one's name as in yotko-n-sap

(them (du.)-aaZZ upon-he ipt) He aaZZed upon them(du.).

3. A number of Selepet transitive verbs occur as auxiliary verbs with an adjunct. The resulting construction occurs in the predicate tagmeme of the intransitive clause. In the majority of occurrences these auxiliary verbs have been observed with subject markers indicating third person singular and so are given in the dictionary with 3s ipt suffix­ ation. When the auxiliary verb has been observed with person-number suffixation other than 3s the dictionary entry is given with the auxiliary verb in the root form. For example, the entry patara� yap to expZode indicates that only 3s suffixation occurs but the entry huru du� sa- indicates the possible occurrence of any person-number suffixation as in hurudu� yap It sZid down and hurudu� ya i They retreated.

partme

Research School 0 P Ii The Australian National Unlverslq' Box 4. P.O.. Canberra, A.c. TOf Australia., xviii

4. Many English words are rendered in Selepet by descriptive phrases or idioms which involve a wide range of construction types. For example, intended action is indicated by a construction type, the intentive verb (see McElhanon 1969a) which has a complex syntactic structure but the phonological characteristics of a single word. Other construction types involve various parts of the noun phrase as well as clause types. (a) Many of these descriptive phrases or idioms involve concord. This concord is indicated by a solid line drawn above the example and connecting the items in concord. The concord is specified in parentheses above the solid line.

per.-num. ' nibilam-(p.m to Ziak (Zit. to put one's .) kat- (s .mi.) tongue)

nibilamyeQe kasai they Ziaked it

(b) In some entries the construction is noun plus another word class. When the noun occurs with bound suffixes it is marked with a hyphen. Many entries of this sort are noun plus noun in which the first noun may manifest any of the possession-marking suffixes but the second noun occurs only with 3s possession markers which refer to the preceding noun. Thus the following entry occurs: sen- tebeQe

supe�- o�bitaZ �idge (Zit. eye's bow) and which may be marked for

possession as in senQe tebeQe his supe�-o�bitaZ �idge (Zit. his eye's

bow) and senge tebeQe you� supe�-o�bitaZ �idge (Zit. you� eye's bow). This particular example may be expanded by the �ddition of a third noun also marked by only 3s possession-marking suffixes; thus senge

tebeQe somotQe (Zit. you� eye's bow's hai�). A number of entries of this type are noun plus adjective and are formally indistinguishable with a noun plus noun construction.

bat- ba I Qe one 's inhe�itanae (Zit. one's Zast hand)

batge baiQ e you� inheritanae

batQ e baiQ e his inhe�itanae

(c) When a descriptive phrase or idiom includes an axis-relator phrase the relator clitic of that phrase is included as a bound morpheme not separated from the filler of the axis of that phrase.

per. ' -num. kai- (p.m.)-an ari-(s .'m.) to waZk, t�aveZ on foot (Zit. to go on one's Zegs)

kaiQan ariap He t�aveZZed on, foot kaiyeQan ariai They t�aveZZed on foot. xix

(d) When a number of constructions or word classes may be mani­ fested in the axis of an axis-relator phrase, only the relator clitic is given and listed separated by spaces from all other items in the entry.

biwi- -ga t ar iap to faZZ in love (Zit. one's insides go for another)

biw i�e ibi�aha t ariap He feZl in love with his woman (Zit. his insides went for his woman)

(e) Idioms involve a limited number of nouns and verbs. The various combinations of these yield semantic equivalents for single words in English, e. g. , the emotions of fear, love, hate, loneliness as. well as the physiological states of thirst or hunger. Most of these idioms include a possessed noun as the subject and a verb with 3s subject-marking suffixes. The person and number for the subject in the English translation is taken from the person and number expressed in the possession-marking suffixes on the noun.

biwi- uk yap to be excited (Zit. one's insides are startZed)

biwiye�e uk yap They are excited (Zit. their insides are startZed).

When the verb in the idiom does not obligatorily occur with 3s suffixation the subject in the English translation is the same as that expressed in the Selepet verb.

per. -num. biwi- (�.m.) ku- (s. �. ) to mourn (Zit. to hit one's insides)

biwiye�e kuai They mourned (Zit. they hit their insides)

(f) A number of English words are rendered in Selepet by a sentence involving dependent and independent clauses: naga- (hetero. ) te teap to remember (Zit. to think it and it appears); nagamune teteap I remembered

(Zit. I thought it and it appeared). (g) The source of probable loan words is identified: (1) German, usually through Kate; (2) Kate, a related non-Austronesian language introduced by the Lutheran Mission New Guinea for evangelisation and education; (3) Komba, a closely related language to the east; (4) Pidgin, i. e. , Neo-Melanesian or Pidgin English; (5) Sio, an Austronesian language on the north coast; (6) Timbe, a closely related language to the west; and (7) Latin (through Kate) . The word 'from' is added before the source language to indicate phonological accommodation to Selepet. (h) Homonyms are indicated by Roman numerals. Identi6ication 06 Flo�a and Fauna The authors are indebted to the Division of Botany (Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries) in Lae for the identification of xx the majority of the flora. The identification of birds was aided by the use of Tom Iredale 's 8ir-ds of Nel,) Guinea, 2 volumes, Melbourne, Georgian House, 1956. Since there was some disagreement among the informants over which bird picture should be associated with a particu­ lar Selepet bird name, these identifications must be regarded as tenta­ tive. English terms which relate to the classification of flora are as follows: herb, i.e., a non-woody plant; shrub, i.e., a woody plant without a main trunk; tree, i.e., a woody plant with a main trunk; and bush, i.e. a short tree. BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following publications relating to the Selepet language are either published, in press, or submitted for publication.

HOOLEY, B.A. and K.A. McELHANON

1969 Languages of the Morobe District (to appear in Pac.i6ic. Ungu.i�tic.�, C(l3), ts. 44pp.

McELHANON, K.A.

1967a Selepet Vocoid Clusters, Pac.i6ic. Lingu.i�zic.�, A(12): 1-18.

1967b Preliminary Observations on Huon Peninsula Languages, Oc.eanic. Ungu.i�tic.�, 6(1): 1-45.

1968 Selepet Social Organization and Kinship, Ezhnotog�, 7(3): 296-304.

1969a Selepet Verb Morphology, (to appear in Pac.i6ic. Lingu.i�tic.� A(25).

1969b Selepet Pronominal Elements (to appear in Pac.i6ic Lingu.i�zic�, ts. 35pp.

1969c Selepet Phonology, Pac.i6ic. Ungu.i�ti�, 8(14)), 47pp.

1970a Lexicostatistics and the Classification of Huon Peninsula Languages, Oceania, 40 214-231.

1970b Stops and Fricatives: non-unique solutions in Selepet (to appear in Lingu.i�tic.�), ts. 26pp.

1970 c The Selepet Language within the Finisterre-Huon Phylum. (Ph.D. dissertation, A.N.U.). Canberra.

xxi McElhanon, K. and McElhanon, N. Selepet-English Dictionary. C-15, xxii + 165 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. DOI:10.15144/PL-C15.cover ©1970 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. aiak

ha l ulaek) : agoak halulaek ' ma n- to live we ll. (cf. A irakl)e (N . )).

ago- (iv) to be ove rgrown : giop a a sa- (aux.) to coo. agoap the road is ove rg rown ; to grow up , out ag ain : aba I (n.) (N) men 's house ; pepa dakera agoap the grass has abal)e school. grown up again ; yaba gam agom tap the whiskers have grown long again (cf. ka til) aba II (n. ) dam : aba magu- to dam water. yap) .

ago (n.) goal , abo- (n. ) citizen , native: Ne w (Pidgin ) point, Guinea abol)e native or citizen score : agohe konok your of New Guinea; inhabitant : score is one goal ; ago kat­ In dum kapai abol ipl)e inhabitants to keep score . of Indum village ; member: aho- (¢,tv.III) sg.s.m. ) Saluwa n abol)e member of the (not with Saluwan men 's house; owner: to fight (see noho- ); tewe t abol)e own er of the knife ; (n.) leader: kapam abol)e the leader aho aho fighting of the fight (lit. owner of ahoak- to hit oneself, beat the sti ck); i kl)an abol)an ari­ (only in pI. ) to go one at a together (of leaves), to I time ; colli de : ahoaksan hit pe l'. -num. my self ot-(Si.m. abol)e ot-(s'.m. ) to ) ahoakl)e . juncture , fork , be responsible, ac c ountable , (n ) answerable: oat abol)e oa t you joint : giop ahoakl)an at are respons ible (lit. you are the juncture of the roads . the owner of what you di d) ; -aho (o.pr. III) (see -noho ) (place name ) + abol)e powe rful on eself ( = English refl malevolent spirit of a certain exive place (the se spirits controlled pron ouns when the subject is singular) : kalawahoap he the are a of wh ich they were the owne rs ): lolai nep abol)e the shook himself; one another, spirit at Wainep . See also each other ( = En glish re flexive or reciprocal pro­ han abOl)e , eme t abol)e . noun s when the subject is dual or plural ): kalawahoai abora (aj. ) owned (Zit. with they shook themselve s (i.e. owner). they got re ady for activity ), they shook one an other, each agi- (o . pr. II )(not in sg . ) (see . other; playing with nihi-II) to re ciprocate , to hel)ahom (cf. give to each other: um agim each other -ak, -agi) . nene ot- to dine togeth er; ahonak tv III agim bero ot- to have or be ( . ) (see nohon-) to call one 's own name . in an agreement of exchanging food and gifts; agim be ro eme t ahop- (n.) HuBl'Wi (w.s.); store (also ke dil)); agi gugi brother­ in-law's wi fe. ot- to trade , passing s.th. aroun d in a chain reaction , ai- (tv. I) to dig. give in exchange (of marriage and pigs ). -ai (s . m.) (follows vowels) 2-3p, ipt. -agi (b. pr. - 1s t order verbal SUffix) (see -nihi I); isiagim aiak- (tv. I) to be fully opened, weeping for one another (cf. to be in its prime , to branch -ak, -aho ) . out ; ago (aj. ,av.) new , newly: dakera aiak aiakl)e (aj. ) prime : ago new thatch, grass; agoan esenl)e aiak aia kl)e new leaf (Zoc. p h . ) at the first , at the beginning , firstly; ag oak which is just fully opened. (av.) whole some , healthy (also

1 McElhanon, K. and McElhanon, N. Selepet-English Dictionary. C-15, xxii + 165 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. DOI:10.15144/PL-C15.1 ©1970 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2 ailol) ailof) ailol) ailol) (aj.,av .) stooped, alahu gulahu ot- (aux . ) (not in hunchbacked, hunched: 10k i k i ag.) to have or' hold a dis­ sobo a i 101) a i 101) stooped an d cussion, conversation . senile old man ; ai 101) ai 101) yaham gemap he goes up and alam (n. ) conical haircut for come s down stooping (also tok women in the Ki rim fertil­ tok). ity dance . ailol) ailol) ot- (aux.) to flinch : alaml)e (n. ) grease : ham alaml)e senl)e ai lol) ai lol) oap he (i.e. pandanus grease used for his eyes ) flinched; to beckon : face de coration. ba t l)e ailol) ailol) oap he (i.e. his hand) beckone d. alat- (tv.I) to scratch up (ground) . -ain (s.m. ) (follows vowe ls ) lp, ip t. (also -in). al ikl)e (n.) banana sucker, taro an d potato tuber, shoot aiop (conn.) all right . (for planting, seedling or seed (rare usage )): origin , ail)e (aj. ) deadly : 10k airJe man source , cause : den alikl)e ki ller . the origin, source , cause of the talk (c[. mama ). -ait (s.m. ) (follows vowels) ld, ip t. (also -it). alit- (tv. I) to withhold, retain, reserve , save (not give): -ak (o.pr.I) reflex ive ; onese lf : weke alit alltl)e stunted (of (=Eng lish reflexive pronouns garden produce ) (lit. spiri t­ when the subject is singular) withheld) . piriaksap he washe d himself ; themselves, one an other: aman (ajat. ) with closed eyes ; (=English reflexive or re cip­ aman aman (aj. ) squinted, rocal pronouns when the sub­ partially closed: senl)e Ject is dual or plural ) aman aman squinted eyes ; piriaksai they washe d them­ 10k senl)e aman aman 5 II pl)e se lves, they baptized one a very good man (rare usage ). another; for oneself : pu l uhuaksap he bought it for aman ek- to dream. himself; to on eself: tuhuahop he did it to himself ; to each amanga eksap to make s.o. other: kara tuhuakbi they di d sleepy : amanga ye l ekmu it sorcery to each other; (cf. made them (du. ) sleepy •.• -agi, -ah o) . aman ne lam 1- or aman 1m aka- (see aka- ). ne lamg u/ i- to sleep deeply , soundly . aki nak nak (n.) Mountain Cater­ pillar Catcher (Metagraucalus aman tan hutuk kutuk 1- to montanus ). sleep deeply .

akl)angen (toc.ph. ) very far , in amal) (n. )(N.) clay pot , saucepan , the far distance , remote : clay (a1 s 0 0 b 0 ) . akl)angen panmu ariop he cast it an d it went a great amok- (n.) depth (occurs only in distance . loc.ph. )(of water , ground, work, anger, laughter, etc.): akol) (n.) sugar cane cultigen . to amokl)an in the deep water (lit. at the water's depths ); akuku ka t- (aux. ) to hide oneself girll)amokl)an in the depths (as in game s of hide an d seek). of hilarity; amokl)an gam ariml) iap it is deep (water) ala- (n.)(N.) ChCh (w.a. ), any ( lit. at its depth it comes, other relative of the se cond goes and sleeps ). de scending generation; grand­ child, granddaughter , grand­ amokl)anak se- (tv. I) to burn son (cf. he-) . badly , deeply : amokl)anak seneksap it burned me badly . alahu- (tv.I) to talk, conve rse . asamaho 3

amon (aj. ) how many?: 10k amon a�un wa� (see nih i- II) to � e re k how many pounds? (lit. cause s.o. shame (lit. to men ); amon kidik (in8t.ph.) give shame to s.o.): with how much (pay , cost )?: a�un gihlap he caused you amon kadik pul uhunoma i with sh ame . how much wi ll they buy it? -ap (8.m. ) (follows vowels ) amotgen( see amutgen). 38 , ipt. amsam (n. ) k. of shrub (Eri caceae apet (n .)(N. ) wife , woman , Rhododendron macgregoriae ). female (cf. ibi ). amun- (n.) seat , buttocks ; base : aporo (n .) k. of banana. amun�ehen to the base , foot , bottom of s.th. (follows ara- (iv. ) to go (only in ipt. ) noun); Bemtap amun� ehen (see ari-). , giowo t they (du. ) went down to the base of Bemtap. ari- (iv. ) to go, to go away . amutgen (loc. ph. ) un de rneath : a ri a r i �e (aj.) move ab Ie ; as�han�e amutgen underneath hi s armpit. ari ar l�e bla (aj.) stationary (lit. not going): ewa�e iIi -an (8.m. ) (follows vow els) 18, ari arlQe bla the other one ip t. up there is stationary.

-an (loc. ) to, at , in , on , upon ar ime te - (iv. ) to disperse, (also -an). scatter. aniwaka (see a�ewaka). (homo. ) + ari- to go on doing s.th. : tipi tap i kunmi ar iwom Anutu (n. ) (Kate ) name for God. I will go on calling (their names) individually . a� (ajct. ) open . ariku gaku (see baku gaku). a� (iv. ) to be open ; ariwo�a tariwo�a (n .) chants, a� pa� o t- (au�. ) to yawn . incant at ions. a�e (n. ) kind of plant with asa- (iv. ) (only in ipt. ) (see edible leaves. aso- ) . a�e (n. ) forest (only with asahan- (n.) axi lla , armpit hewuk�e ): a�e hewu k�e th ick (also hahan- (N.). forest, deep forest; a�e hewuk�e pato gam yahap a big asahan- kehet�e kidn ey, thick forest appeare� and axill ary glands . grew. asahan- (tv. III) to carry a�e a�e (n.) k. of tree - under the arm (also hahan­ Bladder-nut family (Staphy­ (tv. III) (N.) ) to carry on leaceae Turpinia). the hip. a�el0 (n. ) (from Latin through asaho- (iv. )(N. ) to stick (ef. Kate ) angel. aso- ) . a�ewaka (n. ) cassava , tapioca, asak- (tv. I) to put s.th. in, manioc (Euphorb iaceae Manihot to slip , slide s.th. into utilissima) (also anlwaka ; (in a drawer , oven , pile of cf. �ayam). paper, deck of cards ). a�ulak- (tv. I) (a �ut + ak) to be asak ot-(b.p�.) to break a asham ed : otm' a�ulaksah I did promise: asak otnlhlap he it and am ashamed. broke his promise to me . a�un (n. ) sti' asamaho (n. ) (sword-shaped) war nk bug . club (also keba keba (N. J). 4 as awok

asawok (n.) ant house (in tree). awaQ mama - (n. ) parents - with 2-3 pepson p.m. asi- (n. ) uri ne. awil Q me Q- (n.) parents asi eme tQe bladder. with 1st pepson p.m.

asi- (tv. III) to ur inate; awaQ- nanQe (n.) FaBrSo (in reference only) (Zit. asimaho- (t.v. III) (as im + aho) to father 's son); cousin. urinate on oneself (an express­ ion of delight probably with awe awe (n .) poinsettia sexual connot ations , said of (Euphorbiaceae Euphorb ia women who are pleased with a pulcherrima ) (cf. awu man's dancing performance) . hepQe) .

asimaho (n.) caterpillar. awoQ (n.) (vocative ) father (cf. awaQ). asioQ kun- (aux. ) to sneeze . awoQ gap gap (n. ) Grey and aso- (iv. ) to stick tightly , wh ite Flycatcher (Monachella cohere ,. adhere: biwiQan asoap mulleriana) . to be imbedde d in s.th. (Zit. to stick in its inside ) (also -awot (s.m. ) 2-3d, ipt. (follows asa- in ip t. ) (also asaho­ vowels). (N.)) ; awu bia (n. ) k. of banana. asom asom ot- (aux. ) to become viscous: be barakQe asom awu hepQe (n .) k. of herb - asom oap the taro froth Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae became viscous . Euphorbia) (cf. awe awe).

-at (s.m. ) (follows vowels ) 2s, awu kaok (n. ) k. of herb. ip t. awu karik (n. ) k. of herb . ata- (n. ) ElSb , FaBrEICh , MoSiElCh ; elder brother, awu kuriQ (n .) k. of herb - elder sister ; Indian shot (Cannaceae Canna indica) . ata imi brothers (elder and younger) . awu omoQ ( n. ) k. of herb (Lab iatae Coleus (amboin­ ata imi (n.) k. of cat '. cradle . icus? )).

ateQe (n.) hand of bananas . awu tawu (n.) decoration: awu tawu ot-/tuhu-/me- to awaram (n. ) dance hat de coration de corate . (also momolep). awuawuQe (n. ) lungs . awawi guwawi ot- (aux. ) to grope : giopgat awawi guwaw i oap he awun (n. ) pulse . groped for the doorway ; to be confused naga nagayeQe awun me -(b.pp. )-ap to sense a awawi guwawi otbuap the ir stranger coming : awun thoughts will be confused; menihiap I sense a stranger to be deliri ous : den sawe sam coming (Zit. pulse grips for otma awawi guwawi oap when me ) . he wanted to talk he was delirious . awun me - ( b .pp.)- to take s.o. 's pulse : awun mewag iop he took awaQ- (n. ) (in reference only ) her pulse . Fa, FaBr (as an alternative to yawut-); father; a�un miap to pulsate (of blood).

awaQ- baratQe (n. ) FaBrDa (in awu�e (n. ) banana flower : ma nam reference only ) (Zit. awuQe banana flowe r. father's daughter); cousin; h 5

awura (n .) red clay (used for face ada p-(p.m.) kat-(s.m. ) to paint ) (also pat pat (N.)). pierce the ear lob e (with this meaning only if the p.m. and the s.m. indicate di fferent persons): adapne n Qe katbi They pierced our ears .

-a (a litia) optionally oc curring adap- ka rik (aj. ) disobedient , on the ctf. independent verb : stubb orn (lit. strong ears). tatbamg at ahobain or tatbamg at ahobaina if I had been here adap- paraQ yap to regain we (pl. ) would have fought. hearing (lit. one 's ears are penetrated): adapQe -aba (loa. ) through , by way of , paraQ yap he regained his out of, from among (occurs he aring ; with verbs of motion ); -aba (follows aj 's, demo pro wo n­ pet adap�e pocket (lit. loin whe re , nouns , poss.ph. , cloth 's ear). clauses ): sa ru patoaba by way of the big sea; won aba adap bok (n. ) pupa. by wh ich way ; suma ba through the graveyard; -ba (follows ade- (i v. ) to dance (of women ), demo pr' . ebu, edu, ewu); -pa to swing the hips in dancing . (follows demo pro eba, eda, ewa, ya, yu, yi and wosa). ade- (iv. ) to continue , proceed: hilipkum adeai they continue -aba not yet (clause with final doing badly (also adi- in verb in ip t . habit): na ki ip t. ). arimanaba I have not yet gone . adi- (see ade- ). aha aba (n.) k. of tree (Myrtaceae adinam (n. ) k. of pandanus . Eugenia) (also gaba gaba ) (af. s i I um s i I um ) . adup ( n. ) k. of pandanus (nut variety ) (Pandanaceae abaku- (tv. III) to hang s.th. on Pandanus ); also k. of skirt the body - arms , back , neck. made from this tree. abakum (n. ) necklace. adup gotQe (n. ) k. of vine . abam (n .) k. of or chid. adup kalap�e (n. ) k. of tree (Sapotace ae Planchonella). abu (n. ) k. of sweet potato. adup warat (n. ) k. of vine ahu ot- (au�. ) to be inflamed, (Vitaceae Cissus ). infected. ai (n.) work, garden : aian abulam (n.) lime gourd, penis arinomai they will go to gour d (sheath ). work ; adap- (n. ) ear; ai kalam garden in preparation : ai kalamyet�an arlowot They adap- bok ya p to be deaf (lit. went to the garden they we re one 's ears become lifeless): preparing adap�e bok yap he is deaf ; at ka lam ma n- to live by adap- es en�e helix (lit. ear's gardening , as gardeners; leaf) ; ai kalaman gatQe cuttings or adap- kat kat�e one 's pierced slips for planting (lit. ear lobe ; one from the garden in preparation): ai kalaman pe r.-num. gat�e kametmune bilema p a dap-(p.in.) kat- (a.m'.) to the cuttings that I plant listen for s.th. (lit. to must not turn out bad; put one 's ears): adap�e kasap he listened for it ; 6 hk num. ai sot produce (food from work): (let p�r. if.vb. } -$k nSga-(e.� .) ai sot toPQe toPQe kigitQe orop to want to do s:th. : goka very much of the many different nebea� nagan I want to eat kinds of produce ; sweet potato (lit. I think on ly I must eat sweet ceremonies, doings: naom kunQe potato) ; yaka t ai ceremonies for that firstborn ch ild. (adv erba liser) as in ibiak in vain , poorly ( Zit. on ly a aik- (tv. III) to ask , question, woman ): iblak taka n I came interrogate . in vain . ailogo (av. ) we ll, healthy : ai logo ax ax yap (aux. ) to be dry (of manom we will remain he althy ; bark cloth).

(aj. ) pleas ing : lohibi ai l og o axa - (tv. I) to expectorate , to a generous or pleasing couple cough s.th. up , out : une�e (in that generos ity is pleas­ aka p he spat out the inedible ing) ; beautiful: sur iQe ai logo portion; to finish , complete: beautiful blossom; fruit ful : 10k den aka p the man finished saQiQ ailogo a fruitful lemon speaking (Zit. spit out the tree ; extraordinary : ka lap words ) . ai logo extraordinary firewood; attractive (in appearance), -axe (c litia) (occurs finally on pretty ibi senQe hameQe ai logo the inde pendent ve rb and an attractive woman . indicates disbelief, surprise or ignorance on the part of ailogologo (intensified form of the speaker ): aun taka rake ai logo ) very pleasing , fruitful , you have come now; what a etc. sur prise . ai�e (aj. ) new (also ago) . a18 (demJ an other: ala tap another is here ; what ? (int. aiQe xe luluQe (n .) k. of magic. pr. ) (may indicate a referent unknown to the speaker but airox (n.) sub-cutaneous fat (on known to the hearer: ala va t pig) (also airuk); airokQe what di d you say? (cf. wuan ); bia lean (meat ) (cf. sun uml)-e ak) . one: imi�e ala�e one of his brothers; a, an (English airux (n. ) (see airok) inde finite article ): lohlbl sobo ala an old couple . airuk (aj. ) bad (cf. bi le�e). a18engen (Zo a.ph. ) elsewhere . -ax I (s.m. ) 3s . if. : ariak let him go l; (also -ek). alaengen alaengen everywh� r� , from place to place: alaengen -ax II (clitic) only : konok yuik alaengen ari- (habit. ) to tap on ly th is one remains; Just: wander (Zit. to go from one yawuak Just like that ; (also -ok place to an other ); ilaengen and -ek); alaengen ari man- to be nomadic. (homo, } -ak tat- to remain (in action), to continue (action): alahat (poss.ph) whose: alahat nemak tap he continues to eat; tewe t whose knife. tohom arimak tap he is always coming an d going; alahu (av. ) again : alahu tuhu do it ag ain I . (verb in if. }-ak naga-(s.m. ) the if. verb an d naga- may not a18l8 (dem. ) many other, all, occur with the same per.-num . other things: wahap alala expressed in their s.m. ) to want otbi they did many other s.o. to do s.th. : naha t eme tne things ; llakum eda ago tuhunihiQe lik nagan I want you to te ar down senQe alila everything , many my house an d build a new (one ) kinds of things . for me o ve r - there ; -ane 7

aIalal)e (int.pl'. ) who? (plural). al ipl)e ot- to cease from some­ thing negative {illness), to alaI) ala I) oap (aux. ) to feel a recover: ka lak hakl)e al ipl)e tickling sensation . oap the itchiness has ceased;

a lal) ala rJ tuhu- (tv. I) to al ipl)e oap it is safe , all tickle s.o. ; (also golek right , well . (not in if. ) gole k tuhu-) ; �1�1) �1�1) ari­ ve ry : gal ikl)e al ipl)e (aux. ) to swoop across, to (inten. ) very flat . skim along the surface of s.th. (of a plane fo llowing the alit- (iv.) to cove r oneself up mountain ridge ) (also ha lal) (for pr otection from rain ): halal) ari-). al i tbe I will cove r myself up ; (tv.I) to cover s.o. , alal)e (int.pl'. ) who? (sg. ) (speaker s.th. : ali t g e.kbe I'll cover does not know referent ): alal)e you; (also alihit-). gap who came ? aliwahap rubbish; things : (often alap (n. ) k. of tr ee. used for particular semantic categories) a I iwahap topl)e ale- (iv. ) to become ripe , to topl)e all kinds of th ings mature : sego a I eap the corn (plan ts ). is ripe . aliwalip (see alip al ip). ale- (iv. ) to lust: ye kma aleap he saw them an d lusted; (tv. I) -ama (cZitic) on the other hand, to lust (for s. o. ): a I eheksan however, but . I lust for you . fumati (t. ) what time? when? alek alek (aj. ) many kinds of: sogoak alek alek many k. of an- (iv. ) to make way , move animals ; many : den alek alek as ide (only in if . and dep. ); many topics, many subject ada gawe move aside and I matte rs . will come . alihit- (iv. ) to cover one self -an (Zoc. ) to, at , in, into, (protection from rain ). upon (generally does not occur with ve rbs of motion ) alilak- (tv. I) to cove r oneself , (also -an , -en); -an(fol­ to shade one self (also lows consonants , vowe ls i, al ihi lak- ) e, 0, u an d demonstrative pronouns): emetl)e kamenan aliI) (n. ) k. of an imal (also the ki yahawuat you must not go animal 's tooth use d for into his empty house ; hanan carving knife ). on the ground; kapa ian to the place; -an (follows alip as in biwi al ip happiness. emet house) eme lan in the house ; -en (follows a, a or alip alip or al iwal ip (av. ) well : 0) toen in the water; abaen aliwaliwak tuhuma i they do it in the men 's house; ba raen only well, excellently . in the bush; The se clitics do not occur alipl)an (Zoc. ph. ) to a place of following place names or goodness . regular pronouns. alipl)e (aj.,av. ) good, right, also, at the time of: ariwua lan fine , safe, well , properly , at the time we will go; at certainly, successfully : the place of: pIes balus alipl)e doda very good; alip l)e tuhuwinan at the place where doda very good; a Iipl) e nadorol)e we made the airstrip. very good; -ane (cZitic) then (occurs on a al ipl)e nan l)e very good, wonde r­ dependent verb an d indi cates ful (also uwawapl)e bia): den that the action of the al ipl)e nanl)e unobjectionable dependent ve rb is antecedent talk . to that of the following verb) : ekdane katbom first 8 -angeba

you look at it and t hen I will (desid. in hetero . ) + ki put it (away ) (af. benl)e); if aridil) oap to be un ab le (shows conditional action): (Zit. to want to do s.th. haba i takarane ahorom later on but it wa s insufficient): if you com e we (du. ) will right yahawe sam otmune ki (at. -mane JI). aradal) oa p I was un ab le to go up ; -angeba (Zoa. ) from (follows aj 's not ending in e, poss . ph . an d aradal) ot-(b.pr. )-ap to clauses) (also engeba, -heba/­ satisfy s.o. , to be satis­ geba , -keba) : fied: aradal) otyingiap it -engeba (follows ala another); satisfied them or they were alaengeba from another place ; satisfied. -heba/-geba (follows possessed nouns, aj s. ending in e an d arada l) (ak) (av. ) always : sap names ); to senl)eheba from the aradal) gem gaop he came all spring ; Lawingeba from Lawin. the time , at all times , -keba (follows demonstrative always ; sufficient ly , ab le , pronouns eda , eba , ewa , ya , right : tuhul)eta aradal) oap yu, yi an d wosa) . they did it suffi ciently , it was enough ; alike : aradal)ak -angen (Zoa. ) to , towards , into, otminiop they were all alike; on , at (occurs wi th verbs of mo tion ) (also -engen , -gen , aradal)ak ot- to be of one - ken ) : likeness , size , characteris­ -angen (follow s aj 's not end- tic. ing in e, un possessed nouns and poss .ph. : kal iwangen into aradal)dal)dal) (intensified form the distance; howangen on the of aradal)). ripening rack ; yegalangen to their place ; ararak sa- (aux. ) to ab an don -engen (follows ala an other) ( on ly wit h pl. s.m . ) : alaengen to another place ; dai akma ararak sam ariwi -gen (fo llows nouns ma rke d ·they re tre ate d, abandoned it for possession, aj 's ending and we nt; in e an d names ): eme tl)ehen in his house; balel)ehen at the ararak yap (aux. ) to dry up (of bad (place) ; Bemtapgen at water) (also ka rak yap) . Bemtap; -ken (follows demonstrative arit (n .)(N. ) nasal muc us (at. pronouns eba , eda, ewa , ya , nabal)): arit hi lil) be I wi ll yu, yi and wosa) . blow my nose.

aom (n .) k. of pandanus tree; also arok (n .) cucumber ( yellow ) type of skirt made from thi s (also kawa (N. )). tree (also aum). arok kawetl)e (n . ), lady bird, aom gotl)e (n .) k. of vine (also cucumb er beetle . aum gotl)e). arurUI) gururul) (av. ) leisurely : ara- (n. ) hip , thigh, hindquarter 10k sobo arurul) gururul) otma (of an an imal ): ara- ka tatku ad iai/adea i o ld men continue ka tatkUl)e pe lvis (Zit. joined to do it leisurely . together hips ). asan- (tv. III) to be alongside aradal) (aj. ) ev ery : hi l�m aradal) of s.th. , next to s.th. every day ; enough : den aradal) oap it is enough talk; all : asap (n. ) long bamboo water aradal) ganoma i all will come ; container. altogether : yen aradal) you altogether ; as it- (tv.I) to scratch , scrape , rake ; aradal)oap to be suffi cient, a sir a k - t 0 s have (Zi t . t 0 right, ab le ; scratch oneself) ; nak asit plane (tool). ki aradal) oa p it is wrong, insufficient; atititik yap (see ititik yap) . baradaf) yap 9 aum (n. ) (see aom) bagogo � gagogo� (see gegogo� gagog o � ). aun (t. ) now, today , present day ; aun yuka t at this present baham I (n .) k. of bird time ; (Salvadori's Coucal (Cen­ aun omo�da�e tonight ; tropus Polophilus ) aun ko n o k for the first time nigricans ) (w. ipt. , ift. , if. ). baham II (n. ) k. of an imal. awalili oap (aux. ) to be out of focus , nearsighted. bahat (n. ) k. of animal. awawa (n. ) field cricket. bahot (n. ) k. of tree . awihi- (iv. ) to not sprout , bak yap (aux. ) to fall down or germinate . be stripped off (of tree bark), to burst (of dam), awihiop (n. ) k. of tree - Mul­ to fall down (of fence ), to berry family (Moraceae ; break out of or drop out of Streblus urophyllus ). (rim of a ve ssel). awi li�- (tv. III) to be ups et (of baka (aj. ) spotte d, black an d stomach ): tepne awi l igum tap wh ite , dappled, mottled - my stomach is upset (lit. it (pig colour ). raises my stomach up ). bakakat (n .) k. of ban ana . awilu (iv. ) to rise up , raise up (of snake , worm); to squi rm baku gaku ot- (aux. ) to sway ( cf. piri� piri� yap ). (of trees in wind; people ) (lit. to do going and coming) awiri- (iv. ) to re turn (also (also ariku gaku ot-)(of. owur i - ) . bawa gawa ).

-aya (clitic) permissive or ba lala� ot- (aux. ) to quarrel emphatic (when following the (not with sg. s.m. ): salan ve rb in if. , ctf. or proh. ) - ba lalal) oawot they (du. ) prob ably showing disgust on are quarrelling (on the the part of the speaker : teeth); aril)e raya you (pl. ) go then l den ba lalal)oawot they (du. ) (if that is the way you fe el are quarre lling (with words ). about it). balam (n .) flame , torch (also wane (N.) .

B balu (n. ) WiSiHu (m.s.) (also baru-); my sister-in-law's husban d. ba- (iv. ) to go: bam ek you go ' see himl. bamu gamu ot- (aux. ) to exchange (not with sg. s.m. ): den badede (n .) Reef heron (Demi­ bamu gamu oa it we exchange gretta sacra); views , opinions.

bade de ot- to act like a reef ban (n.) (N. ) stinging nettle heron (of disobedient chi ldren (Urticaceae Laportea) (of. or of a woman when she le aves uak) her husband an d returns to her parents ). -ban (8.m. ) Is , rpt. (follows consonants ). baga bread (adapted from coastal plant name for breadfruit ) baneara (see seduk banea ra). ( cf . si l lwa k) . bao l) (see hiol) bao� un der -bagi (b.pr. ) for him, her (3s, hi 01)-). b.pr. ) (1st order ve rbal suffix; follows consonants ; barada� yap (aux. ) to wear out , see -n i hil. tear ap art, rip. 10 barahan barahan- (n. ) arms (as opposed to bawawu (n .) k. of herb - legs ): on ly in duhu barahan­ Galingale family (Cyper­ one 's limbs. aceae Cyperus kernianus ) (ct. kahamu l) an d ka i tel)} barahanan (n .) arm brace lets , arm bands . -ba. (roc. ) through, by way of, out of (see -aba for usage). barak I (n.) foam, froth , spittle (ct. hehon ). babalarn- (n. ) flying fox or bat wings : babalam gareak barak II (acc. ) without : tewe t gareakl)e webs of bat wings. barak gap he came without a knife. bae (excr.) an exclamat ion of worry , concern , or mild hak barak (aj. ) nude , un clothe d, disagreement . nak ed. bagup (n.) wooden hammer (for barat- (n. ) Da, PaSbChDa , preparing loincloth), club . SpPaSbChDa, SbDa (m. s. ), PaChDa (m.s.), WiSbDa, SiDa baha (at). ) (an adve rb indi cating (w.s. ); daughter, girl; (see that the action of the mod­ also me l) - baratl)e , awal)­ ified verb has been commenced baratl)e}. but not brought to completion an d has the probable me aning ) baru- (see balu-). to begin to do something but not carry it to completion, baruk (see turuk baruk un de r to commence but not complete , turuk yap). to desist: bana yeran I tried to shoot (but stopped) ; banS batbarat (n. ) k. of tree - Custard­ arlan I began to go (but apple family (Elaeocarpacede turned back). Sloanea) (also tehelol)} . baha ku- (tv. III) to reprove bau I (n.) pig: bau ibl sow; bau ( H t. to almo s t hit s.o. ) : 10k boar; bana yongoan I reproved ba u ot- to act like a pig them . (said of S.o. who refuses serve d food and so is rude ). bahara (n.) coconut shell (ct. nanap). bau II (n. ) k. of cat 's cradle . -bai (s .m. ) 2-3p, ctf. bau bau (n.) k. of nettle (Urti­ caceae Pouzolzia (zeylanica? }). -bain (s.m. ) Ip , ctf.

bau bero (n.) k. of lizard (rit. ba il) ( oonn . ) all right , o.k. pig eater). ba il)e (av. ) that 's all , finished, bau halarnl)e (n.) sugar cane last: bal l)e yaok that is cultigen. enough ; ball)e sawuap he will talk lastly ; (n.) end: bau sopl)e (n.) whirlpool (rit. ba i l)an (loc.ph.) at the end, pig's anus ). at the outside, (opp. nowe tl)an ); (aj.) youngest : baura manl)e (n.) k. of tree. imlyel)e ball)e their last young brother, youngest bawa gawa (av. ) a re c iprocal , back brother; an d forth movement: bawa gawa tuhu- to push or slide s.th. ba il)e + verb in if. to stop , back an d forth ; (ct. baku 9 aku). quit an action in progress ;

bawalal) (aj·.) thin: nak bawalal) thin bail)e sa stop talking l; ball)e plank ; slender: 10k bawa lal) a sa to talk lastly ; slender man ; See also bat- ba il)e me- to den bawalal) sa- to talk impetu­ inherit . ously. bawapi (n.) (from K �te) evangelist . -bait (s.m. ) Id, ctf. bawarap (n. ) k. of vine. bflrc3.du'l yap 11

bakam (n. ) short bamboo container gokawan varieties of sweet (for cook ing ). potato. (also -w�n ); gamalakbanama afterwards , balak �erek (num. ) ten . in future times . bala�- (n. ) calf of leg . baok�e (n .) crack , fissure , rift, chink ; Ba la� abo �e Satan (Zit. owner of Ba la� Mt. ) (cf. hewuk�e 10k, baok�e orop orop (aj. ) coarse seduk banea ra ). (of bark), rough: goka ya baokl)e orop orop oap that balap �e (aj. ) cold: eme t ba l ap�an sweet potato is full of to a cold place ; fissures . pe r. num. balap-(p. m. ) - h�t ot-( s.� .) to baok yap (aux. ) to be broken , be col d: b a 1 a p n a hat 0 a n I am full of fissures , cracke d, cold; (n.) wind: ba l ap�a�e split (lengthwi se ): esen�e miap the wind blew (lit. held baok yap the leaf is nearly it ) . sprouting (lit. the leaf split ); (cf. do� yap) ; bale- (iv. ) to become bad, to die (of people ): awa�e bal eap his baok sam perede� yap (aux. ) to father died, to be ruined: bloom , blossom, flower (Zit. tebe ba leap the bow is ruined, break an d spre ad out). to spoil: goka ba leap the sweet potat o is spoiled. baom baom (n .) k. of wild sugar See emet billeap. cane . bale-(tv.I) to do evil to S.o. : bao� sa- (aux. ) (not in sg. ) to ba leneksap he did evil things split up , to separate , to to me , made it di fficult for di sperse : nen baol) sam ba me . Ise arlwin we split up an d we nt to Ise. balel)e (in ten. ) (following aj .): ka lap ba le�e very hot . bao� baol) (av. ) percussion sound. balel)e (aj. ) bad: kulem bal el)e ot­ bap (av. ) tightly : hag i bap to act badly , do bad things ; mag u rom we (du) will close the door tightly ; completely : ba l e�e male�e terrible , very bad: bap kurihio p he covered it oro tmeme ba l el)e ma lel)e a completely. (also bup). terrible custom ; fierce: 10k bal e�e ma l e�e a fierce man ; bap bawak (av. ) in continuous poor (of workmanship): tebe line , in unbroken line. balel)e a poor bow. bap bap oap (aux. ) to stick, it ba l el)e ot- to sin ( cf. tosa is stuck fast , it is tight o t - ) ; (also bawap oap).

ba l e�e man- to live badly ; -bap (s.m. ) 3s , ctf.

bal el)e tat- to remain bad; bara bush country , clumps (of trees ): baral)e gap to be den billel)e sa- to use a pro­ overgrown with weeds . fanity. -bam (s.m. ) Is, ctf. bar a be lae grasslands , coastal are a (als o emet sog ae). -ban (clitic) (follows consonants ) additive marker: on pronouns baradal) (av. ) pull , lead: mem it means also, too: nawan I baradal) gan I pulled it and also, me too; on nouns it came ; barada� ba rada� daiaksal indicates that focus is upon they led one an other, they the various kind of things move d on . subsume d un de r the term to which it is suffixed an d means baradu� yap (aux. ) to be pierced varietie� of, vari ous kinds ( cloth ) , penetrated (thicket), of: 10kban various kinds of torn (hole in cloth ), to men (i.e. black , wh ite , etc. or Japanese, Australians , etc. ); 12 b&rak yap

pierce, penetrate , tear (cf. ka l bat mum palaml)e ot- to pa ral) ya p) (also ba rudul) or be paralytic; burudul) ). pe r-num. bat-(p:m. ) -an patak yeram barak yap (aux. ) to be painful (of a minor piercing, pricking pan-(s.'m .) to snap one 's pain ) . fingers : ba tyel)an pa tak ye ram pansa i they snapped barudul) yap (see ba radul) yap). th eir fingers; baruk (n.) pneumonia: ba ruk ba t- torehenl)e portion (of s. houneksap I have pneumonia th o given). (Zit. pneumon ia stabs me ). bat batl)e (n. )branch , sprig, baratl)e (n.) crumbs (of foo d on twig. 1 ips af t er e a tin g ): 1 au n e ba ratl)e nian' I moisten my -bat (s.m. ) 2s, ctf. lips , lick my lips (Zit. I eat my mouth's crumbs ). bat ku1em (n .) snare (rat trap), cat's cradle . basahat (n.) k. of banana. bati (conn .) (N. ) that 's all basok (av. ) nearly , almost: basok (cf. ba i I)). mohasan I nearly vomited. batnobot (num. ) five (Zit. bat- (n.) arm, hand, foreleg: bat­ half of the hands ); egatl)e wrist (Zit. hand' s neck); bat- tepl)e palm (Zit. han d' s ba tnobotl)e (aj. ) fifth: konok stomach ); ba t - kadatl)e back of bi tnobotl)eak on ly one , the hand; fifth one (also momel)e);

bat- ba il)e inheritance; ba tnobot ba tnobot (num. ) ten ; pe r. -num. ba tnobotl)an on Fr iday . bSt- (p'.m. ) bi il)e wal)-(s.'m. ) to endow, bequeath , bequest : bawak (aj. ) plenty (also batl)e ba il)e wal)sap he bestowe d sesegat); his inheritance on him; bawak ot- (only with pI. s.m. ) ba t- ba il)e me - to inhe rit fr om s.o. to multiply , to become (spe cified by p.m. on ba t - ): plenteous ). ba tne bail)e mebua p he wi ll get my inheritance;

bat be la iak (av.) without com­ baWaW81) getek (aj.) circumscribed, pensation, (inability to repay), encircling (completely) (of without charge , free ly : bat clouds , grass skirt). be laiak ningiap he gave it to us and we we re un ab le to repay; bawawal) yap (aux. ) to crash (of trees falling in the forest ), ba t- hamel)e wages; to splinter (of bones ), to shatter . bat- kawi rahoap to clench one 's fist (Zit. one's hand folds -bawot (s.m. ) 2-3d, ctf. itself up ); be (n .) taro (indigenous ) (of. bat kuhu o t-( b .pr . ) - to marry s.o. ; s I gap).

bat kuhu ot- ( on ly in du. ) to get -be (s.m. ) ls, if. (follows married, to be married; consonants). pe r. -num. be asi (n .) (Kate), bee: asie:( Zit. bat-(p.m. ) kat-/ku- (s'.m. ) to fin­ ish a matter ; carrying pig) horse .

pe r. -num. bebe (n. ) k. of plant (Rub iaceae ba t-(p'.m. } lotoho- (s.m'. ) to Amar acarpus ) . clen ch one' 5 fist (Zit. to fold one 's hand): batne 10tohoan I behat- (n . ) niece, nephew; BiCh clenche d my fist; (m.s.), FaBrDaCh (m.s.), MoBiDaCh (m. s. ). berum 13 behatQe (n .) shoot, sprout benben (n .) slate . ( pandanus ) . benQe (conn .) then ; behun- (n. ) bra ins . yama benQe (conn. ) but next; bek yap (aux. ) to prolapse . gatQaQe be nQe (conn.) after bekom (n'.) flying fox ( Pteropus which, then . poliocephalus ) ( also ko be (N) ). be Qda (n. ) Yellow-eared honey bekom ariap (n. ) k. of cat's sucker ( Xanthotis chrysotis cradle . . ( meyeri )). From Huon Gulf . belaiak be laiak (aj. ) thin : beQe (n .) edible groun d shoot hakQe be laiak be laiak oap of the bamboo ( cf . ka batQe ). he is thin , skinny , slim; beredeQ yap I (aux. ) to rip: be laiak be laiak pila- (aux. ) to sagum ya be r edeQ yap that eat a portion ( and discard material ripped. the rest ) ; beredeQ yap II (aux. ) to be See also ba t be laiak. over-crowde d, ove r-populated: lokQak han be redeQ sam iap/tap be langen (Zoc.p h. ) behind, out­ the land is crowde d with side (Zit. at the back) (cf. people . be t). berek as in ka rubeQ berek belam- s.o. 's place : be lama ngen children 's chant when they to the place; ( also we lam- ); imitate a scorpion .

be l amQe ak tap it is ab sent berem (n .) k. of tree ( Legumin­ (Zit. only its place is osae Erythrina) . here) . berem kawetQe (n. ) k. of leaf­ be lam belam ot- to become whole eating insect; moth or butter­ ( after being cut up into fly pupae . pieces ) . bererek yap (aux. ) to shed be lek (n. ) lightn ing; ( leaves) : nak esenQe bererek samap the tree is always be lek mamaQe hail stones ( 1 ) ; sheddin g its leaves; to heal the causative force of rapidly : lauQe be rerek yap lightning which is said to his mouth he aled ( of scabi es) . reside in the mountains. bero eater ( only in compounds ) ; belek be lek (aj.) broad ( of many vulgarisms and obscenities leaves ) . are compoun ds of be ro: wik bero worm eater ; be leQ yap (aux. ) to reflect ( light ) , to glare, to glint; 10k be ro cannibal (lit. man , eater ) ; gi leQ be leQ yap to flash. ka tma be ro plate (Zit. putting

-beloQ (8.m. ) 2d, p erm ( follows eater ) ; consonants ) . he p be ro army (Zit. blood be lowinQe (n. ) k. of tree - nut­ eater ) ; me g and mace ( Myristicaceae Myr istica) . hawurum be ro scavenger (Zit. gathering eater) . bem (n. ) story , my th ; See takum be ro , wa taraQ be ro. bem patQe legend berum (n .) wind: be rum me - to bem denQe story, tale . feel the wind: be rum mebe I will feel the wind; dry bem pe tQe (n. ) k. of tree season ; ( also seru)(cf. yabu). ( Moraceae Ficus ) . 14 bese

-besam (s .m.) sg . desid. (fo llows bia sa- to refuse , disagree c on s on an t s ) . (opp. 01) sa-). be se (n .) bean . biak (n. ) k. of herb - Goa bean; Asparagus Pea (Leguminosae be t (av. ) later , afterwards : bet Psophocarpus tetragonolobus ). garomawot they will come later ; behind: bet pi laop he threw it biapl)e (n .) pad (for he ad or behind ... shoulde rs for carrying ): kunl)e biapl)e litohom ka tma hikap she bet sa- (a ux . ) to follow: be t folde d her carrying pad, put yan I followed. it on an d carried her string bag . bet- I (n. ) back: tokan betl)e the back of the wall; (af. biapl)an biapl)an kinsap it is kadat-); piled, stacked (of count nouns , e.g. paper ). betl)an (Loa. ph. ) or be tl)ehen (Loa.p h. ) following : yaku biaro (n.) Short-billed Red be tl)an watma baop he Fantail (Rhipidura brachyrhyncha). followed her (Lit. chasing at her back he went); after biat- I (iu. ) �ontraction of (time ): tebe be tl)ehen gaop b i a + 0 t - ) to van ish (i ft . ) , he came af ter the fight , hide , di suppear, become tebe kapam be tl)ehen after a invisible ; fight ; later: be tl)ehen takaop he came later; biat- II (tv.I) to lose s.th.: behind: tokan be tl)ehen ki biatbua t don 't lose it. kinop he stood behind the wall. -biei (s.m. ) 2-3p, rft. (follows consonants ). yuka t betl)an (Loa. ph. ) then (subsequen t action ), after -biein (s.m. ) lp, rft. (fo llows this, afterwar ds , then , fr om consonants ) . now on . -bieit (s.m. ) ld, rft. (fo llows be t- II (tv. III) to turn one 's con sonants ) . back on someone , offend someone . bihit (n. ) Mountain pipit (Anthus gutturalis rhododendri). betbe t I (n. ) k. of gr ub . bihit bihit (n. ) Wattled Brush betbet II (av. ) backwar ds , facing Turkey (Aepyposius arfakianus ). away : be tbet kinsap he stood backwards , facing aw ay ; with­ bihu bihu ot- (aux.) to not out looking back: be tbet ariap obtain s.th. expected or sought he went away wi thout looking for , to not re ceive the promise back; palsied: ba tl)e betbet oap (also iwi ot-). his hands are palsied. bik bik giap (aux. ) to dr ip. beuk ot- (aux . ) to bow in respect , to show respect (with kabe-) bikon (n. ) mole cr ick et. ka beyel)an be uk oai they bowed in resp ect. bilakl)e (aj.) undeve loped (used of plants ), immature . -bi (s.m.) 2-3p, rpt. (follows consonants) . bi1al)e (aj. ) without a string: tebe bi lal)e bow only, no bia (aj. ) no, negative , none , string . nil, without : denl)e bia olak let it be without comment; bim I (au. ) with a thud (soun d ): nothing : adapl)e ka lop bia olop hanan bim kiol)sap/kuap he he put his ear ; nothing al ighted with a thud. (happened) was heard; bim II (n<. ) k. of club (with bia ot- to dissipate , to vanish; knobby head) (af. kemul) kemul) ). biwi 15

bim sili� (n. ) k. of club (also birik birik yap (aux. ) to nobe ) . become full (of a puddle ).

-bin (8.m. ) 1p, rp t. (fo llows biri,J) (n.) (Kate ) nail, consonants ) . hypodermic needle ; binbin (av. ) vertical: binbin bi ri� ku- to nail s.th. kinsap he stands up straight , or , it is ve rtical; biri (ri) (n. ) (Kate ) lines of people , lines in design: binbin�e (n. ) side (of ladder ). birian kin- to stand in a line . binen (n.) k. of vine (used for binding arrow points to the birom (see biram ) . shaft ) (Pandanaceae Freycinetia). biru biru (n. ) tortoise shell bio- (n. ) brother-in-law ; SiHu earrings . (m.s. ), PaDaHu (m. s. ), WiBr , WiBrWi , PaSbDaHu (m.s. ), -bisH (s . m. ) 2-3pJ hbt. 'WiPaSbSo. -bisHn (s . m. ) 1p, hb t. -bioi (8. m. ) 2-3p, rft. (follows consonants ) . -bisHt (8. m. ) 1 d, hbt.

-bioin (8.m. ) 1p, rft. (follows bisak (n. ) Australian Fantail­ consonants ). warbler (Cisticola exilis (diminuta) ) . -bioit (8.m. ) 1d, rft. (follows consonants ) . -bisawot (8.m. ) 2-3d. hb t.

-biom (s.m. ) ls, rft . (fo llows -bisam (s.m. ) ls, hbt. consonants ) . -bisan (s .m. ) 2s. hbt. -bion (s.m.) 2s, rft . (fo llows consonants ) . -bisap (s.m. ) 3s. hb t.

-bio� (s.m. ) 2p, perm. (follows -bit (s.m. ) 1d. rpt. (follows consonants) . con s onan t s ) .

-biop (8.m. ) 3s, rft . (follows bitap (n.) (N.) ab scess, consonants) . pimple (cf. kubut).

-biowot (s.m. ) 2-3d, , rft . bitiJ) (n.) (Kate ) trap (cf. (follows consonants ). gakom). biram (n. ) croton (Euphorbiaceae bitiJ)an ku ku�e trapped; Codiaeum variegatum); bitiJ) an kuap he was caught biram gale� gale� flame bush in a trap . (also birom) . bit op (see bitap). bire (n.) louse , bed bug (Cimes lectularis ) . biuk biuk oap (aux.) to shudder (of a house ). birik ot-/ku- (aux. ) to faint , become un conscious : sen birik biwa� (n .) k. of shrub. oap he is un conscious , he fainte d. biwi- (n. ) inside: biwi J) an (Zoc.ph. ) on the inside; birik ya p (aux. ) to dr own room: biwiJ)e alaengen ariap (also h aran - ( tv.III) )(also she went into another room; birik-(tv. III) ). eme t biwi J) e room; biwiJ)an g�tJ)e internal organs , pith birik birik (n.) cold sweat , (Zit. one from its insides ). profuse sweat from fear: ohowak birr� bi rik kinmu he was in a cold sweat from fe ar. biwi - ahom niaksap to wonder at biwi- hakal) oap to dislike it s.th. , to marvel (Zit. one's (Zit. one 's insides don't insides fight and eat them­ like it ): biwiyetl)e hSkal) s elve s ) : b '�i\{ er:le ahom niaksap ; o ap they (du. ) dislike it; t h ey marve i l e � At it ; per .-num. biwi - he rol)e pa to oap to be biwi-(p.m':T- l)e al it- (s'. m. ) to ve ry happy , agreeable , pleased not commit oneself, to be un­ with s.o. , s.th. (Zit. one 's committedi to withhold giving insides are ve ry pleased): (Zit. to withhold one 's insides ): biwine he rol)e pato oap I biwiyel)e al isai they did not am ve ry pleased; commit themselves; biwi - ikl)iak ikl)iak hlol)aksap biwi- -ga lan ar iap to be come (not with sg . p.m. ) to devoted to s.o. : biwihe cease loving each other , to lokgahalan ariwuap you will lose affe ction for one bec ome de voted to your husband an other (Zit. one 's insides (Zit. your insides will go to split apart , separately) : your husband's place ); biwiyetl)e ikl)iak ikl)iak they lost biwi- -gat ar iap to fall in love : hiol)aksap affection for each other ; biwil)e ibil)ahat ar iap he fell in love with his woman (Zit. to be happy , his insides went for hi s biwi - kaok oap content, peaceful : (Zit. woman ) ; one 's insides become white ): biwi al ip happin ess; blwil)e kaok oa p he is content ; biwi - al ipl)e oap to be happy , pe r.-num . satisfied (Zit,. one 's insides biwi -(p:m. ) kat-(s.�. ) to are good) ; decide , trust in (Zit. to put one 's insides): biwi bale sadness; biwi - ba leap Anutuhat biwi nenl)e ka tbln to be sad, to pity (Zit. one 's we trusted in God; insides become bad): biwi bale pato naga- to feel very sad; pe r.-num . biwi-(p'.m. ) -gilin kat-(s:m. ) biwi- dopl)an oap to be satisfied to tr ust in s.o. , de cide for (Zit. one 's insides are at the S.O. : biwine Anutuha1.in mark (me asure ) ) ; ka t ban I decided for God;

biwi - ek- to know ab out s.o. biwi- ka lap oa p/s lap to rage , (Zit. else 's feelings (lit. to view be enraged or furious : s.o. 's insides ): biwil)e ki one 's insides are hot /burn ): eksan I don 't know his feel­ biwil)e ka lap oap he is ings on the matter ; enraged; biwi -(p.m. ) -an ka lap siap to biwi -(p'.m.)- an ekmi nigi- (s'. m. ) rage , be enraged or furious : to ponder s.th. ( Zit. to look (Zit. it burns on one 's at one 's insides an d think ): insides ): biwinan ka lap biwi l) an ekm3 nagap he pondered siap I am furious ; it; biwi- karikl)e oap to be harsh biwi- giap to be not disappointed (Zit . one 's insides are (Zit. one 's insides go down ): strong ): biwihe kari kl)e oap biwinenl)e giap we were not you are harsh; disappointed; J?er. -num. biwi- gul ip oap to lose control biwi -(p�m. )-anak kep me -(i.m. J to hum (tune ) (Zit. to of oneself over a woman (Zit. hold a song/dance only on one 's insides di sappear ): one 's insides ): bjwiyel)anak i b i a I a ekma b i w I he k i 9 u lip ke p miai they hummed the otbuap when you see a woman , tune ; don 't lose control of your­ se If ; biwi 17

biwi- kinsap to want it (tit. wait in expectation (tit. his insides stand): biwil)e to be here only holding one 's kinsap he wants it ; insides ): biwinenl)al)e memak tain we wait in expectation; biwi (p.m. ) -an kinsap to be yer.-num . embedded in s.th. (Ut. to biwi -(p:m. )-anak nag�- (s.�. ) stand on s.o!s inside ): to not express oneself (tit. biwil)an kjnsap it is embedde d to think on ly on one 's in it; insides ): biwiyel)anilk nagama i they never express biwi - -g alan kinsap to love , themselves ; to be in love , to be devoted to s.o. : biwil)e ibil)ahaliin kinsap he loves his wife (Ut. his insides stand with pe r.-num. his wife ); b i w i - (p'. m. ) n S 9 � - ( s .'m .) to pity (lit. to feel one 's biwi - konohilk oap (not with sg . insides): biwtl)e nagap he p.m. ) we ll-adjusted: 10k ya pitied him; ibi ya biwi y etl)e konohiik oap that man an d woman are well­ pe r. -num. to adjust ed in marriage (Ut. biwi-(p. m. )-I)e n�ga-(s.'m. ) their insides become only think to oneself , to not one ) ; speak out , to pray (lit. to think with one 's insides): biwi konok ka t- (not with sg. btwil)aoe nagap he thought s.m. ) to have agreement (Ut. to himself ; to put one inside): biwi 1?er. -num . konok ka sai they agreed biwi -(p'.m. ) -I)e nSga-(b.pr. ) pe r.-num . -(s.m.') to miss s.o. (Zit. b i w i - ('p• m. ) k u - ( s • m' . ) t 0 to feel one 's insides for mourn , grieve , sorrow (lit. s.o.): biwinenoal)e to hit one 's insides ): Isem nagawag ima in we miss him; biwi yeoe kuwi they wept an d mourne d; pe r. -num. biwl -(p. m. ) naga-(hetero.') pe r.-num . a Iipl) e oa p to feel fine (Ut. b i w i - (p'. m. ) k u m i s e - ( s .'m .) to to feel one 's insides an d bemoan , wail, lament , bewail they are all right ): blwi l) e (lit. to hit one 's insides nagamu al ipoe oap he feels and weep); fine; pe r. -num. blwi kuhu ot- to harbour ill to feelings , to be disgruntled biwi -(p'.m. ) -oak ot-(s.�.) be de sirous , covetous , (lit. to be hitting one 's envious (lit. to do with insides): biwi kuhu oa i they one 's insides ): are disgrun tled; biwl l)aoak oap he is covetous; biwi- lohotl)e oa p to be mild to be bitter mannered (lit. one 's insides biwi I)as in ot- about s.th. (lit. to do are weak): biwioe lohotl)e bitter insides ): biwi oasln otmap he is always mild they ar e bitter; mannere d; oa i pe r.-num . biwi- oap to worry : biwll)e biwi-(p.'m. ) lou-(s.m'. ) to de sire oap he worried (lit. one 's (good or bad) (lit. to carry insides happen ); one 's insides): biwiyeoe loua i they desired it ; biwi orot-(p.m. )-hat about which someone alone knows pe r . -num .• . , (lit. for (that whi ch ) blwl-(p.m. ) -l)e me -(s.m. ) to occurred (in) s.o. 's inside ): think to oneself (lit. to biwllJorot ahat taka tuhuap hold one's insides): biwil)al)e he came an d did s.th. ab out p he thought to himself ; mia which on ly he knows; pe r.-num. biwi-(p.'m.)-I)e mem9k tat-(s.�. ) biwi -(p.m. )-oe orotok yap to to put one 's hope in s.o. , to be disappointed (lit. insides 18 biwi

slipped down ): biwiye�a�e biwi yahap ot- to be un decided, orotok ya p they were dis­ irresolute (Zit.' to do two appointed; insides): biwi yahap oa n I am unde cided. biwi- parak pi lap to be arouse d sexually , to be excited (of biwi kisi (n.) k. of taro. sexual de sire ) (tit. one 's insides shake ): biwi�e parak biwihalak (aj. ) plenty. pi lap he was sexually aroused; biwira (aj. ) many. biwi- pesuk yap to be satisfied (tit. one 's insides are boa (n. ) (N. )dog (ct. 5050). finished): biwi�e pesuk yap he is satisfied; boda (aj. ) full, with contents (t in, bag). biwi- purik yap to change one 's mind, repent, come to one 's boha (n. ) k. of small lizard with senses (Zit. one 's insides red head. turned): biwiye�e purik yap they came to their senses; boho boho (n.) twins , headdress with twin feathers on top . biwi-(p.m. ) -an tap to not express oneself (Zit. to remain in bohop �e (n. ) bamb oo sheath (for one 's insides ) (also egat-(p.m. )­ main feather ornament on a an tap) : biwi�an tap he is not dance hat). expressing himself; bok yap (au;!;. ) to die (of fire·) , biwi- telan oap to not be to become lifeless (of ears enthusiastic (Zit. one 's insides an d eyes in deafness and blind­ are lazy): biwihe telan oap you ness ): adap- bok yap to become are not enthusiastic; de af (Zit. on e 's ears become lifeless): adap�e bok yap he biwi -(p.m. ) -an teteap it orig­ became de af ; sen- bok yap to inated with him (Zit. it become blind (Zit. one 's eyes appeared on one 's insides ): become lifeless): sen�e bqk blwinen�an teteap it yap he became blind: originated with us (pl. ); mem bok pi la- to extinguish biwi- uk yap to be excited (Zit. (fire ) by separating the one 's insides are startled): burning sticks ; biwiye�e uk yap they are excited; kum bok tuhu- to extinguish (fire) by beating ; biwi-(p.m.) -�e uken�e oap to be ple ased with S.o. (Zit. one 's mem bok bok tuhu- (auz. ) to insides are sweet): biwinen�a�e shut s.th. off . make s.th uken�e otmap we are always cease; pleased about it; bok bok (aj. ) smoulde ry : kalap biwi- umat�e oap to be sad, bok bok firewood wh ich grieved (Zit. one 's insides smoulde rs . are heavy): biwinen�e umat�e oap we are grieved; bok �e orop orop (aj.) rough (of bark ), knotted (of wood). biwi- yaha sap to become /be exci ted, aroused (Zit. one 's bokosok (n. ) mud: insides get up ): biwiye�e yahasap they are excited; bokosok oap to become muddy ;

biwi yahap ka t- (not with sg . bokosok lohot lohot mire . swamp ; s.m. ) to di sagree, have disagreement (Zit. to put two bokosok orot�e muddy ; insides ): biwi yahap kasai they disagree; bokosok be ro k. of fish - carp (Zit. mud eater ). buku 19

bo1ep (n. ) k. of banana. bot bot ot- (aux. ) to be blackened: he le� b6t bot -born (8 . m. ) 18, ift. (follows otminiop the firehood got consonants ) . very dirty

-boman (8.m. ) 18, iaft. (follows -bot (s.m. ) 28, perm . (follows consonants ) . consonants ) .

-bomap (8.m. ) 38, iaft. (follows bowu (n .) sugar cane cultigen . consonants) . -buap (8 .m. ) 38, ift. (follows -bomat (8.m. ) 28, iaft. (follows consonants ) . consonants ) . -buat (8.m. ) 28, ift. The ift. -bomosan (8. m. ) 18, dft. (follows in second and third persons consonants) . is often used to indicate a command regarded as always in -bomosap (8. m.) 38, dft . (follows effect: eme t�e kamenan ki consonants) . yahawua t Do not go up into someone 's empty house . -bomosat (8. m. ) 28, df t. (follows consonan ts ). bubukap (n .) Gr an d Mannikin (Mun ia grandis ). bon (aj. ) right: bongen to the right; right-hande d: bon ya bubu1e1i (n .)butterfly , moth . that right -han de d one . bubum (n . ) stench, mould (green), bon�anak (av. ) true , really , it mildew; also epidemic; is a fact , truly . bubum- (tv. III) to mildew , bon�e (n. ) fruit ; me at (as oppos ed mould. to blood , fat and skin ): bon�eak mebom I will take only the me at ; bubum sam ari- to fly - of a contents: bon�e tap the contents large insect (or bum bum sam are here ; product, achievement, a r i - ) . consequence, re s ult , outcome , success : bon �e tetewuap it 's budS (n. ) front flap of the loin­ succe ss will appear - i will b cloth (cf. sopoga). � � A successful ; answer: yaka t bon�eama an swer for that one ; truth : bon�e buda� (n. ) k. of imitative black sam speaking the truth ; magic , sorcery (af. ka rasu�a" sa it� e). bon�e (aj. ) true , truthful : hawat bon�e real blessing ; bugawu� yap (aux. ) it exploded (of stoma ch), burst (cf. bon�e ot- to ac complish it , do bul ulu�) . s. th o about it; buham (n .) yam culti gen . See also naom bon�e. buhum gihit�e (n .) k. of cat's bo� (n. ) middle garden plot cradle . boundary - inside the fence (also bo� sat�e); buhum 1iwat k. of snake - rock python (Liasis Amethistinus ).

buk (n. ) flatus ; bo� kun�e wedge-shaped (of a garden plot partit ioned like buk tuhu- to break wind. a pie is cut). buk buk giap (aux. ) to swe ll (as bore (n.) New Guinea Hornbill in hakye�e buk buk gewuap their (Rhyticeros plicatus (jungei }). skins swelle d up (from a bee sting)}. boso� boso� (n .) Black carrion beetle (Silph� ramosa) . buku- (n . ) friend, companion , relative ; 20 buku

buku o t- (not in sg. ) to be burudul)ak (av. ) suddenly (with­ reconciled : buku o awo t they out warning). we re re conciled; buruhak tat- (aux. ) to form buku ka t- to make friends wi th groups (of people ). s .0. : buku ka tneksap he made friends with me ; buruk buruk (ajct.) pounding, driving (of rain ): ge lak buruk buku konok (av. ) fr iendly : buku buruk gap a driving rainstor� konok ehakma ma nsin we treat is coming . each other as friends (Zit. we live seeing each other only burum sitik (n. ) k. of herb - as fr iends ); broomstick (Malvaceae side rhombifolia) . bukul)aI a- (n. ) friends and relations . burul) burul) drum beat , sound of dancing. buli (n. ) two ovula ovum shells tied together. burul) burul) yap (see bUl)burul) . bulisat (n. ) Purple-bellied lory busem (n. ) monitor lizard (Domicella hypoinochroa (gulielmi » . (veranus ) (also gusem (n. )): busem otma lau al)ma ta t: you bululul) pi lap (aux. ) to burst, act like a lizard an d open explode (ct. bugawul)) . your mouth in hinting for food. bulutuk tuhu- to paint (also lawalal)-. lapal)- ). bus it (n .) sugar cane cultigen. bum bum (see bubum). bUSUI) korok (n .) k. of beetle . bum bum sam ari- (aux. ) to fly buteli- (tv.I) to gesture by (of a large insect) (or bubum protruding the lower lip in sam ari-) (ct. pam pam yap). contempt , to show contempt : laul)e butel lap he protru�ed bumsit (n.) honey bee (7) his lowe r lip in contempt; (also butul l-. butul lku -). bumsit tOl)e honey. butuk (n. ) k. of vine (Legumin­ bunewak (av. ) completely , all: osae Pueraria). bunewak loum ga bring it all; butuli- or butul iku- (see bunewak ari- to foresake a butel l-). place. abandon a place; buwu- (n. ) grandmother; PaMo ' bunewak sam hegeg u- to di scuss and any other female of the it once and for all . gran d parental generat ion. See also hako buwul)e . bUl)am (n. ) victory dance (also 01) bUl)aml)e ). buwum (n.) k. of pandanus. bUl)burul) (ajct. ) crashing sound, buwurep- (n. ) nape of neck . noise of falling, soun d of thunde r, rumble ;

bUl)burul) (av. ) as in bUl)burul) D ariap to go crashing down ;

bUl)burUI) ya p (aux. ) to thun der , dakak (tv.I) to wallow (from to fall down loudly (also dika + ak scrape itself) . burul) burul) ya p). dakera (n. ) k. of grass bUl)sap (n .) k. of insect - beetle (Gramineae Imperata conferta) similar to ta rol). (also dokera. poi ap/palap (N. ). sogae) . burudul) yap (�ux. ) to penetrate (see ba rudul) ya p). dake ra� kakalip the long wiry tail dak dak yap (aux. ) as in mum feathers of ce rtain birds of dak dak yap to b� stationary , paradise (af. ho um� e kilkilli p). immovable (af.ari ar i�e bia ) . dakilo� (n .) field mouse . daka- (tv.I) to sc rape , grate ; da� (n. ) roller (for mo ving heavy han da ka - to crawl (on objects) . stomach ) - of pigs and reptiles: han dakam arimap da� da� yap (aux. ) to twirl, wag it crawls alo ng the ground; in a circular motion (of an animal 's tail) (also ta� t a � ). da�in da�in (n. ) yam cultigen. dake- (iv) (from Kite) to withe r (of skin , leaves). darep (n .) the posts in the lope fence (af. l o p e) . dalik (n.) k. of cri cket (af. b ikon). dawa� (n. ) firewood heap . dali� (n. ) k. of green bug . -da (aseoa. ) with: ita raek on ly with a net bag (also -ra) daman (n. ) (N. ) fence (af. lope , (frequently -daek or raek). p e k e ) .

-da (ajeer.) follows consonants; danok (n.) k. of banana. occurs on noun s to yield a derived adj ective indicating da�ak ek- (aux.) to stare (also a characteristic: 10k kukda an da�da�ak ek -). an gry man (i.e. a man who is characterised by anger) (also da�da�ak ek- (see daQak ). -ra, frequently -daek or -raek) . -da�e (t.m. ) at , in, during (of dabia (n.) sago palm: dabia time): omo�da�e at night ; poro�a sago pudding . gelakda�e during (the time of) rain . dabubu (n. ) moss; also conical wig made from dabubu and hair. darek darek (av. ) more . daha daha as in egam daha daha darip (n. ) artificial pool for­ magic (also egam saha sahil) . me d in the dry season as a stratagem to attract birds . daham (n. ) bark rain cape (also hamesen ). dawoka (n. ) dan ce (originated among the Timbe people ). dahiloQ (n. ) k. of shrub (Me lastomataceae Medinilla (amabi lis? )). dawulip (n. ) k. of banana. dai- (tv.I) to pUll; to take (as dependent verb with verb 'to de - (tv. I) (N. ) to speak (only go ' as independent verb): with 3.s o.pr. ) (af. sa- J. ata ye�e ala da lm ariop he took -de (s.m. ) ld, if. another of their elder brot hers (follows consonants). and went; to bring s. o. (as dependent verb with verb 'to -de sam (s.m.) du o deeid. come ' as independent verb): (follows consonants). nan�e barat�e dai yekmu tik�iak tohowl he brought his sons an d daughters and they came dede � (n. ) k. of wasp. secretly ; to invite : da i hekbe I will invite you; to le ad for th: degan (n. ) lake , pool, lagoon da i yekmu arai he led them forth ; (any natural collection of to withdraw, retre at: da i akma water on the ground): degan a r i - (al s 0 5 i r i k 5 il - ) ; tipi �e puddle ; (af. pokon , huban (N. ) darip ) . dSim hi I ipku� to mislead. 22 degop

degop (n. ) clay . den harem ne- to cease talking (because of an interrupt ion) dehorn (n. ) black tree kangaroo (Zit. to cut an d eat the (of. hewam). words ) ; dehonare (n. ) k. of ar row point . den halop ha lop whisper: den halop ha lop sa- to whisper; dek (n. ) scorpion. den he le� vulgarism , ob scenity dela�e (n. ) one part : de l ��e (Zit. black talk); tetemu one part appeared. den he ro�e flattery (Zit. delern (n. ) shell money. pleas ing talk);

den (n. ) speech, talk , news , den hio�- to tattle , inform order (command), conversation , on s.o. (Zit. to smash the comment , message , statement , talk) ; utterance; language : Se lepe t den the Selepet language ; den Iwi joke , jest : den iwi voice: mimahahat den bia sa- to banter , kid s.o. , that is not your mother's joke ; voice; sound: nai den�e the sound of a bird ; matter: den den kak� an sa- to contradict ya lap the matter was droppe d (Zit. to speak on top of (Zit. slept ); word: pepa den the talk); letter (Zit. paper word ), pepa den eme tQe school (Zit. paper den ki lap angry words (Zit. word house ); See also nii den�e. hot talk);

den .1�hu- (not with sg. s.m. ) den ka lip bile�e sa- to speak to hold a conversation ; an grily (Zit. to speak ve ry hot talk); den .1 1kQe the origin, source, cause ot the talk (Zit. the den ki rlkQe scream (Zit. s �e �ling ot the talk) (cf. strong talk); m.ma-); den kobo groundless statements den bamu g� mu oa l t we exchange views , (Zit. talk thett ); opinions (Zit. to do going and coming talk); den konok ot- (not with sg. s.m. ) to agree (Zit. to do den bi leQe vulgarism, obscenity one talk): den konok oa l (Zit. bad talk); they agreed;

den gehe�e sa- (b.pr. )- to den ko rok�e s a - to use a criticise, to belittle s.o. vulgarism, obscenity (Zit. (Zit. to speak little words to speak smelly talk); about s.o. ): den gehe�e san lhiap he belittled me ; den ku- to ignore or de rs , disregar d orders (Zit. to den glap the talk, conversation hit the talk); is tinished (Zit. the talk came down); den 10g8i- to override orders (Zit. to climb over the talk); den gola rumour , inaccurate statement (Zit. living talk): den 10hot�e 5a- to assuage , den gola sa- to speak mitigate , to make peace incorre ctly ; overture s (of. den saduk� e si-) ; (Zit. to speak soft den gullpgu- to interfere with words ); the meeting (Zit. to erase the talk); den lphot�an sa- to sooth with words , to yield in argument den gul ip oap the conversation (Zit. to speak on soft words); has left its point , purpose; the convers ation has become den 10u- to obey (Zit. to pointless (Zit. the talk carry the talk); disappeared) ; deru 23

den lou lou obedience ; den saksilik lawit- to mistell (Zit. to cut the footstalk den me - to lie , prevaricate (Zit. of the talk ) (see saksal ik); to hold the talk); den sam tete- to speak out den mem den mem lie , pretension; (Zit. to make talk appear by speaking ) ; den me�e 10k liar; den sisa�e to be reserved, den ki naga naga ot- to become spoken for: lohan den�e disobedient (Zit. to do not sasa�e engaged to be listening to talk); married (Zit. spoken words to a man); den nep�e deliberations (with tuhu- to do ): tosa 9 i rawuha den san san sa- to babble otma muap ya kat den nep�e (Zit. to speak words with pato tuhuwin we had big a shiver); de liberations ab out what kind of sin he had committed and den subun�e parable ; died; den ta�a t ta�at sa- to jabber, denan ot- to pray (af. ul it-) babble (tit. to speak words (Zit. to make on the talk); uselessly) ; den ot- (not with sg . s.m. ) to den tik�e secret conversation, hold court (Zit. to make parab le ( ·Zit. hidden talk) talk): Kiapgalin arim den otb i (af. den subun�e); they went to the patrol officer's place and held den tipl tapi adolescent voice court ; (tit. bits of talk); den pa t news , promise, covenant : den top�e origin myth (tit. den pat sam ek- (tv.III) to essen ce of the talk ); promise s.th., covenant: den pat sam ekyongop he promised den umat�e important talk them; (tit. heavy talk); den pato Kate , the church den uri ura proclama t ion; language (tit. big talk) ; den yaha sap it is a big den pa�e central point , main discussion (tit. the talk point (of discussion ); gets up ); den pila- to send word (Zit. to den biat (n .) Black-throated throw talk): lokgat den pllim Monarch (Piezormona guttu la sending word for men (to come ); (bete rura, from type of also, to disobey ; nigrifrons )). den pi la pi Ii disobedience (opp . de �a (n.) taro cult igen . den lou lou); de �Sk accurately: de�ak yeran den poton�e moral , meaning , 1 shoot accurately . point of st ory ; derep- (tv. III) to paralyse den purlk sa- to distort the s.th; matter, twist the truth (Zit. to turn the talk); derepda (aj. ) paralytic; den purlk gurik si- to translate derep derep ot- to be the message (tit. to examine paralysed. the talk by tu rning it ); derS (n .) k. of wild sugar cane . den saduk�e sa- to assuage , mitigate , to make peace over­ deru (n .) Crested gardener ture s (Zit. to speak cool (Amblyornis macgr egoriae ). talk ) ; 24 deru de ru deru deru (n .) Black Sun-bird tingle (of body p, arts): ka I ne (Cinnyris sericea). mum dik dlk yap my leg tingles. deru wit wit (n. ) tree frog dilik (n. ) k. of swallow (also (Hyla ) . d 11uk ). dewae- (t.v.I) to vie wi th: diluk (see di l ik). dewaeak- to' vie with one another ; to bar gain with : dewae neksa i di�a (n. ) k. of animal (also they bargain with me , d ewaene dia (N. )). karik �e you are a big beggar (Zit. your begging is strong); direm (n. ) instructions (of initiation ), directions, dewa em dewaem ek- to insist; taboos , orders, commands (also girem); (homo. ) + dewae- to out do s.o. , to excel: nem dewaeap she out­ dlrem�e sa- (tv.I) or den eats everyone . dlrem e k- (tv.III) to give instructions, orders , dew8w8�e (n.) overhanging ledge , dire ctions , taboos . ditch dug to confine pigs in an area: d ewawa � e amu tgen ta lop dirik darik (see dirik dlrlk). he stayed un derneath the over­ hanging ledge (ef. tupa ). dirik dirik (aj.) very young: Imlye�e tlpl�e dirik dlrlk dewun (n. ) Black caterpillar­ their very small young catcher (Edolisoma me las (meeki » . brother; (also dirlk darik) . dewun qiba� (n. ) Dumont's grakle dirim (n. ) k. of tree. (Mino dumontii). dirin- (tv.III) to put side by dewut (n. ) taro disease . side, line up s.th. together; dewutS (n . ) sun (also ma na (N. ), dirin dlrin (av .) conse cutively, s i kop); unbroken, continuous .

dewuta pila p the sun shines (Zit. doda (av.) hard, fier cely , the sun throws ); greatly: dodi kuan I hit hard; doda kl ahom l nlwl they did dewuta kuap the sun shine s (Zit. not fight fiercely , greatly ; the sun hits ); long: dodi arimanbua t you'll go an d stay a long time , doda dewuti glap it is becoming dodi�e very long time ; (inten.) afternoon (Zit. the sun comes very : kilap doda very hot; down ) ; dodi�e (aj .) large : hanen�e dewuta niga- to warm oneself in dodiQe ewaken tap our large sun (lit. to feel the sun). area of ground is up there ; dis. (n.) (N. ) k. of an imal. dodihilak (av.) very: he leQ dodahila k very dirty , black. dihin- (n .) chest; dokera (see dakera). dlhlnge somo t jest (lit. your chest is hairy ); -dom (s.m. ) ld, ift. (follows con son ants ) • dlhin- hahl t�e one 's breast bone. -domawot (s.m. ) 2-3d, ift.; 2-3d, ieft. (follows consonan ts ). dihit- I (tv.I) to pluck (individ­ ual bananas , pandanus ), to pick -dom8 it (s.m.) ld, ieft. (follows (fruit, mushrooms ). conson ants ) . dihit- II (n. ) groin; -domaiwot (s.m. ) 2-3d, ieft. (follows consonan ts ). dik dik yap (aux.) as in mum dlk dlk sa- to quive r and die ; to duk duk yap 25

-dornosait (s .m. ) ld, df t. (follows (See blwl- dop�an oap) . consonants) . dop dop I (av. ) hurriedly ; -domosawot (s.m. ) 2-3d. df t. (follows consonants). dop dop ot- to hurry up .

-dornosit (s .m. ) ld. df t. (follows dop dop II (av. ) ignore; consonants). dop dop ot - to make no reply . do� yap (aux. ) to break (cf. baok ignore s.o. (also doto . yap) . oloto� ). dop (n. ) appearance, size. sign . dopon (n. ) grub ; mark. way. manner of doing s.th: dop yawuak in Just that manner. dopon (tep�e) nest . hive way. 10k meme dop�e oap she is (it is likened to a ruptured in puberty - of women (Zit. to spleen ) . be at the man holding mark ); doro (n. ) foreskin; dop konohik symmetrical : nehem ta lam do p konohik a symmetrical do ro tuhu-(b.pr. )- to circum­ arrow; dop amon oap What size cise s.o.: do ro tuhuwag lap is it 1; he circumcised him ;

�oss. ph. ) + dop tuhu- to measure doro ku- to strip: lepa doro s.th.: emetgat dop tuhuap he kua p he strips the lepa measured the house ; fibres.

dop tuhu- to test . try s.th. ; doru doru yap to cry (of a hawi ).

(verb) -ga dop�e bla impossible dotgarotga (n . ) k. of edible for s.th. : nagawomga dop�e bla herb (Cruciferae Nasturtium) it wi ll be impossible for me (cf. ko re). to learn it; man l gehehi dop bla it is impossible to lower doto (see dop dop II ). the pr ice; hola� hol aga dop�e bla it is impossible to loosen duban (n. ) white-necked chicken it; hawk.

dop�e ot- to turn out . to be duban�ato (n.) Pelican (pelicanus fulfille d. to come to comple­ conspicillatus ). tion : ot�eta dop�e olop they did it and it turned out all dudu (n . ) New Guinea NightJar right; (Eurostopodus papuensis (astrolabae » . (poss.ph. ) + dop ot - to be ready for s.th. : hldam kimet kametga dugu (n. ) spectacles" mirror . dop oap it is ready for glasses: s.n- dugu�e binoculars . replanting (pulling and plant­ monocular , eyeglasses . ing) ; duhu (n . ) legs (as opposed to dop- ti lahuap time is up : dop�e arms ): only in duhu barahan�e ta18huap his time (mark) is his limbs. up (short); duhun�e (aj. ) mild (of tempera­ dop�an (Zoc. ph. ) enough . sufficient . ment ) - said of a person who symmetrically : dop�an oap it was is mild mannered. does not enough . sufficient. fitting (of become angry , talk strongly , an action); glkak nagat dop�an argue , disregard orders, or whatever you think. wish . desire; steal. dop�an hawiop he carved it symmetrically; duk duk ku- (aux. ) to rap , kn ock. (verb in he tero. ) + kl dop�an oap to be unable: sa l lkyongori kl duk duk yap (aux.) to billow . dop�an oap - you were not able to puff: utun duk duk sam yahasap count them (Zit. you counted the smoke billows and rises; them and it was not sufficient). 26 .dural)

duk duk sam pi la- to puff on s.th. edake ba (Zoe.ph. ) back from (cigarette ) . over there ; dural) (n. ) k. of banana. edake n (Zoe. ph. ) to ove r there , that way ; durem (n.) k. of tree (Matattia). edan (Zoe . ph. ) ove r there duwat- (tv.I) to tear s.th. , rend (ef. edun); s.th. : duwa laksa p it tore (itself); edapa (Zoo.ph. ) by that way over there . lhim duwa t- to chew , bite into littl e pieces; ed�l)an (Zoe.ph. ) at that place over there : edSl)an yan beyond, mem duwa t- to rend. at the time beyond that ; edal)an ba move a little bit duwa duwa (n. ) k. of rodent. over there . duwi (n. ) yam cultigen. edu- (dem. ) ove r there (close) (only in loc .ph.); duwi l)e (n. ) hollow : ka t duwll)e the hollow of the stone ; eduba (Zoe.ph.) by that way shelter (by tree roots ): nak over there ; duwil)e the shelter by the roots of a large tree. edun (Zoe.ph. ) over there .

edup (n. ) barrier, road block , safeguard, cross (gravemarker) , E mark (on tree etc., X-shaped) , (also Idup, Idip, ud lp). eal)bup that is all (used to egat- (n. ) neck : egat- kubu tdi close a narrative) the end of goitre ; egat-(p.m. )-an klnsap a story (also e a l) tul) , b� ll)e, to lodge in one 's throat ; ka l yawu ) • ega tl)e ankle (Zit. leg's neck); eal)tul) (see eal)bup). pe r.-num . e gat - (p:m . ) kotok ot-(a.�. ) to eba (dem. ) that down below have laryngitis: egatl)e kotok (remote ) (remove d from speaker oap he has laryngitis; an d hearer ); egat- bia immature (reasoning), ebakeba (Zoo.ph. ) from down irresponsible , unaccountable : (Zit. there ; without a neck ) (also obe- bla) ; ebaken (Zoo. ph. ) down to there , egatda (aj. ) downwards ; accountable , responsible , mature of (Zit. eban (Zoo. ph. ) down below, reason : with a neck) ; down there (of. ebun); egat- he rol)e oa p to be in ebapa (Zoe. ph. ) by that way accord, willing (Zit. one's down there. neck is pleased): egatyel)e herol)e oap they are in ebal)an (Loo. ph. ) down there . accord; pe r.-n um. ebu- (dem. ) down below (close) eg a t-(p'. m . ) kat- (a.l". ) to (only occurs in loco ph. ); de cide: egatne ka san I de cide d; ebuba (Zoe.ph� ) from down there ; per.-num . ega t-(p'.m. ) -a nik ke p me -(ai.m.) ebun (Loo. ph. ) down below, down to hum (tune ) (Zit. to hold there (ef. eban ). a song/dance only on one 's neck): egatyel)anSk ke p ml al eda (dem. ) that over there (remote) they hummed the tune; (removed from speaker an d hearer ), that one there ; elem 27

pe r.-num. egat-(p�m.) nigi- (s.�. ) to mature, ehut (n.) k. of an imal . grow up (lit. to kn ow one 's neck): egat l) e nagap she is ek- I (tv.III) to tell s.o. mature ; eme t egatl)e nagap to (also o k- ) . approach dawn (lit. the place mat ures ). ek- II (tv.I) to see s.th. , pe r.-num. watch, observe , see (intelle c­ egat-(p.m. ) -ik o t -(s .m . ) to not tually ) express oneself , to not divulge information , to play ekma naga nag a ot- to desire ; ignorant or innocent (lit. to nem ek- to taste s.th . (lit. do only one 's neck): egatl)eSk eat and look at it ). ot tap he is not expressing himself; -ek I (s.m. ) 3s. if. (also -ak).

-ek II (olitio) only (follows a; see -ak II ).

ekap (n . ) banana leaf.

eke- (iv) (only in if. ) to flee , egat-(p�m. )-an tuhu-(s .m. ) to run , move out of the way (also exercise free will (lit. to oko-) . do it on one 's own neck ) egatl)an tuhuwuap he will do -eke (olitic) (follows a; see it of his own free will; -ike) .

egat- umatl)e oap one 's neck is ekma1e ekrnS1e (see ekl)a le stiff (lit. heavy): egatne ekl)ale) (from ekma + ale 1). umatl)e oap my neck is stiff. ekl)ale ek l)ale ekrni olop he eqa1an tatat (n.) k. of banana. lusted after her (see ale - ) (of. sa se Kate ) (also ekma le eqam eqam (n. ) k. of tree - ekma Ie). Mangrove family (Rhizophoraceae Gyn�troches axillaris). elelek yap (auz. ) to sprout , germinate; to ooze (of sap): eqSm d&ha dabS k. of sor cery htl)oml)e elelek yap the sap (also egam saha sahS). oozes out ; to drain (of blister ): kok simu yapa toto ehak- (tv.I) to see oneself (ek- + elelek sam gawuap it will -ak) (see nek-) blister and as a result the serum will drain and come ; (not with sg.s.m. ) to be sexually to smart , burn (of pain in familiar with each other, one mouth ): laune elelek saop another (lit. see each other): ( als 0 t r t ke - ) • ehaksawot they were familiar with each other. e1em I (n. ) k. of palm grass (edible shoots ) (Setaria ehekl)e (aj. ) visible: senl)e ilali palmi foli a) . kl ehekl)e something not for viewing , something invisible ; elem II (n. ) cloud;

ka t bat towatl)e ki ehekl)e ill­ elemdal)e (t. ) in cloudy mannered (lit. manners not to weather; be seen ). elem ga memel)e a jest um ehek (n. ) k. of divination: indicating one to be handi­ um ehek haumu yan tebe ahowt capped (in speech ) and lack­ when he had performed divin­ ing in intellect; ation , they fought ; elem hareap the we ather cleared kt ehekl)e ot- to be un seen, up (lit. it cut the clouds ); invisible I 28 elem

elem miap to be overcast (sky ) rise); (af. eme t omoQ sawe (Zit. the clouds hold it); sam o ap evening ' twi light); pe r.-num . emesenQahat waha p time of (po88.ph. ) ka k-(p.m. )-an elem menstruat ion; emesenQaQe mi ap to be selfish (Zit. the yongom u oai they menstruate cloud held on top of s.o.: (Zit. the moon hits them an d gaha kakgan elem miap you they do ). are selfish; emet (n .) house , home cocoon , elem oap to be cloudy ; nest : den eme tQe school (Zit. talk house ); as i eme tQe elem tok ya p clouds are break­ bladde r (Zit. house of urine); ing up ; eme t biwiQe room (Zit. inside of the house); eme t emetQe elem tOQe light mist , sprinkling peritoneum ; area of rain ; emet hubiQe in front of the house , house front; menstrual elumQe (n. ) hair bristles at back eme t kabukQe hut (Zit. forbidden house ); ,of pig's neck, crest (of bird's gable (Zit. house 's head): elumQe uk uk sam the eme t nanQe son); gaol bristles stand up. pet kulem emetQe (Zit. the house of coloured loin cloths ); eme t k 1 r i woro emam ( n. ) k. 0 f t r e e . orotQe honeycomb (Zit. a emelak (t. ) long ago, be fore , house like stalactites ); formerly : kadikum emelak a place (in the sense of a large long time ag o; before long, by area) - often used in idioms and by , later on , afterwards of time of day or weather: (used in continuat ive narrative emet aboQe village spiri ts ; following both medial and final eme t toPQe the Selepet settle­ forms ) (used with ipt . to me nts on the coastal mountain indicate an action wh ich follow­ ridge overlooking the coast ed an earlier action or an action (Zit. the base of the place) already complete d): taka (af. bara be lae); emet sogae tanyongoQeta eme lak tigi harem (n . ) grasslands; eme t kakQe yongom uyekne sam they came and the Selepet settlements in the helpe d them an d afterwards they upper Pumune valley ; wanted to tear down the forti­ fication an d kill them and burn Idioms of time : them; arim arim eme lak taraop hatikuowot going on an d on before eme t egatQe nagap to approach long they crossed over Taraop ; dawn (the pre-dawn glow from about 4 a. m. ) (Zit. the eme lak tuhuap he already did it ; place feels its neck);

eme lak kal iwak a very long time eme t haQ yap to dawn (Zit. the ago . place becomes evident ); emes�p�e (n. ) afternoon (Lit. time emet oap to become late after­ of the place) (also eme t yoPQe noon (about 5 to 5.30 p.m. ) (N. )). (Zit. the place does it); emesenQe (n. ) mouth , moon , sun emet omoQ sawe sam oap to (l.it. the eye of the place ): become twilight (evening) (Zit. the place wants to be emesenQe hi lamga sun (Zit. the dark) ; eye for the day ); emet orok yap dusk approaches emesenQe omoQga moon (Zit. the (Zit. the place collapses); eye for the darkness , night ); emet yopQe (N. ) afternoon (cf. emesenQe nobotQe del aQe quarter emeS�PQe ) (Zit. the time of moon ; the place ).

emesenQe gatakawe sam oap to Idioms of weathe r: become morning twilight , to dawn (Zit. the moon wants to eme t baleap It is cloudy (Zit. the place is bad) ; esoQ 29

em et ba leQe takap bad weather erno kuriQ (n. ) k. of palm grass _ is coming (lit. a bad place edible (Gramineae Setaria comes ); palmifolia) (also gOQ tan , labum, hako emoQe , tapuruk) eme t giap good time s have come (af. gitak, girik (N. )). (lit. the place came down) ; emu (see emo). eme t ha paheap to clear up (after a threatened rain­ en- (n .) vulva; storm) (lit. the place became tough ); en- gioPQe vagina.

eme t hegeg ua p to clear up -en (Z0 a. ) into , to , at , in , on , (weather) (Zit. the place upon : i taen into the string straightened out); bag (see -an for usage ).

eme t he leguap to become dark -engeba (Zoa. ) from (see (before storm ) (lit. the -angeba for usage ). place is black); -engen (Zoa. ) to, towards , eme t hidam gap it is changing at , in , upon , on (see -angen to dry season (refers to for usage ). sun movements ) (Zit. the place pulled out an d came ); ensa (n. ) baby girl.

eme t kar ihiap it is changing to eQ rnowuQ rnowuQ (n .) bull roarer. the dry season (lit. the place is strong); eQ�tarnun (n .) k. of dance;

eme t kinsap to be dry (no rain ), eQa t�mun ot- (aux. ) (not with sunny (lit. the place stands ): sg . s.m. ) to give a pig in eme t kin kin dry season ; reciprocity : eQ�tam un oa i they exchange pigs . eme t lohotQe oap it is changing to the wet seas on , it is epo (n .) k. of pandanus . re ady for a he avy rainstorm (lit. the place is becoming ere (n. ) k. of herb (Amaranth­ sof t); aceae Gomphrena celosioides ).

emet tiQ tiQ yap to clear up erere (n . ) spider web . (afte r a rainsto rm) (Zit. the place is tight ); ero (n. ) Schlegel's Whistler (Pachycephala schlegelii Other idiomatic usages : obscuri or ).

eme t hioQ- to break the law, to esen esen (aj. ) soft (of frui t - go against a cus tom (Zit. to e.g. tomato , papaya ), tender smash the place ); pulpy (of soft food) .

eme t yahasap there is a riot , esen- (n . ) le af , leaflet, slip riotous un lawful behaviour (for planting ); (Zit. the place gets up ). esen doda (aj. ) straight (in ernet aboQe (n .) large k. of lizard. sense of non curly), stringy (Zit. many leaves ): somotQe ernet erne tQe (n.) tripe. esen doda his straight hair. erne tia (n .) k. of plant esen purik (n. ) k. of tree (Amaranthaceae Amaranthus ). (Euphorbiaceae Mallotus ricinoides ) (af. haba 1 am ). erno (n. ) k. of herb - edible shoots (1 Commelinaceae ) (also emu, esenbelam (n.) k. of plant . gitak (N. )). brown grasshopper. emo hulin (n. ). k. of wild cane.

The erslty,

Austra 30 etef) etef)

etef) etef) (n. ) k. of blue butterfly hini gahaeak g a h � e akf)e scaly. (probably Papilio Ulys ses Autolycus ) . gahai- (tv. I) (see gahae). etugalof) (see ito ga lof) ). gahatf)e (n. ) door: gahatf)e galem f)e door keepe r. etum (n. ) k. of small snake . gaho gaho (n .) k. of spider. ewa (dem. ) that up there above (remote ) (removed from speaker gakgululuk yap (aux. ) to growl: and hearer) (cf. eda); tepf)e gakgululuk yap his stomach growls. ewaken up to there, upwards ; gakom (n. ) trap. ewan (loc. ph. ) up , above , up there (cf. ewun ); gaku (see baku gaku).

ewapa (loc. ph. ) by th at way up galagat (n .) k. of tree - palm there . (Pa lmae ) (also ga l agot (N. ) (cf. tebe , kOf) saba). ewawum (n. ) (Komba ) grass ski rt (cf. adup sari , aum sari , ka lawa , galagot (see ga lagat). ma ka , sari ) (also kahamuf)). galaf) (n .) plant rust - affects eW�f)an (loc. ph. ) up there . taro , corn , yam an d sweet potato; eworom (n. ) Mountain Duck (Salvado rina waigiuensis). ga laf) slap to rust (plants): esen!)e galal) slap the eworom (aj. ) striped (of pig leave s are diseased with colour ): ba u eworom a pig plant rust. with duck-like stripes. galem (n. ) leader; ewu- (dem. ) up , above (close) (only in Zoc.ph. )j ga lem manma n leadership ;

ewubA (Zoc.ph.) by that way up sen ga lem (n. ) wat chfulness; there ; galem kin- (aux. ) to guard, (Zoc. ph. ) ewun up ab ove ; up to lie in wait ; there (cf. ewan ). ga lem- (tv. III) to guard, care G for, tend (animals); ga- (iv. ) to come ; ga lemgum hllipku- to mis­ gam arl- to pass by ; manage , misrule ; g ataka- to rise (sun) , to galem o t-(b . p r . ) - to guard appear , sprout , arrive . s.th. for s.o.: emet gabal)et (n. ) k. of aromatic.tree gowe t!)e galem otn lngiwuat (Lauraceae ) (cf. hak kukl)aI). you will guard the area gadol) gadol) (n. ) haircut (shaped beneath the house for us . like the yellow crown of the cockatoo); gale!) gale!) (n . ) k. of herb - gadol) gadof) tuhu- to cut a medicinal roots (Araliaceae crown-shaped haircut . Panax); scarlet (rare usage ): blram gale!) galel) gaguk (n. ) k. of shrub - non-edible flame bush; red berry used for bracelets kurll)ga lef) gale!) type of (Zingiberaceae ); top (toy ) - de coration for dancing. made from this shrub . galip (n. ) (from Pidgin ) peanut . gahae- (tv. I) to husk, skin (an animal), peel (a banana), strip galo!) I (n.) cavern with water bark or skin; to remove sidi�g, underground. walls : pal) ya harem gahael)eta they cut a'nd pulled down the protective fence ; galo!) II (n .) k. of vine. gaQ ga Q yap (aux. ) to bark (dog). gabuQe (n .) porridge : ham g S buQe pandanus �orridge , gar a gara (aj. ) oily: to gara ga ra pandanus core ; (also gobuQe ). oily water ; gabuhap (n. ) k. of tree - bush , ga ra ga ra ot- (aux. ) to jell, Pepper family (Piperaceae congeal (of me at juices and Piper) (or gabu ga p ). pig fat).· gahaitQe (see naha itQ e). garadaQ (av .) rapidly . gahat (poss .ph. ) your, yours , garansap (n .) sugar cane cultigen . for you (sg. ) (see gal. gare (n. ) k. of plant. gai- I (tV.I) to pour it out (also ka i - ). garet (n. ) (N. ) stretcher (also kegeQ, keQkeQ, pupu). gai- II (tv.I) to cut s.th. , peel (taro ), pare , engrave , g�ri- (n. ) younger sister, YoSi , incise, la cerate ; FaBrYoDa, MoSiYoDa. gari (n .) bottom wall plate (in house construction ), bearers . gari gari (aj.) many kinds of: gaihai (n .) water bug . bohop gari ga ri many kinds of bamboo pockets. gaiQ (n. ) k. of large brown grasshopper. gasam I (n. ) Single-wattled cassowary (Casuarius unappen­ gaiQ g �iQ (n. ) Beautiful Fruit diculatus (phili pi}) (also Dove (Ptilinopus (Eutreron ) hohat, ke la, sukam ). pulchellus ) . gasam II (n .) k. of cat' s cradle. gait- (tv.I) to carry suspended from one shoulder; also, to gasam tepQan (n. ) k. of tree . hang on a peg , nail (cf. gole- (N. )); gasamsen (n. ) k. of tree. pe r .-num. gasum- (n. ) side (body part): naga naga- (p:m. ) gii tm8 gasum- tanQe one 's ribs . t a t - ( s .m . ) to bear s.th. in mind (tit. to hang up one 's gataka- (iv. ) (see ga-). thoughts and remain ): naga nagaQe ga i tma ta lop he bore gawa (see bawa gawa ). it in mind. gaya (n. ) k. of palm grass - gakak (n. ) bush fly. edible (Gramineae Setaria palmi­ folia) . gakgak yap (aux.) to fill up : to gakgak sam yaha sap the ga (per. pr. ) you (sg. ); water is filling it up .

gaQe you (sub. ph . ); gakpik (n.) k. of tree - Nettle family (Urticaceae Pipturus ) gaha t (poss.ph. ) your , yours ; (cf. goplk, heg um , wataraQ). (cau.ph.) for you; gaku (c.pr. ) but you (sg.) your gama (cm.pr. ) you, however; emphatic possession}: gaku bla but you don 't have any (see gSQak (sub.ph. + -ak) you alone . naku).

-ga (see -gat). -galaba (-gat for + - aba out of ) out of/from among the place of gab& (n. ) k. of palm grass - edible (generally oc curs with verbs shoots (Setaria palmifolia) . of motion ): yegal aba gap he came from among th em (see -aba). gaba gaba (n. ) k. of tree (Myrtaceae Eugenia ). galalam (n . ) k. of banana. ga�ak (sub. ph. + - ak ) you only (see ninak). -galan (-gat for + -an at ) with (in company, presence of) ga�e you (sub.ph. ). (generally does not occur with ve rbs of motion ), at , at the gapik (n. ) k. of tree (of. place of , with , among: nengalan gakpik). mansap pe lives among us ; gara gara yap to gurgle. -galangen (-gat for + -angen towards ) towards the place of: gara gara sa- (au�. ) to accuse: Koba yegalangen arlop he went iwiakma gara gara ya i they towards the pla ce of the Komba Jest an d accuse one another, people . (see -angen ); ha i akma gara ga ra ya i they insult and accuse one another. -ga 1 angeba (-gat for + -angeba from ) from the place of yak ga rama (conn. ) however, ve rily, yega langeb� arlop he went all right, an d so, furthermore , back from their place ; (see moreover , on the other hand; -angeba ). garama ba i �/ga rama bati/garama gala� ga la� yap (a ux. ) to talk ben�e however then. excitedly , inattentively, obliv­ ious of other's conversation. gali (n .) cause for sickn ess: gara� guru� (n .) dizziness, gall wa�- to cause distress (said drunkenness, swagger; to be done by de ceased offended relatives); gara� guru� ot- (au�. ) to be dizzy, drunk, to swagger. mum gal i ot- to have a seizure (epileptic fit ). gare- (tv.I) to sew, weave (net bag); galibut- (n. ) wr ist, ankle . ba t�e gare gare�e palsied galik�e (n .) plain between cliffs , hand (lit. sewn ); valley; gireak gareak�e webbed: kal�e ga l ik�e (aj. ) flat : han gil ik�e ga rea k gareak�e webbed feet, alip�e very flat ground. bibilam ga reak gareak�e webbed wings (also katarak ga liwa (aj.) pig colour - black ka ta ra k�e ); back and mixed sides. gare me-/gare� k�a me- to g� {am.pr. ) you, however (see entwine: muada� hal ilip�e nama ) . panma gare mlap the passion fruit pu ts forth its tendril gamalak (t. ) later (with if. , ift., and entwines it ; rft. ) gama lak arlwuap he will go later; gama lakbanama afterwards , gare gure oa p (aux. ) to twine in future times; around (also hare gare oa p);

gama lak (e�al .) wa it l gare gureak- (tv.I) to entwine (of tendril). gamalak gam8 1ak (av. ) carefully , hesitantly , slowly; gamalak garo� pan- (au�. ) to cast s.th. gama lak sa- to say it slowly . down , to toss s.th, to hurl s.th. game (n .) blue skin paint for dances ; garuruk ot- to dive .

ga suk gasuk yap (au� .. ) to shake, quake (of earth quake ); game ra (n. ) k. of pandanus - short fruit. (mem) gas uk gasuk tuhu- (au�. ) to shake (s.o. 's head) - in gani� gokorok (n. ) domestic fowl , showing affection to them. poultry . -gSt (cau. ) Idioms :

if (indi cates a dependent ctf. pe r .-num. clause) : ta tbamgat ahoba in if body part- (p:m . ) -hat ot-(8.�. ): I had been here we (pl. ) would tepnahat oan my stomach have fough t; hurts (Ht. I do for my stomach) . be cause (usually a clause with pe r. - num. ' verb in other than if. or proh. (verb in 1st p er. if. -h:lt + -gat): ge lak gapgat kl arian :l S - � because the rain came , I did n g ( 8 . . ) to consider not go ; doing s.th. : ariwehat nagan I am considering going (Zit. because of, on account of (nomin­ I think about I must go) ; al or pronominal element + -gat) pe r.-num. kukgat illwetmat you are resis­ k i 9 I t - (p . m. ) - h � tot - ( 8 .'m .) to ting because of anger ; be afraid: klgltnaga oan I am afraid, kigltgaga oat in order to cause , in order that you are afraid; s.th. might happen (clause with final ve rb in if. + -gat): (po s ) indi cating possession: � � yeQe nahalan wahap ba leakgat gahat sot your food; otbi you di d it in order that things would turn out bad at bukuQaha t bau his friend's my place (for me ); pig ;

lest (clause wit h the negative ki its : (dem + -gat) yaka t that not and -gat): kl neblsaihat one 's, its ; haganyongomu lest they con­ tinually eat it, he sent them of: Ki rimgat toPQe the me an ing away ; of the Kirim dance;

of: to aboQahat kigitnenQahat concerning : naom kunQe yaka t al otmaln we are afraid of the work concerning that first­ owner of that river ; born Child;

regarding, concerning: nengarama for: hangat palQ palQ search­ however, concerning / regarding ing for ground; us . for: lokgat den pilawi they over: Iblhat pawarakma quarrelling sent word for men (to come); over women; ab out : Adapgat bem denQe the in order to: satblhat mag um tale about Adap . damming water in order to (catch ) tadpoles ; g8tgat (n. ) k. of tree (Moraceae Ficus). to: Selepet kapa lQahat arlop he went down to his village of g&tQaQe (conn. ); Selepet;

(de p.cl. ) + gatQaQe after: about : ImiyeQahat sawl they nem gatQaQe ari Imu after spoke about their little eating he went and slept ; brother ; gatQaQe benQ e after that , for: bukuQahat sam calling for then ... his friend; gatQaQe be tQan after that , of course (used in reply to a later ... question ): nema lnga of course we eat it; (see yapa gatQaQe ).

why: wuangat (lit. for what ). gatQe (O.N.Ph. ) one from ;

on behalf of: nahat haganyongop ( 10 c • tag. ) + gatQ e : hewu k Q a n he sent 'them (pI. ) on my gatQe one from the fo rest behalf; (Le. a spirit); Indum gatQe one' from Indum village; (temp.tag ) + gatQe : eme lak gatQe ge- (iv. ) to c·ome down , descend: one from before (i.e. an age d tipiQe giap it becomes less ; pe rson ). geheQe reduced: hak- gehe oap gato (n. ) k. of pandanus . to be haggard (rit. reduced skin) ; gatok (n .) k. of vine . den geheQe sa-(b.pr. )- to gatok Qatok (n. ) a grass-pulling criticise S.O. : den geheQe game with ka i teQ or hul in s uriQe sanihiap he criticised me . to see whose bre aks first : gatok Qatok tuhuawot they play a grass­ -ge (p .m. ) (2nd or der nominal pulling game . suffix)(follows consonants ) your , yours (sg.) (2s , p.m. ). gau gau (see guhau guhau). -geba (Loc. ) from (see -angeba gauQak (see taQ taQak). for us ag e ). gawanQe (n. ) tree branch crotch , gedaQ gedaQ liQ- (aux. ) to walk ' fo rk (also lapaQe). pigeon-toe d, to walk with legs apart (due to sores ). gawaQ gawaQ (aj. ) round, spherical; gedu gedu (n .) (N. ) porch , gawa Q gawaQ yap (aux. ) to rotate , verandah (cf. podo podo). turn , spin, hover an d circle , turn around: sen- gawaQ gawaQ gegebun- (n. ) waist. yap to be dizzy; gegogoQ gagogoQ (aj. ) s-curved, gawaQ gawaQ getek tuhu- (aux. ) wriggly (or bagogoQ gagogol)). to completely encircle ; gehel)e (see ge-). gawaQ gawaQ getek (aj. ) com­ pletely encircled; gehonare (n. ) k. of arrow point (also nehem nanl)e, YOl)an). gawaQ gawaQ (av. ) rotating , spinning around in a circular gek - ( 0, tv. I) to see (se e n e k - ) . motion. -gek you sg . (2s , o.pr.I) gaware- (tv. I) to sweep s.th. , (follows consonants) (see carry s.th. away (of flood -nek) . waters) (cf. urut-). gekum bakum (av. ) careening gawikQe (aj. ) narrow (of road), downwards , bobb ing up and down . shrunken (of stomach , clothes), thin (of tree wh ich shedsits gelak gelak (aj.) tall and thin , bark ) ; flexible: 10k kurlQ gelak ge lak a tall and thin red­ giwlhaho- (tv. III) to shrink , skinned man . become narrow , become thinner. ge lak (n .) rain (also map (N.)); gawu (n .) carbon , soot , charcoal, charred wood (also gowu ); gelik sapl)e or ge lak gaha sapl)e rainy season; kalap gawuQe charcoal, also sparks (rar e us age ); gelik giap to rain ;

giwu tuhu- (aux. ) to blacken ge lik nlhl- (see nlhl- I) to s. th o ; be rained up on (rit. rain bites one ); gelik glh lmap heleQ gawu oap (aux. ) to be Don 't you get rained on ; black; gelik oap to be rainy ; giwu gawu ot- (aux. ) to be hazy, purple in the distance: ge lahangen (roc.ph. ) to a Wa llQal gawu gawu otmu yan ekma rainy place . looking to where WaliQai was purple in the distance. qihit 35

gelap I k. of herb - Pepper getehak (av. ) very short: family (Piperaceae Piper ) (also getehak paraQ sawuap in a gobuap (N.)); ve ry short time it will break. ge lap II (n. ) k. of pandanus . ham ge l a p .. gewak- (n. ) one 's place

g e lip . kibi�Qe a target cut out gewak gewak ot- to replace from the ge lap tree . oneself. ge lek gelek tuhu- (tv.I) to tickle gi- (iv. ) (see ge-). s.o. (also af. alaQ alaQ tuhu-). giap (iv. ) to turn out well, to gem kOQ bam kOQ (av. ) (see gekum come to fruition , to be re­ bakum) . warding: otmu ki giap he aoes it and it isn't good, doesn 't -gen (Zoa. ) at , near , in, to, come to fruition, isn't towards , upon , on : Se lepetgen rewarding . at Selepet (see -angen ). gibaQ (aj. ) yellow, orange : genam (n. ) bamboo arrow. gibaQ oap to become ripe , yellow - of fruit. ge Q (n. ) papaya . gibaQ gibaQ ot- (aux. ) to do ge raho (n. ) k. of tree . s.th. slowly . geseQ (aj. ) black - pig colour . gibareQ (n. ) k. of herb - Tick Clover, Tick Tre foil (Legum­ get get (n. ) Rufescent Scrub­ inosae Desmodium Sequax ). wren (Sericornis rufescens). giba (n. ) ridge pole, roof ; get ge lak (av. ) temporarily, seam: kudup gibaQe the seam briefly , short-lived, fleeting of the sleeping mat . of laughter: get ge lak gi riQma tap he laughs brie fly . giba giba oap (aux. ) as in he leQ glba glba oap to be getat- (iv.) (ge- + tat- come down black. and stay here ) squat , sit down . gibaQe (n. ) mount ain , hill, getek (av. ) almost , nearly , kn oll (of. pumQe (N. )); slightly - diminuative: getek mansin we are nearly morally glbaQe satQe satQe or gibaQe all right ; ge tek a I i PQe a tewe t tewe t or gibaQe yogo little bit good; getek tlplQe yogo mountain ridge; ala tap a little bit is le ft; soon , short time , imme diately: glbaQe tlpiQe hillock; ' getek ariwuap he will go soon ; hi lam getek short time . gibaQe tOPQe foothills , base of mount ain . getek (getek) (av. ) a diminuative me an ing 'few , a little , gidu (n. ) (N. ) verandah (af. slight ly , loosely , lightly, het ak, po do podol. slowly , etc.: gigararaQ (n. ) k. of reed grass getek getek gap to come down (Gramineae ) (used in making slowly - of rain ; net bags and sleeping mats).

getek getek oap to go down a gihi-(0,tv.II) to bite (see little, to de crease slightly ; nlhl- I); to give (see nih 1- II ) . getek getek man- to stay a little wh ile, time ; to be -gihi for you (sg. ) 2s, b.pr. few in number; (1st order ve rbal suffix; follows consonants) (see getek get ek me- to hold s.th. -n I hi) . loosely� . lightly. gihit- (n. ) root. gik bararak (aj. ) slender - of gim (n. ) donut-shaped shell. leaves. lengthwi se - of cut breast plate - of woman . ring strips, striped - lengthwi se around the opening in a lime (also yik yararak) (cf. kll) gourd. pawawa l) 9 i k ba ra rak yap (aux. ) to be slender, etc. gimnak (n. ) k. of tree - Nettle fami ly . gik bererek yap (aux. ) to come loose - of latex stuck on arrow . gin gin (av. ) sideways : gin ginl)e tap it is sideways ; gik guak me - to bend off s.th - hi lam, hapu, emo kaml)e . gin gin ot- (aux. ) to be sideways. gik gik yap (aux. ) to creak - of tree limbs, doors , to groan. gini (n. ) (N. ) k. of nut tree . gik pak me - (aux. ) to take off, ginl)e (n. ) edge, border, margin: ' tear off, tear down - of skin , ginl)ehen (loc.ph. ) or gin l)an , bark , fence: peke mem gik pak (loc.ph.) close to, in the mia p he takes down the fence. vicinity of, at the outskirts of, at the edge of , alongside ; gikak (emp.pr. ) you your self/you alone (see ninak). ginl)an hawamg u- to skirt ; gike (emp.pr. ) your (sg. ), yours . i bi g I n I) e (aj. ) s pin s t e r , unm arried woman (also ibl gikiak (emp.pr. ) you yourself (sg. ) tatatl)e) . (emphatic) (see nin iak). gil) burudul) ari- (aux.) to rush gikpok yap (aux. ) to crack - of he adlong . concrete , crumb le - of food; kum gikpok tuhu-/me- to smash. gil') gararal) (n.) k. of reed grass (Gramineae ). gilam (aj. ) (N .) red (also gilil) galal) (cf. kuril) . See giop (n .) road , path , trail: also nak gi lam; sogo giopl)e animal trail; hole , doorway , opening: peke gi lam- (tv. III) to be ripe - giopl)e opening in fence for of pandanus wh ich becomes a path , entrance ; way: goko rok re d. giopl)e the way of raising chickens for a living; gap: gilal) gilal) (n. ) Jabber, chatter; giopl)e kadak kadik with gaps .

den gila-I) gil SI) ot- (aux. ) to giop kubutl)e knoll . rise - Jabber, chatter. in a road; gilap (n. ) tear drop , tears , glop wa t wat ot- (aux. ) to weeping, crying, lamentation , always walk around; mourning, sorrow : na gil ap nagan I hear mourning; gi lap glop ari- or giow�n ari- to amokl)an isem tap he cries in travel, to trek. the depths of sorrow ; giop pari ari-/taka- (aux. ) to gilapda (aj.) te arful . go/come to get, obtain s.th. gilel) belel) tuhu- (aux. ) to giop pa laml)e (av. ) unsuc cessful, flash s.th. (mirror) (also luckless - in hunting (cf· gilll) belel) gl lel) be lel) yap pa 1 aml')e) ; (aux. ) to flash. giop pa l aml)e manma taka- to gilil) belel) I (aj. ) scaley (of be un successful (Zit. to live skin) . . an d come on a blunt road) . gilil) be lel) II (see gl lel) belel) gipen (n.) k. of herb - ginger tuhu-)' ' (Zingiberaceae Zingiber) (cf. meta (N. ) k. of �orcery gilil) galal) (see gl lal)'gila l) . involving the use of ginge r (cf. ka ra) . godok qodolc 37

gipen tuhu- to make one 's glrlQ garoQ ariap (au�. ) to fingers like ginger (a game ). trickle : gelaK giriQ garoQ gemap the rain always gira (av. ) how, what (may trickles in. indi cate an unknown referent and is used in rh etorical questions giroQ giroQ (n. ) k. of swallow or for emphasis ), what k. of thing/ (als o giraQ giraQ ). action? : gi'ra tuhuyekne what k. of thing shall we do to them? How gitak (n .) (N. ) k. 'of herb - shall we treat them? edible shoots (cf. emo) .

9 I rat - (g ira + 0 t - ): 9 ira t be How gitgiraQ (n.) iguana: hakge shall I do it? (only in future yeraQ gitgiraQ your skin has tense ); tinea like the skin of an iguana (insult). girawu (av .) whi ch; how (�it. like wh at kind of thing ); giwiQ gawaQ (av. ) spinning , turning roun d an d roun d (as , gi rawuan when , where (possibly m�k �ng di zzy) (af. gawaQ in rhetorical questions for gawaQ ) ; emphasis ): sap 9 i rawuan wh at time , or, at which time ; 9 iwiQ gawa Q yap (a�. ) to spin , turn roun d an d gi rawuhat why (possibly in roun d. rhe torical questions for emphasis). goalc yap (aux. ) to bend an d break - of bamboo, banana or girawuya (dem. ) whi ch (one)?: pandanus stalk ; to droop eme tge girawuya wh ich one is (af. hagak-); your house? mem goak pl la- (a�. ) to giraQ giraQ (n.) k. of swallow pick pandanus fruit , or (also giroQ giroQ ). a bunch of bananas . girem (n. ) instructions (of initia­ goaQ goaQ yap (aux. ) to bay tion), directions, taboos (also (of a dog on a trail). dlrem, direm den , glrem den ) ; , gobam (n. ) k. of python (als o glrem (sam) ek- (tv. III) to kubam (N.)). give orders , instructions , to command: 9 I rem den (sam) gobe (n .) sugar cane cultigen . ekyongoap he gave them instructions (in initation), gobo gobo (n:) k. of herb - comman de d them. Sweet flag (Araceae Acorus calamus ) . giri (n. ) rafter. gobo gaho (n. ) k. of Jumping gir ilc (n. ) (N. ) k. of herb - edible spi de r. shoots (also gi t ik (N. )) (cf. emo). gobu gaho (see gobo gaho) . giriQ (n. ) laughter, hilarity : glrlQ amokQan glriQma tap he gobuap (n. ) (N. ) k. of herb laughs hilariously (Zit. is in (af. gelap I). the depth s of hilarity ); gobuQe (n.) pandanus core (also glrlQda (aj. ) Jolly (Zit. with gS'buQe ). laughter) (cf. Imun- (N. )); godedeQ (n.) bamb oo knife (used girlQ- (iv. ) to laugh, smile . for cutting pig , taro etc. ) (cf. tewet). giriQ baraQ yap (au�. ) to be holey (from rotting) - of roofs , godem (n. ) k. of banana. clothing . godolc godolc (n.) k. of palm giriQ garOQ y�p to leak; grass - edible shoots (Setaria palmi folia) (af. hul in, emo). 38 gogaral)

gogaral) (n .) k. of beetle - eats gola man-/kin-/tat- to be tree leaves, not taro (af. awake ; gugaro l) (N. ) . gola golaek muap he gogo (n. ) k. of banana. suddenly di ed; gogo l)- (tv.I�I) to bend, make den gola rumour (tit. living crooked: mem gog ogu- to fold it, talk) . bend it ; golal)e (n. ) yam cultigen . gogol) magol) (aj. ) very crooked; gole- (tv.I) (N. ) to carry gogol)e (aj. ) crooked, bent; suspende d from shoulde r (af. ga i t - ) • gogol)aho- (tv. III) to curl; to coil - of snake ; golelek (see golek golek).

gogogum gogogum yahap it swirls golek golek (aj. ) flexible and rises - of smoke . (af. go lak golak) ; gogul) (av. ) every way: ga i lakma golek golek tuhu- (aux. ) to mem gogUI) takaminiop he always make s.th. flexible ; came carrying in all manners, every way he could. golelek yap (aux. ) to bend, flex (intransitive ); gohai (n. ) k. of tree. golelek tuhu- or mem golelek goho- (¢. tv . III) to hit (see tuhu- (aux. ) to bend s.th. , noho- ). flex s.th. (transitive ).

-goho you (sg. ) 2s, o.pr. III golotok (n .) slime ; (aj. ) slimy , (follows consonants; see -noho scaley ; for usage ). golotok oap/ya p to be slimy ; gohon- to call your name (see nohon - for usage ). golotok sasal)e/orotl)e (aj. ) slimy . goka (n .) sweet potato - generic term (also kibi ). golaim (n. ) secondary scrub growth . gokorok (n.) (from Pidgin) chi cken , rooster; gom (n. ) small lizard.

gokorok eme tl)e gaol. gam gom (n. ) k. of small bush. gokolok (n. ) small green grass­ gonil) (n. ) hen (also gon ll) hopper . gokorok) (cf. pul ). golak golak (aj. ) easily flexed, gOI) kil) kil) (n.) type of white very flexible or pliable (cf. magic (af. y9r ll) be kll) kll) . go lek golek); gOI) tan (n.) k. of palm gras s - golak golak oap (aux. ) to be edible (af. emo kurll), labum, weak - of an easily flexed hako emOl)e , tapuruk). bow. gO I) wa taral) (n.) k. of tree - golanl)e (n. ) pancreas (also Nettle family (Urticaceae sabanl)e ). Pipturus ); (af. gakp lk, hegum). i golal)- (tv.lll to stir s.th. gop gop (n . ) Black Butcher-bird (Cracticus (Melloria) quoy i ). gOla (aj. ) green , living, unripe , un cooked, raw: gola nema ln we gopik (n. ) k. of tree (Uriticaceae eat it raw; aw ake , alive , Pipturus ) (af. hegum, wataral) . conscious : .sen- gola oap to be awake , to wake up ; cold - of gora- I (n. ) worry, anxiety ; water; qulip 39

gora- (b. pr. )- to worry s.o. : gua� gua� yap (au�. ) to bark - goranihiap it worries me ; of dog .

gora kun - (au�. ) to cry out and gudu (n.) k. of herb - Pepper cause fear in the enemy during family (Piperaceae Piper). battle . gudu lawin�e (n. ) k. of tree gora- Ir (n.)· one 's gums ; (als o gudu nak�e ).

gora�eak tat- to be toothless gudu nak�e (n. ) k. of tree (also (Zit. on ly gums). gudu lawln � e)

goselek yap (au�. ) to become limp . gugaro� (n. ) (N .) k. of beetle (ct. g ogara � ). got (n.) k. of fern (Comp ositae ). guga� (n. ) bell. got- (n.) proximity, nearness, are a around S.o. : got ye ra- to shoot gugi (see ag l gugi) . . nearby , close to s.o. ; gugu� (n . ) cadence - used to go t�an (Zoc.ph. ) near it (with start a dance or provide an imate noun); transition between songs in a dance; gotnen�an (Zoc. ph.) near us ; gugu� ya p (a�. ) to gurgle, got�e tete tuhu- (au�. ) to put guggle - of a liquid flowing s.th. in the open near s.o. from a narrow-necked con­ tainer; got kuri� (n. ) k. of banana. gugu� ku- or kum gugu� tuhu­ got�e new leaflets wh ich have not to beat the drum - of yet spread out from the stem: rapid patting action . got�e kurl� kurl� ga takap its leave s are beginning to open , guguru� guguru� yap (a�. ) to unfold. rumble - of thunder. goto� goto� (n. ) k. of vine guhau guhau sa- (a�. ) to (Ericaceae Dimorphanthera). rejoice - after victory in battle . gowap- (tv. III) to twine togethe r - of rolling two strings on the guhe t (see hohet guh et). thigh to form a cord. gulahu (see alahu gulah u). gowe - (n. ) leg bone of cassowary or pig. gulip- (tv.III) to erase s.th. , rub out s.th. , wipe up - spit , gowet- (n. ) area un derneath a efface , de lete, smear s.th. , a building; ob literate, con foun d - talk ;

gowe tga toilet, outhouse (Zit. gul Ip tu�u- to obliterate ; for the area un dern eath); Inln gul lpgu- (tv.III) to gowe lan (Zoc. ph. ) un derneath ; efface;

gowe tQan (Zoc. ph .) un de rneath Inln gul Iwahoap to become it. illegible (Zit. it weakly disappe ared) ; gowo gaho (n. ) k. of spider. kum gul Ipyongo- (tv. III) to gowu (n. ) (see gawu ). annihilate ;

-gu I he , she, it 3s, o.pr.III kum gullp tuhuyek- (tv.I) to (follows nasals ) (see -noh o) . annihilate : yongom gul Ip tuhuyeknom we shall kill -gu II con t�astive suffix occurring them completely, ob literate on plural forms of the regular them; personal pronouns (see naku) (also -hu, -ku). 40 gulip

nelT, gul ip tuhuyekminiop he used gusuhut- (tv.I) to skin by to eat up all (the people ); pinching - coffee� to squeeze s.th. out - coffee beans from mem gul ip ma l ip tuhu- to shuf fle the berry (also lisihut-). s.th. , mix up s.th. ; gut (n .) scar, knot ; gul ip ma l ip o t- to disturb by talking , to cause a commotion ; gut gut giap (au:&. ) to scar over - of skin , bark; den gul ipgu- to disturb the meeting, to confound the talk ; gutl)e orop (aj. ) knotty;

gulip ot- to cease to exi st (af. gutl)e orop orop (aj. ) very bia ot-); rough - of bark .

gul iwaho- to become extinct: guwawi (see awawl guwawi ). gul iwahoa i they disappe are d; guwirip (n. ) sty (also guwurip). gul ip gul ip tat- to be . complacent : nagam gul ip gul lp guwu wilak (n. ) New Guinea tat- to ignore s.o. , s.th. ; Blackbird (turdus papuensis).

gu lip gu lip ot- to be un concerned; guwul) guwul) (aj. ) pea-shaped, bead-li�e (often equated with A gul ip tuhu- to do completely ; gawaf) gawal) ).

biwi- gul ip oap tc become guwurip (see guwirip). intoxicated;

gul ip-(o.pr. III)-ap (with o.pr. not in th ird perscn) to forget : H gul ipn oh o ap I forget. gululuk yap (au:&. ) (see gakgululuk habalam (n. ) k. of tree yap). (Euphorbiaceae Mallotus ) (af. esen purik). gulul)e (n. ) (N. ) corner - of room , head - of valley (af. tugul)e ). habam (n. ) k. of wild cane (Gramineae Polytoca macro­ gumol) (n. ) crab. phylla) . gupakl)e (n. ) (see walap l)e). habat (n. ) k. of tree (Himantan draceae Galbulimima ). gupik (see tapik-). habai- (iv. ) to become rotten - gupol) (n. ) k. of tree - Br eadfruit of buildings , wood: emet (Moraceae Artocarpus ) (also haba lap the house is rotten; mesem). to become spoiled - of food: goka haba lap the sweet potato gurumu (n. ) k. of tree (Moraceae became spoiled; to become sore : Ficus adenosperma ). laUl)e haba lap - his mouth became sore - of scabies, sores. gurul) (see garal) gurul) ). habe (n .) k. of python , snake - gururul) yap (au:&. ) to growl - of there is not a generic term for an animal . 'snake ' but habe is often used as such; gusem (n . ) (N. ) k. of lizard (af. busem). habe mo hasap rainbow (lit. the python vomits ). guset (see oset guset) (cf. hohet guhet). habo I (n. ) fungus - grovs on flora or rocks ; gusi- (tv.I) to prepare a bow string, to string a bow. habo yap (au:&. ) to develop fungus . gusubut (n. ) (N. ) jews harp (af. wa ragaof) )' hamesen 41

habo II (n. ) post - in house it is bit.tel" (to me ) (cf. construction . ka lak nihi-).

habo- (tv. I) to splash, moisten , hako emoQe (n . ) k. of palm dampen s.th. , we t s.th. : sagum grass - edible shoots {Gramineae haboa p he mo istened the cloth ; (Gramineae Setaria palmi folia) doda habo- to drench s.th. , (also emo kuriQ, gOQ tan , soak s.th. · labum, tapuruk).

habo kudut (n. ) k. of wood bor er , hako salek (n.) yam cultigen. termite . hako somot (n. ) yam cultigen. habu�e (aj. ) rotten , worn out - of log, string bags , cloth . halahu- (tv.I) to shout out .

hadop (n .) grass arm band or leg halala� yap (aux. ) to sprinkle - band, rattan cane ; also k. of of big drops of rain precedini rope (N. ) (cf. mot ). a cloud burst, to trickle , dribble out : gelak ha lala� hae oro� (n .) (Kate ) ceremony for sam takap it is sprinkling - public con fession and accusation . big drops of rain.

haek haek (excL. ) expression of halan (n. ) Meyer 's Bronze pain or fear when fighting : Cuckoo (Chalcites meyerii). haek haek samu Stop it, he said. halap- (tv. III) to trick, haga- (see haga-). misrepresent , tease by pre­ tending to offer s.th. but hagak- (iv. ) to bend over - of retaining it, to swoop : pandanus fruit, banana stalk, kltlm ha l apkuap it (hawk ) bamboo ) (cf. goak yap). swooped and missed it (the prey) . hagalak- (tv. I) (hagat - + -ak) to dress up, put on clothes, clothe halemu (n.) (N. ) day after oneself, dress oneself. tomorrow.

haha- (tv.I) (see haha-). halihu (n. ) day after tomorrow (also ha luhu). haham bero (n. ) cutlery - spoon (rare ) {cf. kaso� (Kate )). halop halop (av. ) whisper;

hahan- (n .) ax illa, armpit {also ha lop alahu- to whisper; asahan- (N. ) ); den ha lop halop ot- (aux. ) hahan- (tv. III) to carry s.th. to whisper. on the hip, un der the arm {also asahan- (N. )). haluhu (n. ) day after tomorrow hahit- (n. ) bone, bones (also (also hallhu) (also halemu tan -). (N. ))• hahiwaro (n. ) human skeleton . ham (n .) pandanus - generic; hahon naiQe (n. ) Black Bittern ham ku- to turn pandanus in (Dupetor flavicollis). cooking ; hako (n. ) yam - generic {also ham gobuQe pandanus porridge ; nawo (N. )); ham alamQe pandanus grease hako buwuQe seed yam. used for face de coration. hako nihi- (see nihi- I) (N. ) to hamam (n. ) k. of tree - Bramb le be bitter, sour (Lit. bitterness bush (raspberry ) (Rosaceae bites one ); to itch: hako nihlap Rubus rosaefolius ). hamesen (n. ) mat , blanket, rain cape (Lit. pandanus leaf ) (cf. d aha m ) . 42 harnodot

hamodot (n.) Blackish Honey­ hap- (tv.III) to splash s.o. , sucker (Ptiloprora per striata to trim off - branches , to (perstriata type » . pick off - hand of bananas , shoots , sprouts (af. dihit-). hamun �e (aj. ) healthy - of pigs an d staple crops : bau hamun�e hapahe- (iv. ) to remain unripe a productive an d healthy pig. (af. hapak) (rarely with the benefactive pronoun ): manam han�anak (av. ) half full or there­ hapakg ihiwua p the banan a will abouts: han�anak kinsap it is not ripen for you; half full (also han�iak); eme t hapaheap to clear up - han� iak gap to decrease : tep�e after a threatened rain ha n� iak gamu her (pregnant) storm (lit. the place stomach decreased (after became tough). ab orting) . hapak�e (aj. ) tough , hard, han- ( tv . III) to hide s.th. , to inedible - of wood, leaves, bury s.th. , to go down inside food: hapak�e oap it is s.th. - out of sight: tough ; (af. hapahe-). hanyongominiwi they buried them; hape- (n. ) tail; hanaho- to hide oneself (lit. to bury oneself ). per.-num. hape-(p'. m . ) ku-(s.'m.) to wag han�iak (see han�anak). its tail from side to side - of animals: hape�e kuap it ha � (n. ) expanse , void (see wags its tail; ha�an ). hape - (p.m .) da� daQ yap to ha� yap (aux. ) to become evident: wag its tail in a circular giop ha � saekgat in order that motion, to twirl - of the way might be evident; an imals .

eme t ha � yap it is dawning (lit. haran- (tv. III) to drown : toan the place is becoming evident ); haranguap he drowned in the water (also blrlk yap). hak�e ha� sa�e very skinny (man ) (lit. evident skin). haraQ haraQ yap (aux. ) to rattle . ha�a� (av. ) lonely and sad, as in harut- (tv. I) to jerk s.th. pe r. -nwn. out , to pluck - feathers: we-/tep-(p.m.) ha�a� n�gi- (s.m. ) usually with 3s. ob ject to be lonely an d sad: we�e pronoun as somotge harusan ha�a� nagap he was lonely and I jerk out your hair, but sad; tep�e ha�a� ya p he is rarely spoken as somotge lone ly ; (also tep- ha lalik yap). harutgeksan I jerk out your hair. ha�a� yap (aux. ) to rattle - of a lid on boiling pot. hasapoQ (n. ) stud - house construction (also hasopoQ ) . ha�an (loa. ph. ) upwards , high above ; hasopo� (see hasapoQ).

ha� pa�e expanse , space, void; hat (n. ) forest , area of the southern dialect; ha� pa�an (loa.ph. ) overhead (also ha �an, pa�an ). ha t arl- (aux. ) to go hunting , to hunt; ha �olo� (n.) k. of tree - Fern fami ly (Pte ris) (af. si l iwak). ha t 10k a man from the southern dialect - i.e. a forest hao�ma (av. ) always , continually : dweller . hao�ma kio�ma kinsap she is hatak ot- always falling ; omo�ana k (aux. ) to detect magie , hao�ma pir iwua t you will always find evidence of sorcery: hatak wash in the morning . oan I dete ct magic - by eating food and finding exuviae in it. hahiwin 4 3

hawak (n. ) k. of taro insect - haga- (tv. I) to pick - corn eats stems . ears off the stalk, sugar cane . hawam- (tV. III) to circle , to hagan- (tV. III) to despatch, send encircle , to enclose , encompass , 5.0. : ataye Q e ala higanguwi surroun d s.th. ; they sent on e of their older brothers. hawamgum ari- to go around s.th. ; hagarn (n .) k. of wild sugar cane - gin Qan hawamg u- to skirt s.th. ; edible ( Gramineae Sac charum ) ( also heu). hawamaho- to hover; to swirl - of water; hagep (n. ) k. of banana.

5en- hawamahoap to be dizzy. hagi (n.) door. hawan (n. ) slug . hagiQe (aj. ) old, worn , former, stale - of food: kiap hig lQe hawat (n .) blessing , white magic, former patrol officer. curative spell - he al ing magi c; hagut- (tv. I) to blow - of hawa t pal amQe counter sorcery; people , not wind (cf. bal apQaQe m i ap ). hawa t tuhu- (tv.I) to bless s.o. : bau ga im hawat tuhu- to haha- I (tv. I) to work - used sacrifice a pig; hawa t bonQe primarily for woman 's work tuhuyekminiwi they did real (cf. tuhu-) ; to weave - net blessings to them; bag , to make s.th - woman 's work ; to draw water, to scoop hawa t kak-(p.m.)-an pila- to s.th. up : to haham meseliap bless 5.0. : hawa t kakyeQan she scooped up water an d pi laop he blessed them (Zi t . dumped it ; to shove l - ground on top of them he threw a ( also 050- (N . )). blessing) ; pe r.-num. to haham bet- (p. m. )-hen hawat me- (aux. ) to bless s. 0. : hawat meyekQe ta they blessed tUhu- (s.m. ) to paddle (Zit. them. drawing water do it towards one 's back) . hawik (n. ) hook ( also om ke la). haha- II (n. ) an edible portion hawi Qan (Zoc.ph. ) near , beside - on the top of a frog's back . follows inan imate nouns (cf. go t). haha (n. ) leech ( also ke re (N.)). hawi Qe (n. ) eaves: eme t hawiQan hihi ot- to be a leech - of kinsap he stands at the eaves . women who steal men .

-ha ( see -gat). haha kereget (n.) Giant Wood­ swallow ( Artamus maximus ) ( Zit. haba (n.) bark cloak - us ed for leech swallower ) . armour. hahadik (n .) pimple (cf. kubut) habara (n.) elytron , wing cover - ( also hihin hatik, naQnarIQ). a protective covering for the rear wings of certain insects . hahalik (aj .) smooth ( not slippery) : kawin hahil lk baleQe very smooth floor . hadahan (n. ) tomorrow ; hahan hatik (n. ) pimple ( also hiha dlk, naQnariQ). ha dahan mukan tomorrow or future , after a few days - future , hahap (n. ) coconut shell - shell sooner or later - indefinite used for basin (cf. kotewa). future .time, in the future .

hahiwin (n. ) sickn ess, pneumonia, pain ( possibly from hak + hlwln); hahiwin nihi- to be in pain (lit. hak�e hak�e prdinary , pain bites me ); mediocre (lit. ·skin (deep» ;

hahiwin sat�e oap to be near hak�e hak�e ot- to have a lack de ath; of de votion, to be unproduc­ tive (Zit. to do skin (deep » -ga t hah iwin ba l e�e ot- to be (also hak hak�e ot-); tired of. s.th. - hyperbole : ai yukat ha hiwin bal e�e oan hak�e hak�eak ari- to go empty­ I am tired of this work . handed (Zit. to go in the skin ) ; hai- (tv. I) to insult , ab use (af. g a r a gar a sa- ). hak- ha ra� yap to be sad - when s.o. departs (Zit. hai ha i�e (aj. ) difficult , hard, one 's skin become s dry): abusive . hakne hara� yap I am sad (also hak- kataheap ); haila�- (tv. I ) to rub , massage : pe r. (also ha i 10�-). -num . hak-(p�m. ) hegemaho-(s.�. ) to adorn oneself: hak�e hegemahoap he adorns him­ self (lit. de corate one 's ha ip (n. ) k. of bamboo - Feathery skin) ; bamboo (Gramineae Bambusa vulgaris ) (af. keba�, kao� , tabat); also, bow string - made from hak- heroQe oap to be happy (lit. one 's skin is ha ip: haip isewuap the bow strings pleased) : hero�e will twang (lit. cry). hak�e ot tap he is always happy; hak- (n. ) skin, husks - corn , lining of a house , corpse, body ; hak- heweweQ oa p to feel sad, nak hak�e bark ; hakda (aj. ) to recove r from sickness, (lit. un peeled, with skin on (lit. with be we ll one 's skin becomes light ): skin): hakdaek u- to cook s.th. hakyeQe with skin on ; hakgen near, close heweweQ oap they feel sad; (lit. at the skin ); hak�ehe n near hak- hewukQe oap to be about it (Zit. at its skin ): kapa i to deliver (lit. one's skin hakgen close to the village ; become s thick): hak�e hewukQe oap she is about hak- al ip�e oap to be fine, well , re ady to deliver; to re cover from sickness (Zit. one 's skin becomes goo d) : hak-(p.m. ) -an to perform hakne al Ip�e oap I have hlda- magic - of extraction of re covere d; exuviae from the body of one affected: hak bale leprosy: hak bale hakyeQan hldag lmlniwl they used to karik�e (lit. ve ry bad skin ). practise magic of extrac­ pe r. -num . tion from one another (Zit. hak- (p�m. )-�n e k- (s.� . ) to flee - to pull out of one 's skin) of people an d an imals after (also hah an hida-); being hit or shot (lit. to look at its skin ): hak�an eksap hak- hutu� yap to rest from it fled; work (lit. one 's bones become silent ): hakyeQe hak�an gat�e (O. N. ph. ) semen , hutuk yap they are re sting ; amniotic fluid (lit. one from the skin) ; pe r.-num. hak-(p�m. ) kat-(s.J. ) to gain (lit. hak gehe (aj. ) haggard (lit. we ight to put one 's reduced skin ). skin) ; a t hak- haka� oap to dis like , not hak-(p.m. )-an k - to implicate , shift the blame take part in s.th. ; on s.o., to involve s.o.: haknen �an kasap he put the hak-(p.m. J-hat u- to cook for blame on us ; s.o. 's skin - of a rite of passage ensuring health for a child; hak- kataheap to be sad - when skin is la zy ): hakyeQe te 1 an s. o. departs (Zit. one 's skin oa p they are reluctant; gels ) (also hak- haraQ yap); hik- t lhi t Q e modesty (Zit. hakQe ka takQe (aj. ) disagreeable skin safety); (lit. Jellied skin ); pe r.-num . hak katipQ e suit, shirt , clothing hak- (p'.m.) tihi tQe ki (Zit. skin wrapping ); nagS- (s.'m. ) to be immodest (Zit. to not think of the hak- kalap o ap to be ene rgetic; safety of one 's skin): also, to have a fever (Zit. hakQe tihltQe ki nagam iap one's skin becomes hot): hakQe she is lying immode stly; ka lap o ap he has a fever; hak- tiQ tiQ yap (au�. ) to hak ka lap ot-(b.pr. )- to urge de ve lop - of newly born s.o. (Zit. to heat the skin baby in the first months of . for s.o.): hak ka lap kl otn ihi life (Zit. one 's skin don't you urge me ; become s tight ): hakyetQe pe r. -num. tlQ tiQ samu they (du. ) developed ...; hak- (i.m. ) me -(8 .�. ) to praise oneself, to brag , to be proud, boastful (Zit. to hold hik- uma tQe oap pregn ant , to one 's skin): h$ kQe mi a p he be ab out to de liver, to praises himself; feel ill; heavy - of children (lit. one 's skin hak-(p. m. )-an me- to retard become s heavy) : hakQe growth , be stunted (Zit. to uma tQe oa p she is about hold on s.o. 's skin): hakQan to de liver. mlap he re tarded its growth - hak kukQai (n .) k. of tree probably a reference to a (Lauraceae Cinnamomum) (cf. spirit holding one 's skin . an d the result being a stunted gabaQet) condition; haka Q ot- (au�. ) to dislike s.th. : 10k ya hikaQ oa n I hak meme ot- to be a braggart dislike that man ; hakaQ (lit. to do holding the skin ); bi leQe ot- to hate. pe r.-num . hik- (i.m.) nSgg- (s.d. ) he haku- (n. ) any relative of the refreshes, gets his breath (Zit. th ird ascending or descending to feel one 's skin ): hakQe generations; great grand­ nagap he got hi s breath ; parent , great grand-child. hi k- nelamak (av.) well , healthy (Zit. mindful of one 's skin ): hakQe ne l ama k gap he came in halalak (av. ) longing for s.o. good health; e num , F r·: ;. x tep-(p.m. ) ha lalak naga-(s.m.. . ) hakQe orok sasaQe skinny, thin - to have a longing for s.o. , of people (lit. collapsed skin); to miss s.o. , to be homesick: tepyeQe hi lalak naga l they hak-(p.m. )-in sa- to accuse s.o. are homesick (also tep­ (lit. to speak on s.o's skin ): hi lalak yap). yakQe kobohat hiknan yap he accuses me of theft; ha lalaQ yap (au�. ) to dry out - of parched plants, cut grass, hakge somo t Jest (Zit. you are to wilt , wither, be fatigued, hairy) ; tired, weary: goka hi lala Q yap the sweet potatoes dry out ; hik- (p.m.)-an tap to have s.th. tan- halalaQ yap to be (possess) (Zit. there is some fatigued (Zit. one 's bones dry on. one 's Skin ): hi knan tap I out , wilt): tanyeQe ha laliQ have it ; yap they are fatigued.

ha k- te lan " oap to be relu ctant, halarn (n.) sugar cane . unenthusiastic (Zit. one 's 46 halam uak halam uak (n. ) sug ar cane satye�an Ihiai they we re cultigen. amazed (ct. biw·i - ahom niaksap). halam sabe �e (n. ) k. of shrub (Myrsinaceae Ardicia). ha lip halip (n .) yam cultigen.

-halan (see -galan). haluhu- (tv.I) to clear out , clean out : teu�an hal uhu�eta -h�langen (see -galangen ). klo�sap they poked into its lair and it came down ; to hala�- (tv.I an d III) to sit along­ comb : s omo t�e hal lhuap he side of s.th. , next to s.o. ; combed his hair; to clean out by scraping: ha lip �e ha lihuap ha l a�ma tat- to be next to s.th.; he cleans his fingernails ; hal ihum ka t- to dab on ; (also den ha la�ma ha l a�ma sa- to hal ihu-; rarely hS l uwu- ). speak a related language , to speak with an accent. halulaek (av. ) wholesome , he althy : agoak hS lulaek manom We will live we ll, we will be on ly wholesome an d healthy ; (als o ha lihit�e (n .) yam support pole . agoilk) .

hame- I (n. ) snout , nose, muzzle , prominent point of land, face halili- (tv.I) to eschew - respon­ (ct. kuden-); sibility or duty , to shirk, to pe r. -num . avoid or shun - work : ho� hal I I 1m hame-(p.m. ) sen- (s'.m. ) bSle�e tap he is shirking in taking the homely (Zit. nose eyes bad); me ssage ; ga l emyongowe sam hame - gioPQe one 's nostril; ha l I I lap he eschews his respon­ hame- lewa�e sep tum; sibility of guarding them; hame- pegamQe nose - part around the nostril; ha l I Ila k- (tv.I) to not deliver - hameQe somot�e antennae ; chi ld: hak�e hiwl�e otmu hame - tan�e bridge of nose ; hal I llakma Islap her body was hame- towat�e one 's looks , in pain , an d not de live ring appearan ce (tit. the shape she cried; to prevent oneself of one 's nose) ; from doing s.th. , to restrain , suppress , stifle s.th. : mohatma hame- ba leap to be dejected, hal illak- to be nause ate d (Zit. disgruntled (Zit. one 's to suppress (the urge ) to vomit� nose is bad); halilip�e (n . ) tendril, fingers : hame bale bale ot- to be muada � ha llllp �e panma ga re miap un friendly (Zit. to do badly the passionfruit puts out it s nose) ; tendr il and entwines it. hame�e hameQe ot- to sniff - halim- (tv. III) to initiate s.o. : of animals (Zit. to do with kawe hal im the uninitiated boys . the nose); ha lip I (n. ) bush burr for dance hameak hameak tat- to face s.o. decoration . (Zit. to be onl y with the nose); halip- II (n. ) fingers, small toes: ha l Ip- pekat�e toenai l, hame- ha rem ne- to kiss - an fingernail; ha lip- sen�e one 's affectionate greeting but no knuckles (Zit. finger's eyes ) actual contact (Zit. cut an d (cf. ha lilip �e). eat another 's nose): loum he pe r .-num . hame�e harem niop embraced and kissed him; ha llp-(p'.m. ) mem y�hi sh-(p . m. ) hame- haum papkuap to suffocate -�n ihi-(8.m.� to be amazed, (Zit. one 's nose fails to make to be astonished, to wonder a hole): hameyeQe haum papkuap (Zit. to raise one 's fingers they suffocated; and bite them on one 's teeth): haI I pye�e mem yaha hapu hapu 47

hame- hero he ro oap to smile , be hanan kioQ to leave - house, friendly , amiable: hameyeQe alight on the ground; he ro he ro oap they smiled (�it. their noses were ple asant); han hewewe Q oa p it is changing from wet seas on to dry hame - hewukQe o ap to be depressed, season (�it. the ground sober , ill-natured, melan cholic, becomes light ); (Zit. thick nosed): hame­ hewukda (aj. ) sober, etc . han um atQe oap it is changing from dry season to wet hame-(p.m. ) {-a n}hlda- to insti­ season (lit. the gro und gate , to incite s.o. (�it. to becomes heavy). pull (on) s.o. 's nose ): 5050 hameQe hidawua t you will han aboQe (n. ) k. of small incite the dog to hunt; lizard.

korokQe hame-(p.m. )-an bap/gap/ han hewuk (n. ) de ath adder ariap to smell s.th. (Zit. the (Acanthophis antarcticus ). smell goes into one 's nose ): korokQaQe hameyeQan bap they han kaw etQe (n.) earthworm sme lled it; (of. wi k).

hame- kal ip companionable , han kara (n. ) hoe - implement. sociable (rare usage ) (�it. long nose); han keda (n. ) (N. ) bandicoot (of. tamat gu). hame - mumuQe unsociable (lit. de ad nose); han tamatgu (n. ) bandicoot .

hame- saduk yap to show a facial han te te (n .) plant - generic change at beginning of adoles­ term (also hanga wahap ). cence - of boys (lit. one 's nose became pliable ); hanangen (n. ) ground marsupial .

mem hame-(p.m. )-an tuhu- to hanga wahap (n. ) plant - find it for s.o. (lit. to generic term (als o han te t e). hold it at s.o.'s nose): mem hameQan tuhual they found it haQ (see hOQ). for him . haok haok yap (aux. ) to grunt - hime- II (n. ) price wages : hameQe bia of pig. or hameQe barak wageless , pay- less (clause with ot-) + yaka haoQ (n.) (N. ) smoke , cigarette , hameQe reward - for action , tobacco (of. utun). punishment: oat yaka hameQe the punishment for wh at you di d. haoQ (ak) (av. ) thoughtle ssly, without any concern: haoQ himikum (n. ) k. of banana. arlowot they (du. ) went with­ out any concern. han (n. ) earth, land, ground, plot, place - area of ground, territory , haoQ yap (see houQ yap). countryside, terrain : han bOQ boun dary area; han egatQe isthmus hap (n.) housefly . (Zit. the ground' s neck) ; han glbaQe mountainous coun try ; han hapalaQ (n. ) k. of tree . gallkQe flat country , plains ; han wa it inhabited ground; han hapu (n. ) bamboo, clumps of kahapoQ ground vapour; han bamboo; potonQe peninsula - enclosing bay or harbour ; han meteQe face hapu kaora p tlplQe a small or uppe r edge of cliff - natural bamboo pipe ; elevation : han to be undeveloped bush ; hapu hapu (n. ) purlin .

han daka- to crawl on stomach - ' hapu hapu- (n. ) larynx; of reptiies, pigs ; hapu hapuQe IpQe jugular vein . 43 hapun

hapun (n. ) lever ; hare-(hetero. ) tok yap to sever: ( Lit. to cut it an d it hapun- (tv.I) to push s.th. snapped: ha remune tok yap I away, to push agai nst s.th. - severed it. with an instrument, to pry s.th. : ki ha punekbua t you'll hare gare (see gare gure). not shove me ; to di smi ss , discharge - from employment haruQ haruQ yap (aux. ) to be (ct. wa t-). crisp - of dry leav es, to rustle - of le aves on the harak harak (see herek herek). ground.

haramun- (tv. I ) to slice: kiQ haruQ haruQ oap (aux. ) to crumble - pawawaQ ha ramunsap he sliced of dry foods . it crosswise . hat- (tv.III) to change into s.th.: haraQ yap (aux. ) to be dry , to 5050 hatkuap it changed into a become dry . dog; to stick, adhere to s.th.: hatgohoap it sticks to you - of haraQ haraQ yap (aux. ) it rattle s grass, etc., you are in pos sess­ (ct. ka raQ ka raQ yap, ha raQ ion of it. ha raQ ya p ). hatik- (tv. III) to cross through - harat (n . ) k. of tree . water, cross over, traverse: hatlknohoap it crossed over me ; haratak (av. ) in a line , single file: ha ratak gawl they came hatlk mltik (av. ) crosswise : single file ; ha ra tak ka tma hat ik mltik takap he crossed ariai they put it in a line as over and came . they went. hatiQ hatiQ ot- (aux.) to limp - haratQe (n. ) branch, bough , limb in favouring an injury . (ct. ba tbatQe ); sprout - of cabbage ; part of a settlement, hau- (see hou-). hamlet - as a hamlet may be part of a large r village : Ind um haum uk pila- to prop s.th. up . yakat ha ra tQe a hamlet near Indum village (Lit. a branch of haunQe pilap (aux. ) to clear up: In dum ) . hiblm hiunQe pi1ap the sky is clearing . hare- (tv. I) to cut, saw, eat - of inse cts eating leaves: ita hauQ yap (see houQ yap). harewag iap it chewe d (his - Lit. for him) net bag; hauQe (see houQe).

hare ha reQe cut, sawed; hawagap (n.) blowfly .

den hare-(b.pr. )- to interrupt hawSQ hawaQ (aj. ) round, ball­ s.o. (Lit. to cut the speech shaped, - often equated with for s.o. ): den ha reylngiap he gawaQ gawaQ. interrupted them; hawawaQ (av. ) running; e1em hareap the weather cleared (Lit. it cut the clouds ); hawawaQ sa- (aux. ) to run : hawawaQ sam aria1 they ran hep hare ak-(b.pr. )-ap to mis­ quickly (ct. sururuk sa-); carry (Lit. blood cut itself haw4wIQak ariap he ran away for s.o. ): hep hareakbag iap (Lit. he went running). she miscarr ied; hawi I (aj. ) speckled, black and kapam ha r e- to break up a fight ; white spotted, flecked, - pig colour. harem ne- to graze ; hawi II (n. ) k. of an imal . (homo. ) + hare- to di scontinue , cease , stop an action : sam hawi- (tv.I ) to carve , whittle , hareap he di scontinued cut - bamboo for fence building; speaking ; hep 49

nak hawi hawi Qe wood carving ; hehon kaok u- cook white froth - for pray er ; hawim manuQ- to fit - an arrow point to the shaft. hehon hehon (n. ) bubble ; hawirik ku- (aux. ) to rinse s.th. - hehon hehon oap to bubble . by shak ing out , to swi sh , to scrape out ( als o hawuruk ku-). hek hek yap (aux. ) to suffocate ( rare usage ) . hawiwin ( see hahiwi n). -hek you ( sg . ) , 2s , o.pr.I - hawuQ mawuQ (n .) small bull roarer . follows vowels ( see -nek). hawuru- (tv.I) to gather s.th. heku- (tv. I) to tie - with a together , collect s.th. , to round slipknot , to wind roun d s.th . , up - animals : hep hawu rum to detain s.o. - hyperbole : meduhuaksap the blood clotted - egatQe hekum huhuahop he and a fetus developed; strangled himself (lit. he tied his neck and burst . hawurum b e ro scavenger; him self) (af. hiwawak-).

hawuruak- (tv.I) to meet to­ he le (n. ) weed. gether . heleQ (aj. ) black , dirty , hawuru guwuru (aj. ) terrible , very unwashed, brown : heleQ orop bad (af. ba leQe ma leQ e). dirty; hawuruk ku- ( see hawi rik ku- ). he leQ bero an eater of unwashed food; he - (n. ) ChCh( w.s. ) , any other relative of the second descending den he leQ vulgarism, generation ; granddaughter, grand­ obscenity ( also den ko rokrje ); son. heak (n. ) breath ; (n. ) firewood - ab ove fire heak pan- to exhale ; which stops rising sparks and smoke ; drying rack - heak tuhu- to pant , puff, be ab ove fire ; dirty residue short-w inded or out of breath . from cooking : slgap he leo residue from cooking taro; -heba (loa. ) from ( see -angeba for usage ) . he leQ- (tv.III ) to become black. hegegu- ( see hegem- ). hem (n. ) cliff , precipic e. hegem- (tv.III) to correct , straighten out , fix s.th. , he o ot-/tuhu- (aux. ) to play - repair s.th. , mend s.th. , tidy of children ; also used of s.th. , arrange s.th. ( also adults in sexual activity ; hegerj-); heoaho- (tv.III ) ( not with (homo. ) + hegemg u- to do s.th. sg. s.m. ) to play well. together; hege Q- ( see hegem-). heQak heOak ot- to be a nuisance. hegum (n. ) k. of ne ttle ( Urticaceae Pipturus ) (af. wataraQ. g�kpik). hep (n. ) blood: hep gap to bleed (lit. blood comes ) ; hehek yap (aux. ) to screech - of pig (af. hik haok yap ). hep katQe blood clot (lit. b 100 d' s s t one ) ; hehon (n.) state of boiling , froth (af .. ba rak); hep bero army (lit. blood eater) ; hehon gap to boil ( also karak karak yap); 50 hep

hep hau- (o.pr.I) -sap(tv.I) to heroQe ma ro Qe ot-- to rejoice; have sharp local pain , to have pneumonia; he ro karak- (not with sg. s.m. ) to be in agreement, one hep ku- to abort , to induce an accord, harmony : hero abortion; karaksal they were in agree­ ment ; hep ha reak-(b.pr. )-ap to mis carry - accidentally; -nma hero pato ot- to worship (Zit. to call upon an d be hep tet- to have dysentery ; friendly with): Il)an yet Wdhapda yotkonma hero pato hep konok lineage (Ut. one blood) ; otbi they worshipped Il)an and Wahapda; hep torehen- re lative herol)e ot-(b.pr. )- to be glad hep lohot lohotije tender - of for s.o. , to be friends with­ child (Zit. weak blood); s.o. : yegat he rOl)e otyingiminlwi they were glad hep ka lap-(tv.III) to twitch: for them ; batnan hep kal apnohoap my arm is twitching (Zit. the blood -gat herol)e ot tat- to be shakes me on my arm) ; proud of 5.0.: nanahat he rol)e ot tan I am proud hepQaha u- to do the rite of of my son ; passage - at birth (Zit. to cook for its blood): naom (n. ) + he rol)an ot tat- to be memu hepijaha um nenom saQeta proud of s.th. : somotl)e when she gave birth, they said heroQan ot tap she is proud 'Let us cook an d eat for its of her hair; blood' . he rOl)e b I a disagreeable : 10k here (n. ) yam hill (cf. slromot). herol)e bla a disagreeable man (cf. hakl)e katakl)e); herek as in ka t he rek pulverised limestone . sitl)e he roije (aj. ) with a pleasant personality (Zit. herek he rek I (n. ) mark - notch on pleasant teeth). pig's ear: herek herek ga i- to notch, mark - a pig's ear for het- (tv.I) to copulate - on ly identification (cf. harak harak). of men as the actor; women are re garded as pass ive . herek herek II (n. ) scratching - soun d: he rek he rek as I sap he hetak (n. ) veranda (also podo scratched with a noise (cf. podo , gidu (N. )). ke rek ke rek). he tebiij (n. ) k. of herb - Knot­ hero hero (av . ) we ll : naom ya weed, Fleece-flower (Poly­ he ro hero oap the child grows gonaceae Polygonum) (cf. up we ll; pal) kakalip).

hero hero slk sik yap garden hetek hetek (av.) famished, as produce grows up well; in tep-(p.m. )-an hetek hetek oap to be famished: tepnenijan h ame - hero he ro oap to smile , hetek hetek oap we are be friendly , amiable . famished.

he ro maro ( av . ) (intensified form) hetgat (n. ) Yellow Waterfall very well. frog (Hyla nannotis).

heroije (aj. ) pleasing , agreeable , heu (n. ) k. of wild sugar happy , sociab le, companionable , cane - edible (also hagam ). jovial; he rOije ma rOQe (intensi­ fied form}: he roQe pato ot - to hewam (n. ) tree kangaroo - red be friendly , sociable , etc. ; (cf. dehom). higap 51 hewewe � (aj. ) light - of weight ; hlbim waga ae roplane ; easy, trivial ; hibim o ap or hibim karo�bag iap hak- hewewe � oap to fe el sad it thunders ; (lit. one's skin is light ); hibim haun�e pilap the sky is han hewewe � oap it is changing clearing ; to the dry season (Lit. the ground becomes ligh t) ; hibim la�inl)e pilap the sky is clear (Zit. the sky throws hewewe� ot- (aux. ) to recove r its light); from illness : yak hewewe� oa p me ? has he recovered or hlbim topl)e cumulonimb us clouds , not? (Zit. has he become horizon (Zit. the base of the light ) . sky ) . hewuba (n. ) pus , infection, semen : hibit hibit (n. ) orchid, ne ck­ hewuba gap to discharge - pus lace (af. kalpu t). (Lit. pus comes ). hibitda (n.) Australian brown hewuk �e (n. ) forest: hewuk�e hawk (Ieracidea berigora) bale�e uninhabitable bush ; (also ka i�e hlbltda) (Zit. with orchid legs ). hewuk�e 10k spirits which control particular formations hida- (tv. I) to pull out s.th. : or areas of ground; sat�e hldaop he pulle d out its teeth; hewuk�e ititik sasa�e heavy un dergrowth of forest (Zit. mem hida- to open s.t h.: thi ckened fore st); gahatl)e mem hidap he opened the door; hewuk�an gat�e (n. ) ga.me - forest anima.ls (Lit. one from hldak- (tv. I) to arise out of the forest ); s. th .: degan ka 1 eheba hidak ma gam nem ariop it arose out of (aj. ) thick (opp . bawalal)); the pool, came , ate it and went ; to come out of s.th.: hewuk hewuk�e oap (aux. ) to sumaba hldakma arlop it become th icker; came out of the grave and went away ; to pop off - of hewukdi (aj. ) as in hame�e a board popping free of the hewukda straight-faced, sober , nail; depressed, melancholic, unfriendly (lit. thick-nosed); sen kadak kidik hldakma ek­ (aux. ) to glare at s.o. ; hewuk�e mawuk�e (aj. ) very dense: hewuk�e mawuk�e a r i­ hahan hida- to perform the to go and live in the forest; magic of extracting s.th. from the skin ; hak- hewuk�e oap (aux. ) to be about to deliver, bear a tep- hldap to desire earnestly, child (see han hewuk). to fear great ly , to eage rly ant icipate s.th. : tepye�e hewum (n. ) bundle , bunch, load; hidap they earnestly desired it - of the extreme emotional hewumdaek (av. ) in a bundle, state one has just before sheaf (Zit. on ly with a confrontation in battle , or bundle ) ; receiving 6.th. (lit. stomach pulls out); hewum- (tv. III) to tie in bundles, to bundle s.th. kapai hida- to change village sites . hewun- (n. ) mother-in-law; WiMo, WiPaSi, WiPaBrWi (m.s.). hidum (n. ) sugar cane cultigen. hibim (n. ) �ky , heaven; higap (n. ) whistle ; 52 -hihi

higap kun- (aux. ) to vhistle ; hilik sa- (aux. ) to suck , slurp through teeth shoving satis­ higap hagut- to blov the vhistle . faction vith food.

-hihi for you (sg.); 2s, b.pr. hilil)- (tv. I ).to blov - nose : (1st order verbal suffix - nab al) hi 1 i I)be I vill blov (my) follovs vovels ) (see -n i hi). nose mucus . hihop- (n.) ankle bone - on the hilip- (tv. III) to tran sgress, outside part of ankle . do vrong ; also, to kill, to ruin s.th. , de stroy s.th. ; to hik (n. ) sobs: hik I)a it I)a it isiap do s.th . amiss ; she cried vith sobs . (homo. ) + hll ip- (tv. III) to err in doing s.th. , to ois­ hik haok yap (aux. ) to scre am - of (i.e. it corresponds to the pig (often used in text to shov prefix 'mis' as in such th at a pig reached maturity ) (af. English verbs as to misstate , h e h e k yap). miscarry, misfire , etc.): tatma hi I Ipku- to slump , hika- (tv.I) to carry s.th. sus­ slouch; otma hi llp ku- to pended from the forehead - blun der ; giop tlri pkum vomen 's method of carrying (af. h I IIpk u- to misdirect ; den gait-). pat sam hi llpku- to misinform; ga l emgum hll lpku- to mis­ hiki (n.) k. of fern (Athyrium) . manage ; topl)e sam h I I I pku- to misstate ; topl)e nagam hikinl)e (n. ) sheltered area - an d hi I Ipku to misinterpret; there fore dry : nak hikinl)an ga l emyongom hi 1 Ipku to getalop he sat dovn in the misrule ; daim hi I Ipku- to shelter of the tree; mislead; nagam hit ipku- to misunderstand; mem hI Ilpku- hikinl)e (aj. ) dry - of firewood. to fumble s. th . pe r.-num. ' ' hilam (n. ) day : hi lamdal)e in the h ak- (p .m. ) hi t lpku-(b.p1'.) to day time ; illtreat , maltreat;

hi lam ka rikl)an at noon , midday , h iti p k u - (b. P 1'.) - ( tv • I I I) to in the heat of the day ; cause damage to s.o. 's possessions : emetyel)e kum hi lam ala the next day , an other hi lipkuyingiop he damaged time ; their homes;

hi lam aradal) (av. ) every day ; hi I Ip hl l ip (av. ) vrongly , poorly, loosely, incorrectly , hi lam kedun holiday ; slovenly ;

hi laml)e tat- (aux. ) to rest; mem hll ip hi lip tuhu- to fumble ; hi lam ihl (aj. ) lazy (Zit. the day eats him); nagam hilip hi lip ot- to misunderstand, to think hi lam konok (av. ) suddenly - in incorrectly ; a short period of time (also sap konok ); h IIam konok konok otma hi Ilp ku hi I ipku 10k a very qui ckly ; man guilty of mis conduct;

hi lamanak hi lamanak (av. ) vithout Iok h I lip h 11i P k u I)e 1 ok m ur ­ delay ; de rer;

hi lam getek (av. ) in a short hi I iwaho- to perish (Zit. time ; de stroyed oneself ).

hi laml)e (av. ) in daylight : hilit- (tv.I) to der ide, abuse, hi laml)e tatma otm In iwi they ridicule . used to do it in daylight ; himan (n.) vild breadfruit. hl laml)e hi taml)e (av.) daily : hi laml)e hilaml)e ma nma gaman I always come , daily. hobot 53

hini (n. ) callous , fish scale , hi rik hirik samu �e puluhunom skin scales; the money itself will appear and we will come down an d hini gaha iak ga ha iakoe sealey; buy it;

kun- hinioe dandruff. hi rik hirik (av. ) repeatedly : " ka i- otgaoe hlrik hirik hiniri (n.) k. of tree (Logania­ da iakma kinsap to have ceae Fagraea). a leg cramp (Zit. the tendons of one 's legs hioimda (n. ) k. of vine . repeatedly pull and stand. hioimQe (n.) white sap (also hiriki- (tv.I) to remove a hiQomQe ). gr ass roof (also hiriti-). hioeleQ (n .) k. of herb - Pepper hirio yap (aux. ) as in tepyeoe family (Piperaceae Piper). hiriO yap they were not dis­ appointed ; they were satisfied. hioomQe (see hiQamQe ). hirio harao yap (aux. ) to hiooQ (n. ) k. of tree . rattle , to tumble about - of stones. hioQ (n. ) k. of cat's cradle . hirio huruo getat- (aux. ) to hioQ- (tv.I) to smash , tear to bits squat : pasok sam hi rio huruo pe r.-num. getatoet bending (the knees) you (pl. ) squat down l (body part )-(p�m. ) hioo-(o.�r. I)­ sap to pain : dihine hioQneksap " hirioak tat- (aux. ) my chest pains ; to be motionless. hioQ baoQ ot- (aux. ) (not in sg. ) hiriti- to split up , to disperse : hioQ (see hi rikl-). baoQ otma ariai they split up hiteo (n. ) an d went away ; k. of vine (Convolvulaceae Merremia). hioQ ba oQ tuhu- to divide s.th. hiwawak- (tv.I) into pieces , to sub-divide ; (hiwap- + -ak) to commit suicide. ihim hioQ- to chew s.th. ; hiwawe (n. ) small type of eme t hioO hioQe incestuous , per­ bull roarer (�f. mowuO verte d; mowuo ) . hiwi (n. ) (N. ) eme t hioQ- to comm it incest; Joke , Jest (�f. iwi ). hioQak- to separate , part company , hiwili I disperse , part (not with sg . (n. ) k. of tree (Elaeoc arpaceae Ela eocarpus ). s.m. ): biwiyetQe i k Qiak i k Oiak hiooakmu they became estranged hiwili II (n. ) (Zit. their insides separated green ladybug . and went separately ); hiwinoe (n .) pain , ache : turebe hioQaksap to form a gully ; sat hiwinoe toothache ;

turebe hiooak hiooakoe cleft, hiwinoe ot- to ache : batne fissure ; hiwinoe oap my arm aches. hobao (n. ) hiooak hiooak ot- (not with sg . (Kate ) holiday, s.m. ) to scatter: hioQak Christmas , year , annivers ary (also hiooak oa i they scattered. kedon ). hobilo (n. ) yam culti gen . hip a (n. ) resin : use hipaoe scab. hobot (n .) k. of wild sugar hirik hirik yap (a ux. ) to pulsate - cane (Gramineae Saccharum of blood, pulse (also awun miap, spontaneum, or Gramineae puduO puduO yap ); to continually appear (rare usage ): man ioak Miscanthus floridulus ); 54 hodo

hobot tep�e batten. -hoho you (sg. ) 2s, o.pr.III - follows vowels (see -noho). hodo (n. ) dry leaf from banana; hohora (n. ) Magnifi cent Fruit hodo hodo oap (aux. ) to become Pigeon (Megaloprepia pue lla ). dry : mum hodo hodo otma kinmap they (the leaves) are dead and hok tat- (aux. ) to remain safe - dry; . in time of battle , to be un disturbe d, unaffected. hodo�eak (av. ) only dry , sterile , fruitless: hodo�eak pato oap hoko (n. ) crutches. it only bore dry leaves. hokok- (n. ) uppe r back (also hodok (n. ) dew. hokop-(N. ));

hohali (n. ) k. of owl. hokok- hahit�e shoulder blade . hohat (n. ) (N. ) cassowary (Cas ­ hokop (n. ) (N. ) upper back uarius Casuarius ) (af. gasam, (af. hokok-). 'ke la, sukam). hola�- (tv.I) to undo , untie, hohai- (tv.I) to support s.th. - unwrap s.th. (also hula� with hands un derneath , to raise (N. )); s. th . ; hola� ma kat- to un dress; hohi im saha siha centre floor bearers. hola�ma hegegu- to disentangle ;

hohet- (n .) central position , otma samut hola�- to break - mi ddle area (also howe t-, the law , to do s.th. illegal ; oset-); hola�aksap to become loose, hohet-(p.m. ) -an (loa.ph. ) am ong to un coil - of snake, to (p.m. in plural ); between loosen , to un ravel; (p.m. in dual ): hohet�an (loa. ph. ) between : hololo� ot- (aux. ) to sag - of rope, loincloth , waist­ hohe tye�an (loa. ph. ) among , in band (also silili� yap). the ir mi dst, among them ; hom (n. ) intestinal worm - hohet�an konok konok kat- or roundworm , pinworm , tapeworm , hohet�e kadak ki dik pan- to hookworm . space s.th. , broken lines, segmented, discontinued; hom�e (n. ) ornamental tail feathers - of the bird of hohe t guhe t ot- (aux. ) to paradise. combine two languages wh ile speaking, to interlace, to ho�- I (tv.I) to spit out , intersperse , intertwine , blow out - betel nut ; also, intermingle , to be streaked, to blow - in performing alternate , every other one wh ite magic. (also oset guset); ho� - II (av .) as in ho� hohet oap to intervene - break haganyongop be sent them as up or stop a fight; spies: den mem ho� arl-/taka­ to report , pass a message , den hohe t�an hohe t�an sa- to carry a message ; mingle , mix - languages; ho� ba-(b.pr. )-(aux. ) to be a hohe t�an tat- or hohe t�an ari­ servant for s.o. , to serve to be interposed, to inter­ s .0. ho� bawag I ap he vene; served him;

in 10k bia hohe t�e no pe ople in ho�bawa (n. ) servant , helper, the middle area. messenger; ho�bawa naom boy servant; ho�bawa Ibl girl servant. houmoe 55 hoO ho O oap (aux. ) to be loose - gaim hotom u- to sacrifice. in a hole or socket: satoe h o O hoO oap her teeth are loose; hou- (tv.I ) to penetrate , stab , spear , dig - with spade , make mem hoO hoO tuhu- to loosen - a hole or opening through from a hole . s.th. , inject s.th. ; also, to stand s.th. up by spearing hoO kololoO oap (aux. ) to be it into the ground; to loose - as a rope aroun d wrist, perform - used of various to wobble about . magic al rituals : um ehek houop he performed the hop (n. ) platform - for ripen ing divination based on cooking fruit, ripening rack - in eaves, and inspecting food (also harvest rack; hau- ).

hop ka koan name of a carved kat-(hetero. ) utun houap to statue - used in worship (lit . smoke s.th. (Ht. put it and on top of the ripening rack). the smoke penetrates it ): katoeta utun houap they horagiak- (tv.I) (horag i- + -ak) smoke d it ; (not with sg. s.m. ) to be opinionated to argue over bau hou- to exchange marriage possession of s.th.: horag laksai gifts - pigs ; they argue over possession of it . nep hou- to turn ove r the horat (n. ) end rafter , hips - of ground, spade it; a hip roof ; hep hou-(o.pr. I) -sap to somot- horatoe goose pimples . twinge - sharp local pain: hep houneksap I have twinges horat- (tv.I) to stick, wedge , of pain; fasten - of vines; naga-(hetero. ) houap to horatma horatma oap it is understand (lit. to hear rough - of coconut shell. s.th. and it spears it) : nagaoeta houwuap they hore ware tuhu- (aux. ) to put or will un derstand; scatter s.th. round about , any­ where : gotoe tete hore wa re laolnoe pi lam houap to be tuhuwi they scattered it all illuminate d (lit. the aroun d about him (also horeo light shines an d spears it); pareo). houm mag u- to plug a hole ; hore o pareo (see hore ware). houm kusan- to drill a hole ; horodo o ot- (aux. ) to scoot down ; houm hldi- to stab it an d horodoo yap (aux. ) to roll on pull it out , to gouge out rollers , to slide down - of s.th . ; stones. hame- houm papkuap to horok horok ari-/ba- (aux. ) to suffocate ( lit. nose fails crawl. to make a hole ); hot u- (aux. ) to roast s.th. houm heku- to thatch - with sago or wild banan a (cf. hote (n. ) water cress. llsoho for grass and wild sugar cane ). hote o asin wild plant used for treating coughs. houmak (av. ) very close to, near . hotom (n. ) smell, aroma , incense: hapu hotomoe pi lap the bamboo houmoe kSkalip (n. ) twin wire­ odour is dete ctable ; like tail feathers of certain birds of paradise (cf. hotom u- to make a burnt dake rao). offering; 56 hOUI) yap

hOUI) yap (aux. ) to wi lt , to hubul)e (aj. ) invisible , wither (also haul) yap ; haol) y ap} ; hidden ;

hak- houl) yap to be famished, hubul)e (av .) secretly , with starving (lit. one's skin stealth , invisibly: 10k withers , wilts): hakyel)e hOUI) hubul)e otma i they do it in yap they are fami shed; secret, stealth (cf. tik tlk); or possibly hubul)e tan- houl) yap to be weary , ot-· to become invisible, fatigued, exhausted, tired to be hidden ; (Zit. one's bones wilt): tanye l)e houl) yap they are hubul)e man- to be invisible, fatigued, etc. (cf. hutuk hidden . yap). huhopl)e (n. ) feast - which houl)e (n. ) its exchange ; follows a community work pro­ ject - for in-laws : huhopl)e hou ku- to exchange s.th. or uwl they prepared (Zit. s.o. - marriage relationship , cooke d) a feast after plant­ to exchange money; ing the gardens.

houl)e wa l)- to give in exchange , huhu- (tv. I) to smash s.th. to to give a return gift; pieces , break , to split ( firewood); to sprout out of houl)e bia gift (Zit. with out an the ground - of spr outs exchange ) ; (cf. kaml)e );

houl)e bia wal)- t o · g ive without kun- huhuap to ache : kune expecting a re ciprocal gift; huhuap my he ad aches (Zit. my head smashes to pieces); hou l)e houl)e ot- (not with sg. s.m. ) to make an exchange: lil)ma huhu- to break by stomp­ h oul)e houl)e otma in we regularly ing , treading on ; make exchanges; pe r.-num. ·e9a t-(p.�.) hekum huhuak-(s\m.) houl)e ot- to be an exchange for to strangle one self; s.o., s.th. eme t huhu huh ul)e incestuous , howan (n. ) dibb le stick , walk ing perve rted; stick. emet huhu- to commit incest. howe (n. ) (Kate , from Ge rman ) plane - tool. huk huk yap (aux. ) to rustle - of trees in wind (also howe t- (see hohet-). kududul) yap) . -hu contrastive suffix occurring hukatku (n. ) sugar cane cultigen . on the indefinite pronoun ala (see alihu II) (also -gu, -ku). hulal)- (tv.I) (N. ) to un do , untie, unwrap s.th. (cf. holal)-). hu hu sa- (aux. ) to ward s.o. off , to let a man know he isn't wanted. hulin I (aj. ) wild. huban (n. ) (N.) lake , pool, lagoon hulin II (n. ) k. of palm grass (cf. degan). (Gramineae Setaria palmi folia). hubil)e (n.) area in front of the hulin suril)an (n.) Blue-faced house, house front (rarely Finch (Erythura trichroa 5ubil)e). (sigillifera» . hubu I (n. ) k. of spider. huluk (n. ) tomato; hubu II (n.) puzzle - insoluble. huluk katakl)e tomato sauce. hubul)e (n. ) k. of magic of huluktuk yap (aux. ) to slurp invisibil{ty - performe d when (also tumak deap (N. ) . one wanted to enter an enemy' s are a unnoti ced; ibi 57

hum (n. ) (N. ) intestinal worm hutuk (n .) quiet, shade . (af. h om ) . hutuk or hutuk hutuk (av.) hun sabe (aj . /av. ) with abun dance: quietly , silently, calmly ; hun sabe manom we wi ll stay with abundance. hutuk ta t- to be silent , qu iet: ise ise ala bla hutuk hUQ hUQ yap (aux . ) to sniff, snuff: tatQeta there was no crying , hame Qe hUQ hUQ s�m katm� nagap they stayed quietly ; it puts its nose , sniffs an d smells it; aman tan hutuk hutuk ot- to be in a deep sleep; hUQbero (aj. ) poor, unrespected. hutuk yap (aux. ) to be calm, huruduQ sa- (aux. ) to retreat : quiet - of wind, waves; to Japan ya huruduQ ya i those abate - of storm or earth­ Japanese retreate d. quake ;

,huruduQ yap (aux. ) to sink, tin- hutuk yap to be amused, become depressed - of ground (rarely ) to be weary: (Zit. (af. huruQ yap). one 's bones are silent: tane hutuk yap I am amused; huruduQ pi la- (aux. ) to descend: gOQ gib aQe yaham huruduQ tan hutuk hutukQe amusement; pi lam Timbe ariop he ascended Mt . GOQ and descending he went hutuk sa- (aux. ) to stop to Timbe. talking, making a noise, to be sile�t - and thus yield huruk ot- (aux. ) to sway the pelvis in an argument , to yield - back an d forth - of dancing women : through silence . kep kum huruk pasok oai they are dancing and flexing the knees, huwu Q huwuQ (aj. ) round, ball­ swaying the pe lvis (also pidiQ shaped (also hawaQ hawaQ. pidiQ tuhu-)j gawaQ gawaQ).

huruk yap (aux. ) to swish - of hUWUQ huwUQ yap (aux. ) to grass skirts . flicker : ba lam sem huwuQ huwUQ sam klnsap the flame huruQ yap I (aux. ) to collapse - burns and flickers. in the middle , to sink , be de­ pressed - in th e middle of a flat surface , to duck out of sight ;

mem huruQ tuhu- (tv. I) to silence s. o. from speak ing : den te tewe i- (iv) to sleep, stay, lie sam otmu yeQak mem huruQ tuhuai down , be kept in reserve , to he wanted to express himself but be postponed: den ya I ap that they alone silenced him ; matter was postponed; to be - of things: negalan sabe Ibuap huruQ ot- to keep silent ab out there will be an abundance of s.th. , not repeat s.th. : nagam things at our place. huruQ oan I heard an d I am keeping silent ab out it; ibat (num. ) four ;

mem huruQ pan- (tv. I) to protect i biltQe (n.) Thursday; (aj.) s. 0. ; fourth;

uk sam huruQ sam orotQe rugged - ibi- (n. ) woman , wife, female: of mountains: han uk sam huruQ (also apet (N. )); sam oap the ground is un even ; Ibi lokQe orop or Ibl lokda huruQ yap II (aux. ) to thunder , married woman; roar - of the sea. ibl meme ha dop ot- to be hururuQ lat- (aux. ) to pull on , marriageable - of men ; put on - a long dress. 58 ibi

ibi memeha dop bia to be naom iholok mansal a l l kinds unmarriageable - of men ; of boys are there ; (av. ) neverthe le ss, in spite of , ibi gin�e spinster , unmarried in vain , without any pur­ woman (also ibi tatat�e); pose , anyway: na iholok arian I went in vain , with­ ibi kabu't widow; out any purpose, anyway ; (excl. ) forget itl i bi lok�e married man (?it. woman 's husband) ; iholok ot- to be scattered ab out (cf. kSdo�-); ibi�e orop (aj. ) married (Zit. with his wife ); sen iholok ek- to look about , let one's eyes wander . ibihat pali br ide price ; iholok maholok (aj. ) disordered, ibi me - (b . pr. ) - to steal a scattered, confused; tangled, wife from s.o. : ibi mewagiai matted: somot�e iholok maholok they stole his wi fe . his tangled hair; (av. ) in a confused manner: Iholok ibi sait�e (n. ) New Guinea Wal king maholok tuhuap he did it in Stick (Diaphe rodes gigantea) . a confused manner ; everywhere : 10k kabuk�e iholok maholok bla ibiak (av. ) (Zit. only a woman ) in the medicine men were not va in : i b i a k a h om i n i wi t hey everywhere ; fought in vain ; without wa rning or announcement: ibiak taka p he iholok maholok ari- to wander came without announcement , warn­ around; ing; poorly ibiak tuhuan I made it poorly ; iholok maholok pan- to scatter s.th. (also Ilok ma lok). ibiak +(cau. ph. ) + s a - to fool , tease , banter with s.O. : ibiak ihorihot (n .) Black-capped gahat yan I te ased you , Lory (Domi cella lory). fooled you . ik ik yap (aux. ) to tingle , to idip (see idup ). have an orgasm : tokabl tne sekolan kumu ik Ik yap he hit idup (n. ) road block, barrier, me on my funny bone and it safeguar d, cross (gravemarker ), tingled; (also . lrlk irik yap mark (on tree etc. , X-shaped ), or iririk yap). (also udip, edup, idip). ikai- (tv.I) to dry in the heat igep (n. ) throwing spear - weapon of the fire ; to charge - of the coastal people . battery .

ihi- (tv. II ) to eat, bite , chew iki sobo (aj. ) senile , decrepit. (see nihi- I); ikiwe (n. ) Amb oina Cuckoo-dove ihim hare- to chew or bite s.th. {Macropygia amboinensis off; (goldi ei)). (also ikiwl ).

ihim hio�- to chew or bite s.th. ikiwi (see iklwe). into pieces (Zit. one chews and smashes it); ik�e (emp.pr. ) he himself, she herself, itself; his own , her -(p.m. )-an ihiap to pain - with own , its own ; body part signifying area of pain : tepnan i hi ap I have a ik�eak/ ik�ia k /yak�ak/yahak (emp . stomach ache (Zit. it pains pr. ) he himself, he alone , on one 's stomach ). etc. : (see niniak);

iholan (n.) (N. ) k. of tree. (yak) ik�ak (emp . p r. ) (see nlnak for usage ); iholok (aj. ) all kinds of , many kinds of, any : 10k iholok any ik�an abo�an ari- to go one man , anybody , anyone ; at a time (Zit. to go at oneself at the owner ); iran 59

ik�iak (av.) alone , by oneself , inan�an (t. ) long long ago. unique : h an yaku ya i k � i a k that particular ground is un i que ; inin (av. ) lightly , super­ ficially : inin seneksap it burned me just a little , lightly ; Ik�iak ik�iak ot- to become special, �eparate , immiscible. inin gu1 iwahoap to become illegible ; ilanQe (n. ) str ingy hair , straight hair; feathers below eye of a inin sese�e (aj. ) light parrot. brown - chocolate coloured (cf. in). iiinae (n. ) k. of arrow point - this de s ign was probably imported inQe (aj. ) insignifi cant - of from Markham, used primarily for men. shooting human s. iQai (n .) spike - pla ced for iiiwe t- (tv.I) to resist, defy ; enemies to tread on (of. tot oa n ) . i 1 iwet i 1 iwet (av.) defian tly , in de fiance. iQan (n. ) (Sio) fish; ilok iiok or iiohilok (aj. ) tangled, iQan itaQe fish net. umkempt - of hair: somotQe i 10hi 10k her tangled hair . ip (n. ) vine , rope , strap of net bag, handle , thread iiok malok (see iho10k ma ho10k). (cf. mod ; ime warne ot- (aux. ) to clasp each ip kehetQe (see muadaQ ); other 's hands - a game played by two or more . iwan pan- to string be ads (�it. to put on the rope ). imen (n. ) louse (pediculus capitis ), mi te - of bird. ip kaok (n. ) k. of vine. imi- (n.) younger brother ; YoBr , ip karik�e (n .) k. of vine . FaBrYoSo, MoSiYoSo. ip omoQ (n. ) k. of vine . imi �e (n. ) k. of pandanus . ipoQ (n. ) k. of pandanus . imun- (iv. ) (N .) to laugh (cf. g i r i Q) • irahot irahot yaha- (aux. ) to be straight - of bamboo , yams , in (av. ) me rely, just, only : in sugar cane , wild cane. eknom we 'll just look at it; without reason , cause or me aning : irak (av. ) (with non-past in ahonomai they will fight for tense) not yet : in reference no reason , without any cause; to future time : irak ariwom with no one, nothing: in kamen I have not yet gone ; in pato no one , completely empty ; referen ce to past time : freely: in nih iwuap he will give (desid. hetero. ) + verb in it to me freely; ipt. or rpt . : i rak takawe samune muop when I had not inak (av.) empty-hande d, without yet come , he died, or, he anything : ma n i i nak takan I died before I came (�it. not came without money (cf. in in). yet , I wanting to come , he died) . -in (s.m. ) (follows vowels ) lp , ipt (also -a in). irak Qe (aj. ) (N. ) new (of. ago). inap (n. ) k. of vine. iran- (n. ) daughter·-in-law, father-in-law , mother-in- inak (see in). law ; SoWi , SbSoWi, PaChSoWi, SpSbSoWi ; HuPa or any ot her in an (av. ) wI thout preparations. consang uineal relative of the husband in the first as cending generation . 60 iratek iratek (av . ) (with ipt. ) prematurely , itnan (av. ) now, finally , too early: iratek ga t you have always (with hab it. ) - used come too early. with ipt. verb to indi cate completed state : I tnan irawut (aj. ) green , not ripe - of karikQe mit we have finally corn , sweet potato , taro. become capable. irep (n.) k. 'of tree . itogaloQ ot- or itoQ ga loQ ot­ to be not in a line , to be iri (n.) (N. ) net bag (af. ita). scattered, dispersed, dis­ organised (also itugaloQ, irik irik yap (see ik ik yap). etuga loQ); ir ik irik tat- (aux.) to sit and itog aloQ ot- (not with sg. await s.th. s.m. ) to disperse , disband, break up - of gathering: irike- (iv.) to sprout (also itoga loQ otma arial they elelek yap ). disb a nded and went away . irike irike ot- (aux. ) to protrude - itomot (n. ) k. of dance hat . of teeth , to be bucktoothed. itugaloQ (see Itoga loQ). iririk yap (a ux. ) (see ik ik yap). iwa - (n. ) BrCh (w.s.), HuSbCh ise- (iv. ) to cry, crow - of a (w.s. ); nephew, niece . chicken , twang - of a bow string, play - of a flute ; iwaQ (n. ) yam cultigen.

ise ise (n. ) crying, weeping: iwi I (n. ) joke or jest (also ise ise ala bi a there was no hiwi (N. )); weeping. den i wi 5 a - to j est, j ok e ; isi- (iv. ) (see ise-). iwiak- (not with sg. s.m. ) -it (s .m.) (follows vowe ls ) ld, (tv. I) to jest , joke with ipt . (also -a it). each other: Iwiaksawot they (du.) joke with each ita (n. ) net bag , pouch - of other. mar supials , crop - of birds : ha nangen itaQe the opossum's iwi II (n. ) k. of poisonous pouch (also ito, iri (N. )); lizard.

itakat (n. ) men's small string iwi ot- (a ux. ) to not obtain bag; s.th. expected or sought for (also blhu bihu ot-). ita sukum (n. ) valuable ornaments , wealth , riches, goods : ita iwi t ( n. ) white - of something sukumQe orop (aj. ) wealthy. that has changed colour such as hair: Iwit iwl t ot- (aux. ) ita habuQe (n. ) Nankeen Night Heron to fade : sagum iwl t Iwl t oap (Nycticorax caledonicus (hilli » . the clothes faded. itaraQe (t. ) (Komb a) just now (also iwoQata taiwoQata (n .) k. of yuwe reQe). chant , incantation. itit kewom tuhu- (aux. ) to de stroy everything, to slay, to demolish (also itit klom tuh u-). K itit kiom tuhu- (see itit kewom tuhu-). k- (tv. I) (only in ipt. ) to ititik yap (aux. ) to become thick - put (af. kat-). of forest undergrowth : hewukQe ititik sasaQe heavy un de rgrowth of kababa (n. ) dead rib of a sago forest (also atltitik yap ). leaf . ito (se e ita). kabam (n. ) joists in house construction . kak 61

kabe- (n. ) shoulder; kagaral) an onomatopoe tic form representing the· sound of a sigap kabe�e stem , stalk of taro. pack of dogs: 5050 kagaral) dog pack (also 5050 ka� ka� ). kabek (n .) belch, burp ; kaha- (n.) brother-in-law, kabek-(o. pr. III) -ap to belch , sister-in-law; BrWi (m.s.), burp: kabekno h o ap I belche d. PaSoWi (m. s. ), WiSi , WiBrWi , PaSbSoWi (m.s. ), WiPaSbDa kabiarn- (n. ) heart , liver, internal SiHu (w.s.), PaDaHu (w. s. ) , organ ; HuBr, HuSiHu, PaSbDaHu (w.s.).

kabiam- ka rik�e one 's liver; kahapo� (n. ) steam, vapour , breath , k. of sorcery (also kabiam- 10hot�e one 's heart ; kahapum (N. )).

kabi am- �a sin�e one's gall bladder , kahapum (n. ) (N. ) (see kahapo� ). bile; kahawan- (n.) pe r.-num . cheek. kab iam- (p�m. ) kis lkum nihi-(8.�. ) kahawa� (n. ) crayfish. to express feelings ab out s.th. to s. o. (Zit. to di stribute kahawu (aj. ) and give one's heart to s.o. ): striped - of piglets. kab i amye�e kas i kum gihinoma l they will exp ress their ka i- (tv. III) to interlock arms , feelings about it to you. to lock arms with s.o. : they (du. ) locked kabim (n. ) k. of grub . ka iahoawot arms ; kabo (n. ) opossum. ka ihum kinsa l they stand with kabut (aj. ) of one who has lost their arms inte rlocked. his mate in de ath : i b i kabut kaide (n. ) k. of plant wi dow; (Comp ositae Crassocephalum crepidioides) . 10k kabut widower; kak- (n . ) kabut me - to remarry , marry a top, tip; widow/widower . kak�an on , upon , above : it kadi (av. ) instantly , easily, hibim kak�an gam arlap goes above the sky; readi ly : kadi barada� sawuap it will tear instantly , easily, along the surface of readi ly ; (av. ) loose, weak, kak�aba s. th .; without roots: kadi tap it is loo se, weak , without roots ; (av. ) to kak�aba gap it came along temporarily: kad i ta i they are the surface of the water; he re only temporarily; ka k�e oap to not have depth , kadi me - (aux. ) to borrow s.th. : to be at the sur face ; also, kadi mem ariap he bor rowe d to be false , not true : it and went ; yiwlre�e ekmun�e kak�e oap now we see it and it is kad i oap to be transient, false ; temporary , to have no lasting basis; kak�an kak�an kat- to stack kadl taka- to visit: Tibel)e kadi s.th. up ; takataka�e those wh o are kak�eak kododo� oap to be visiting (Ht. came temporar ily) shallow - of water; from Timbe ; den kak�an sa- to contradict 10k bat kad l be ro (n. ) leech ­ s. o. (Ht. to speak on top figurative of a person who of the talk); draws upon his victims ' wealth (Z{t. a man who tempor­ arily eats from another 's hand ). 62 kak

kak- (p.m.) -an yaha- to have inter­ kalem me- to be generous : course with s. o. (l.it. to go kal em ki memap he is never up on s.o. ): ka kgan yahawe I'll generous ; have intercourse with you; ka lem meme (aj. ) generous : kak- (p . m. )-an yaha-/g lap to come 10k ka lem meme a generous upon s.o. - of work: ai sesegat man; kaknenQan yahamu a lot of work has come up on us /we have plenty ka lemda (aj. ) generous . of wo rk to do ; kalibu (num. ) three (also kakQan rz.oc. ph. ) after: hobaQ ka labu, malk (N.)); kakQan after Christmas . kal i buQe (n. ) Wednesday , kakaboQ (n. ) k. of tr ee; also, (av. ) for a third time : fireplace, hearth - wooden frame . yaha kal lbuQe mem ga ltma a r l o p he went up a third kakasi- (iv. ) to swoop , dive - of time and carr ied it away ; a bird (cf. halapku- ) . (aj.) third.

kaki kaki (aj.) overlapping - of kamadak (n. ) White-plumed Bird teeth. of Paradise (Trichop aradisea guilielmi ) . kakirik kakirik yap (aux. ) to gnash, crunch - of teeth and kamamQe (n. ) k. of dance: as bones. in b a t a ka mamQe or kep kamamQe . kakQan tatat (n. ) chair. kame (av. ) alone: b a r atg e kame . kalabu (num.) three (also kallb u, ot tap your daughter is alone. ma ik (N . )) (see kal lbu). Kamen (aj. ) empty , un inhabited, kalak nihi- (see nihi- I) to be de serted: eme t Q e kamenan kl itchy , to it ch (Zit. itchiness yahawua t you must not go up bites one ): kalak nihiap it into his deserted house; itches (on me ); kamen kln- to be empty : kalak oap to be bitter (also tepne kamen klnsap my Qas in oap) (cf. ha ko nihi-). stomach is empty.

kalak yap (aux. ) to smart - kame t (n.) sound, noise: ka l rare usage ,to it ch (cf· kametQe soun d of footsteps saQsaQ yap). (cf. mun).

kalakda (n. ) k. of tree (Saurauia­ kamoQdat (n. ) New Guinea Scrub­ ceae Saurauia) (cf. keba kaleQe , robin (Drymodina beccarii us I hit) . (brevi rostris, type )).

kalam (n. ) producing garden ; kamop (n. ) k. of tree (Profea­ ceae Finschia chloroxantha) . kalam kunQe/satQe focal point of spoke -like garden plot , kan- (tv. III) to stab, spear - axis of garden plot ; on a fork or bamboo spike - usually for storing; to kalaman ga tQe vegetable . impale: kangohowom I will impale you; kalawa (n. ) k. of grass skirt . kanQe (n. ) handle - for axe , kalem (n.) generosity, hospitality : knife, spike for spearing ibl kalemye tQe bia the hos­ an d storing things : han pitality of the two women is hau hau kanQe hoe handle. nil; kanaga- (see kanaga-) . kalemQe orop (aj. ) generous , hospit!!-ble: 10k ya kal emQe kanalak (n.) k. of tree - orop that man is generous ; Rose-of-China (Malvaceae Hibiscus rosasinensis). kasa 63

kanarn (aj. ) lazy: 10k kanam lazy kapam 10k fighter , soldier man . (af. hep bero) ;· kanam sikoko ot-/tat- (aux. ) to kapam aboQe the leader of sit down with one 's knees the fight (Zit. the owner together and arms clasped of the stick); around one 's legs (e.g. the classical Mexican siesta pose ). kapam ne- to be slain (Zit. to eat the stick); kane (aj.) le ft : kanehen to the le ft side; le fthanded: kane ka pam ku-(b. pr. )- to quell ala one was le ft handed. fighting (Zit. to hit the stick for 5.0.): ka pam kangu (n. ) k. of bush with burrs kuying lop he quelled their (Compositae Bidens pilosa) (also fighting . sen kangu). kapapa as in Qi 1 ip kapapa pig kansom I (n. ) k. of tree . tusks that curve . kansom II (n. ) k. of bird. kape (n. ) lime - chewe d with betel nut; kaQ (ajat.) a lot of, all the kinds of: ka Q ma nam a lot of kape ka rikQe (n.) oyster or bananas . clam shell - from which lime is made . ka Q ka Q (n. ) white grease from meat , fat , dr ippings: kaQ ka Q kaperam (n. ) bark mushroom-shaped papato a lot of white drippings headdress. (af. airok); kapi (n .) (N. ) village (af. kaQ kaQ yap (aux. ) to ooze out ka pa I). of s.th. kapiQ (n. ) bamboo ton gs. kaQ kaQ as in 5050 kaQ kaQ pack of dogs , dog pack (also 5050 kapiQ kapiQ (n. ) earwig. kaga raQ). kapoQ (n. ) k. of dance hat . kaQbik (n. ) k. of vine . kara I (n. ) yam cultigen. kaok (aj. ) white ; (n. ) European; more generally Chinese , Japan­ kara II (n. ) black magic, ese; sorcery - generic term.

kaok oap to become peaceful , kara- (see ka ra-). reconciled, tranqui l: kuk kaok oap to become peaceful karak- I (from kara- + ak-) to (Zit. the anger be came wh ite ). cut each other, to peck - of chickens. kaoQ (n. ) k. of bamb oo (Gramineae Bambusa ) (af. tabat ). karak- II (from kat + ak-) to put for oneself. kaorap (n. ) small bamboo pipe . karaQ ka raQ yap (auz. ) to kap kap (n. ) k. of grub (af. peru). rattle - of arrows . kapae/kapai (n. ) village (also karap karap (n. ) clavicle . kapi (N. )). karasuQ a (n. ) k. of sorcery kapakap (n.) k. of tree . (af. budaQ, saltQe ). kaparn (n. ) stick: kapam gogoQ karube Q berek (n.) children 's ma goQ a ve ry crooked stick ; chant when im itating a fight: ka pam i semak tap the scorpion . fight continue s; battle , war : kapam teteaP there is a kasa (n. ) enemy : kasa ka rtkQe battle , war ; a re al enemy , an enemy to the end (Zit. strong enemy ) (see nam ka saQe ). 64 kasi me-

kasi me- (aux. ) to make fire by to attach to - of plant s a bamb oo thong - rope pulling . with air roots : �a tatkuap he joined it together; kasol) (n .) (Kate) spoon (ct. haham bero) . kataraho- to spread (also 1 Igara k-),to become combined kat- (tv.I) to put s.th., place or joined togethe r; s.th. , dism.iss s.o. , set s.th. aside: katyeksap he dismissed katatg u ka tatgul)e joints: bat them; to appoint : sOl)al) sam ka tatgu ka tatg ul)e joints in katyeks in pronouncing them to one 's hands ; be le ade rs we appointed them; (also k- ); ara- ka tatgu katatg ul)e one 's pelvis. buku kat- to make s.o. friends; katal) (n. ) (Kate ) window . den kat- to send a me ssage ; katip- (tv. III) to wrap s.th. , ba t kat- to finish a matter; bandage s.th. , cover s.th. , to alibi for 5.0. : karak- (kat + ak) to put fo r ka tlpyongoap he covered them, oneself; he al ibied for them .

ka t ka tl)e (aj. ) put , placed: katip (n. ) wrapping - banana adap kat ka tf)e pierced ear­ leaf , parcel , container, lobe ; carton ;

do p ka t ka tl)e its established hak katipl)e suit, shirt; mark ; kai kat i pl)e shoes. t I rek parel)e kat ka tl)e step, tread of a ladder (tit. the katma bero (n. ) plate . placed leve l par t of a ladder ). kauku- (iv. ) to have dry rot , be afflicted with dry rot : katahe- (see katakf)e ). mum kaukum klnsap it stands de ad an d full of dry rot . katakl)e (n. ) jelly, sauce: hul uk katakl)e tomato sauce ; kaut kaut (n. ) k. of tree (Araliaceae Schefflera hakl)e kata kl)e (aj. ) disagreeable (actinophylla?)); (cf. pe rson ; also, dumb , mute; nak gllam).

katakl)e oap to gel, become kautl)e (n. ) (see sorol) kautl)e ). viscuous (als o ka tahe-). kawa (n.) k. of tree (Moraceae hak- kataheap to be sad - when Ficus). s.o. departs (also hak­ haral) yap ); kawaliol) (n. ) Spotted Tree­ Duck (Dendrocygna guttata) . esenl)e ka takeap the le aves look withered - of taro, ready kawe halim the un iniated boys for harve sting ; (cf. hIll im-).

ka tak katakl)e ot- to become kawet (n. ) insect - generally viscuous . large va rieties (of. sokl soki ) (also kawet kawet) ; katap (n .) potato. sa ru kawetl)e sea food, fish . kataraho- (see katat-). kawi- (n.) (N.) place (cf. katarak katarakl)e (aj. ) webbed; we I am- ) ;

ka tarak oap (aux. ) it is kawl hegemguwuap the weather webbe d - of the foot. will clear (rare usage).

katat- (tv. III) to join s.th. kawisik- (tv. III) to clench together, to be parasitic, one 's fist, to make a fist. kawit tawit (n. ) insect - very kadal)- (tv.I) to scatter s.th. small insects such as lice . ab out ; (also kadol)-l ; kawum (n. ) k. of insect . kadal)ak- (tv. I) to collapse - of firewood heap (also kabat- (n. ) heel, end of leaf kadol)ak- ). stem where it is joined to

the branch ; trunk shoot of kadat- (n.) back: kadat- tanl)e the bamboo, shoot of wild one 's spine; sugar cane or cabbage ; (cf. bel)e ) ; kadat- pato hunch backed;

kada tl)e suluml)e spinal cord an d marrow - of pig ; kabol)da (n. ) Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise (Seleucidis melano­ lencus ). kadit- (tv. III) to turn one 's k.dbuk (excL ) don't, stop , cease l back on s.o. - in contempt, scorn (cf. kihal-); kabukl)e (aj. ) forbi dden , taboo: emet kabukl)e men strual hut kadit kadit (av. ) backwards , or spirit habitation ; with one 's back towards another : y�k kidat kidat sodal) kabukl)e haunted are a; kinsap he stands with his back towards him. 10k kabukl)e pract itioner of the healing ar ts, medi cine man , kadik- (tv. III) to begin , sorcerer, curer; commence , start , create s.th. : han hibim kadi kyotkop He opon kabukl)e men 's ceremon ial cre ate d heaven and earth ; club house, an cestral spirit house; kep kadi kuw i they started the dance (also kaduk-); umut umu t kabukl)e (aj. ) should not be seen - of men struating kad i kum (t. ) at first , first - women. of ac·tion: kid l kum nal)e mebom first I will have it; kabulalep (n. ) k. of large black spider (also kobulalep). kad i kum eme lak in the beginning, a long time ago: kadlkum kdbum (n.) k. of orchi d (Orchid­ gatl)e (O. N.ph. ) former one , aceae Calanthe veratri folia) ; an aged person. also, green dye - made from thi s plant . kadol) - (tv.I) (see kadal)-). kadak (inst. ) with - instrument, kaduk- (see kad ik-.) . implement : amon kadak puluhunoma i with how much will kaduk kaduk (n. ) knocking, they buy it ? how much will th�y rapping - soun d; pay for it? ka duk kaduk ku- (aux. ) to wuan kadak tuhuat7 with wh at rap, kn ock ; (cf. duk duk) ; di d you do it? kaduk kaduk yap (aux. ) to kadak kadak (aj. ) broad - of rattle - of a spatula in leaves (also be lek be lek). the lime gourd;

kadak kadak pan- (aux. ) to space kiduk kiduk tuhu- to rattle s. tho put gaps: hohe tl)e kadak the spatula. kadak pansan I spaced them (Zit. I put individual middle kadum (n. ) k. of plant - spaces with gaps ). Drimys family (Winteraceae Bubbia) . kadakda (aj. ) whole , complete: be kadakda a wh ole taro. kadun- (tv. III) to form a crevi ce , lan dslide, crack - in ground, to crumble - of ground; emet ka dunku- to inundate , flood - ka i pare pare ga- to walk . more gene rally, pertaining to slue -footed; any natural disaster. ka i- tik yap to limp - of kagawil) (n. ) k. of vine - used in being crippled (Ut. one 's making woman 's breas t plate , le g hides); bracelets , armb ands , legbands . kai- til)yap to stub on e 's kagik salagik tuhu- (aux. ) to clasp toe (Lit . one 's leg is hands - a game played by one tight ) ; person. ka i-(p.m. )-an ke tetma arl­ kahai- (n. ) temp le - body part . to track S.o. (Ut. to follow in s.o. 's tracks ); kaha i- (tv.I or tv. II) to of fend - by turning one 's temple towar d ka i bat mum palaml)e ot- to s.o.: kaha ineksap or kahalnihiap be paralytic ; he offended me (Lit. he turned his temple toward me );

ki kaha im tatbom I'll not be ka i toka ceremony , ma nners ; offensive (af. kadat- (tv. II I) . ka i- topl)anl ipl)e descendants; kahale (n. ) mushroom , fungus - probably a generic term. ka i bat karal) karil) ot- (aux. ) to tremble (Lit. legs , arms kaharnul) (n. ) k. of herb - Galingale shiver) ; family (Cyperaceae Cyperus kern­ ianus ); also k. of skirt made ka i- otgal)e hlrlk hl rlk from this plant (af. bawawu an d da i akma kinsap to have ka i tel) ) . a leg cramp ; kahapl)e (n. ) (Timbe ) musk bag - of ka i- otgal)e 10hot 10hot oap tree kangaroo . also its contents to be weary - from hiking (also kahatl)e). (Lit. leg tendons become weak ) ; kai- (n.) foot , leg , hind leg , footprint, footsteps , tracks ka i ka t- to discern the (af. bat-): ka i ka tipl)e shoes; presence , effect of magic;

kai- kadatl)e the top of one 's ka i oap or ka l kasap an omen foot ; occurs.

ka i- tepl)e sole of one's foot ; kai- (tv.I) to dump s.th. , to pour s.th. out , to spill s.th. (af. gai-, lake, mesele-);

ka i- I apal)e area between toes ; kai aksap it spilled out (Lit. it poured itself out);

ka i ak- (tv.I) to shrink - of kai kame tl)e the soun d of fo ot­ clothes or anything which steps ; shrinks in quantity or size from use . kail)e gareak gare akl)e webbed feet; kai hibitda (see kall)e hlbl tda).

kai yahat- part of the body below kai kai (n. ) k. of bird. the waist (Ut. one 's two legs ); kai nobolak I)erek (num. ) fifteen pe r. -num. ( Ut. all at the one side of ka i-(p:m. ) -in ari-(s.J. ) to walk the le gs). (Lit. to go on one 's legs ); kai nobotgen iba.t (num. ) nineteen ka i betbet ari-/ga- to walk (Lit. four at the other leg ). pigeon-toed (af. gedal) gedal)); kSi nobotgen ka libu (num. ) eigh­ kairoQ II (n. ) k. of centipede , teen (lit. three at the other millipede . leg). kait- (tv. III) to lie , de ceive kS i nobotgen konok (num.) sixteen (also ka itmait-); (lit. one at the other leg). ka i raho- (tv. III) to play kSi nobotgen yahap (num. ) seven­ hide an d seek , to deceive teen (lit. two at the other leg). each other; kaiak kaiakQe (aj. ) pastel, as in ka it ma it tuhu- (tv.I) to kuriQ kaiak ka i akQe pink, u uQe trick ; ka iak ka iakQ e salmon coloured. ka it- (hetero. ) umut- arlap kaiakQe oap (aux. ) to spread out - to frighten , scare (Zit. of newly forme d leaves: esenQe de ceive one an d one 's ka i akQe oap the leaf has spread shadow went) : kaity ongomune out (lit. the leaf is streaked um utyeQe ariap I frightened from Just opening ). them, scared them ; kaian ibat (num. ) fourteen (Zit. ka it ka it (n. ) lie, falsehood, four at the foot ). de ceit: ka it ka it mamaQe oat you are the mother of lies . kaian kalibu (num. ) th irteen (Zit. three at th e foot). kaiteQ (n. ) k. of grass - Wire grass (Gramineae Eleusine kaian konok (num. ) eleven (Zit. indi ca ) (af. kahamuQ , bawawu). one at th e foot ).

kaian yahap (num. ) twe lve (Zit. two at the foot ). kaka-(p.m.) -an bok yap to be de licious (Zit. to break on ka iboQ- (tv. I) to withhold inform­ one 's molars (a hint for ation, to not inform 5.0. , to more » ; confide, tell s. th . in confidence : ka i boQsai they didn 't release sogo kakaQe barbs on arrows . information; refused to speak out ; kakak yap (aux. ) to suffocate - ka i boQ ma i boQ (av. ) without on omatopoeia. informing 5.0. kakalipQe (aj. ) long, tubular , kai (Qe) hibitda (n. ) Australian ob long. Brown Hawk (Ieracidea berigora) (Zit. legs with orchi d stran ds ). kakalu (n. ) k. of sweet potato.

kaiQe wa lapda (n. ) Dark mantled kakmak (n. ) k. of bamboo arrow Honey sucker (Melirrhophetes point with carved barbs - used ochromelas ) . for shooting tree kangaroos .

kaipun- (tv. I) to paint s.th. , apply gre �s � to s.th. (also kepun-, lapaQ- , lawalaQ-). kalap (n. ) fire , firewood: ka lap gawuQe charcoal ; kaiput (n.) necklace , string - for making string bags , measuring ka lap titipa kindling ; (aJ.) tape, line ; (also ononQan (N. )). hot : hak- kalap fever ;

kaiput katma ek- to me as ure ; ka lap naga- to warm oneself by fire, to feel warmth ; ka iput kara- to form a skein ; ka lap u-/sau- to kindle , light ka iput kulem cat's cradle a fire ; (also bat kulem). biwi - ka lap oap (lit. one 's kairaho- (see ka it-). insides become hot ) or biwi-(p.m. )-an ki lap slap kairoQ I (n. ) split, cut , crack­ (Zit. fire burns in one 's in skin. insides) to be enraged; ka lap den inflammatory speech, long ; far: ka llp �an (Zoa.ph. ) stirring speech. far off, high a�ove , far aw ay , at some distance (at. kalap- (tv. III) to annoy s.o. , to ak�angen); high: giba�e arouse s.o. , to shake s.o. , kal ip olop the mountain was to pul sate - of blood: ka I apkuwe high; tall: 10k ka lip a tall I will shake it, arous e it; man ; deep - of containers : lam ka lip a de ep hole ; ki kalapnoho�et don 't annoy me ; ka lip toroka t- to lengthen , ka l awaho- (tv.III) to stir one­ extend s.th. ; self, awake from sleep: yaha tma kal awahoap he aw oke ka l ip tillawak assymetrical - from sleep an d got up ; to in length , uneven: wapo move oneself: k i ka lawaho�et kil l ip talawak an uneven don 't move !; to wag - tail: comb ; hape�e ka l awahoa p its tail wags (at. da� da� yap); ka l ip kal ip ot- (ata. ) to to ready oneself fo r s.th. , de lay ; to prepare : nepgat ka l awahoa i they are getting ready for kal iwak (av. ) for a long work ; time ;

tebe mem ka l awahoa i they took ka l iwangen CZoa. ph. ) into the bows an d prepared for the distance. battle .

kalapda (n. ) Stephan 's Bronzewing(?) (Chalcophaps stephani). karn- (tv. III) to duck one 's head, bend one 's head down : kalapda lok�e (n. ) Gold and Black kamg um in tatminiop he bent Flycatcher (Monarchanax chrysomela) . his head - in indifference .

ka lapda rnarna�e (n. ) Yellow-breaste d karnanern (n. ) k. of tree - Robin-flycatcher (Microe ca Olive family (Oleaceae papuana ) . Linociera) .

kale (n . ) food - usually taro or karnata (aj. ) tawny - pig sweet potato: ba u ka l e�e the colour. pig 's food. karnet- (tv. I) to plant s.�h. ka lehen (�oa. ph. ) inside. (also kemet-) (at. ku-): kap i kamet kamet oro tmeme �e kali (see kal ikaka). the way to plant coffee.

ka ligogo �e (n. ) laryn x. karn- (n .) bud, sprout , shoot;

kalikaka (n. ) New Guinea Harpy tep- kam�e one's large Eagle (Harpyopsis novae-guineae ) intestine . (also kali). karnu�e (aj. ) empty - of open kali�- I (tv. III) to be half­ or closed containers , of cooked, half-baked , partially shells of coffee , betelnut , consumed: sem kal iguwuap it beans , corn . will be parti ally cooked (also ka lu�-); to warm - of sunshine : kanaga- (tv. I) to er ect, to ka l i�nohoap I warm myself in the stan d s.th. up ve rtically - sun, bask in the sun (�it. the ot short stick (at. hou-) sun warms me ) ; {also kanaga- (N. ) .

ka ligu kaligu�e (aj. ) half­ kani� sa- to delude , lie; cooked. kan i� ka it- (tv. III) to kali� II (n. ) (N. ) mango (at· cheat , swindle s.o. : kanl� pohak) . ka i tnohoap he swindled me.

kalip (aj. ) long - of space or time : kil l ip pato very long, too kankan&k . n�ga- (au .) t� long for kararak kararak o�- (aux. ) to � � � s. 0. : I b I naha t kanka nak nagan I snore . long for my wife. karawol) dawol) orotl)e (aj. ) kanol) (n. ) ( Kate ) money tin , purse . rough hewn , gouged out , roun de d off - of edges; kal) yap (aux.,) to become erect ; ka rawol) dawol) hawi- to kal) kal) (aj. ) firm - of a young rough ly hew s.th. woman 's breasts , erect, up­ right . karerek (n. ) pUlverized limestone , volcanic ash, karak (n. ) k. of bird (ci. tewura ). white groun d ( from kat he rek1); kara- (tv. I)to chop , cut down s.th. , to clear the forest - for ka re rek kau kau powder. a garden site: ka lam ka ra- to clear a garden ; to wind s.th: karigol) I (n. ) head band. ka iput kara- to wind string on the hand: ita ka iput ka ra p she karigol) II (n. ) wedge-shaped winds string for net bag; to mark . pe ck: karahekmap care ful , it will peck you, cut you ; karihe- (iv. ) to ripen - of corn , become strong - of karaksawot they are pe cking each developing infants . other; (ci. ke tel) ke tel)); karik in (n. ) cave . han kara hoe ; karikl)e (aj. ) strong: nak ka ram kusan- to hatch (lit. to karikl)e a strong tree ; cut an d hollow out ) . disobe dient : ka rlkl)e oa t you are di sobe dient ; firm, hard, karak yap (aux. ) to evaporate , dry rigid: han kar i kl)e otmu yan up ; when the ground becomes firm; inflexible : busem hakl)e yu tap- karak oap to grow speechle ss ka rikl)e tap this lizard skin from shame or fright (lit. remains in flexible ; stubborn : one 's spit dries up ) . karikl)e otma yuan tatbi they were stubborn and remained karak karak yap I ( aux . ) to make here ; perman ently , completely , the soun d of s.th. dragging on for good: ari ari karikl)e the ground; ariop he went for good; real : kasa karikl)e an enemy to the karak karak dai- to drag s.th. end, a re al enemy ; de ep: noisily. hewukl)e karikl)an in the deep forest. karak karak yap II (aux. ) to boil. karlkl)e ka rikl)e man- to be karak karak ari- to patter aw ay . stubborn throughout life ;

karal)- (tv. II) to squeal: ba u nanl)e karikl)e karikl)e tat- to remain karal)bag imu th e piglet squeals; stubborn ; to thunder: hibim ka ral)bag iap heaven thun de rs ; to repro ve: karikl)e me - to be skillful , karal)yingia p he reproved them; capable , ab le ; ( also karol)-). karikl)e ot- to win : Indum karikl)e otma Indum was the winner; (kai bat) karill) karal) ot- (aux. ) to tremble ; ka rikl)e tat- to abstain ;

nekam- karal) karal) yap to karikl)e sa- (aux. ) to do s.th. stutter, stamme r (lit. one 's with finality ; chin shivers ) . han ya karikl)e sam pi lawi they karal) karal) yap (aux. ) to rattle - gave up any claim to that of arrows (ci. haral) haral)). ground , they completely re l inquished that ground; karik�e otma manminiwi - they us ed -kat (cau. )because;. at : aun to be invincible; yuka t at the present time; (follovs dem o af. -gat). hi lam kilrik�an at noon , midday; kat kat yap (aux. ) to be stiff, manman karik�e everlasting life; tired - of body parts: ba t�e kat kat yap his arms are tat tat ka rik�e immoveable . tired, stiff. karip (n. ) k. of shrub (Liliaceae katap- (tv. III) to conceal , Cordyline ) (cf. awu kaok, mome lep, hide: nak�e ka pa l katapkuap t i be) . the trees conceal the village ; to interpose: ki katapnoho�et karo�- ari- to penetrate, to dis­ don't you (pl. ) stand in appear into a hole : asahan�e karo� front of me ; to screen from ariap it penetrated into his sight , to shade ; to shield armpit. s.th. , S.o. , to shelter, protect s.th. ;

katap�an tat- to be hidden kasi (aj. ) childless, sterile , (rit. to be in the conceale d barren - of men or vomen ; area) ;

kas i ot- to be barren . ka tap�e its conceale d portion , area (occurs on ly in loc.ph). kasik- (tv. III) to scale up , divide out an d distribute , to katata (n. ) k. of tree segregate , to apportion; (Euphorbiaceae Homalanthus (populifolius?)). kas i kum- wa�- to share , distrib­ ute ; katata hare (n.) k. of an imal - similar to Wallabia rufogrisea). den nagam kas i kum wa�- to relate s.th. to S.o. (Lit. he ar katebe (n.) indigenous salt. distribute an d give vords to s.o. ); kati� tuhu- (see kitl� katl� tuh u-) . kas i kum me- to choose; kati� yap (aux. ) to grow out sam kas iku kas iku ot- to spell ag ain - of whiskers ; to grow out a vord; up again - of forest, grass: hewuk�e gam kat i� yap the tipi tapi (verb in homo. ) + forest (comes and) grows up kas ik- (tv.III ) to subdivide: again ; (af. ago- ); tipl tapi gaim kas i kuap to cut it up and subdivi de it; nekam- kat l� yap to be un conscious . kas ik misik tuhu- (aux. ) to deal - cards , to mix s.th. up , to katigon (n. ) Thick-billed confuse s.th.: sagum mem kasik Ground Pigeon (Trugon terres­ misik tuhuan I mixed up the tris ). clothing; katiwayok (n.) Great Black denye�e mem kas ik misik tuhuop Cockatoo {Probosciger aterrimus he confused the ir talk . (macgillivrayi )). kasiwalak I (n. ) k. of snake . katpa (n.) k. of arrow - no point. kasiwalak II (n. ) k. of pandanus . katu�an (n. ) grey granite, kat (n.) stone , limestone , rock : whetstone ; also kni fe made kat lau�e small hole in stone ; from gran i te : unam pa lam�e otmu katu�an mem sat�e kat tupi�e flake of stone , lamina; dakaml niwi when the axes became dull they used to take kat karikin cave ; the whetstone an d sharpen them (af. kon). kat mama�e algae. kelagat 71 katuruk (n. ) black ladyb ird. kawlak sa- to agree with. katuruQ katuruQ ne- (aux. ) to kawin (see kawi ). crunch - in eating s.th. kawurumr)e (n .) ab an doned kau (n. ) volcanic ash, ashes settlement. (also kou- ); keba keba (n.) (N. ) (sword­ kArerek kau kau powder; shape d) war club (af. asamaho).

kau senQe place of significance, kebar) (n.) k. of bamboo - distinction, importance, Fe athery bamb oo (Gramineae favour at the fireplace - the Bambusa ? vulgaris) (af. halp, place at the end of the fire­ kaoQ tabat). place facing the door (lit. the eye of ashes); keba (n. ) Rednecke d Phalarope (Lobipes lobat us ). kau t OPQ e place of insignificance at the fireplace - place at th e -keba (loa. ) from (see -angeba end of the fireplace fac ing for usage ). away from the door (Zit. the base of the ashes); keba Kaler) (n.) k. of tree (Sauraui aceae Saurauia) (af. kau waQ - to give ashes - in ka l akda , us ihlt). pe ace ceremony : kau ag inom we will exchange ashes - i.e. Kedar) I (n. ) k. of tree . make peace ; Ke dar) II (n . )ye llow crown of kauQe (n. ) small crumbs, scraps , cockatoo. was te , shavings, scrapings , powder : nak kauQe sawdus t; kedat (n. ) k. of tree.

kaur)e kaur)e ot- (aux. ) to be­ keda - (tv.I) (Timbe ) to dig , come powdery; shovel (af. ai-).

kus it- (hetero. ) kaur)e kaur)e oap kedi Q (n .) store (loan?) (also to powde r s.th. (Zit. one ag im be ro emet). crushes it and it become s powde ry ) . kedon (n. ) holiday : hi lam ke don (rarely kedun ) (also kawa (n. ) (N. ) cucumber - dark or hobar) (Kate)). light variety (af. a rok ). kedun (see kedon ). kawa koda (aj. ) promi scuous : kawa koda 10k a prom iscuous man . kege Q (n. ) (N. ) stretcher (also pupu, garet, keQ keQ ). kawaQ tekop inattentive , not receptive to orders or advice : kehere - (iv. ) (N. ) to swell (up). kawar) tekop yar)e those (people ) to become fat (also kewere-). who do not listen to what we say. kehet kehetQe (n. ) k� dneys . kawi (n. ) floor (als o kawin); kehetda (n . ) yam cultigen.

kawi kat- to make space . room : kehetr)e (n. ) seed, fruit. egg kawi karaksap he made space (also ke setr)e ). for himself, made room for himself. kekai (n. ) retaining wall. kawi nobotr)e (n.) half-brother, kela (n .) scraper- for hot half-sister; FaCh or MoCh , i.e. coals (af. om ke la) . . half sibling . ke lagat- (tv.I ) to vary s.th. , kawiak (av. ) showing approval , to alter s.th. : den ke laga t­ approvingly. - on part of the to tell a different story , speaker. very good , it is good change the story. that . . . : kawiak gohoin it is good that we hit you (af. al ipr) e nanQe); 72 kela ke la (n. ) Single-wattle d casso­ ke r) ke r) (n. ) (see keger)). wary (Casuarius unappendiculatus (philipi» (also gasam, sukam). keom tuhu- (au�. ) to destroy (also kewom tuhu-, klom ke le (n .) bamboo eating spike , tuhu- , itit kewom tuhu-). qui lls: ke ler)ak kangumu he speared it with the spike ; (also kep (n.) k. of dance , song ; k 1 ke t, pig i ) . kep me- to sing ; ke le r) keler) (n.) Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichog lossus haematodus kep ku- to beat the dru ms in (mic roptery x) ) . dancing , to dance . ke le r)e (n .) runner - of taro, kep adiai (n. ) k. of cat's bananas , an d various small cradle . plants: ke ler)e panmu da i akma ba yar)ak te teap it put the runner kepae (n. ) k. of cat's cradle . and it went out an d therefore (fruit) appeared. kepa (see kepo). kelesek (n. ) Dusky Wood Shrike kepe i- (tv.I) to twist together , (Melanorectes nigrescens (har­ to coil around or bind s.o. - te ri » . of a python ; ke lik- (tv.I) to stroke , caress­ mem kepe i- to rave l s.th . ; skin , hair; to level : han yahawe gewe kum ke liksan I kepe iak- (tv.I) to become leve lled the une ven ground; to ravelle d; dip s.th . into: toen ke 1 i kmune saduk yap I dipped it into kepe iak kepe iakr)e (aj. ) cross­ water an d it became soft; (also grained, twisted, knurled - k iiik- ). of wood.

ke lihak- (tv. I) to be come flat kepo (n. ) binding holding the (Ht. flatten on eself, itself ) arrow point in place , portion (cf . ligarak- ). of the arrow shaft wher e the point is affixed (also kepi). ke lu I (n. ) k. of pandanus . kepun- (tv. I) (N. ) to paint , ke lu II (n. ) fat , pulp of papaya, apply grease to s.th. (also squash or marrow (also sar)sar)e ka ipun-, lipar)-, l S'wS'lar)-). (N. )); kerak (n. ) cabbage . den ke lur)e sa- or bau ke l ur)e ka t­ to flatter, praise, adulate keram (n. ) rat (also me lor)a (N. ) ; s. o. ke ram kutuk bush ra t . ke lulur)e (n. ) k. of mag ic (also air)e ke lulur)e ). ke re (n. ) (N. ) leech (also hihi).

ke lur)e maguap me tamorphosis from kereget- (tv. I) to swallow s.th. : caterpi llar to pupa. nem keregesap he swallowe d it and ate it. kemet- (tv. I) (see kamet-). kerek (aj. ) all : dake ra ke rek kemur) kemur) (n. ) stone club - with gaha lap he pulled off all the smooth head (cf. bim). grass - of the roof; altogether: nen yu kerekr)e we altogether kemur) kanr)e (n. ) k. of tree. (also r)er ek);

-ken (loc. ) to, towards , at , in, ke rehak (av. ) finished, com­ upon , on (see -angen). pletely (also r)erehik) •.

kenbe (n. ) tree frog (Hyla caerulea) . kerek kerek yap (au�. ) to make a scratching sound: ke rek kensara (n. ) yarn cultigen. ke rek samu nagan I hear a scratching sound (cf. herek he rek). kiAk ga 73

ke rek ke rek asit- to scrat ch with as ide in a gro�p (dual or a noise, to scratch noisily. pl. form only); separate yourselves into fami lies; kerem kerem (n. ) as in sari ke rem ke rem short gras s skirt. naga-(hetero. ) kete rak- to perceive a fact : nagamune keref) (n, ) (from Kate ) cloth - for ke teraksap I perceive the drying; matter, I see the poi nt: (Lit. I thought an d it (aux . ) ke ref) me - to dry s.th. separate d to one side); by wiping. nibilam- keteraksap to be (aux. ) ke rerek ot- (not in singu­ articulate ; nibi lam- ki lar) to be side by side. kete raksap to be inarticu­ late . kerof) kerof) (n. ) Magpie-fly catcher (Pomareopsis bruij ni) . ketok- (iv. ) to neglect to repay , to neglect to fulfill kesetf)e (n. ) seed, fruit , egg (also an ob ligation , to fail to kehe tf)e). repay . (n. ) frog (also (N. )); kesuf) waf) ketu (n .) eel. ke suf) palamf)e bull frog; kewere- (iv. ) (N. ) to swe ll up , become fat (also kehe re - ); ke suf) salek clean frog - not taboo: satbi kesuf) salek otmap kewe re kewe re (aj. ) fat, the tadpole will become a swollen : 10k kewe re kewe re clean frog . pa to a ve ry fat man. ke t (n. ) k. of horn beetle - eats kewilak- (see kiwi lak -). taro an d yam roots (Passalus cornutus ) . kewi la- (tv.I) to ostracise 5.0. , to expatriate s.o. , to exile kete f) ketef) kara- (aux. ) to chop . 5.0.: kewl laf)eta tap he is in exile (Lit. they exile c ke terak- (see ke t et). him an d he is here ); (iv. ) to become a hermit: kew l lam ketet- (tv.I) to follow ; ariap he went away an d became a herm it; (see klwi lak -). kai-(p.m. ) ke tetma ari- to track (Lit. a person to follow in kewom tuhu- (aux. ) to de stroy s.o. 's footsteps an d go); (also keom tuhu- , itit kewom ).

ke tetma ka t- to set aside, kewota (av. ) in an upside down separate s.th. : ke tetma position; katbag iwe I'll separate it and set it aside for him; kewota kat- to put s.th. upsi de down . ke te tma kasiku- (tv. III) to separate s.th . , divide s. th . ki (av. ) not: ki takai they did up ; not come ; before : ki takamune yan muop he died before I ke tet-(he tero. ) ariap to discard came (Lit. I not coming, at s.th.: ke te tda ariak you dis­ that time he died); card it (and let it go ); ki + (verb in habit. ) never: nagam ke te t ot- to be deep in kalem ki memap he is never thought , contemplate s.th. generous . (Lit. to think and set it aside ) ; kiat (n.) wild banana (af. saget). ke terak- (tv. I ) to remove oneself from, to separate oneself from , kiak g a-/ari- to delay in to step · or stan d aside , to move coming/going. to one side: ke te rakf)et stand 74 kibi kibi (n. ) (Komba) sweet potato kikpok kikpok kepe iaksap to (also goka ). become tangled," inter­ twined. kigit- I (n. ) fright , fear: kigit pato ot- to be terrified; kili tabo tat- (aux. ) to sit cross-legged. kigitda or kigit� e (aj. ) fear­ ful , cowar"dly ; kilihak- (see ke lik- ).

kigit�e bia (aj. ) fearless; kilik- (see ke l ik). per .-num. kilik (n .) arrow point - four kigit-(p'.m.) -hit o t-( s . m'. ) to be afraid: kigi tnaha oan I am bamboo points , used for bi rds af ra i d; an d animals (also sehut). (n. ) kigi tgaha oat you are afraid; kimi k. of vine .

kin- (iv. ) to stand: tokan kigi t�e ku- (aux. ) to fear, be afraid; bet�ehen kinsap he stands behind the wall; to stay: gi� burudu� arim kinbi they kigi lak (av. ) fe arfully , in/with fear; rushed away an d stayed there;

kigi lak pato ta tmu she was in tep-(p.m. )-an kin- to be angry great fear. wi th s.O. (Ut. to stand on s.o's stomach): tepnan kinsap you are angry with kigit�e (n. ) much , plenty , a lot (Zit. of s.th. , many : me you are standing on my stomach); kigi t�e orop (aj. ) very much; to be (av. ) (indicates intensified biwi-(p. m. )-an kin- embedde d (Zit. to stand at action in the following verb): its inside). kigi t�e orop ahow i th�y fought fiercely; kin kin (n. ) k. of tree. kigi t�e kigit�e orop verY, ve ry to much . kin kin kan kan oap (aux. ) ooze - of fat drippings (cf. ki� ki� ka� ka� oap ). kigo � (aj. ) un acceptable: oro tmeme kigo� an unacceptable custom; kin kin�e (aj. ) full - of bamb oo tube of water (Zit. kigo� kigo� ot- (aux. ) to act standing ). unacceptably ;

kin kuhu ot- (aux. ) (see kigo� kigo� man- (aux. ) to live with ill fortune . kingu ot-).

kinen (n. ) k. of sorcery per­ kik kararak sa- (aux. ) to snore . forme d with discarded food scraps (also kinene�e ). kik palatak (yap) (aux. ) to blister, to callous . kingu- ( tv . III) to languish (rare us age ). kiket (n. ) bamb oo eating spike (also ke le). kingu ot- (aux. ) to delay - in leaving , to tarry , loiter, I (n. ) sweet cultigen (also kiki linger , lag behind, dally t i k i ). (also kin kuhu ot-). kiki II (n. ) New Guinea Striated to oriole (Mimeta melanotis ki� ki� ka� ka� oap (aux. ) ooze out - of pig fat , drip­ (szalayi )). pings ( cf. kin kin kan kin oap). to come up kikok kikok yap (a ux. ) (n. ) in blisters . ki� pao� toy pop gun .

ki� patara� yap (aux. ) to kikpok kikpok (aj. ) tangled - of a mas s of hair; crackle loudly . kobol) 75

kil) pawawal) (aj. ) striped - cross­ to make a wise (cf. gik ba rarak); av o with/ kisik pasok tuhu- pup tent shelter." i � � r� ssw! � e strips: bau kil) pawawal) ga lop he cut the pig in n. strips across its body ; kisil)e ( ) empty shell - of coffee be an , betel nut , be an, mem kil) pawawal) me- (aux. ) to corn ; closed cont ainer. break off sprouts, branches; kiti- (tv. I) to miss - in kil)paw awal) ga - (aux.) to cross shooting . over, through s.th. : kil) to snap, pawawal) gam bap he crossed kitik patak yap (aux. ) crackle - of fire , joints , to through (the garden plot). rustle : 10k kitik patak takal)eta munyel)e nagan the kil) perere l) yap (aux. ) to splat.ter. men rustled as they came an d I heard their noise. kiom (see kewom) .

kiti l) katil) tuhu- (aux. ) to kiol) (iv. ) to fall off s.th. , to replace , put s.th. back get down off s.th. , to alight , together: mem kitil)ka t ll) leave , dismount : hanan kio l) op he put himself back he alighted on the ground, tuh uahop together. left the house (lit. he got down on the ground) . kitu (n. ) (N.) k. of eel. kiran kiran (n .) Meyer 's sickle (n. ) (N. ) k. of fern bill. kiwe (cf. sa 1 up ) . kiribaga (n. ) k. of dance . kiwet (n. ) k. of banana. kirik karak (n. ) k. of cat's (tv.I) (klwit- + -ak) cradle . kiwi lak- to precipitate , separate out (also kewi lak-); naga- (hetero. ) (aux. ) to rattle kirik karak yap kiwi laksap to understand: (cf. haral) haral) yap). naga m u k i k i w i 1 a k sap he hear d and did not understand. kirim I (n. ) k. of fe rti lity dance; also k. of magic for (n. ) (N. ) k. of herb increasing pig fertility . koayu (also kore ). II (n. ) k. of herb (Begonia ­ kirim (n. ) (N. ) flying fox (cf. ceae Begonia) . kobe be kom ) . kiril) kara l) yap (aux. ) to rattle (n. ) theft; (af. hiril)har al) yap). kobo kobo ot- (not with sg. s.m. ) (aux . ) to become kiril) paro l) oap to commit adultery , for­ full of holes , holey . nication : i bi kobo tepyel)e o ai the women are illegit­ (n. ) (loan) pencil. kiripil) imately pregnant; ( n. ) stalactites, kiriworo kobo me- to steal; stalagmites (also ka t naml)e ); kobo meme l)e stolen; eme t ki riworo orotl)e honeycomb . kobora (aj. ) thieving: 10k (n. ) Galatea Racket­ kirol) kiro l) kobora a thief; tail (tanys iptera galatea (minor » . den kobo groundless statements (Zit. stolen talk). kisi (aj. ) blue , bluish, sky blue ; kobol) (n . ) k. of herb (Pi peraceae Piper ).

kisik pasok oap (aux. ) to fall - of breast"s. 76 koboJ)e bia koboJ)e bia (aj. ) good physique , righteous , sinless; fruitful: flat - of stomach: 10k ya tepJ)e kame tmune koko salek otbuap koboJ)e bia that man has a good I will plant it and it will physique , that man has a flat be fruitful; stomach. mem koko sa lek tuhu-(b.pr. ) ­ kobulalep (n. ) k. of large black to bless and make it prosper spider (also kobulaleJ), k�bulalep). for s.o. kobum (see kabum ) kokole (n. ) k. of tree - Nettle family 1. kobut (see kubut). kokore (n. ) floor battens: kodara (aj.) adulterous : ibi koko re garem pila J)eta they kodar a whore , harlot; sewed and put down the floor battens. koda o t-( sg . s.m. ) to be an adultere r, a fornicator ; kolopaJ) (n. ) bamboo husks - used for patching roof. koda ot- (not wi th sg . s.m. ) to commit adultery, fornication ; korn kornJ)e (n. ) blunt end of s.th. ;

kawa koda 10k a promiscuous man . kom komJ)e (aj. ) hooke d: lauJ)e kom komJ)e hooked beak { cf· kodo (n. ) (N. ) trough - wooden pe la pela). plate (cf. oto). kornot (n. ) bundle, heap , mound - kododoJ) yap (aux. ) to flow - ove r artificial elevation , crowd, rapids ; to slide along on s.th. , clan , group: komot patoJ)e man ­ to slide across s.th. , to babble - to be many; of brooks; to cascade down - of rain or rivers: to kododOJ) sam komotyegat for their group. gam arimap the river babbles as it goes by; komo tda (aj. ) bushy - of hair, fur. ge lak kododOJ) sam giap the rain cascades down (the window ). kon (n. ) pink granite , hard stone used for war tools and kodopda (n. ) k. of tree (Rut aceae stone axe s (cf. k� tuJ)Sn ). Zanthoxylum ). kon yap (aux. ) to emerge from kogoJ) yap (aux. ) to tumb le , roll a cocoon ; to shed skin - of down (also kOJ) kOJ) yap). snake: habe h3kJ)e kon saop the python sheds its skin; kohe tJ)e (n. ) (see koketJ)e). me m kon pan- to denude , disrobe , kohorn (n. ) Southern slopes of the un clothe s.o. ; to strip bark Saruwaged mountain range . or skin.

kohorn subiJ) (n .) yam cultigen . konok (num. ) on e; (av. ) only : Hawi J) konok sawan I talked kok yap (aux. ) to blister, to on ly to HawiJ); just: to konok become bald. just water; in common (av. ) senJ)e ilila yeJ)e konok manbl kokabi t (n. ) snare - for an imals, they had all things in common ; game . konokJ)e (n.) Monday , as in koketJ)e (n. ) re d hot coals , embers Mande konokJ)an on Monday ; (also kohetJ)e ). konokJ)e (aj. ) first; koko salek (av. ) healthy (health and prosperity are equated with mem konok ot- to make s.th. righteousness): koko salek salek one, join s.th. togethe r; manom we will stay ve ry healthy; righteous, clean - morally : mem konohan kat- to pack it; nimnaom ya koko sa lek pato otJ)eta the children will be koul)e koul)e ot 77

konok konok (av. ) one at a time , korok- (n. ) stink, smell, singly, one by one : konok konok stench ', odour; sara nag awe say it slowly an d I will un derstand (i.e. one word hak korok a de spised person at a time ); ('Lit. a person with smelly skin ) ; sap konok konok seldom: sap konok konok gem ' gaop he seldom came den korokl)e swearing, pro­ down ; fanity (also den he lel));

konohak (av. ) same : dopyet l) e korok-(b.pr./o.pr. III) -ap to konohak they are the same (Zit. smell s.th. : korokn lhiap I their marks are only one ); smell s.th. ;

sen konoha k kat- to only wat ch - korokyongop they smelle d the not work (af. sen konok ek-). odour . konset (n. ) wedge . korok papato (n. ) k. of animal - simi lar to a yabl tl)an . kOI) (n. ) k. of bete l palm (Palmae Areca) (also takoan (N. )). korol) korol) (n. ) k. of aquatic herb - Water Milfoil family kOI) barok (n. ) k. of betel palm (Haloragaceae Gunnera (Palmae Areca). Maer ophylla) . kOI) kOI) yap (aux. ) to tumble , roll koset (n .) k. of bread fruit down (also kogol) yap). (af. baga ). kOI) saba (n. ) k. of betel palm kose l) (n. ) yam cultigen - hako (Palmae Areca Cathecu) . ko sel) kOI) yap (aux. ) to not penetrate . koso- (see kosoho- ). kOl)bese (n. ) (loan? ) pea. kosoho- ( t v . I ) to break off at the base - of harvesting sugar kop kop sa- (aux. ) to be stooped. cane (also koso- ). kopa I (aj.) mute , deaf , handi­ kosom (n.) mole , wart . cappe d, lame , palsied, crippled, de f ormed, ignorant; rarely kososok yap (aux. ) to be 'heathen ' (af. mutu): kopaen in slippery . the time of the heathen (af. mutuan ); kososok ga-/ari- (aux. ) to crawl thr ough , come speedily or in kopa ku- to be un able; a flash.

kopa ka it ka it wal)- to defraud kotewa (n. ) bowl - coconut she ll. s. o. kotolok yap (aux.) to become kopa II (e xa L ) (exclamation show­ bald - i.e. to fall out : ing disappointment, di ssatis­ somotl)e kotolok yap his hair faction) . fell out . kopo kopo (n. ) Pseudo Monarch kotok (n .) cough , cold; (Penemonarcha axillaris (reichenowi )). kotok kun- (aux.) to cough ; kopot (n .) k. of tree . kotok mamal)e sputum, catarrh , phlegm (af. tap-). kopusup l)e (n. ) hernia. kotorok yap (see kok yap ). kore (n. ) k. of edible herb (Cruciferae Nasturtium) {also kou (see kau). sibu, koayu (N. )) (af. dotgarotga). koul)e koul)e ot- (see kau-). korobal) (n. ) k. of magic performe d to neutralise the effects of sorcery. 78 kowai kowai I (n. ) k. of plant (Compositae ). kubara� (tv.I) to trim off - thorns, branchesl with axe kowai II (n.) k. of cat's cradle . or knife. kowa� (n.) white forehead shell. kubip (n. ) k. of sweet potato. kowasik (n .) tarantula . kubu (n .) k. of tree . ku- (tv. III) to knock, hit , strike , kubu warat (n .) k. of plant - kill; to kick - ball (see noho- ); Nettle family (Urticaceae Elatostemma) . tokan ku- to weave - bamboo; kubut (n.) abscess , knot, knob - ham ku- to turn pandanus - in in wood or rope ; node - hollow cooking; to plant pan danus ; whe re shoot came out of node ; lump , bump (of. bltap (N. ) ; biri� ku- to drive , poun d nails: bi ri� kumu biwi�an ariap he kubut tuhu- to tie a knot in drove the nail into it (lit. rope - in order to keep it he hit the nail an d it went from slipping through ; inside); kubut�e (aj. ) knotty , lumpy , otma samut kua p he di d it an d bumpy , knobby : katap broke the law; kubutl)e knobby potato; pe r.-num. bat-(p'.m.)k u-(s.m'. ) to finish a ka tap kubut mabut very knobby matter, to become friends , to potato, pebble-sized become married; ('Lit. to hit potato; one 's hand); kubut�e orop o ro p (aj. ) rough - pe r. -num. of bark , knotted, knotty - biwi-(p'.m. )ku-(s.m.') to mourn : of wood, knurled, gnarled; biwiyel)e kua i they mourn (lit. they hit their insides ); giop kubut�e knoll, rise - on a road; ku-(b. pr. )- to urge , compel, force , to discourage , to hit egat- kubutdi one's goitre . or kill for s.o. , to expiate sin for s.o. : ki kuhihiwin we kudat (n. ) sickness (of. me slk, did not urge you; hahlwin).

kum gikpok me- to smash; kuda� kuda� (see kudo� kudo !) .

kum kusan- to crack s.th. open, kude li (n. ) orange . to gouge - eyes ; kuden- face (of. sen- hame-). kum hi 1 ipku- to hit crooked; kudo� kudo� (n .) Gunther's frog kum me te- to expiate , remove (Hyla latopalmat a) (also sin: tosa kum mete- to re­ kud�� kuda!) . move sin (see kuhu�e ). kududu!) yap (aux. ) to rustle - -ku I he , she , it (3s, o.pr.III) of trees in a breeze (also (follows vowe ls and voi cele ss huk huk yap). stops ) (see -noho). kudum karap (aux. ) to blister: -ku II contrastive suffix occurr ing kudum ka ram ka rikl)e oap it on the sg. and duo forms of the bliste rs and becomes strong regular personal pronouns (see (it becomes callous) (also naku) (also -gu, -hu). kok yap). kubam (n. ) (N. ) k. of snake (of· kudup (n. ) palm leaf, sleeping gobam). mat - occasionally used as a rain cape . kubai (n.) sugar cane cultigen. kudut- (iv. ) to swell up - of kubap (n. ) cabbage . cooking rice . kun 79

kudut (see habo kudut). kulak- (n. ) doub le chin - of people , cheek flesh - of kuge- (n. ) son-in-law; DaHu (w.s.), pig. SbDaHu (w. s.), PaChDaHu (w.s.), HuSbDaHu ( 101.s. ). kulem (n. ) writing , mark, design , pattern : kulem orop kugu� yap (aux. ) to ripen , to be (aj. ) with a pattern; inar­ yellow - of a leaf. ticulate - in a bilingual situation : nibi lam- kulem�e kuhupin (n. ) centre post - in con­ one is inarticulate : nibi lamge struction. kul em�e you are inar ticulate (Zit. one 's tongue is marked) ; kuhu�e (aj. ) struck, smitten , foolishness: kulem ki ot�e t killed (ef. ku-). don 't do foolish things ; magic: kulem ot- to work a mi racle ; kuit (n.) Tawny Grass-warbler (Megalur us macrurus (harterti )). kulem tuhu- to de corate, adorn , incise s.th. ; kuk I (n. ) anger; ku lem- (tv. III) to wri te , kukda (aj. ) pugn aci ous : 10k kukda draw a picture ; a fierce, angry , bad-tempere d man; bat kulem rope snare ; cat's cradle ; kuk wa� - to be angry with S.o. : kuk yingiap he was an gry with kulem mulem or kulem melem (n. ) them; designs, patterns on s.th.

kuk sa- (aux. ) to become angry , kulet- (iv. ) to proceed, precede. feel cro ss ; kulewo�bo� (n. ) thunderhe ad kuk ot-(b.pr. ) - to be angry with cloud - cumulon imbus . S.o.: kuk tipi�e ala otgihian I am a little angry with you; kuli�a (n. ) Th ick-bille d flowe r pecker (Rhamphocharis kuk- (o.pr. I) -sap to annoy , anger crassirostris? ). s.o. : kukneksap it ange rs me ; kuma roro (n. ) k. of sweet kuk naga-(b.pr. ) -mak man- to hold potato. a gr udge against s.o. (Zit. to li ve only thinking angrily kumu (n .) k. of herb - Mustard about s.o. ): kuk nagawag imilk family (Cruciferae ) (ef. manma p he holds a grudge sai ro� ). against him; kun- I (tv. III) to call, call kuk kaok oap to become peaceful, up on s.th. , placate : yotkonsap tranquil. he called up on the two of them; (see -n-, nohon-); kuk II (n. ) fragrance, aroma . per .-num. kut- (p'.m. ) (o. pr'.III) -n- to kuk kuk yap (aux. ) to wh ine . call s.o. 's name : kut�e kunbe I'll call his name kuk�ai (n. ) k. of tree - fragrant bark , us ed in medi cinal practice; (note that it is not us ually acceptable to say one 's own name ).

kun- II (n. ) head: kun- hini�e kuku- ( tv. I ) to carry s.o. on the dan druff; shoulders - as a child sits (ef. soko- );

kukum pi lak- to somersault;

kukum pilil- to play leap frog ; kun- huhuap one 's head aches (Zit. smashes to pieces); kuku magan tuhu- (tv.I) to greet s. o. 80 kun

kun- karik�e oap to be obstinate kuri� (aj. ) red: kuri�ak pato (Lit. one's head become s o ap to be bloodshot (also strong) ; gilh (N. ));

kun�e (aj. ) eldest , oldest, k uri � - (tv. I I I) to r us t ; first , firstborn : ata�e kun�e oldest brother; ibi kun�e teteop the firstborn girl was born; 10k kun�e head man , leader , kur i� kuri� ot tap (aux. ) to significant man , important man ; glow - of fire ;

to kun�e lowe r reach of river . sen kuri� kuri� ( see sen- I). kun tawo� I (n. ) � of beetle that kuriri� yap (aux. ) to ripen - nods its head; (n. ) the nodding of pandanus , to redden - of of the head by male dancers sunset. imitat ing the beetle . kurukum (n . ) Black an d White kun tawo � II (n. ) divination by Butcher-Bird ( Cracticus burning wild sugar cane. cassicus ) . kungiak ( see wa ng iak kung iak). kuru� kuru� as in tama � kuru� k u r u � (n. ) chan t, inc an tat i on s , kun�an kuri� (n. ) Little Coronate d an d ma � kuru� kuru� (n. ) chant, Fruit dove ( Ptili nopus incantations ; ( Ptilopodiscus ) coronulatus ( huonensis)). k u r u � k u r u � yap ( a ux. ) t 0 resound - of drum. kunQe gogo�e (n. ) k. of pandanus . kusarak- (tv. III ) to trim s.th. , kuo� kuo � ku- (aux . ) to beat - strip s.th. - leave s � twigs. drum. kus at- (tv.I) to part s.th. , kup kup (n .) tick. separate s.th., divide s.th. in searching , to break a kupek- (tv.I) to pick, pluck s.th. , trail in travelling. to release - a drawn bow : kupekma wa �op he picked it up kusan- (tv.I) to hollow, chisel an d gave it to him; s.th. out ;

den kupek-( b.pr. )- to disob ey, kum kusan- to gouge - eyes; disregard an order : yak�e den also, to crack s.th. open; kupekn ihiap he di sobeys me (Lit. he picke d off my words houm kusan- to drill - hole; ( for me )). karam kusan- to hatch kurat- (tv. III) to cover s.th. , to set - of hen : kehe t�e kuratkum kusanma tuhu- to string - beads ; tap it is setting upon the eggs (Lit. it cove rs the eggs ) . den sam kusan-(b. pr. )- to remind s. o. (Lit. to speak and kuran (n. ) roller , log, prop, hollow out the talk for s.o. ) ; support, pillow. sam kusan- to tell s.th. new; kurap kin- (aux. ) ( not in sg. ) to be in groups, to be a spectator, nag am kusan- to think up , con­ to view from gr oups. trive s.th. ; kurihi- (tv.I) to cove r s.th. , kusan�e kusanQe hollowed out ; bury s.th. - wi th water, to fill in s.th. : lam kur ihiap he kusanak- (tv.I) to go down filled in the hole ; de eply - of hole , to penetrate .

kum kurihi- (tv.I) to annihilate kusap (n .) hair of de�eased - put s.o. ( only in 2-3p, o.pr. I ) . on shells and ornaments . Ian 81 kusik (n.) Stella 's Lorikeet kuwakeop (n. ) k. of vine . (Charmosyna ste llae (goliathina )). kuwik- (tv.I) to clari fy s.th.: kusik ataQe (n. ) Blue-cheeked ekma kuwikbi they 'saw (Le. Alpine Lorikeet (Oreop sittacus un derstood) it and clarified it; arfaki ) . to straighten s.th. or s.o. that is crooke d: kuwlknenekb l kusik buwuQe (n. ) Green-winge d they straightened us out ; King P�rrot (Alisterus chlorop­ terus ) . kuwihak- (tv. I) to become clear, be corrected: naga nsgayeQe kusik imi Qe (n. ) Alpine kuwlhakbua p their under­ Muss chenbroek's Lorikeet standing will become clear; (Neopsittacus pullicauda to stretch oneself, to roll - (socialis ) ) . as of a dog on grass.

kusit- (tv.I) to squash , smash - of clumps of ground and bamboo, to peel coffee beans by L squashing, to pulverise, to crush : han kusisai they smash the ground; labat (n. ) swelling, blood blister; kusl tmune hioQakma tipi tap i oap I flayed it (Zit. I crushed it laba tQe ( aj . ) fat : 10k labatQe and it be came little pi eces ). pa to a very fat man ;

kusoho- (tv.I) to lean : nak kusohoa i laba t- (iv. ) to swell up . they made a ladder (Zit. they leaned a piece of wood ). ladero ( n. ) k. of tree ,(Leguminosae Leucaena leucocephala). kut- (n. ) name ; (tv.I) pe r.-num. lagat- to respect one 's in-laws by not speaking their kut-(p.m'. ) s�m ka t-(o.p'r .I) to - names, to ac knowledge affinial name s.o. : kutyetQe IQan ye t ties . Wahapda sam katye lehop he name d them IQan an d Wahapda; lak lak yap (auz.) to fill up , to overflow , to be filled up ; to pirim kut- one 's baptismal name ; tep- lak lak oa p or tep lak lak ot- to be concerned, be alert kutda ( aj . ) respected, rich (Zit. for danger; wi th a name); lak saQe (aj. ) full up ; also Kutda (n. ) God (ct. Anutu); bent forward - of cauli flower ears : adapQe lak sSQe his ears kutQan tat- (tv.I) to re lax , are bent forward. rest (Zit. to be on one 's name ) . laki (n. ) onion, leek. kutaki- (tv.I) to fa shion , mould, (n. ) fig. form, shape wi th clay (also lakop kutaku-). lama ot- (auz. ) to become insig­ nifi cant, impotent - lacking (see kuta ki-). kutaku- authority an d power , to fall into disfavour : 1 ama ot tap he (n. ) as in ke ram kutuk bush kutuk is a man of no reputation (ct. rat. Kate oma ). (n. ) as in nak kutulu k. of kutulu (n. ) father-in-law; WiFa, resinous tree . lamat- DaHu (m.s. ), SbDaHu (m.s. ), Pa ChDaHu (m. s. ), WiPaBr , kuturuburubu oap the development of WiPaS iHu, WiSbDaHu. whisker follicles at puberty when the youth 's face hair (tv.III) (see laQ-). (misi 1010) is replaced by lan- whiskers (ya-ba ). 82 lal) lal) - (tv. III) to shade s.th. from lawade (n .) collections of the sun and so inhibit its growth - rubbish on the floor joists - of one plant shading another, to from sweeping ; stun t gr owth by shading , to inhibit growth by shading . lawade 'le (n. ) nest - of rat , lair. lal)in'le (n .) light ; lawit- (tv.I ) to cut - grass Ja'lin'le pi J ap/oa p to shine (lit. (mowing action), to swipe , light throws down /occurs); strike - sidelong blow , to mow : somot'le 1 awi sap they cut Ja'l Ja'l yap (aux. ) to be illuminated, the brush (tit. hair); to glow ; den saksalik lawi t- to mistell in Ja'l Ja'l sam tap to glow - of a s.th. (lit. to cut the talk 's fire. footstalks ). lap- (n.) fin. labum (n. ) k. of palm grass - edible (Gramineae Setaria lapa (n.) tree crotch , fork ; palmifolia) (also emo kuril), go'l tan, hako emo'le , tapuruk). giba 'l e lapa'le mountain pass; labum kaok'le (n .) k. of palm nai lapa contraption holding the grass - edible . main swaying feathers of a dan ce hat. lade- (tv.I) to take s.th. out of a container, to remove s.th. lapu lapu ot- (aux. ) to wave , from a container. swing - as a pendu lum: lapu Japu arim gaop it waved backwards an d lam I (n.) hole , pit. forwards . lam II (n. ) k. of cat's cradle . lasi (lasi) I (n. ) centipede . lam- (tv.III) to watch s.th., lasi lasi II (n. ) k. of dance hat . tend, mind, guar d s.th. - in watching a vine when hunting lat (n. ) body louse (Pediculus animals. human us ) . lam howan (n. ) k. of tree - Wild lat- (tv. I) to gird oneself; Coffee family (Rubiaceae Psychotria) (cf. uyol) uyol) ). pe t kulem· lat-(b.pr. ) - to gaol s.o. , to imprison s.o. (lit. to lami (n. ) sugar can� cultigen. gird s.o. with a marked loin­ cloth) . lamun (n. ) con ch shell;

lau- (n .) mouth , lips , beak: lau­ lamun kun- to blow the conch h akl)e lips - used when specifying; shell.

lau- somot'le mustache (lit. mouth lamun lamun (n. ) mollusc. hair ) ; lapa'l- (tv.I) to rub s.th., lau- poton'le corners of th e mouth; paint s.th. , apply grease to s.th. (cf. ha i lo'l) (also lau'le kom kom'le hooked beak; ka ipun -, kepun-, lawllal) -):

lau-(p.m. )-an me - to answe r back ; lapal) tuhu- to iron - clothes . per .-num. Lapio (n. ) an cestral cult lau- (p .�. )-�n me - ( B .� . ) to grunt figure (cf. Porom). in assent; (tv.I) to lau- buteliap to protrude one 's lawa lawa tuhu- finish the work : nep llwa lower lip in an act of contempt, we finished the scorn; lawa tuhua in work ; to rub s.th. with grease ; na l lau'l e portion of the dan ce hat into which the nai lapa is inserted. liwap 83

lawa lawa tuhuak- (not in sg . ) um petem tuhum liga tl)e ta klnmu to fight with the fists , they cooke d (a 'feast) an d engage in fisticuffs. removed (the pit covering) an d spread it out (the food) law1Ual)- (tv.I) to smear s.th. on and it remained there ... ; s.th. (also lawale-) (cf. ka ipu n-, kepun-, lapal)-). I igarak- (tv.I) to spread out , become level, flat - of branches , floor , gr ound: han Ilgaraksap to become flat , lebahom (n. ) k. of li zard. level - of mountains giving way to foothills and plains leban (n. ) (N. ) k. of rubber tree (cf. ki I ihak-) (also (cf. otga ra , sigiril) (N.)). kataraho- ). leban (n. ) woman 's loin cloth . lilaka- (tv. I) to bless , to surround, encircle - of lebe (aj. ) ginger brown - pig women 's part in dan cing the colour. Ki rim dance , to dan ce in a circle (cf. luk ule-). lebe lak- (tv. III) as in pa latak leba l aku- to lick off food stuck liluhut- (tv. I) to dismantle to a plate - of dogs an d pigs . s.th. - fence , house , dan ce hat (cf. I i a k - ) . lebo lebo (n. ) tadpole (cf. satbi ). lil)- (tv.I ) to step on s.th., leko kuri l) (n. ) tree frog (Hyla tread on s.th. gracilenta) . -lip (Lst orde r nominaL sUffix) lepa (n . ) maguey , century plant (plural number marker): (from English 'rope ' through ata l ipne my elder brothers Kate ) . (cf. -yahat, - � IV) . lesak- (n. ) spittle (also ba r ak) . lip lip (n .) (N. ) hawk (cf. ka il)e hibi tda). lewa- (n. ) ear lobe ; lisihut- (tv.I ) to skin by hame - lewal)e septum. pinching - coffee beans , to squee ze s.th . out - coffee liak- (tv. III ) to remove s.th. , to beans from the berry (also tear s. th . down - grass roof , gusuhut-). house , dam, to di sman tle s.th. - dan ce hat (also I iwak-). lisoho- (tv.I) to fold, bend s.th. , to thatch - of grass, libaro l)- (see lib orol)-). wild sugar cane roofs (cf. houm heku-), to break - of liborol)- (tv. III) to break down , bow, from pulling too hard; break through , crash through - to flex - muscle : nil)il)ak a fence , . crowd of people , un de r­ litoho to flex mus cles ; to brush: peke Iibor ogum tap he is swirl: IIsohom I isohom yahap breaking down the fence (also it swirls an d rises - of I ibarul)-, I iboru l)-, I ibarol)-). smoke (als o litoho- , losoho- , lotoho-) ; (see bat lis oho -) . libak- (tv. I) to extingui sh - fire : ka lap I ibakunoma i they 'll make lisukut- (tv.I ) to release or the fi re die ; to become calm - take down a bow string. of emotions : Iibaku noma i they will cool down - in anger; to litoho- (tv. I) (see lisoho- ). cool down. liwak- (tv.III) (see liak-). ligarak- (see I iga t-). liwap- (tv. III) to twine ligat- (tv. I) to cover on eself up - togethe r - of rolling two for sleeping, to lay s.th. out strings on the thigh to flat: kaw'i huhum I igasap he form a cord (also lowai-, prepared an d laid a floor ; to gowap-). spread out - cloth , food; 84 liwat

liwat- (tv.I, III) to push 10k (n. ) man , male , husband; against s.th. , s.O. (cf. hapun); people : 10k yu yega t I)erek to bend s.th. over; a multitude ; (aj.) male : bau 10k boar; 10k kabut widowe r; I iwarak- (tv. I) to bend over; 10k tatatl)e ba.chelor ("lit. a liwarakma giop it bent ove r remaining man); 10k satQe or an d we n t down . 10k all)e man killer, deadly to man ; 10k kunQe he adman ; 10k loba (n. ) stranger, foreigner, out­ ibl ra or 10k ibll)e orop married; sider, alien; (av. ) non-indigenous : lokl)e orop (aj.) married ("lit. sagum loba takap non-indigenous with her husband); 10k memeha clothing has come ; dop ot- to be marri ageab le - of women; to reach puberty ; loba tat- to be a stranger. 10k be ro cannibal (Zit. man logai- (tv.I) to climb over s.th. , eater); up on s.o. (euphemism for sexual intercourse ); lokge somot somot jest (Zit. your husband is hairy). sOQ pi lam log ai- to leap over s. th . ; 10k konok Qerek (num. ) twenty (Lit. one man comp letely ). den logai- to override, disregard an order . 10k konok I)erek 10k ala balak I)erek (num. ) thi rty ("lit. one lohai- (tv. I) to roll string from man completely, an other man maguey fibres (als o ma slp- tv.III) . both hands completely ).

lohanQe (n. ) yam cultigen. 10k sobo (n.) k. of tree (Melastomataceae Poikilogyne) lohak lohak (av. ) happi ly swinging (cf. okom okom). one 's arms - in walking: lohiik lohak gam ariap he came an d went 10k tikQe malevolent spirits happily swinging his arms . (cf. seduk baneara).

lohibi (n. ) nuclear fami ly , adults , 10k yahap I)erek/kerek (num. ) pe ople : lohibi yahap a married forty (l.it. two men completely ). couple , nuclear fami ly . loke - (tv.I) (N. ) to pour s.th. lohole- (iu) to yield, become tame , out , to dump s.th. (also ka i-) weak . (cf. me se le-).

lohotQe (aj. ) we ak , soft, muddy , lokQe ibi l)e (n . ) k. of cat's tame , harmless , mild-mannered, cradle . fragile ; lope (n . ) k. of fence (also 10hotQe ot- to become weak , daman (N. ) (cf. pa set); etc. (also loh ole-); lope papal)e bamboo rake . 10hotQan me - to hold s.th. loosely, we akly ; lopot (n . ) k. of grass - Job's tears (Coix Lacryma Jobi ); den 10hotQe sa- to assuage , mi tigate , to yield in senQe lopotl)e cataract - of eye ; argument, to soothe with words ; sen- lopot oap one 's eye s have cataracts. hep lohot 10hotQe tender- of chi ld; losoho- (tv. I) (see Ii soho-).

hep lohot lohot we ak from lotoho- (tv. I) (see II soho- ). sickness ; lou- (tv.I) to carry s.th. on lohot i - (rare usage ) to yield, one 's shoulder ; to cuddle - become tame : ekma lohot iop baby : ensa louwe I will cuddle she saw it and yielded (cf· the baby girl; to rise - of lohole-). flood waters ; rnaha 85

den lou- to obey; M sat-(p.m. ) -an lou- to obey s.o. t. to carry at s.0' s teeth ): (l.i rn- (iv. ) (only in ip t. ) to be sero sa tnan k I louap Cheryl did elsewhere, to exist, live not obey me ; (af. man -). sa lan (aj. ) lou lou obe dient : -rn I (2nd order verba Z 8uffix) naom den lou lou�e oap he is habit. , with ipt. ; proh . with an obedient child; ipt. ; nohoma i they always hit me , or , they must not hit loum pep pep y aha to shin - up me . a tree; -rn II homo., punatiZiar loum ma gan or loum para- (tv.I) (fo llows vowels, af . -ma l to greet by the New Guinea custom of shaking s.o. , to -rna homo., prolonged. emb race . (tv. III) to await s.o. , rnabo·t- lowai- (tv.I) to twine together - to wait for s.o. of rolling two strings on one 's thigh to form a cord (also rnaburuk (see uburuk maburuk). liwap-, gowap-). rnabuyam (n. ) k. of tree lowok�e (n. ) pineapple sucker (Araliaceae Harmsiopanax ). (also I owo t �e ). madawu (n. ) k. of tree - nuts lowot�e (n . ) (see lowok�e ). used in the abacus (Fagaceae Pasania). lube lube (av. ) kindly; rnadu (n.) orphan . I ube �e (aj. ) kind ; magan- (tv. I, III) to greet, lube lube ot- (aux.) to be shake hands: ma ganakde let kind; us shake hands (also pa ra-).

lube lube ot-(b. pr . ) - to act magen (n. ) wallaby . kindly toward s.o.: 10k ala takam lube lube otnihiap rnago� (see gogo� mago� ). another man came and acted kindly towar d me ; magu- (tv. I ) to close s.th. : hag i magu close the door ; to lube�e wa�- (tv. II) to be kind: cover s.th.: obo ma guap he lube�e nihiap he was kind to covered the pot; to plug me . s.th. : giop�e maguap he plugged the hole ; to dam up lue lue yap (aux. ) to ho wl , ye lp - s.th.: aba ma guop he dammed of dogs . it; to barricade s.th.: giop magum barr icading the road; luhu- (tv.I) to fill up s.th. , to put s.th. into a container (also houm magu- to plug s.th. - ma nu�- ) . spe cifying the manner of closing ; luk luk yap (aux. ) to ripple - of waves , to have wave s - of the karik�e ma gu- to lock s.th.; sea. magu�e (n. ) stopper, plug, lukule- (tv.I) to bless with pro­ li d; ductivity , to make productive - of ancestral blessing; (af· ma gu ma gu�e (aj. ) locked; I i I a ka -) . (see ke lu�e ma guap). lulu giap (aux. ) to swell again , to grow new bark or a second maha (n. ) (N. ) sun (af. dewu ta, skin - of. a tree . s lko p (N. )). 86 mahak

mahak (n .) k. of shrub - Night­ manu lauQe (n. ) window , hole - shade family (Solanaceae in the gable to aliow smoke to Solanum nigrum) (cf. waka escape. waka II ). ma Q (n. ) Striped blister beetle maholok (see iholok ma h olok). (Meloidae ).

maik (num. ) (N . ) three (cf. maQ kuruQ kuruQ (n. ) chant, ka labu, ka libu ). incantation.

mak- (n.) stalk - dividing the map (n. ) (N.) rain (cf. ge lak). root from the head - bamboo, sugar , taro , yam. mapa (n. ) (from Kate ) we alth , cargo (cf. sukum). mala Q malaQ (n .) k. of dance hat . ma pilik (see tipiii k map iiik) . ma le Qe (see ba leQe ma leQ e). maren (n. ) peace : marenan in the ma lepoQ (n. ) (Kate ) crucifix time of peace (also warne (cf. udip). sadukQe );

mama (n . ) moss : ka t mama Qe ma ren (aj. ) tame , calm, slime . domesticated, peaceful : bau ma ren tame pig; ma ren otmu man- (iv. ) to live , to practice: it became peaceful. emelak orotmeme yawu ma nbi long ago they practiced the maro Qe as in he roQe ma roQe ot­ custom like that ; to rejoice.

ma nman (n. ) life-sustaining masip- (tv. III) to roll string power : yak yega t manman from maguey fibres (also te temu their life sustaining 1 0 h a i - ( tv . I) ) . power appeared; mat I (av.) we ll - indicating 10k ma nma n existence: 10k pleasure on the part of the ma nmanenQe gul ip otmap our speaker; I am glad that ... : . exi stence must not cease ; ma t eksan I see s.th. that is very good, I am pleased with ma nman karikQe eternal life . what I see ;

manam (n .) banana - generic . ma t tuhua i they did it ve ry well;

manam amerika (n. ) k. of banana - ma t- (tv.III) to do s.th. well. introduced by Europeans. mat- II (n. ) punishment; act of manam awuQan (n. ) Long-billed revenge , vengence , retribution ; Honey-sucker (Melilestes payment; megarhynchus ) . I ma tQe ma tQe ag i- to reciprocate; manam awuQe banana flower . ma tQe wa Q- to ,l ay back, give a manam hulin (n .) k. of wild payment to s.o. , to repay banana. s.o. : ma tQe nlhiap he repaid me ; manam lohotQe (n. ) k. of banana. ma tQe ku- (aux. ) to retaliate , avcnge s. th. ; manam manam (n. ) k. of orchid (Orchidaceae Spathoglottis matQe sa- (aux. ) or den ma tQe plicata) . sa- to reply , to answer.

man am palamQe (n. ) k. of matahu- (tv.I) to mimi c, emulate banana. (of. senQan giap);

manu ( n. ) k. of bird (cf. Qa rak). katigon ma tahuat you mimic and hide in shame like the ground pigeon; 5050 ma tahuat you mimic and etceter a: dehom hSn tamatgu act like a gluttonous dog ; pigira mane tree kangaroos , bandicoots, anteaters , etc. gasam ma tahuat you mimic and forget like the cas�owary . -mane I (a�itia) if - contrary to fact: 10k he lel)mane kubam rnatak- (tv.III) to chew out if he we re a black man I would sweet�ess , ·suck out the have hi t him ; flavour - and later expector ate the inedible portion, as in in bet pi lam ariopmaneama yawu sugar cane, chewing gum; ki otbap if he had just thrown it and gone, however, ma takl)e (n. ) rubbi sh, waste , it would not have happened refuse - of the inedible like that ; sugar cane fibres after the sweetness has been su cked (a�au8e with fina� verb in out (also unel)e ). if. ) - mane to attempt , to try : im ibemane Ian I tried matuk (n .) (Sio) coconut (also to sleep and slept; ya 10m). gam ariwemane I attempted to mawukl)e (see hewukl)e ma wukl)e ). go. rnayawa (n. ) bean . -mane II (N. ) (see -mune).

-ma homo., punati �iar (follows mani (n.) (Pidg in) money, price, consonants , af. -m II ). cost (af. tewesenl)e , hame-). made - (tv.I) to awaken s.o. ; to -manl)e (N. ) (see -munl)e ). call toge ther , summon s.o. : kirim ya kum ma denenekma doing manUI)- (tv.I) to fi ll up s.th. , the Kirim dan ce they summoned to put s.th. into s.th. (rarely us ... munul)-); (also luhu-); madi- (see made -). hawim manul)- to carve an d fit an arrow point to the shaft; magai- (tv.I) to afflict s.o. - pe r.-num . of action of ma levolent spirits . n�g� naga-(�.m. ) manul)ak­ mahak (n .) k. of edible plant. (b .pr.)- to become knowledge­ ab le , informe d, to recover mai- (n. ) penis. consciousness . makS (n. ) banana leaf skirt ; manUl)ak manul)ak (n. ) shirt : manul)ak m�nul)ak senl) e button ma ka ka t- to put on the banana (Zit. shirt's eye ); leaf - at the time of menstruation. ka i mSn ul)ak m� nul)akl)e shoe (Zit. foot 's shirt ). maluat (n. ) sugar cane cultigen . ma l)ai- (tv.I) to draw back the mama - (n. ) mother (with second bow string (also ma l)e-). and third person possessive suffixes ); Mo, MoSi , FaWi , ma l)aiwe l) (n. ) k. of herb FaBrWi , MoBrWi. (also me l)- ). (Lab iatae Coleus scutellarioides) (af. awu omol) ). mamA l)e (aj. ) big;

mama l)e pa to huge , very big . mapu- (n .) soft spot - of baby 's -man (a�i tia) maybe , perhaps : he�d between fontane lles, crown - 10k yakl)eman tuhuap perhaps of head, top - of tree , mountain , the man did it (also -mon ). cloud, pea� pinnacle . mane continuative action : ahom maratap (n.) k. of wood nettle mane mane going on fighting; (Urticaceae Laportea). 88 marubo'l

ma rubo'l (n. ) k. of vine . mede l)- (tv. I) to braid s.th.

masi (n . ) (Kate ) miracle : mas I meduhu- (tv.I) to collect s.th. , ala oan I worke d a miracle to mix, to assemb le together, (cf. kulem) . to combine , to round up - people , an imals : me duhunenekb l matap (n. ) (N. ) bed, road (cf. they brought us together; glop) ; me duhuak'le t you (pl. ) m�et ma ta p arl- (aux. ) to travel. together ;

-matl)e (N. ) (see -mutl)e ). meduhua k me duhuak (n. ) gathering - of people ; matul)a (n .) island. meduhuak me duhuaknenl)e our me (conn. ) or, and (rare usage ); me eting . interrogative marker: arlap me did he go? melan l)e (n. ) as in nan me lanl)e uterus (also me lel)e). me - (tv. I) to hold s.th. in one 's hands ; to have s.th.; to me le l)e (see me l anl)e ). accept s.th.; to grasp , grab , catch s.th.; to appoint s.o. ; me lol)- (tv. I) to stir - pandanus , to feel s.th. : be rum mebe I to turn over - ground (cf. go lal)-) will feel the wind; to capture me lol)ak- to roll over, wallow , s. th ., to get: menenekb I they roll in s.th. - dirt ; captured US ; to beget, pro­ create : Gatokl)e Humun miop me lol) gul ol)ak- to wallow; Gatokl)e begat numun ; to marry ; (cf. miak-); me l ol) gulol) ot- (aux. ) to wallow (cf. purik gurik ot-)� ki memel)e (aj. ) un touchable ; me lol)a (n. ) (N. ) k. of rat. mem ba - to take s.th. ; melu (n . ) feast, ground oven . mem ga- to bring s.th. ; (tv.I) to use or do - as pe r .-num . meman- a way of life : kl memanop he bat-(p.�.) panm� me -(s\m.) to di d not use/do it. reach ; (n . ) Giant Tree Frog me - (b.pr. ) to take from s.o.; menam - (Hyla infrafrenata). (euphemism for 'to steal' ): tebe nananl)e ki mewag iwua t (n .) water holding do not take the bows an d menam burata frog (Cyclorana platycephalus ). arrows from him ; (n .) mother (with first naom me - to give birth to, me l)- person possessive suffixes ): to bear a chi ld; Mo , MoSi , FaWi , FaBrWi , MoBrWi. (also elem ga meme l)e a Jest - spoken mi l)-(N. ), mama-) . to those handi capped in wa (n .) parents . speeCh ; me l) a l) - (n. ) (Ut.mother's sap me - to set a date , fix a mel)- baratl)e time , make an appointment: daughter ): MoSiDa (in reference sap me bom I will set a only ) . date . me l)- nanl)e (n .) (Zit. mother's son): MoSiSo (in reference only ). me al) (see toal) me al) ). me l)ale- (tv.I) to groom , decor ate mebet pila- (aux. ) to be un concerned for s.o' s we lfare . s.o. (tv.I) to be thankful , (tv.I ) to wr ing, squeeze me pae- me dare- grateful to s.o. Juice out of s.th. , to expre ss milk. mik�e 89

me ren- (tv.I) to shave off s.th., me te me te kin-/ot- (aux. ) to trim off - of bark with an axe face s.o. or knife. me te- II (tv.I) to finish , mere � (n .) Goodenough Island Black­ complete , to do s.th. bird (Turdus canescens (keysseri) ). thoroughly, completely: negam me teap he knows it thor oughly ; mesa (n .) infant boy . sa l ikum me temama giniwom when mesabut- (tv.I) (see mi sibut-). I re ad it all, I will give it to you (cf. pesuk pi la-). mesele- (tv.I) to dump s.th. out , to upset s.th., to capsi ze s.th. , tosa kum me te-(b.pr. ) to to overturn s.th. (also loke - expiate , remove sin. ( N. ), mo s e I e - ( N. ), mo tel e - , me tele-); mete pirik pirik ot- (aux. ) to fool aroun d. me se leaksap to spill out (lit. it dumped itse l f out ). me tehen metehen ot- (aux. ) to be cruel, un charitable , ill­ mesem I (n. ) k. of tree - Bread­ disposed, to act unkindly. fruit (Moraceae Artocarpus ) (also gupon ). metekowa � (n. ) Harlequin bug , a vertical mark or stroke of me sem II (n .) pink chalky stone - wh ite clay on the forehe ad. associated with spirits, seduk ba neara. me te le- (tv.I) (see me se le-). mesik (n .) sickn ess , illne ss , mete �e as in han me te�e a disease ; natural elevation .

me sik soki sok i or me sik me wa- (see mewan-(b.pr. )-). mama �e germs ; me wan- ( b . pr. ) - to bless with me sik umut�e plague (cf. bubum) ; productivity: weke�e mewan lngiap the spirit helped saru me sik malaria ; us in hav ing plenty ; to be we ll with s.o. - of recovery mes ik sa t�an ot- to lc criti­ from sickness or of possession cally ill, deathly ill (lit. of we alth: mewan iniap it is to be at the teeth of sick­ we ll with me - I am all right. ness ); mewale- (tv.II) to cheat s.o. , to me sinak me sinak ot- to be de fraud s.o. , to accept another 's chronically ill. challenge . me taki- (tv.I) to collect, mewe laki- (tv.I) to unfold s.th. , gather (also me taku-); to open a book.

me taki lakma ka t noma i they will mi - (se e me - ) . hold an election , vote ; miak- (tv.I) (me- + -ak) to keep me takiak�e (n .) steady beating s.th. , take s.th., to marry of drum to call a meeting , (not with sg . s.m. ) to hold cadence , un ion , rhythm. hands (not with sg . s.m.); metil. (n. ) ( N. ) gin g e r (Z i n g i b e r­ miak miak ot- (not with sg . s.m. ) ceae Zingiber ) (cf. gipe n). to ally - make friends . me te - I (n. ) forehead; mi an ot- (aux. ) to ,immigrate, migrate. me te ot- (aux. ) to appear before s.o. , s.th.; mia� (n . ) k. of weed.

me teak (av. ) in front , for­ mi k�e (n .) its tail feathers - ward, openly; of rooster. mi lap (n. ) (N.) k. of fish. moha tma hal i I iak- to be nauseate d; -mini (2nd order verba t 8uffi�) habit., with rpt. habe mohasap rainbow (tit. the snake throws up ). miniQ (n. ) k. of caterp illar . moiwi (n.) k. of wood borer. mi Q (n. ) (N. ) mother (cf. me Q ). mokoQ (n .) k. of axe - with a mi rik mi rik (n. ) k. of an imal . blade of granite ; granite axe blade - used alone for a knife . misibut- (tv.I) to hide, to conceal s.o. : mi s imburakbin mo le- (n. ) ChSpPa; the parents of we hid ourselves. my son-in-law or daughter-in­ law (also mule-). mi sik as in mem ka sik mi sik tuhu­ to confuse s.th. mome- (n.) thumb , large toe; ' misilolo (n. ) facial hair . momeQe (num. ) five ; mi ti (n. ) (from English through mome Qan (toc.ph. ) on Friday . Kate ) Gospel, church service: mi ti ya da im taka ka tbi they mome lep (n. ) k. of shrub brought the church service (Li liaceae Cordyline) (cf. kar ip, and established it here ; tibe, awu kaok). liturgy : mi ti sal iku- to read the liturgy ; momem oap (au�. ) to be fruitless - of yam . mi ti ek- (tv.III) to pre ach to s. o. ; mome Qe (see mome-).

mi t i naga- to worship; momo lep (n .) k. of dance hat (also awaram) . mi ti 10k Christian; -mon (cZitic) maybe, perhaps (see mi ti eme tQe or miti se lepQe -man ) . church. morok morok oap (au�. ) to be mi tik as in ha tik mitik takap rotten - of wood, to de cay. he came down and up in crossing a valley . mose le- (see me sele-). miwoQ (n. ) k. of herb - Ginger mosop (n. ) (from Komba) wh ite (Zingiberaceae Alpinia). magic (cf. hawat). miwoQ miwoQ (n. ) k. of shrub - mososoQ (n .) earthquake : mososoQ Cardamon (Zi ngiberaceae miap the earth is quaking. Amomum ) . mot (n. ) (N. ) vine , rope , thread miyoQ (n. ) k. of shrub - Fleabane (also ip, piwot). ( Composi tae Er igeron Sumatren­ si s ) . mot mot (n. ) k. of vine. modot- (tv.I) to shell s.th. - motele- (see me s ele-). corn ; motok- I (tv.I) to break s.th. - mo do t mo dotQe (n. ) kernel - food: potato , yam , taro. of corn (lit. she lled corn ). motok- II (iv. ) to sprinkle - of mogai- (tv. I) to de stroy s.o. , large rain drops : ge lilk motokma s.th. - of destructive or harm­ nohoap the rain is sprinkling on ful influen ce of spirits or me (Zit. sprinkle s and hits me ). the dead. mowu Q mowuQ (n. ) bull roarer (also mohat- (tv.I) to vomit (also weke tebe , we lem (N. ) (cf. olok kat- (N. J); hi wawe ) . nak 91

mu- (iv.) to die; mun II (n .) sound, noise : mun kametl)e pa to otmu it made a sotgat muan I am dying of very big noise; (cf. kame t). hunger - hyperbole for being hungry; -mune (s.m. ) Is , hetero. ( also -mane (N. )). tohat muan I am dying of thirst - hyperbole for be ing th irsty. -mun l)e (s.m. ) Ip , hetero. ( also -m�nl)e (N . J). -mu (s.m. ) 3s , - hetero . munul)- ( see manul)-). muada l) (n. ) ( from muc handal): K�te ) passionfruit ( Vitaceae musuk- (tv.III) to suck s.th.; Cayratia) ; ( rare ly ip kehe tl)e). musuk musuk sa- (aux. ) to muk an (t. ) yeste rday; call one 's dog .

mukanak (t. ) recently - used in -muta (s.m. ) 2-3d, hetero. comparing a recent event with one in the distant past. -mutl)e (s .m.) Id, hetero.

mula (n. ) yam cUltigen . mutu (n. ) ( Kate ) heathen times, pagan times , heathen: mutuan mule (n. ) ( see mo le). manma i they are living in heathen times (cf. kopa). mul iam (n. ) k. of tree ( also I)a bo ). muyol) kapa (n .) k. of shrub ( Rubiaceae knoxia corymbosa) . mulik mulik (aj. ) bulging , prom­ inent: senl)e mu l ik mul ik bulging eyes ; N gibal)e mu lik mul ik a prominent mountain, a soaring moun tain -n- (tv. III ) to call s.o. , to peak ; say s.o. 's name , call upon s.o. - in prayer: yotkonop mu lik mu l ik ot- to bulge , soar , he called upon them ( du. ) to be prominent . (cf. nohon-, kun-);

muluk muluk (av. ) secretly: tik -nma hero pato ot- to worship: ti k muluk mu luk ari- to go Il)an yet Wahapda yotkonma secretly; (cf. tik tik); he ro pato olop he worshippe d Il)an and Wahapda . mu luk muluk ot- (aux. ) to cov er , huddle up to avoid being nabe- (n. ) name sake ( also noticed. wa ka- (N. ), wase ( Kate )).

mum tap to be stationary , nabo (n. ) k. of tree. immovable : mum dak dik yap to remain stationary , nabun- (n. ) potbelly. immovable . nadorol)e (aj. , av .) very good: mumak (n. ) k. of black an d yellow alipl)e nadorol)e very good. non-stinging wasp. naga- ( see naga-). murnan (n. ) k. of tree . nak (n. ) wood - generic, tree , mumu (n. ) death ; timber: nak toak toak green ( wet ) wood; mumul)e (aj. ) dead;

hamel)e mumul)e un sociable ( Ut. de ad nose ) . nak koul)e sawdust; mun I (n. ) k. of wi ld pan danus nak hawi hawll)e carving. tree . 92 nak

nak gilam (n. ) k. of tree naQak (sub. ph. + -ak) I alone. (Avaliaceae Scheffler a) (at. kaut ka ut). naba sabeQe (n. ) k. of herb - ground creeper (also slsl loko nak korok (n. ) k. of odiferous sa i tl)e) . tree . naba Q- (n. ) nas al mucus (also nak kutulu (n. ) k. of resinous arit-(N .)}. tree . nabat (n. ) pumpkin. nalem (n. ) food - cold, for eating on the trail. nabat nabat (n. ) k. of tree.

nam- (n .) mi lk , bre ast, teat : nadara (n. ) k. of plant (Lycopodi­ nam- senQe nipple ; aceae Lyc opodium).

nam pan-/kat- to be veaned (lit. naga- (tv. I) to listen to s.th. , to leave/put the breast ): to pay at tention , to hear, to mamaQaha t nam pan sap he vas knov: samune nagaQet you (pl. ) ve aned from his mother 's listen to vhat I say; to think: breast (lit. he le ft his gaQe naga t (dopl)an) vhate ve r mother's breast ); you think ; to smell: kukQe nagaop he smelle d a fragrance; nam kasaQe lymph glands in the to feel: ka lap nagawe I m �s � neck: nam ka saQe oap his feel the warmth , dewuta naga­ lymph glands are svollen. to warm oneself in the sun; to un derstand; to learn: nama (n. ) Wh ite Striped Fly­ tiripyon goQeta nagal he taught robin (He teromyias ? albos­ them an d they learned; to pe cularis (atricapilla) ). re cognise s.o. : towa tyeQe yekma nagawin we saw their features nan- (n. ) son; So , PaSbChSo, and re cognised them; (also SpPaSbChSo, SbSo (m. s. ), nagan- only in ipt. ); PaChSo (m. s. ), WiSbSo, SiSo (v.s. ), HuSo, HuBrSo; mi ti naga- to worship;

nananQe sons: bau nananQe ekma naga naga ot- to desire ; piglets; den naga- to listen , pay tebe nananQe ar rovs (lit. l� ttention ; sons of the bov). den k i naga naga inattention; (See also meQ- nanQe , nanQe ) . den k i naga naga ot- to become .!isobedient; nan meleQe or nan me lanQe uterus . -gat topQe ki naga- to be incompetent in s.th. : sal iku nane (n.) maggot . sal ikuha tOPQe ki naga naga (aJ.) illiterate ; naom (n. ) child, young boy, foetus : naom bonQe embryo; sa l iku sal lkuha topl)e ki naga­ to be illiterate ; naom eme tQe placenta (lit. the child' s house ), foetal nagam nagam kat- to bear in membranes . mind;

nawo (n. ) (N. ) yam (at. hako) . nagam ek- to re collect , recall ( li t. to t h ink an d see it); na (per.pr. ) I, me . nagam tete- to conjure up s.th. naQe (sub. ph. ) I; (lit . to think an d cause it to appear); nahat (poss.ph. ) my , mine; (aau. ph. ) for me ; naga - (he tero. ) te teap to remember (lit. to think and it nama (am.pr. ) I, hovever; appears ) ; naga 93

yiwereQeak nagamune teteap just (C Zause with finaZ verb in 1st now I remembered; pe r.-num . person i? )-Sk nlgf- (s .� . ) naga-(he te ro. ) ke teraksap to to want to do s.th.: otbeak perceive a fact, discern , nagan I want to do it; re cognise s.th. , to become clear - of a thought (Ut. to (also nagan- in ipt. ); think ana it stands aside); Idiomatic us ages : nagam ke te t ot- to contemplate pe r.-num . s.th. (Zit. to think and set hak-(p:m.) naga-( s.m.) to be it aside); refreshed, get one 's breath (Zit. to feel one 's skin); nagam hi I ipku- to misunderstand; per.-num . t e p-(p'. m . ) naga- (b .pr. )-(s'. m.) nagam hi lip hi lip (n. ) mis­ (tv.II) to pity , sympathise , un de rstan ding ; comfort , console (Zit. to feel one 's stomach for s.o.); nagam hakaQ ot- to ignore s.o. (Ut. to think and not like biwi nagam nagam ek- to intro­ it) ; spect , self-examine (Zit. thinking and looking at one 's nagam kusan- to think up s.th. , insides ); to contrive (Ut. to think pe r.-num . an d hollow it out ); we - (p . �. ) naga-(s.m.) to be sorrowful (Zit. to feel one 's naga- (hetero. ) houap to come to inner being) ; understand s.th. , to com­ prehend s.th. (Zit. to think naga naga- (n.) mind, thoughts , and it 5 pear sit): naga Q eta thinking, knowledge , under­ houwuap they will come to standing; un derstand; pe r.-num . nagam gul ip gul ip tat- (a ux. ) to ignore ; naga naga- baleap to be near nagam tapi ku- to misconce ive death (Zit. one 's thoughts (Zit. to think and err); become bad) ;

pe r. -num. naga naga- bia stupid, ign orant (homo. de sid'. verb) yak� I �k (Zit. without knowledge ); naga- (s .m. ) to be intent on s.th. (Zit. wanting to do naga naga- ek- to know ab out s.th. , to th ink on ly about s.o. else 's feelings (also that ): tosa miaknesam biwi e k - ); (Zit. to look at yaka lak nagaw i they we re s.o. 's thoughts ); intent on sinning; pe r.-num. naga naga-(p'.m.) gaitmS tat-(s'. m . ) naga-(b. pr. ) - to be concerned to bear s.th . in mi nd (Zit. to for s. 0. : naga h i h ian I am hang up one 's th ough ts and concerned ab out you ; to give stay) ; s.o. un de rstanding, knowle dge : nagah ihian I am giving you naga naga- giap to come to a con­ knowle dge ; clusion, to conclude s.th. (Zit. one 's thoughts come down) ; (CZause with finaZ ve rb in 1st . per .-num . naga naga gu lip ot- to be uncon­ person 'i f .)-g� t nSg�- (s:m.) scious : kumu ne nag a naga gu llp to want to do s.th .: yega lan otma iap I hit him and he be­ toroka tbehat nagan I want to came unconscious ; to have an join them; epileptic fit (Ut. to do thought disappearance); (CZause with fi na Z verb in 2nd person if .)-ak naga- (s .m.) to na�a naga- heweweQ oap tu be want s.o. to do s.th.: smart (Zit. one 's thoughts otQe lak nagap she wants them become light ); to do it (Ut. she thought, only let them do it); 94 naga

naga naga- hidap/arlap to be nai gilap (n.) k. of. vine unconscious , in a coma (Zit. (Ranunculaceae Clematis). one 's thoughts pull out/go away ) ; nai kalak (n. ) Australian Golden pe r.-num. Thrush (Oreocincla lunulata naga naga-(p:m.) m§nuQak-(b.�r. ) (papuensis) ) . -ap to become knowledgeable , informed; to recover conscious­ nai kopa (n. ) ow l. ness (Zit. one's thoughts become filled up for him) ; nai lauQe (n.) part of the dance hat in which the swaying naga naga- orop brilliant, apparatus (na i 1 apa) is fitted. clever (Zit. with thoughts );

naku (e. p r . ) (nak + -ku) mine , naga naga- paraQ yap to recover my own (emph atic possession): from drunkenness or a fit, to naku emetne my own house; but become clear - of thoughts , to I: naku bia but I didn 't get regain consciousness , to any ; become conscious (Zit. one 's thoughts are pierced) ; naku niniak I only , by myself (i.e. intensified) ; naga naga- sabe oap to be con­ fused (Zit. one 's thoughts Sg. Du. Pl. become plenteous ); pe r.-num . l. naku netku nengu naga naga- (pt.m. ) tete- (b.'pr. )-ap 2. gaku yetku yengu to revive , regain consciousness 3. yaku yak(yet)k u yaku or (Zit. understanding appe ars yakyengu. for s.o. ); nama ( em.pr . ) (na + -ama) I, naga naga- uma tQe oap to be however; stupid (Zit. one 's thoughts become heavy ); Sg. Du . Pl. l. nama nerama nenama naga naga- yahasap to be very 2. gama yerama yenama smart (Zit. one 's thoughts 3. yahama yahama yahama. get up ). namakQe (n. ) weakness from nagan- (see naga- ) (only in ipt.) illness ; nagansan I understand . namak namak ot- (aux.) to be nagum (n. ) k. of tree - Spurge weak , feeb le from illness . family (Euphorbiaceae Macaranga) (ef. ubam) . nami- (n. ) one 's sister-in-law; BrWi(w.s .), HuSi , PaSbSoWi (w.s.). nabaitQe sa- (aux. ) to not say another's name : naha itQe samu na Qn�riQ (n.) pimple (also he did not say my name (ef. hahad ik, hahan hatik). lag at-); Sg. Du . Pl.* nap nap (n. ) cavern .

1. nahaitQe netka itQe nenga itQe ne- (tv.I) to eat , drink , smoke ; 2. gahaitQe yetkai tQe yega itQe .Plural forms are not um ag im nene ot- to dine admitted by most speakers. together - habitually in an exch ange relationship. naha t (se e n a ) . -ne I (2nd orde r nominaZ auffix) my (ls, p.m.). nabet (n. ) k. of an imal . II nai (n. ) bird, fowl - generic; -ne lp , if. dance hat - generic: nai lapa apparatus for holding the waving -ne sam pz., de aid. feathers on a dance hat ; nebak nebak (n. ) k. of big nai denQe Neo-Melanesian, Pidgin white butterfly (also nlbak English . n i bak) . nep 95

nebeQ (n. ) clam shell (7) (cf. ne lam paQ konok (aj.) for­ sekot ). getful (Zit. short mind); nehem (n. ) k. of arrow ; n e lam - ( o.pr. III) -ap to forget: ne l amnohoap I forget ; nehem nanQe k. of arrow used for killing pigs (also gehonare, aman im ne l amguap he sleeps YOl)an) . soundly , deeply ; nek - ( ¢ , tv. I) t 0 5 e e hak- ne l amak (av.) well, healthy : hakl)e ne lSmak gap Sg. Du. Pl. he came in good health .

1. nek- ne l ek- nenek- ne lek- (¢, tv.I) to see (see 2. gek- yel ek- yek- nek- for usage). 3. ek- ye lek- yek- -ne lek (ld, o.pr.I) us (du.) reflexive/reciprocal: ehak- to (see -nek for usage). see oneself , one another , each other ; nen ( per. p r. ) us (p1. ), we (p1. ) ; pe r.-num. neksap he saw me ; nen (n.) -nenh e our , ours (pl. ) (possession) . geksap he saw you; nene nak nak (n. ) Shining Mon­ ehaksawot they (du. ) saw each arch (Piezorhynchus alecto) . other. nenek (¢, tv.I) to see (see -nek me (ls, o.pr.I) nek- for usage) .

Sg. Du . Pl . -nenek us (pl. ) (lp, o.pr.I) (see 1. -nek -ne lek -nenek -nek). 2. -gek/-hek -ye lek -yek (aj. ) edible: yuama 3. -0 -yelek -yek neneQe neneQe this is edible ; reflexive /reciprocal: -ak oneself, that is in dibl . one another , each other; also yama kineneQe e e benefactive : for oneself . nengait (see nahait). (n.) chin: nekam- sekotQe nekam- ( c.pr. ) mandible; nengu our , ours (pl.) (emph atic possession); but us; (see naku for usag e) . n e kam - (p . m . ) -an sa- to accuse 5.0. (lit. to speak on 5.0. ' 5 (emp.pr. ) chin): nekaml)an ki sawuat you nen l)ak ourselves (pl.) mu st not accuse him; (see ninak for usage) . er . -num. £ (2nd order nomina l suffix) nekam- (p.m.) -an pek pek o t-(s . m . ) -nenQe our (pl. ) (lp, p.m.). to argue with 5.0. : nekamnetQan pek pek oa it we are arguing (emp.pr.) we our­ against each other; (nen) nenQeak selves (pl.) (see niniak for usage) . nekam- hewewel) oap to be fluent (lit. one 's chin is light); ne Q (n .) cor a 1 (a1 so n e Q k a r i k Q e ) • nekam- karaQ karaQ oap to (n.) garden , work , job (cf. stutter (lit. one 's chin nep a i); shivers ); workman , lab ourer ; nekam- katiQ yap to be uncon­ nep 10k scious ; nep h o u- to prepare a garden: soroQ seseQe nep houa i they nekam- uma tQe oa p to not be are preparing the burned off fluent (lit. one 's chin is field ; heavy) . den nepQe tuhu- to deliberate. nelam (n. ) mind; 96 nepan

pe r.-num . nepan (n. ) k. of tree (Moraceae nibi lam- (p:m.) -In katm: ek-(s .� . ) Fi cus sp .). to taste s.th . (·�it. to put on one 's tongue and look at nepa paruQ (n.) freckle : nepa it) (cf. nem e k-); paruQ orotQe (aj.) freckled (also nepa pu ruQ); nibi lam- keteraksap to be articulate; nepa p�ruQ ot- to become freckled. nibi lam- ki keteraksa p to be inarticulate; nepa- (n.) one 's (cross) cousin; MoBrCh , FaSiCh . nibi lam- ku l emQe oap to become inarticulate ; nepaQe (aj.) sterile - of pandanus nut tree. nibi lam- ku l emQe (jest ) one 's tongue is marked. net (per.pr.) we(du.), us (du. ); nigan (n. ) k. of tree (also netQe (sub.ph.) we (du.); n i gon) .

netgat (poss .ph.) our , ours (du. ), nigirip- (n. ) gums . (cau .ph.) for us (du.); , per . -num. (n. ) , nigon k. of tree (also ne t (n. ) -netQe our , ours (du. ) n i gan ) . (possession) . nihi- I (¢. tv .II) to bite (cf· ne tkaitQe (see nahai tQe sa-) . nihi- II to give ); Sg. Du. P1. netku (c .pr. ) our, ours (du. ) (emphatic possession) ; but we 1. nihi- n i tki - n i ng i- (du. ) (see naku for usage) . 2. gihi- yitki- yingi- 3. i h i - Y I tk i - yingi- netQak (emp.pr.) ourselves (du. ) (see ninak for usage). nihiap he bit me ; gihiap he bit you ; etc . -netQe (2nd order nomina� sUffi x) our (du. ) (ld, p.m. ) . nihi- II (¢. tv .II) to give (cf· nihi- I to bite) ; (net) netQeak (emp.pr. ) us , our­ Sg. Du . P1. selves (du. ) (see niniak for us age) . 1. nihi- n i tki - ningi- 2. gihi- Y i tki - Y i ng i- newan bero (n. ) Sudest Butcher­ 3. waQ- Y i tk i - yingi- bird (Cracticus louisiadensis). reflexive/reciprocal: ag i­ newet- (tv.I) to crush s.o. , (not with sg .s.m. ); s.th., to squee ze s.o., s.th.; nihiap he gave it to me ; gihiap newerak- to grind - pushing he gave it to you; agiai they back and forth action . gave each other, exchanged things . ni- (see ne- ). -nihi I 1st order benefactive nibak (n. ) k. of butterfly (also pronomina � verbaL suffix (ls, nibak nibak, nebak nebak). b .pr.); Sg . Du. P1. nibilak- (tv. III) to lick . 1. -nihi -nitki -n I ng i nibilam- (n. ) tongue ; 2. -gihi/- hihi -y itki -yingi pe r.-num . 3. -bagi/-wagi -yi tki -yi ng i nibi lam- (p'.m.) kat-(s.'m . ) to lick s.th . (lit. to put one 's reflexive/reciprocal: -agi tongue ) (als o pe l etek ne-); (does not occur with sg.s.m. ). nobotl)e 97

This pronominal suffix expresses niniak (emp.pr. ) I my self - both benefaction and malefaction: emphatic;

1. Benefaction: for me : katnihiap he put it for me ; Sg. Du. kunbag iap he called him for 1. ( nil) ninlak (ne t) netoiak her - instead of her calling 2. (ga) gikiak (yet) yetl)iak him; 3. (yak) ikQiak ( yak) yetQ i a k

2. Malefaction: from me , mine, my , for me : ibi menihiap he Pl. took my wife/he took the woman 1. (nen) nenl)iak from me; nen i h i op he at e mine - 2. (yen) yeQiak i . e ., he at e it t 0 my los s ; 3. (yak) yeQ iak kuriQ kuriQ otnihiap it be­ came red (bad) for me . na niniak I mys elf; ga gikiak you yourself ; etc . -nihi II me (ls, o.pr.II); (n. ) Sg. Du. Pl. ninsiwet k. of bark used for dan ce hat . 1. -n ihi - nitk i -ningi 2. -gihi/-hihi -y i tk i -y ingi niok (n.) Schach Shrike (Lanius 3. -11 -y i t k i -y ingi Schach ) . nikawuQ or nikawoQ (n. ) k. of tree nitki- (¢. tv .II) to bite (see (Loganiaceae Neub urgi a) . nihi- I); to give (see nihi- II). nileo (n. ) sugar cane cultigen . -nitki I for us (du. ) (ld, b .pr. ) nirn (n. ) k. of tree . (see -nihi 1). nirn nim (n. ) Gi ant Fairy-wren -nitJd II us (du. ) (ld, o.pr.II) (Todopsis cyanocephala) . (see - nih i II) . nimnaom (n. ) children , offspring . nobako (n.) k. of pandanus . ninak (emp.pr. ) I my self/I alone : nobe (n. ) k. of war club (also ninak mem gian I brought it b i m 5 ill Q) . down ; nobolan ibat (num. ) nine: Sg. Du . nobolan ibatoe (aj.) ninth . 1. (na) ninak (net) netoak (num.) eight: 2. (ga) gikak (yet) yet oak nobolan kalibu nobolan kal i buQe (aj.) eighth . 3. (yak) i kQak yak (yet)oak nobolan konok (num. ) six; (n.) Pl. Satur day ; nobolan konokQe (aj.) sixth . 1. (nen) nenQak 2. (yen) yeoak (num.) seven ; (n. ) 3. yak(ye)oak nobolan yahap Sun day ; nobolan ySh�PQe (aj.) seventh . ninak I myself/I alone ; gikak you yourself/you alone ; etc . nobotQe (n. ) side, half, some , part , a portion , few , remainder: (emp.pr. ) my , mine (cf. nine nobotgen to the other side; n ini ak) . bagup nobot , kanimdo nobot one to bite (see ningi- (¢.tv.II) side is Bagup , one side is nihi- I); to gi ve (see Konimdo ; nlhi- II). nobot nobot some here , some I for us (pl. ) (lp,b .pr. ) -ningi there : batnenl) e nobot nobot I) . (see - nihi mem saham tying our hands together - side by side; -ningi II us (pl. ) (lp, o.pr.II) (see -nihi II) . 98 noho-

nobotQe nobotQeak(av.) inter­ nongo- (¢. tv.III) to hit , kill, mittently, half-heartedly : strike s.o. , fail down (see nobotQe nobotQeak ahowi they noho- for usage ). fought half-heartedly , inter­ mittently . -nongo us (pl. ) (lp, o.pr.III ) (see -noho for usage ). noho- (I? tv . III) to hit, kill, noniQ (n .) (Kate) goat . strike s.o: , fall down (Zit. it (the ground) hit s.o. ); notko- (¢. tv.III) to hit , kill, strike s.o. , fall down (see Sg. Du. Pl. noho- for usage ). 1. noho- notko­ nongo­ -notko us (du. ) (ld, o.pr.III) 2. goho- yo tko­ yongo­ (see -noho for usage). 3. ku- yotko- yon go- nubusum- (n. ) navel , umbili cus : reflex ive: ahoak- to hit oneself; nubusum- ipQe umbilical cord. reciprocal: aho- (not in singular ); nukum (n. ) dust .

nohoap he hit me/I fell down numic (n. ) k. of banana. (the ground hit me ); nuriQe (n. ) coconut husk, cloth made from this husk . gohoap he hit you/you fell down (the ground hit you) ;

ahoaksai they (pl.) hit them­ selves ;

ahoa i they (pl.) fought . Qabo (n. ) k. of tree (cf. -noho me (ls, o.pr.III); mu I i am) .

Qabok (n.) k. of palm tree . Sg . Du. Pl. (n. ) 1. -noho -notko -nongo Qak Qak New Guinea Crow (Corvus orru) . 2. -goho/-hoho - yotko -yo n go 3. -ku/-gu/-hu .y o t k o -yo ngo -Qak (inst. ) (probably -Qe + oak ; reflexive re ciprocal : -aho one­ see -Qe · (inst.)) with: self, one anoth er , each other . tebeQak y ogo n om we will kill them with a bow and arrow ; nohon- (tv.III) to call upon s.o. , to say s.o. 's name , to summon 10kQak han beredeQ sam iap s.o. , to call upon s.o. - in the land is overcrowded with people ; prayer (cf. - n - ) ;

Sg . Du . Pl. Indep .Cl. (ipt.) + -Qak + Indep .Cl. (ip t.) to do s.th . 1. n ohon - n o t k o n- n ongon - on and on , too long : 2. gohon- y o tkon - y o n gon - mansal nQak mansain we stay 3. kun- y o tko n - y o n gon - on an d on;

reflexive/reciprocal ahonak- to mansatQak mansat you stayed call one 's own name . too long .

-nom (s .m.) lp , ift . QalaQe (n. ) neighbour , another other - identical. -nomai (s.m.) 2-3p , ift . Qao Qao (see QaoQ QaoQ). -nomai (s.m.) 2-3p, icft . QaoQ QaoQ (aj.) sky blue , aqua , -nomain (s .m.) lp , icft . turquoise (als o Qao Qao) .

-nomosai (s .m.) 2-3p , dft . QaniQ QaniQ (n. ) mosquito, gnat . -nomosain (s . m. ) lp , dft . QaniQ QaniQ kakalip (n. ) crane -nomos in (s .m. ) lp , dft . fly (Tipula sp. ). Qirik Qirik 99

QaQa (n. ) child, chi ldhood, infant. QereQ- (iv.) to die - with a bad connotation; perhaps Qarak (n.) New Guinea Eclectus better as 'to drop dead' . Parrot (Lorius roratus ). -I)et (s .m.) 2-3p , if. Qasin (�j.) bitter, sour (als o hako (N .) ; -I)eta (s .m. ) 2-3p , hetero.

biwi- Qas in oap to be bitter I)ilik I)ilikl)e (n. ) temple banda . ab ou t s.th . (Zi t. one ' a the area of movement on one 's insides become bitter). temple as one chews (also I)otuk l)otukQe). Qat Qat (n. ) New Guinea Tree Creeper (7) (Climact eris I)ilip- (n. ) tusks , also pig placeris ) . tusk used as nose piece ; antennae , horns : I)ilip Qayam (n.) tapioc a, cassava , kapapa pig tusks that curve manioc (Euphorbiaceae Jat ropha right around. esculenta) or (Manihot utilissima ) . I)il) (n. ) night, darkness: varieties : I)ayam ku ril)e, I)il)dal)e at night ; I) ayam kaokl)e, I) ayam gibal)e .

-I)ait (ace. ) with (accompaniment ): iranQait with (their) mother­ QII) tanaml)an (loc .ph.) at in-law; mi dnight (opposite of hal)) (ct. omol) ); hikQ�it I)ait isiap she cried with sobs (ct. orop) . l)iQyap (aux. ) to be dark , evening , dusk .

I)il)il) yap (aux.) to be stuffed, l)aQal) ak (aj.) stocky : 10k I)al)al)ak oap packed full - of a container ; he became a stocky man .

I)atak (n. ) hiccup, belch ; l)iQil)ak tuhu- to do or put I)atak- (o . pl'.III) -ap to hiccup : tightly : dakera l)iQiQak I)$t$knohoap I hiccupped. tuhuap he thatched the grass tightly ; -Qe I (p .m.) his , her , its (3s, p.m. ) (2nd order nominal suffix). I)il)il)ak oap to flex - of muscle , to fit tight ly - -I)e II (nomsel'):be tl)anl)e the one of clot,hing ; behind s.th . - the wall. l)il)iQak litoho- to flex -Qe III (ajsel') :balel)e bad (from muscles ; bale + Q e ). I)il)il)ak kinsap or l)il)iQ sam -I)e IV (sub .) wh o: emelak kinsap to be empty - of takaopl)e the one who came long a village (ct. kamen ). ago . Qil)oQ (n.) k. of flute: I)il)ol) -I)e V ( i ns t . ) wuanl)e puluhunom waku flut e blown under with what shall we buy it? water.

I)elelel) (n. ) locust, cicada , I)ir�k l)irik (Qe) I (aj.) sweet , cicadi dae . tasty .

Qerede l) (n. ) dog's teeth , also I)irik l)irik (l)e) II (av.) tightly: ornament made of dog 's teeth . I)irik I)irik heku� to tie tightly ; I)erek (aj.) all (also ke rek); I)irik I)i rik yap (aux. ) to be I)erehak (av.) finished, com­ overproductive - of garden pletely (als o ker ehak). produce (Zit. to be tightly packed) . 100 I)iri tik yap

pe r.-num. I)iritik yap (aux. ) to be strong, o be- (p'. m . ) n a g�- (s .'m . ) to stuck; to be late evening be respo nsible (Zit. to (7 or 8 p.m. ) ; know one 's neck: ) obel)e ki nagap she is irresponsible; I)iritikhekum strongly pe r.-num. ' constricting - of python . obe-(p .m.) tuhu- (s .n!. ) to exercise free will, to do oisirik sa-/tuhu- (aux. ) to spit s.th . voluntarily, of free between the teeth . will , willingly : gike ob egan ki takaon you didn't come I)oruk I)orukl)e (n.) cartilege - at of your own free will ; the base of the pig's brain and in the nose (cf. taon taonl)e )� den obetaek sa- to change - of adolescent 's voice (Zit. to I)oruk I)oruk ne- (aux. ) to crunch speak with the neck). in eating (also I)uruk ou ruk ne-). obo (n. ) clay; clay pot , saucepan oorik I)orikl)e (n. ) lymph glands - (also amal)); in the gr oin (also oo rikl)e). obo satl)e rim of the clay pot . ootuk I)otukl)e (n. ) temple bands , the area of movement on one 's odop I (dem.) an other - of a temple as one chews (also I)ilik different type : 10k od op me bom I) iIikoe ) ; I'll get another husband - one different from and presumab ly nem ootuk I) otukl)e (n. ) esophagus . better than the first; someb ody else: od op oa t you are someone ouruk I)uruk ne- (see o o ruk I)oruk else ; different: towatl)e odop ne- ) . oap his appearance is different.

odop II (av.) a long time : odop mansap he staye d a long time . o ogirio (av.) joyfully : og i ril) heoahom mansai they play 0- (tV.I) to do (only in ipt. ) joyfully . (see ot- ). ohorn- (n.) scrotum, testicles ; oa oa (n. ) k. of bird. ohom- kara- to castrate s.o. oal) (n. ) k. of Bower bird . ohowak (n. ) perspiration, sweat; obe- (n. ) neck (cf. egat-) (egat­ substitutes for obe- but not oh owak- (o.pr.III) -ap to vice versa) ; sweat , perspire .

obedl (aj.) accountable, res­ ok ot- (aux.) to be startled: ok ponsible, mature of re ason pato oap he was very startled. (tit. with a neck); ok- (tv.III) (N. ) to tell s.o. obel)e bia immature - reasoning , (does not occur with 3s .) irresponsible , unaccountable (also ek -). (Zit. without his neck) ; obetaek larger - of child, tree , -ok (cli tia) only (see -Sk). house ; oko- I (tv.I) (N.) to carry pick­ obel)eak (av. ) without action: a-o ack (af. soko- ). obel)eak ariap he went just thinking (Zit. he went only on ok o- II (iv.) to flee , run (only his neck); in if .) (also eke-). obe- (p.m. ) tal) tal)ak (av. ) (the p.m. exhibits concord with the okorn okorn (n. ) k. of plant s.m. of the verb ) responsibly (Melastomataceae Poikilogyne) (af. (Zit. straight necked): obeoe 10k sobo) . tal) tal)ak den sam hegeguw uap she will talk responsibly ; oronQe 101

okta - (n. ) (N. ) vein, tendon (ct. -on (s.m.) 2s , rpt. otga) . onom (n. ) k. of bird. ole ole (n. ) k. of herb - Touch-me­ not ; Snapweed (Balsaminaceae onom alipQe (aj.) best, nicest, Impatiens ) (ct. pawu t birik). most beautiful. olele- (iv.) to peep : olelem eksap onoQan (n. ) (N.) necklace , he peeped and saw it . string for net bag (also ka iput). olet (n.) k. of feas t - prepared after a communal project. oQ I (exct.) yes , affirmative (also owaQ ); 010 gilap tuhu-/sa- (aux.) to weep bitterly . oQ sa- to agree to s.th., to approve . olok kat- (aux. ) (N. ) to vomit (ct. moha t-). oQ II (n.) k. of song - sung during carrying. olotoQ ot- (aux. ) to make no reply , to ignore s.o. (rare ly doto, oQ bUQamQe k. of dance - dop dop II) . victory dance . om kela (n.) hook (also hawlk). oQowilak (n. ) k. of bird. oma (aj. ) (Kate ) without influence -op (s.m.) 3s , rpt . or authority , uninfluential, insignificant, ordinary - without opon (n. ) men 's house (also fame (ct. lama). aba (N.)); omoQ (n. ) night , darkness : omoQ opon kabukQe or opon samut oap to be ni ght ; men 's ceremonial club house, ancestral spirit omoQ tanamQan at midnight ; house;

omoQ bap oa p night came , fe ll; mi ti oponQe church.

omoQdaQe at night ; (aj.) dark ; orak (n. ) k. of tree . (aj.) black - pig colour : bau omoQ a black pig; oran (t.) (N .) yesterday , tomorrow . omoQ- (tv.III) to become dark ( ct. Q i Q); orok yap (aux. ) to re duce in size - swelling; to break omoQ yap to become dusk; down , collapse: eme lak tl rek ya orok saop long ago omoQ huhu- to go out of doors in that bridge broke down ; to the night as a thief (tit. to recede - flood waters : split the night ): wuangat bekom uwu rip orok yap the flood otma omoQ huhuat why do you waters receded. imitate a flying fo x and come in the night to steal?; orok sasaQe (aj.) slim: hak­ orok sasaQe oap to be slim; emet omoQ sawe sam oap to become twilight - of evening; hak- orok yap to be famished (tit. one 's skin reduces sen- omoQ oap to be blind; in size) ;

omoQanak morning. eme t orok yap to approach dusk (tit. the place omoQ omoQ (av.) well: omoQ omoQ ma nbom re duces , becomes smaller I will live well; productively : be with darkness settling in) . kametmune al omoQ omoQ otbuap I will plant taro and the work will be oronQe (n.) broth , residue of productive . cooked food - sweet potato, taro. omoQe as in tepQe omoQe pato large intestine . 102 orOrj

orol) (see hae oro l)). osom (n.) k. of tree . orop (ace. ) with - accomp animent : ot- (tv.I) to be: kuk oap he imil)e ala orop ar iowot he went is angry ; to do: yu ya otbi with one of his younger brothers they di d this and that ; to (tit. with one of his younger become : I b i oap she became brothers , they (du. ) went); a woman ; to happen , occur : eme lak yawu olop long ago orop yel)iak tatnoma l they will it happened like that ; to stay with you (cf. - I) a i t); me an - have the me aning of: kutl)an tatatrje oap it me ans orowak with: mun orowak with a 'rest' (tit. it me ans 'it noise, noisy ; too, also: na stayed on his name'); to act orowak I als o; like s.th.: 5050 oat you act like a dog; to tell a story: (see kigi tl)e orop) . bem denl)e otbom I will tell a story; to perform: ki rim otbl ororok ororok (av.) easily, they performed the Kirim 'smoothlY - of rolling obj ects . dance ; (als o o-/u- ipt.); orot- (reduplication of ot-): (also as an auxilliary verb bokos ok orotl)e mu ddy (from with an adj un ct as in lapu bokosok oap (it is muddy ); lapu oap it waved) ; pe r-num-tense ' ' han sait orotl)e cursed ground; ot- abol)e ot- to be answer­ ab le , responsible, account­ orotl)e (aj.) possible , accept­ ab le for one 's own acts : oat ab le ; abol)e oa t you are responsible for what you did (tit. you ki orotl)e (aj.) impossible , are the owner of wh at you unacceptable: wahap ki orotl)e did) ; something impossible; num . ' (verb in let pe re on if. ) + yu k i orotl)e oap this is not possible, this is impossible ; ot-(e .m.') to want to do s.t h.: ekbe oap he wants to see it; orotmeme (n. ) (reduplication of pe r.-num . ' ot- + me -) manner of life , (body part )-(p .m.)-h�t ot-(e:m. ) way of life , cus tom. to hurt , ache, be painful : tepnahat oan my s tomach orotok yap (aux. ) to slip down - ach es , hurts , is painful. of s.th . tied; als o of sun setting; otga- (n. ) vein, tendon , fibre , artery (also oktal)e (N.)); biwi-(p.m.) -I)e orotok yap to be disappointed (tit. insides otga tuhu- to do s.th . qui ckly , s lip down ). to go energetically (tit. to do the tendon) ; orowak (see orop). otga otgal)e fib res : pohak otga oset- (see hohet- ). otgal)e mango fibres ; osetl)an (n. ) magic clay and blood otga otgarje orop (aj.) fibrous : bath ritual - for cleansing; pohak otga otgarje orop a curative rite - involving the fibrous mango (cf. osokl)e). application of clay or blood to the individual . otgara (n.) k. of tree - rubber tree (Moraceae Ficus) (cf· os o- (tv.I) (N. ) to scoop s.th . - sigi ril), leban). ground or water (cf. hah a-). otgara saon l)e (n. ) k. of tree . osok l)e (aj. ) tough - shield , stringy - of wood which does otmu (conn.) and. not split with a clean break, fibrous -'of mango (cf. oto (n. ) (Austronesian loan ) hapak l) e) (als o osok osokl)e ). wooden trough , bowl or plat e (cf. katma bero) (also kodo (N.)). papal)e 103 owa (n. ) k. of palm grass - edible pan- (tv.I) to leave s.th., shoots (Setaria palmifolia) . s.o. , to throw s.·th .8W'ay , to release s.o. , to divorce s.o. , OWal) ( exa L) (see 01) ). to de p art from s .0. , to rid oneself of s.o. : pada kumap owo hulin (n. ) k. of palm grass - don 't drop her (lit. you edible roots (Setaria palmi foli a) . release her and it must not hit her) ; to wean : mamal)ahat owoh ern (n.) yam cultigen. nam pansap he was weaned from his mother's breast (lit. he -owot (s . m . ) 2- 3d, rpt . left his mother's breast ); (also pl li-); owuri- (iv . ) to return: owurlm ga­ to come back ; panak- to part company (not with sg. s.m .); owu rim ari- to go back (also aw i r i - ); heak pan- to exhale (lit. to th row one 's breath) ; only with reflexive pro- . (tv.I) nominal marker -ak as in to pan- to irrigate (lit. to ow u riakma osoman kapaian takaw i throw water) ; turning themselves around they came back to the vi llage of pan- (hetero. ) bia olop to Osoman . lose s.th . (lit. to put it and it disappears ): panmune bia olop I lost it ;

p pan-(hetero. ) saduk yap to slacken s.th . (lit. to put it and it becomes pliable ): pae (n. ) Pink-spotted Fruit Dove panmune saduk yap I (Ptilinopus (Sylphitreron ) slackened it ; perlatus (zonurus )). pe r.-num. bat-(p:m.) panm� me- (s .�. ) to pagam (n. ) yam cultigen . re ach (lit. to put one 's hand and hold it ). pagol) (n. ) lasso, snare , loop . pal) (n. ) barricade , fortifi� pagop (n. ) bamb oo nosepiece . cation - of a high protective fence encircling a village : pahale- (iv. ) (N.) to dawn (af. pal) sahaw i they made (lit. hal) yap). tied) a barri cade around the vi llage ( af. t i g i ); pak yap (aux.) to break, snap off - of tree . pal) yap (aux.) to be strong, determined - in getting s. pak pak (n.) k. of herb (Malvaceae th . ; Urena lob at a) . pal) sam pi lam yu mi ap he was palal) (n. ) (Pidgin for 'plank ') de termined an d took this . coffin , plank , boaid . pal) yap (aux.) to pop open , to palatak yap to be slippery (af. snap open . kik pa l atak);

palatak sasal)e (aj.) slippery ; paol) yap (aux.) to explode - pa I atak sa- to slip: IiI)ma of bamboo. palatak sam ebaken ariop he trod on it , slipped and went papal)e (n.) lengthwise piece : down below; to recover : lope papal)e bamb oo rake ; mes ik panma palatak sam yahasap he rid himself of the sickness , nak papal)e half a log ; recovered an d got up . tewe t papal)e bamb oo knife - pam (n. ) k. 'of fern (Polypodiaceae) . for cutting grass (af. godedel)) . 104 papato

papato (aj.) very large , enormous , patak yap (au�. ) to snap - of gigantic; grown up , mature : breaking wood ; to' spark - of i rak papato otbuap he hasn't fire giving off sparks : kl tlk grown up yet ; very : esenQe patak yap to snap and crackle ; peren peren papato a very pe r.-num. broad leaf (cf. pato dod a); bat-(p�m. )-an patak yer�m

papatooe (n. ) as in (10 k) pan- (i.m. ) to snap one 's papatoQe leader , very fingers ; imp ortant man ; per .-num. bat-(p�m . )-�n patak patak papatol ip- (n. ) forefath ers , an cestors . tUhU-(8.�. ) to snap one 's finger joints; papom (n. ) seaweed. patak patak yap chopping para- (tv.I, tv. III) to shake sound of heli copter (also 5.0. in greeting, to embrace pararak yap). ,5.0 ., to greet 5.0.: loum parahum adeop he went on patap (n.) sugar cane cultigen . embracing him (also (loum) magan-). pataraQ yap (au�. ) to blow up - parak parak (av.) jerki ly, in of burning wood or bamboo, to jerks ; pop (a sound .l oude r and longer than' that of kitik parak parak harutbe- I will patak) ; pull it out in jerks . kfQ pataraQ yap to crackle pararak yap (au�. ) to flap in the loudly . breeze ; also, chopping sound of helicopter rotor: pararak sam pato (aj.) large , big, roomy , gap it (helicopter) comes spacious : eme t pato tuhuwom noisily. I'll build a roomy house; many : lohibi pato muw i many pareQe (n. ) level are a, mountain people died; broad , wide: shelf, cross beam: t I rek pareQe kokore pato a broad platform; katkatQe step; giop pato a broad, wide road ; important - of people : 10k pare pare level, horizontal, pato an important man ; much , ob lique , slanted - not too: kalip pato mansat you perpendi cular ; stayed too long; (inten .) comp letely : kame n pato com­ senQe pare pare he is cros s­ pletely empty ; heroQe pato eyed, cockeyed (lit. his eyes very agreeable; are ob lique) ; pato sesegat/pato doda very sen pare ek- to peep at 5.0. , big (cf. papato); leer, ogle . 10k patoak patoak a very big pareQ (see horeQ pareQ). man ; pasak (n.) k. of tree (Pittos­ pato tuhu- to widen, make poraceae Pittos porum ramiflorum) . bigger . paset (n. ) k. of fence (cf. lop e). pawarak- (tv.I) (not with sg. s.m. ) to argue , squabble , pat (n. ) news , promise, covenant ; quarrel, wrangle with each other. patQe kuhuQe promised; pawu (n. ) k. of tree. patQe sam waQ- to promi se s.t h. , make a covenant ; pawu korok (n.) k. of herb - ginger (Zingiberaceae Horn­ fbi patQe bride price, down staedtia) . payment .' pawu pawu (n. ) wild ginger pali (n. ) shell m�ney - now (Alpinia caerulen ). worn as ornaments : pali umatoe valuab le shell pawut- (n. ) knee : pawu t- sekotoe money ; knee cap ; pe r.-num . ibiha pali bride price, pawu t- (p'.m.) -an tat-(s.'m. ) to payment (tit. shells for a squat . woman ) (af. ibi patoe).

pawut birik (n. ) k. of plant - pali bonoe (n. ) boar's tusks . Touch-me-not ; Snapweed (Balsam­

inaceae Impatiens ) (af. ole ole). pam pam yap (aux.) to flap _ wings , to fly : hekumu pam -pa (toa. ) through , by way of, out pam sam ariwuap he tied it of (see -aba for us age ). and flapping its wings it will go ; (also pabam yap); pabam yap (aux. ) (see pam pam yap). (af. bum bum sam ari-). padao yap to stick fast in s.th., panu (n.) turtle. become wedged , pinched, clasped

in s.th . (intensive form is pao - (n. ) middle of a long padadao yap it is wedged very ob ject - occasionally us ed of tightly ) . one 's waist or trunk ; pagao yap (aux. ) to sprout - out paoan (loa.ph.) overhead , of the ground (also pu luluO yap). ab ove (also haoan . hao paQan); in mi ddle age : paba (n. ) bark dish . 10k ala paoan muop a man died in middle age ; pihap (n. ) (N. ) k. of grass (Gramineae Imperata conferta) (also poiap) (af. dakera). hao paoe void, space , expanse ; pai o- (tv.I) (with -g at indicating the item searched for ) to seek , han paoan yera- to shoot into search , look for s.th.: hangat the ground - i.e. wide of paio paio mans in we live search­ the target; ing for groun d; paoe k o n o k short : pao konok -gat paioma ek- to search for aria p he went a short s .th . distance; pakuluk pakuluk liO- (aux. ) to nahat paoe konok mine is paddle in the wat er. shorter ; palam (n. ) counter-magic: hawat paoeak (av.) openly : paoeak palamoe coun ter-sorcery ; tuhuop he di d it openly ;

palam me - to perform coun ter­ den paoe central point of a sorcery; discussion, main point (see also tak paoan). pal amoe (aj.) blunt, dull - of tool; humourless; tasteless; pao pao- (tv. III) to ruffle - of inexpert - of hunter, un skill­ bird or dog : somotoe pao ful : 10k palamoe an inexpert paguap it ruffled its feathers / hun ter ; powerless : palamoeak fur ; ta t- to be feeb le , enervated; mem pao paO ku- (aux. ) to kai bat pa l amoe o t- to be shake s.th . out ; paralyt ic; mem pao pao kepe i- to twist giop pa l amoe ari- to have bad s.th . together; luck in hunting. pao paoaho- (tv.III) to shake palatak lebelak- (tv. III) to li ck itself - of pig or dog off food stuck on a plate - of shaking water out of its pigs and dogs (af. pe letek ne-). hair, of a bird taking a bath . 106 pal') kaJca lip

pal') kaka1ip (n.) k. of herb - par&k par&k (av.) swiftly ; Knotweed, Fleece-flower (Poly­ gonaceae Polygonum) (ct· parak san san (av.) hurrie dly , hetebi r)) . hastily , qui ckly : parak san san yahasap it grew pal')an kat atku (n. )' k. of shrub qui ckly . (Santalaceae Dendromyza) . parar) yap (aux. ) to be pierced, pal')e tete (n. ) wild cane purling, brok en , punctured, penetrated, as ' in tepr)e p�r)e tete. to fall out - of teeth : adap­ parar) yap to regain hearing par)iak par)iak sa- to speak in part . (lit. one 's ears are pierced) (ct. paro r)); paok yap (aux. ) to burst open - of blossom or bud; to open; n�ga naga- parar) yap to re cover from drunkenness or a fit, to tep- p�ok yap to be ar ous ed become evident , clear, to sexually (lit. one's stomach perceive s.th . (lit. one 's blossoms forth). understanding is pierced) ; pap- (tv. III) to be ignorant of kun- p�rar) yap to understand the facts : papkum kinsan I (lit. on e 's head is pierced) : don't know ; kunyer)e ki parar) yap they did not un derstand; papku gupku ot- (super l.ative): as in deng� papku gupku ot­ sa-(hetero. ) parar) samu to to speak unintelligibly, elucidate : sara parar) samu to fail to communicate; nar)e nagam hegeguwe you elucidate an d I will un der­ (desid. verb in homo.) + papku­ stand correctly; to have inability, to be inept , unable, incapable: parar) pi la- to break through - den nagawe sam papkuan I am fence , wall (ct. libaror)- ); unab le to he ar ; pe r.- h�um par�r) pi l�- to pierce with a stick;

{o. pr . II� ) - ap to be inept , mem p�rar) pi l�- to pierce by unable , incapable: nahan holding with the hands ; yahamune papnohoap I am un able to go up the tree ; pararak (av. ) immediately.

den sam papkum papkum ot- to parar&k tuhu- to zip s.th . up . speak indistinctly, inartic­ ula tely; parar&k sam gap to sprout - of hair, whiskers , tobacco, but not of garden foods . pap pap yap (aux. ) to flap in a pari (see giop pari ). breeze; paror) (see parar) ). pap pap sam kinsap to sail - of a ship. parur) as in nepa parur) ot- to become freckled; par&k pi1a- (aux. ) to shake s.th.: parak pi laksan I shake my self ; nepa parur) orotr)e freckled.

biwi- parak pi lap to fall for pasok as in huruk pasok ot- to 5.0. (lit. one 's insides are flex the knees and sway the shaken); pelv is ;

parak pi lam tat- to get up ; pas ok s�- to bend the knees - unless otherwise specified, parak sa- (aux. ) to jump up , bend down - of le ave s, or le ap to .one 's feet . of frul t ready to pick: pena 107

pasok sam hiri� huru� getat�et peke biwi�an/peke ka1ehen bending the knees you (pl. ) yard (Lit. inside the squat downl ; also to fall - of fence ). woman 's breasts when fully developed; pekgak pekgak (see pe 1ak pe 1ak).

pasok ot-/tuhu- (aux. ) to flex pe1a pe1a (aj. ) hooked - as a Jo'int - " knee , unless othe r­ the hooked beak of a wise specified: tokab I t�e cockatoo (ct. kom kom�e). pasok tuhuap he flexed his elbow; pelak pelak orot�e (aj.) flat - of s.th. made , concave : pe 1ak mem pasok tuhu- to roll up , pe 1ak haw i - (aux. ) to flatten _ by carving (also pekgak pekgak) . turn up - sleeve ; to break in half - as a twig (not a clean pe lak (n. ) k. of wood grub . break) ; pe lak mama�e (n.) Longhorned kisik pasok tuhu- to make a pup beetle (Batocera wallacei ). tent shelter . pe 1e� (n. ) firefly (also samsam); pat pa t (n.) (N.) re d clay , p ai n t . pe1e� yap (aux. ) to blink , pawawa � yap to break in half , flash off an d on : sen�e snap in two - as a twig or pe 1e� yap his eyes blink ; match is broken; to be stiff - of body parts: kadatne pawawaQ ta�ln�e pe te� pe 1e� yap the yap my back is stiff; (ct. light flashes on an d off ; do� yap , baok yap). petu pe te� pe te� yap the peak pe ak (see pe 1ak pe 1ak) . star twinkles . pegam- (n. ) wing. pe letek ne- (aux. ) to lick s.th. pe r.-num. pegap (n. ) yam cultigen .

pek yap (aux. ) to snap loose: use hipa�e pek yap the scab came pen yap (aux. ) to spread: den loose; to de tach , collapse; pen yap the word is spreading; pe r.-num . (also pen pe n yap); kai-(p.�.) kum pek tuhu-(o.pr. I) to trip s.o.: ka iye�e kum pek pen pen yap (aux. ) to be tuhuyekbom I will trip them denude d of vegetation - of ( li t. hitting legs and detach road , village square (Lit. them) • the clear area has spread out , become larger) ; pek pek ot- (aux . ) to argue against s.th .: den sam pek pe k oai they pen pen tuhu- I (aux.) to are arguing against one anothe r; stretch work : nep ya pen pen tuhuap he stret ched nekam- (p.m.)-an pek pek ot- or that Job. sa 1an pek pek ot- to ridicule , deride. pen pen (n. ) children 's game of stomping ; peka peka (aj. ) oval-shaped. pen pen tuhu- II to stomp . pekat- (n. ) thumb nail, fingernai l, corn or bamb oo husks , sheath of pen pen yap (see pen yap). a stem - banana or taro: be pekat�e/manam pekat�e - us ed pena-(b.pr. ) - to Join oneself to for a target . s.o. (als o peno- (b . pr. )-); peke (n. ) fence made of wild penag iak- to meet together sugar cane stalks stood verti­ (not with sg. s.m.): to be cally in the ground (also ove rgrown , to close up , to daman (N. )); grow together - of vegetation cove ring a trail; 108 peno

penag iak penag iak (n .) a meeting : pet (n.) bark loin�loth , tapa, penag iak penag iak otdom we will bark cloth ; also k. of tree; meet . peno- ( see pena-(b.pr. )-). pet ku lem emetQe gaol (Zit. pep pep yah�- (aux.) as in loum house of the marked loin­ pep pep yaha- to clamber up cloth ) ; s.th . - usually of animals fleeing up a tree . pet sariQe back flap of loin­ cloth ( also sopoga) (cf. pepa aba Qe (n.) ( from Pidgin ) buda). school (Zit. paper house ) . pete- (tv.I) to remove from perak (n .) lie, deception; s.th . - pit, pot , tin;

perak perak (aj.) false - um petem waQ- to serve food. perhaps ineffectual : pe rak perik hawa t false blessings . petelek pila- (aux. ) to flatten the pig - after the entrails perede Q yap (aux.) to spread out ; are removed and the ribs cut along the backb one , the pig (homo. ) + peredeQ tuhu-/peredeQ is turned right side up an d pi la- to spread s.th. ou t - pressed flat to break the a pile of potatoes , to spread ribs free. out flat - a curled length of bamboo; petu (n.) star ( also pit u (N.)). pe r.-num . bat-(p.�.) peredeQ tuhu- (8�m. ) pewak (pewak ) (av.) more : pewak to unclench fist (Zit. spread pewak nihi give me more . hand open ) ; pidi Q yap (aux. ) to hop - of a baok sam peredeQ yap to bloom, flea, gras shopper. blossom, flower . pidi Q pidi Q tuhu-/ot- (aux. ) to peren peren (aj.) broad and flat - sway the pelvis back and of leaves. forth - of dancing women . perereQ yap (aux. ) to display tail - pidit- (tv.I) to root - of a of bird , to open - of leaves ( cf . pig ( als o tomotQe tuhu-); to peredeQ yap). open a box; peru (n. ) k. of worm - eats corn pidi lak- to escape from a and wild sugar cane . container : wekeQe sumaba pidi lakma ariap his spirit pesuk yap (aux. ) to be finished ; escaped from the grave and went aw ay . (homo. ) + pesuk pi la- to finish , complete an action, to do s.th., pigi (n. ) qui lls ; bamboo eating completely , th oroughly: yapan spike ( also ke le, kike t). yongom pesuk pi 1 aQe ta when they had finished killing the pigira (n. ) anteater ( Tachy­ Japanese ... .. (cf. me te); glossus aculeatus ) (Zit. with qui lls ) . sagum pu luhum pesuk pi lawi they bought al l the clothing ; pik yap (aux.) to be full ;

nagam p e s uk P i 1 a p he know sit pik pato overfull, too full. thoroughly ; pila- ( see pila-). pesuk sa-(b.pr. )- to finish the matter for s.o. : pes uk pilaQ- (tv.III) to tease s.o. , sanitkiwuap he will finish to withhold s.th . from s.o. the matter for us ( du. ) ; pi la- (tv .I) to throw, let go, biwi- pesuk 9ap to be satisfied. cast: han pi laminiop he used to throw the ground - in magi c ritual ;

•. porn porn yap 109

senl)e pi lilm eksap he cast his pitoho (n. ) flea. eyes and looked; to leave , depart from: Se lepet kapai pitu (n. ) (N.) star (cf. petu). pi lam Wap ar iop he left Selepet village and went to piu kopal)e (n.) New Guinea log­ Wap ; to release, dismiss: runner (Orthonyx novaeguineae ). pi lanenekl)etli they re leased us , le ft US ; to rid oneself piu piu (n.) Mangrove Heron of s.th.; to shine: lal) lnl) e (Butorides striatus (littleri» pi lap the light shone (als o ( als a pip i u) . pan- ); piwiwi l) yap (aux. ) to hop, mem pi la- to open s.th . - a bounce : piwiwil) sam ariap it door; hopped/bounced away ; to cramp : tepne plwlwil) yap my stomach pi lak- (not with sg. s.m. ) to cramps up (Zit. my stomach divorce one an other, to bounces) . separate from each other, to part company ; piwot (n. ) k. of vine - us ed for rope (cf. mo t (N.» me m uk p i 1 a - ta li f t s.t h . , raise s.th .; piwot piwot (aj. ) peppercorn , tousled, snarled: somot den pi la- to send a me ssage , piwot piwot peppercorn hair - word ; to disobey ; of uncut an d un combed hair.

den pi 1.1 pi la (n. ) disobedience . po I (excZ. ) expression used wh en shooting in war to cause pilik/pilikarn (n.) k. of tree the enemy to fe ar . (Ochnaceae Schuurmansia) . po II (n.) hunger, famine : po pirn (n. ) k. of wild sugar cane . pato te teop there was a gre at famine ; pin pin (n.) burrow . poangen ariop it went to a pipiu (see piu piu). place of famine ; piri- (tv.I) to wash , clean, wipe po wal)- (tv.II) to be hungry up s.th.; to baptize (also (Zit. it gives hunger to puri- (N. » ; • s.o. ): pa n i n g i a p we ar e hungry ; pi riak- to wash oneself, bathe . po ot- to be hungry ; pirik pirik as in me te pirik pirik ot- to fool around, mi sbehave . (poak) poak ma n- to fast , live in hun ger . pirik (l)e) pirikl)e weak end of breast bone . poaia (n.) (from Sio? ) crocodile . piril) piril) yap (aux. ) to squirm - podo podo (n. ) platform, porch , of worm. veranda: podo ga rew i they made (Zit. sewed) a platform. piru piru (n. ) k. of bird. pohak (n. ) mango (Anacardiaceae pisirik pisirik yap (aux. ) to Mangifera indica) (cf. kil lil) squirt . (N. » . piti- (tv.I) to clear the are a - poi (n.) (N. ) chicken (cf. pui ). of weeds , to weed : kap i pitlap he weeds the coffee . poiap (see paiap) . pitik pi larn ga-/yShS- to clamber , pokon (n. ) puddle in a tree climb - a ladde r. crevice . pitiri l) (see um pitiril) . porn porn yap I (aux.) to fly - of flying fox .- pito taret (n.) Black-throated Fan­ tail (Rhipidura leucothorax) ( als a t i 01) t i 01)) • 110 porn porn yap porn porn yap II (aux. ) to rot , to PUI) pUI) (n. ) k. of herb - be soft , weak - of dead wood . Parsley family (Umbe lliferae (Oenanthe javinica)). Pororn (n.) an cestral cult figure (als o Li3p io). pup (n. ) stranger, soj ourner . porol)a (n.) pudding : dabia porol)a pupu (n. ) stretcher (also sago p�ddinl; grease: be porol)a ke g e l) , kel) kel) , ga r et) . taro grease - slimy residue; oil: yalom porol)a coconut oil. puri- (tv.I) (N. ) to wash, clean, wipe up s.th . (cf. pot- (n. ) co-wife. pi r i -) . potok yap (aux. ) to van ish , dis­ purik sa- to turn around, do appear - of moon , to fall out - an ab out face ; of children 's first teeth . purik pi la- to turn oneself poton- (n.) tusks ; point, tip: around; hame- potonl)e tip of nose; mem purik purik tuhu- to han potonl)e peninsula - forming swing s.th. in a circular bay or harb our; motion , to twirl s.th.;

saru potonl)e beach ; pur�k gurik sa- (aux. ) to , translate ; lau- potonl)e lips ; portion , part : emesenl)e potonl)e portion purik gurik ot- to roll over , of the moon , quart er moon ; wallow (cf. me lol)ak-);

den potonl)e point , mean ing or purik gurik ek- to examine moral of a story. s.th. by turn ing it; pudul) yap (aux. ) to ignite - of biwi - purik yap to change smouldering fire . one 's mind, to repent, to come to one 's senses (Lit. pudul) pudul) yap (aux. ) to puls ate - one 's insides turned); of blood ,to occur repeatedly (also hirik hirik yap); biwi - mem purik tuhu- to convert s .0. (Lit. to turn tep- pudul) pudul) yap to eagerly s.o.' s insides ); anticipate s.th . (Lit. one 's stomach pulsates ). puriri rik yap (aux. ) to revolve , rotate , spin. pui (n. ) chicken (cf. gokorok ) (also poi (N. )); puriririk yap (see purik sa-).

pui 10k roos ter; pui ibi hen . puritil)e (n. ) living skins of banana palm trunk - used as pukutuk yap (aux.) to fade , medi cine to wrap headaches become stained. (cf. sapu tepl)e). pu1uhu- (tv.I) to trade , to buy , puru (n.) bunch - nuts , seeds , to sell. cluster : kOI) puru pato a big cluster of bete lnuts ; pululul) yap (aux.) to sprout out of the ground (also pagal) yap). puruaho- (tv,III) to form clusters, bunches . pu1urn (n.) k. of rodent. pururuk yap (aux. ) to start - purn (n.) (N.) ridge pole (cf. giba). of a bird that suddenly flies up ; purnl)e (n. ) (N. ) mount ain , knoll , hill (cf. gibal)e). pururuk pururuk yap (aux. ) to flutter. purnu1ak (n. ) , Golden Eell Frog (Hyla aure a 'aur ea) . sait III

pururuQ pururuQ tuhu- (aux. ) to pulve rise s.th .: han kus i tma s pururuQ pururuQ tuhuan I crushed and pulverised the gr ound ; saban (n. ) k. of tree (Ulmaceae Trema) . pu r u r u Q pur u r u Q 0 t - (aux .) to become pulverised. sabanQe (n. ) pancreas (also golanQe). purut (n. ) k. of orchid (orchid­ aceae ) (cr. kabum . manam manam. sabalili (n.) Pacific Island abam. hibit ho i b it) . Swallow (Hi rundo tahitica) . putuk yap I (aux. ) to collapse, sabe (aj.) many , plenty : fall down . sabeangen to a place of plenty ; putuk yap II (aux. ) to puff - of as cending smoke , to billow : sabe sabe ot- to become o utun yaQe putuk sam yahaop plenteous ; the smoke billowed an d went up . sabe sesegat ot- to be in putun (n .) k. of tree . excess ;

sabe kigl tQe o r op (aj.) excessive . R sabon- (n.) SbSpSb .

-ra I (ajser.) (see -da) (follows sado- (n.) (Komba) urine ; vowels ) . sado- (tV. III) to urinate; -ra II (s .m.) 2s , hetero. (follows vowels ) . elem sadoQe mist .

-ra III (assoc. ) with (usually with sadom- (tv.III) to worry (in -ek 'only' as in itaraek with a Komba, Zit. to urinate and net bag (follows vowels ). hit oneself ): only with reflexive o.pr. as in -re (s .m. ) Id , if. (follows sadomahoan I am worried. vowels ). saha- (tv.I) (see saha- ). -re sam (s . m.) d u, des i d. (f0 11ow s vowels ) . sahagi- (tv. II) (only with pl. s.m. ) (perhaps from saha- + -rom (s .m.) Id, ift . (follows -agi to tie the talk for one vowels ). an other) to discuss, to be in a tumult : den sahagiai they -romawot (s .m. ) 2-3d, ift . (rare ly di s cuss the matter . 2-3d, icft.) (follows vowels ). -sai (s .m. ) 2-3p, ipt . (follows -romait (s.m. ) Id , icft . (follows consonants) . vowels ) . -sain (s.m. ) Ip , ipt . (follows -romaiwot (s .m. ) 2-3d, icft . consonants ) (also -sin). (fo llows vowels ). saipe (n.) (from German through -romosait (s.m.) Id, dft . (follows Kate) soap : saipe tupiQe soap vowels ) . flakes .

-romosit (s .m.) Id, dft . (follows sairoQ (n. ) k. of edible herb - vowels ) . Mus tard family (Cruciferae?) (cr. kumu). -romos awot (s.m.) 2-3d, dft . (follows vowels ). sait (n. ) garden curse - used against thieves , k. of sorcery - preventive magi c; 112 -sai t

sait ba le�e poison; samu t sa- to forbid - verbally ; sai t�e me - to work preventive magic - to neutralise bad samut kuhu 10k law breaker - effects of 5.0.'5 ghost; male , criminal .

ibi sai t�e love magi c; san (av.) illegitimately ;

han sa i t (orot�e) cursed naom san me - to have an ground. illegitimate child , have a child illegitimate ly ; -sait (s.m.) ld , ipt . (follows consonan ts) (also -sit). san meme �e (aj. ) bastard, illegitimate . saiwe (n.) k. of tree (Moraceae Ficus ) . -san (s .m.) 15 , ipt. (follows consonants ) . sak (n.) sand, grave l. sa� yap (aux. ) to dry up , to sakala (n. ) adze , the stone blade evaporate - of liquids only , used in an adze . to ceas e - of rain; sakuwo� (n.) 50ft white stone - sa�i� (n. ) lemon . li me 5 t on e? saok (n. ) k. of banana. salada� yap (aux. ) to flake off, to chip off; saok�e as in siak saok�e k. of hai rcut . sa lada� pan- (aux. ) to chip 5 . th . off . -sap (s.m.) 35 , ipt . (follows consonants ) . sala� as in kum si� sala� tuhu­ to ch ip s.th . sapa (n. ) k. of wild sugar cane - leaves are us ed in covering salek (n .) clean; not taboo: kesu� menstrual pit (Gramineae salek clean frog; Polytoca) .

lohibi biwiye�e salek sa lek sapu tep�e (n. ) de ad skins of mansai the adult s' hearts are banana palm trunk - used pure ; to wrap things so they don 't mould (Gramineae , presumab ly salek alip�e very clean; Saccarum edule ) (af. puriti�e).

(see koko salek . hako salek) . sare �e (n. ) neck feathers - of chicken. sali (n. ) k. of tree - Blueberry , Cr anberry fami ly (Ericaceae saru I (n.) salt water , sea, Vaccinium) . ocean ; salup (n.) k. of edible fern {also saru den coastal language k iwe (N.)). (Melanesian) (als o tabale den); salup karik�e k. of fern . saru gin�e sea coast (Zit. sea's edge) ; salup salup (n. ) k. of inedible tree fern . saru sat�e sea coast (Zit. sp.a's teeth); samut (n. ) law, taboo: opon samut men 's ceremonial club house, saru kawe t�e sea food ; an cestral spirit house; saru mes ik malaria. samut ku-/hola�- to be criminal: otma samut ku -/hola�- to do saru II (n.) k. of pandanus . s.th . illegal; saru III (n.) k. of cat's samu t kat- to forbid; cradle . saduk 113

sase (n.) (Kate) lust for s.o. , (Indep . Cl. with final verb in desire for s.th. : sese ekma olop pe r.-num. he lusted after her {cf. ekl)ale); 1st per: if. ) + sam ot- (s. m' .) to want to do s.th. , to be palihat sasel)e oa p he desired ab out to do s.th.: nebe sam shell money . oan I want to eat;

-sat (s .m.) 25 , ipt . (follows nebe sam oap he wants to eat; cons onants ) . mube sam oan I am ab out to sau- (tv.I) to light a fire , die ; kindle s.th., set fire to s.th . mube sam oap he was ab out to -sawot (s .m.) 2- 3d , ipt . (follows die ; consonants) . Indep . Cl . /(hetero. ) + sam ot­ sawuwu (n.) (Sio? ) ship's sail. (no concord) to think s.th . happened which di d not: kuap sa- (tv.I) (only with 3s , o.pr. ) sam oan/kumu sam oan I to speak, say; to pronoun ce s.o. thought she fell down ; to be s .th.: sOl)al) sam ka tyeks i n pronoun cing them to be leaders sa-(b.pr. )- to urge s.o.: we appoint ed them; (als o de- (N.) wu angat sanihiat why do (also y- in ipt.) (also as an you urge me ? auxi lliary verb with an adjun ct ): hurudul) sa- to retreat ; saham (n.) k. of smal� thick banan a. sa s a (n . ) s pe ak i n g ; sabui- (tv.I) to deny s.th.: sasal)e (aj.) spok en; sabuiaksawot they both denied it �o each other. -gat den sasal)e to be res erved , spoken for : sagum yukat den saduk (n.) peace ; shady or cool sasal)e the materi al is spoken place : saduk saek let pe ace for; come ;

sam saduk tuhu- (tv.I) to persuade sadukl)an kat put it in the s. o. ; shade ; (av. ) loosely : saduk gus i wi t hey s t run g (t he bow) patl)e sam wal)- to promise s.o. ; loosely ;

nekam- (p .m.) -an sa- to accuse s.o. ; sadukl)e (aj.) tame , cool , soft , limp , pliable , slack ; sam kupek- to finish talking , conc lude ; saduk sa- (aux. ) to ab ate - of an earthquake ; to be tame ; sam purik sa- to change the story, cool; soft , limp,pliable - alter the facts , fabri cate ; of 11 z ar d ski n: bus em h a k I) e toen katmune saduk yap I sam pato tuhu- to exaggerate , brag; put the lizard skin in water an d it became pliable ; slack : sam tetehe-/tete- to reveal , busem hakl)e saduk sam gap confess s.th. , to inform ; the li zard skin has become slack ; topl)e sam tete- to explain; saduk o a p to subside - of sam hi Iip- to speak indistinctly; fever ;

sam ge kat kat ot- to ridi cule sam saduk tuhu- to persuade ; 5 .0. ; den sadukl)e sa- to assuage , sam kusan- (b . pr. ) - to remind s.o. mitigate , make pe ace ove r­ of s.th .; tures , to ab ate ;

sam kusan- to tell s.th . new; pan-(hetero. ) saduk yap to slacken s.th .: panmune saduk yap I released it an d it became slack ; mem saduk�e tuhu- to pacify , salihaho- ( see salik-). allevi ate, subdue ; saligap (n. ) k. of fly. h;me- (m ete-) saduk yap to enter puberty : hame�e (mete�e) saduk salik- (tv.III) to count , sort , yap he has entered puberty - a choose, read , me asure ; stage of growth following the loss of young face hair but salikum me- to select ; pre cedi ng whisker growth . During this stage the pores saliwaho- / sal i haho- (tv.III) clog and become black (lit. his to separate - not with sg. nose ( face ) has cooled down) ; s.m. , to di sperse, to spread out , to deve lop - of a mass tep- saduk sam 10hot�e oap to taking shape . calm down after being angry (lit. one 's stomach cools do."n sam ot- ( see sa-). and becomes weak ) ; sam sam (n.) firefly ( als o saduk sad uk�e (aj. ) feeble , flex­ pe 1 e�) . ible , pliable: 10k saduk saduk�e a feeble man ; sam sam gib��e (n. ) Saruwaged Mountain Range. saduk�e kat-(b.pr. ) - to calm s.o.: den 10hot�e sam saduk�e san san sa- (aux. ) to quiver. katy ingi a p he spoke soothing to shiver - from cold (cf. words an d calme d them. kara� kara �); sagum (n. ) clothes , apparel: sagum den san san sa- to babb le . i p�e belt . sanak (n.) k. of tree ( Podocarp­ saha- (tv.I) to tie , bandage , bind, aceae Podoc arpus neriifolius ) . bui ld - by tying . sa� sa� I (n .) k. of pandanus . sahan�e (aj.) watery , spoiled - of potato, squash, sweet potato, sa� sa� yap I (aux. ) to flare up : taro, yam; balam sem sa� sa� yap the flame burned and flared up . sahan�e ot- to become spoiled , et c. sa� sa� yap II (aux. ) to sting. smart , ferment. sahate- (tv.I) to make a knot , to tie a knot . sa� sa� ya p III (aux.) to boil over. overflow - in cooking; sahawet (n. ) k. of tree . to drip down - pig gre ase. saiwap (excL ) ( from Komb a ) thank sa�sa�e (n .) (N. ) fat (cf. you. ke lu�e) . sakin�e (n.) k. of insect . sap (n. ) time: sap nobot�an ( loc . ph . ) sometimes (lit. at some sakok (n.) chayote, vegetable time ) ; pe ar , christophine. saxsalik (n. ) footstalk - of bamboo; sap girawuan when. at which time? ; den saksalik lawi t- (aux. ) to mistell s.th., to misinterpret, sap oap it is time (cf. yop misconstrue , mistranslate (lit. (N. )); he cut the footstalks of the talk ) . sap kat-/s ap�e sam kat- to mark a time , set a time , fix a time; sawa 115

sap konok (av.) suddenly (als o sat- tik sarje/sat i rike hilam konok ); i rikerje (aj. ) buck­ toothed; sap konohak (av.) unexpectedly; 5 a t - i r ike i r ike 0 ap t 0 have sap ka lip oap it is getting late buck teeth (lit. one 's (Ht. the time is long ). teeth protrude) ; sapa sapa ot- (aux. ) to become nep satrje centre of a circular gummy , slimy, tacky , pliable ­ garden plot ; of clay . 10k satrje man killer, de adly saraka (n. ) (N.) comb (af. wapo) . to man ( als 0 10k a i rje) . sari (n. ) k. of pandanus ; als o k. satrje eme trje k. of sorcery; of skirt made from this tree (af. sedederj ). satrje he rorje (aj.) pleas�nt personality ; sarik- (tv . III) to scold , reprove , castigate , chastise s.o. (als o sat-(p.m. ) -an 10u- to ob ey baha ku- ). s.o. (lit. to carry on s.o. 's teeth); sarik sa- (aux. ) to scold: den sarik yap he scolded (lit. he sat-(p.m.) -an me- to answer spoke scolding words ). back to- s.o. (Ht. to hold at s.o.'s teeth) ; sasarje (aj.) claimed, spoken for : han sasarje the ground which was satrje kat-/satrje daka- to spoken for , claime d. (Adjectives sharpen (lit. to put/ rub are derived from aux ili ary verbs its teeth) ; as follows : ad junct plus optional r; duplication o ! aux� l� ary root satrje oap it pains - of sun sa- plus -rje: baok sasarje or burn ; (with ek-(hetero. ) + baok sarje broken , from baok yap satrje oap to be terrible , to break) . marve llous , astonishing, incredib le , amazing: ekmune sasiliprjeak kinsap it is le afless . satrje oap I saw it and it was terrible ; sasuk me- (aux. ) to finish s.th ., put an end to s.th . - an ger, dew uta 5 a t rj e p i 1 ap t h e sun conve rsation , an emotional state; burns , shines brightly (Zit. to stop s.th .: den karam sasuk the sun throws its teeth) ; mi a p he stopped the conve rs ation. salan pek pek ot- to ridicule , sat- (n. ) tooth - non-molars , de ride (see pek pek ot-). thorn ; edge , precipice: saru satrje sea coast (lit. sea' s satbi (n. ) tadp ole after meta­ teeth ); morphos is has begun - this is considered edib le where as sat- hewewerj (aj. ) talkative , the 1 e b ole b 0 is not . fluent , eloquent (Ht. light teeth); satgat (aau. ph.) order (Zit. for the teeth ) as in nahat sat- umatrje (aj. ) untalk ative , satgat otbuap it will happen not eloquent , not fluent (lit. at my orders . heavy teeth); satguhu (n. ) k. of pandanus . satrje bia (aj.) du ll , toothless (Ht. without teeth) ; sawa (n.) k. of tree - Yellow Oleander (Apocynaceae Cerbera satrje orop (aj. ) sharp , painful , (nereifolia? )); als o, glue , dangerous , de adly , thorny adhesive , natural resin from (Ht. with teeth ); this tree (af. hipa);

satrje balene (aj.) very painful, hot , etc.; 116 sawae

sawae- (iv.) to heal. se1aQ se1aQ (aj.) albinic, pale , colourless, pastel , without sawaQe (n.) juncture , fork : giop pigment : hakQe selaQ selaQ sawaQan at the juncture , fork albinic skin. in the road (also giop ahoakQan). se1e- (tv. I) to tap out s.th. , to knock out s.th. - out of a se- (tv.I) to cook s.th . - narrow container (af. toke-). usually u- (hetero.) siap: bau ala uQeta siap they cooked a se1ep (n. ) tempo rary house for pig (lit. they cooked it and it storing firewood, shelt er - cooked) ; to burn s.o.: segekmap hut ; careful , it might burn you; to burn s.th . up : opon ya yahap tep selepQe toi let ; yahap saum katQeta semu they set the men's hous es on fire mi ti selepQe church . an d they burned up ; to burn : ba lam siap the torch burns ; selep horat (n.) k. of herb to cook: ki semi niop golaek (Maranthaceae Donax) . kinmi niop it didn't cook ; it remained raw - in performing seloQ I (n. ) rat . the divination um ehek. seloQ II k. of cat's cradle . sedede Q (n. ) as in sari sededeQ k. of skirt . selum selum (n.) k. of tree (Leguminos ae Ab arema seduk (aj.) crazy , mad , insane , sapindoides) . imbecile: 10k seduk a crazy man ; peculiar , strange , foolish: semagu- (see sim agu-). 10k seduk seduk a pe culiar man ; ( als 0 siduk (N . ) ) . sen- I (n. ) lineage , heritage ;

seduk baneara (n. ) evil spirits , sen- kuriQ kuriQ (jest) one 's malevolent bush spirits (cf · bad heritage (usually in 10k tikQe) . the form : senge kuriQ kuriQ your heritage , an cestry is sega sega (n. ) k. of tree. common - not noble ;

sego (n. ) corn : sego wahapQe corn sen kuri Q ku riQ ot- (au:r:. ) to hull; be unproductive, valueless (opp . koko salek salek); sego hakQe/sego pekatQe corn husk; (also sehoQ (N. )). (see als o top sen).

segum (n.) sweet potato cultigen . sen- II (n. ) eye, knot - in wood, joint - in bamboo, button : sehe (n. ) (from German ) saw. sen- emetQe eyelid;

seho1am (n. ) k. of mushroom. sen- emetQe somotQe eyelash ;

sehOQ (n. ) (N. ) corn (cf. seg o) . sen- kehetQe eyeball;

sehut (n.) k. of arrow point with sen- kaokQe the white part of four bamb oo points - used for the eye ; pigs an d birds (also ki lik). sen- omoQe pupil of eye ; seka seka (n. ) small palm leaf per. -num . basket . sen-(p . m. ) h�me-(p.m. ) one 's face (also kuden-); sekot (n. ) oyster shell (1) (cf· nebeQ ). sen- kubutQe eye socket ;

sekotQe (n. ) funny bone: nekam­ sen- tebeQe super-orbital sekotQe mandible; ri dge ;

pawut- sekotQe kneecap. to senQe spri ng , headwaters (lit. wat er's eye) (cf· to titipa) ; sesegat 117

sen- ai 101) ai 101) oap to flinch ; sen- utunguap/sen- utun oap to become blind from cataracts sen ba le bale ek- to glare at (1.it. one 's eyes become s.o. (Zit. to look at s.o. smoky ) ; with ey e badness ) ; sen-(p.m. ) -an yap to talk sen bi rik ku-/ot- to be uncon­ ab out s.th . in front of s.o. scious, to faint ; ( 1.it. to s peak at s. o. ' s eyes ) . sen bi rik orotl)e (aj.) uncon- sci ous ; sen kangu (n. ) k. of herb ( Compositae Bidens pilosa) . sen- bok yap/sen- omol) oap to become blind (Zit. on e 's sen kuril) (n. ) k. of plant . eyes are stopped up or dark) ; senal)ai (n. ) k. of tree . sen- (p.m.)-an ge- to taunt, j eer, mock s.o. (Zit. come down on senl)e alala (n.) many kinds of s . o. ' s ey es ) ; things , everything, all other things - in the class of those sen gin gin ek- to peep at 5.0. , under consideration: senl)e leer, ogle (Zit. to look with alala konok manb i they had all eyes on an edge) ; their things in common . sen- gola oap to stay aw ake ; senl)e kaura (n. ) Sub-bridled Honey-sucker ( Caligaris sen iholok ek- to look ab out , subfrenata) . to let one 's eyes wande r (Zit. to look with scattered eyes ) ; sepa (n. ) prawn .

sen kangu- to stare (Zit. to sera (n. ) feast of rememb rance , spear the eye ) ; mourning .

sen- karikl)e oap to be unso­ sere- (tv.I ) to char , bake dry , ciable (Zit. one 's ey es are burn deeply ( also utere- , strong) ; uteri- (N. )).

sen kon ok ek- to be unhelpful serek serek ot- (aux. ) to not (Zit. to look at s.th . with soun d well, to not soun d only the eyes ) ( also sen loudly - of a drum: wagam konohik kat- to watch Jnly - serek serek oap the drum not work) ; doesn't soun d well ( opp . toal) toal) ); sen konok ehekl)e (aj.) unhelpful ; egat- serek serek oap to be sen- mu l ik mu lik oap to be pop­ hoars e. eyed (Zit. one 's ey es bulge out ) ; sererel) yap (aux. ) to ring - of telephone . senl)e oap/teteap the sore came to a head (Zit. the ey e seri- ( see sere-) . appeared) ; seru (n. ) dry season wind ( also senl)e orop orop (aj.) segmented - berum) (cf. yabu). of bamboo; sese- (n. ) grandfather, grand­ sen- purik yap to glance aw ay , daughter, grands on , grandchild; look aw ay (Zit. one 's eyes PaFa and any other male of the turn ) ; grandp arental generation ; ChCh ( m.s.) , any other relative of sen- sim agum simagum oap to the second descending generation squint ; ( m. s.) ;

sen-(p.m. ) -an tuhu- to entice , sese buwu (n.) grandparents . tempt , allure s.o. (Zit. to do on s.o. 's ey es ) ; sesegat (aj.) plenty ( also bawak). ll8 seset seset (n. ) k. of plant - Nettle sigi sigi (aj. , av .) on an fami ly {Urticaceae}. angle , di agona lly , not perpendi cular or horizontal : setum setum (n. ) k. of multi­ 5 1 9 i 5 I 9 ita pit is on an coloured butterfly . angle {cr. pare pare}. sewor) (n. ) (N.) corn {rare us age } sigir)e (n.) its arch . (cr. sego, sehor)}. sigirir) (n.) k. of rubber si- {see se-}. tree {cr. otgar;3 an d leban}. siak ware (n. ) k. of herb . sigok (n. ) k. of insect . siam (n. ) Rosenberg's Honey­ sihan (aj. , av. ) young , sucker {Myzomela rosenbergii}. unmarried, in youth : 10k ala slhan muop a man died siam ape tr)e (n.) Black Honey­ in his youth ; sucker {Myzomela nigrita} . wan sihan virgin; s i Sk saok r)e (n.) k. of haircut . sihan tat- to remai n youthful. sibarok (n. ) k. of beetle . sik (n. ) k. of wood grub . sibigi (n. ) yam cultigen . sik sik (n. ) katydid. sibor) sibor) (aj.) oi ly : to slbor) slbor) oily water. sik sik yap I (aux. ) to draw an other's at tention to s.th. , sibu (n. ) (N. ) k. of herb {cr. to at tract . kore } . sik sik yap II to develop , grow - sidir) (n. ) k. of sm all green or produce : hero he ro sik slk gras shopper - it is said that yap garden produce grows up it will metamorphose to an well. es or). sik seruruk (n. ) k. of small siduk (aj.) (N.) crazy {see black an d white bird. seduk}. sikoko ku- (aux.) to sail s.th. siep apetr)e (n. ) Grey-headed in the ai r - a game in whi ch Honey sucker {Gly cichaera a small piece of clay is poliocephala} . shaped like a saucer by pressing on the knee cap and then siep siep (n. ) Long-plumed False sailed through the air. Sun-bird {Taxorhamphus iliolophus } . sikop (n. ) (N .) sun {cr. dewuta} . (also maha {N.}}. sigap (n. ) {from the name 'Singapore '} Chinese taro - sikotor) (n. ) Pied Fri lled Arum family {cr. be}. Monarch {Ars es Telescoph­ thalmus } . siga siga (n. ) k. of tree. siku (n. ) k. of herb - root sige (n. ) k. of dance. yields Tu meric, used like ginger for aromatic purpos es sigi (n. ) result or evidence {Zingiberace ae Curcuma longa} of a curse or dis favour of the {als o suku}. an c est0 r s; her it age: s 1 9 1 r) e baler)e a bad heritage {als o sili mi li (n. ) k. of battle topr)e baler)e}; club .

slgl oap it is as a res ult or silikganr)e (n. ) splinter, evidence of strong an cestral sliver: nak sl likganr)e woqd disfavour ; splinter.

sigi kat- to put un de r a taboo, silili ot- (aux. ) to swing. to forbid. sisiloko 119

sili li� yap I (aux. ) to spli t - si� salala� giap (aux. ) to of bamboo. sprinkle down - of water falling from a shower silili� yap II (aux. ) to sag - of bucket . rope , waist band, loincloth (also hololo� oap). si� sala� (n. ) cutting stone (also si li� sala�). sili� (n. ) fat - in pore s of the skin. si� sala� as in kum si� sala� tuhu- to chip s.th . off . sili� sala� (n. ) cutting stone (also si�sala�) . si� sao� (n.) New Guinea Babbler (Garri tornis isidori ). siliwak (n. ) k. of fern (Pteris) (ct. ha�olo�) . si� sawawa� yap (aux.) to become brittle - of vine , to break ; si lolo� yap (aux. ) to swing by the tail. butuk ya�e si� sawawa� oap that vine has become brittle ; siluk (n. ) k. of small li zard (also suluk). asamaho si� sawawa� saop the war club s broke . silum silum (n. ) k. of shrub (Myrtaceae Eugeni a) . si� se lb� (n. ) village rat, mouse . simagu- to close: senge yu simagu close th is eye of yours I (also si� si� (aj. ) little - of rain: semagu-); ge lak si�si� mist ;

sen- simagum sim agum oap si� si� gia p it drizzles (als o to squint . SUI) su�). simin (n. ) second product ion - si� si� sal) sa� yap (aux. ) to whi ch appears in an ab andoned ooze out - of grease or oil garden: ham simin�e oap the oozing from meat . pandanus are again productive . si�in�e pilap (aux. ) the odour , simin�e (aj.) (see simi n simin). the smell of s.th . cooking is evident . simin simin (aj. ) slender , slim, stunted, runty - specify to sipap- (tv. III) to make a slip what it applies , dw arfed , knot . slight - of bui ld , withered: 10k simin simin�e a young sipek (n.) k. of climbing shrub slender man : sego simin simi n�e (Lili ace ae Rhipogonum) . withered corn (als o simin� e). sirik sa- (aux.) (from Komb a) sin kopa�e (n. ) White-spotted to retreat , with draw (also Fly-robin (Plesiodryas alb ono­ dai akma ari-). tata (corre cta) ). siriwu (see sisiwu) . -sin (s.m. ) lp , ipt. (follows consonants) (als o -sain). siromot (n. ) hill for yams ; ant house ; lower part of a dance sins in yap (aux. ) to break out in hat; incubator - nest of gooseflesh: hak- sinsin yapl forest hen (ct. he re). somot- horat�e slnsin yap to have gooseflesh . sisi me sik (n.) sickness. si� salada� yap (aux. ) to shatter - sisik- (tv. III) to cradle and of stone : kum si� salada� pan- rock a ch ild in one 's arms . to shatter stone - in making stone tools . sisiloko (n.) cockroach . si� salala� (n.) k. of tree . sisiloko sait�a (n. ) k. of herb - ground creeper (Lycopodi aceae Ly copodium (also naba sabe�e). 120 sisipiri l) sisipiril) (n.) k. of tree . sogo giopl)e animal trail;

50g0 tanl)e animal skeleton . sisiwu (n.) k. of tree - Ginger fami ly ( Zingiberaceae ) ( also sogo mamal)e (n.) bandi coot siri wu) . ( also tamatgu , han kedi) .

sit (n. ) black beetle ( Coleoptera) . soho- (n.) thigh ;

-sit (8.m.) Id , ipt. ( follows soho- tanl)e femur , thigh bone ; consonants ) (also -sai t). soho kat- to nurse on one 's situm (n. ) spotted - pig colour. lap, to sit cross-legged ( als o ki li tabo) . siwal) (n. ) sugar cane cultigen. sok (n.) k. of pandanus . siwat- (tv.III) to pinch s.o. ( see siwi t - tv.II I) . sok sok yap I (aux. ) to as cend, build up : gibil)e sok sok yap siwikik (n. ) White-browed crake the mount ain as cends to a ( Poliolimnas cinereus ) . great height;

siwit (n. ) black ant; han 50k sok yap the ground is built up - of a road . siwi t kuril)red ant; sok sok yap II (aux.) to break, s i wi t k e h e t I) e rice (Zi t . an t pound - of the surf . eggs ) ; sok sok yap III (aux. ) to be siwi t - (tv.III) to pinch s.o. denude d - of the forest. (also siwat- ); soki soki (n .) insects - gener­ siwi raho- (tv.III) to fold over, ally of small insects ; germs to be folded over; to roll up - (cf. kawe t kawet). of bamboo; to ben d - one 's knee ; soko- (tv.I) to carry on the back - pe r.-num . pi ckaback ( als o oko- (N.)) bat-(p.m.) siwl raho- (s .m. ) to (cf. kuku- ). clench on e 's fi st , to close one 's hand ; solok (n .) yam cultigen.

siwi rahoa i they are hugging solem ( n. ) k. of tree. themselves . soma (aj.) ( Kate?) pig colour . sobem (n. ) vi llage centre , village square , plaza . somot (n. ) hair, root hairs , hair follic les , bristles , fur : sobo (aj.) old, aged; lau- somotl)e mustache ;

sobo ot- to age , grow old ; hamel)e somotl)e antennae ;

iki sobo decrepit , senile . nekam- somotl)e goatee, beard;

sodal) (n. ) haunted place ; often somot- horatl)e goose flesh ; sodal) kibukl)e haunted area. somotl)e orop hairy ; sogae (n. ) k. of gras s ( Grami neae Imperat a conferta ) ( als o kawi pi ri pi ri somot brush - dak era, poiap (N. )); for washing floor ;

eme t sogae grasslands . somot- kubu tl)e hair in a bun;

sogo (n. ) animal - this term somot- esen doda straight hair, may have originally referred stringy hair (Zi t . hair with on ly to wi�d game but now many le aves ) (cf. surlwari); includes all animals ; plants , thickets , scrub , sukutuk yap 121

brush: somotQe lawisap he cut his hair fell out (i.e. he the brush , thi cket ; is bald) (af. sorok sorok yap) . hat somot somotQe kerek all the plants of the bush; soson (n.) k. of blunt arrow point - for injuring only lokge somot somot (jest) your (als o tangan tangan) . husband is hairy; sosonQe ( n.) corners - of dihinge somot somot (jest) your pap er , etc. chest is hairy ; sosuk yap (aux. ) to break: hakge somot somot (jest) your mem sosuk pi la- to break - skin is hairy . the sticks .

sornotda (n. ) yam cultigen . sot (n. ) f 0 0 d ;

sOQ sOQ ari- to jump aw ay ; sot pato bero glutton ;

sOQ sOQ pi la-/pan- to jump , sot nem dewa i- to be gluttonous , leap . to outeat s.o.

sOQaQ (n. ) (Kat e) elder in the sowaiQa ( n. ) yam cultigen . church . sowak sowak (n. ) Torres Strait sop- (n.) re ctum , anus ; Pigeon (Myristicivora spilorrhoa) . bau sopQe wh irlpool (Zit. pig's anus ) . SOU sou (n. ) Lesser Bird of Par adi se (Paradisea minod . sopo sopo (n. ) small praying mantis . sua kaok ( n. ) k. of bird.

sopoga (n. ) flap - back flap of subigi (n .) yam cult igen . loin cloth (af. buda). subiQe (see hubiQe). sorok sorok ot- (aux. ) to be bald , sleek , slick. to be denuded subun l)e ( n.) as in den subunQe (af. sosok yap). parable.

soroQ (n. ) field - burned in suern ( n. ) k. of wi ld sugar cane . preparation for planting: soroQ semu UQUQ sam yahap the suk suk (n.) Aus trali an Koel field is burning and (the (Endynamys cyanocephala) . smoke ) is rising . suk yap (aux. ) to swell up , soroQ kautQe ( n. ) red indigenous form a lump - of a wasp sting. dy e. sukarn ( n. ) Single-w attled soroQ sornotQe (n. ) k. of gras s - Cass ow ary (Cas uarius un appendic­ from which a yellow dye is made ulatus ) (af. gasam , ke lS) ; (Gramineae Eulalia) . sukam yari aQ cassowary dance sororok (n. ) k. of pandanus . hat tassels .

5050 (n. ) dog (also boa (N.)); suku ( n. ) k. of plant (Zingi­ bel'aceae Curcuma longa) (also soso kagaraQ dog pack (also s i ku) . soso kaQ kaQ) . sukurn ( n. ) goods , wealth , cargo, 5050 rnai Qe ( n. ) re d pepper (Zit. as in ita sukum (af. mapa); dog's penis ). ita sukumQe orop (aj. ) wealthy . 5050 yaroQe (n. ) yam cultigen . sukutuk yap (aux. ) to slip from, sosok yap (aux. ) to fall out - of out of s.th . and fly away , to hair: somotr,e sosok sam ar i ap 122 su1e

fly off , corne loose from s.th . - suwik (n. ) Singing Glossy of an axe head from the handle , a Starling (Aplornis cantoroi des) cricket bat from one 's grasp. ( als a s uw it) .

sule (n. ) k. of small li zard. suwit (see suwik).

su1e sule (n. ) flute . suwiwi (n.) k. of gra s s (Gram­ ineae Digitaria violas cens). sule sule ot- (aux. ) to become diseased with tinea (by an alogy with the li zard' s (suI e) skin). T suluk (n. ) k. of small li zard ( als a s i I uk) . t- (iv. ) (only in ipt.) to be suluk suluk (aj.) smooth , skinless - here (see tat-). of tre es , roun d - of cylindri cal obj ect; tabale (n.) Me lanesians , coas tal people : tabale den a Melanesian suluk suluk hawi - to round s.th. coas tal language (als o saru off by carving; den ).

i linae suluk su luk a smooth (i.e. tabo- (n. ) lap ; unnot ched) k. of i linae arrow point . tab 0- (tv. III) or tabo ku­ (aux.) to put on one 's lap , sululuk yap I (aux. ) to sizzle - of to cradle in one 's arms ; burning wet wood. ki Ii tabo tat- to sit cross­ sululuk yap II (aux. ) to be limp : legged; sera sululuk yap Cheryl is limp . tabo yap (aux. ) to lie in sulurnQe (n. ) as in kadat- su l umQe s.o. 's arms , or to lie in spinal cord an d marrow . 5 • o. 's lap .

sum (n. ) grave , cemetery , gravey ard. tabulurn (see tibulum tabulum) .

sumsurn (n.) hunting blind. tado (n. ) post - supports the house . sunurn- (n. ) me at , flesh ; taha/tahe (n. ) (Kate) offe ring, sunumQeak lean me at . tax (ct. tawaQe );

sUQ sUQ (see siQ siQ). tahe me - to collect a tax, offering. suradem (n. ) k. of vine . taiwoQ ata as in iwoQata taiwoQata suri- (n. ) blossom, flower, bud. k. of chant , incantation.

suriwari (aj.) strai ght , untangled - taka- (iv. ) to come - from afar of European hair (ct. esen doda). (als o toho- );

sururuk (av. ) qui ck ly ; taka takaQe (aj.) having come : T i beQe kad i taka takaQe those sururuk sa- to run qui ck ly . who came temporarily from Timbe ; susu wit wit (n. ) Ashy Monarch (Monar ch a Cineras cens (nigriros­ gotQe kuriQ kuriQ ga takap to tris) ) . begin to open - of newly­ sproute d leave s of cert ain susubit- (n.) leaflet- of bamboo, kinds of plants. foli ole - of bamboo. takoan (n. ) (N .) bete l nut (also susun (n.) witch - imaginary woman kOQ ) . who eats children.

. tait 123

talan-o (n. ) hard black bow , arrow ; manam tatnihiap I . have bananas (Zit. bananas are here for to talam waterfall , rapids , me ) ; cataract . konok tatnihiap I have just tala!) (see ti li!) tala!)). enough for me ;

tala!) tala!) (see tara!) tara!)). tatma hi 1 i pku-/ki tatma hegegu­ to slump , slouch ; talap!)e (aj.) steep; ta lak let it be, leave it han talap!)e slope ("Lit. steep alone . ground) ; tawa!)e (n.) offering - food , talap oap to be steep ; substitute (af. taha).

talap talap ot- to sit up tawi- (n. ) paternal aunt ; FaSi , strai ght ; MoBrWi .

talap!)e top!)ehen ge- to go tawi tawi!)e (aj.) imperfect , downhill; defective , faulty , inaccurate; (av. ) de fe ctively , inaccurately , ta l ap!)e ewun yaha- to go uphill. imperfe ctly .

talo!) (n.) Hercules Beetle tawit (see kawi t tawit). (Dynastes hercules ), Rh inos ceros beetle . taba- (n. ) any re lative of the fourth as cending generation or tarna!) kuru!) kuru!) (n. ) ch an ts , high er; great gre at grandparents . incantati ons . taba ku- (aux. ) to not fare well, ta!) ta!) (av. ) sharply . to be stun ted - on ly s ai d of taon taon!)e (n. ) c art ilege n othe rs (also hak-(p.m. )-an me- ). nose of a pig ( a.f !)uruk -!) u r1· u k). tabangu (n. ) top wall plate - tap tap (n. ) k. of pandanus . in hous e construction. tapa!) tapa!) (n. ) th rowing stiCK. tabarn (n.) k. of pandan us tape (n. ) (German ) slate like rock ; (Pandanaceae Pandanus ). also blackboard. taba!)e (aj.) an cestral; tapi (see tipi t a pi un de r tipi!)e). han taba!)e an cestral or native tara!) tara!) (av. ) born at the same ground . time: tara!) tara!) teteawot they were born at the same time . tabat (n. ) k. of bamb oo (Grami neae Bambusa) (af. kao!)). tarawu (n. ) jungle can opy : tarawu ' amu tgen un de rn e ath the jungle tabon (n.) k. of vine . can opy . tabu tabu (n. ) k. of tree taro!) (n. ) k. of beetle (af. talo!)). (Morace ae Ficus).

tariwo!)a as in ariwo!)a tariwo!)a k. tagan (see tangan). of chant , incantation. tagan tagan (see tangan tangan). tat- (t- in ipt. ) (iv.) to be here , to stay, to remain : ga tat na tagap (n.) White-breas ted Groun d ariwom you remain, I wi ll go ; dove (?) (Galli c olumb a jobiensis ) konok yuak tap only this one remains ; tai t- (n. ) bundle ;

10k tatat!)e bache lor ; tai t- (tv.III) to tie s.th. in bun dles - firewood; tat-(b.pl'. )-ap to have s.th. in possession: manam tatgihiap me? ta i tda (aj.) bundle d. do you have bananas ? (Zit. are bananas here for you? ); 124 tak pali tak pa1i (n. ) k. of shell money tan- hutuk yap to �e amused; strung on a rope. rarely 'to be weary ' ("lit. one 's bones become quiet ); tak pal)an (n. ) k. of small an imal . tan- til) til)ya p to gain takum (n. ) k. of tree - betel strength - of new born ; to pepper (Piperaceae Piper). deve lop ; takum bero (n. ) Scrub Fly- cat cher tan- haUl) yap to be fatigued wren (Aethomy ias spilodera) . (Lit. bones wilt); talahu- (iv. ) to be short , to be tan- (tv. III) to help , aid, near , to app roach , to hunch up : support s.o.; sap ta l ahuap the time is short , the time has come : kapa i ta l ahuap tanl)iak tanl)iak (aj.) heavy the village is near; set: 10k tanl)iak tanl)ia k heavy set man ; ta lahuat you are short in re ach­ ing s.th . ;

dop- talahuap time (Zit. mark ) tanak/tanl)eak man- to live in is short ; hunger;

dopl)e tal ahuap his time (mark) tanl)iak (av. ) empty-han ded, is up (short ); to be near empty stalks : tanl)iak kinsap noon - becaus e the shadows it is here empty (Lit. only are short ; wi th the bones );

ta lawak (aj.) short , nearby , tanl)iak manma in we are here clos e to s.th . - but not ve ry wlthout an ything, empty­ clo se; flat - of nose, broad , handed; shallow - of containers ; tangu tangul)e (aj.) helpful. ka lip ta lawak uneven in length . tan yap (aux. ) to be stocky - in build; rare us age 'to drown'.

tama (n. ) eye excret i ons wh ich tan tan yap (aux. ) to swell up , collect in the corners of the bloat , to gr ow big - of trees , eye. to become full bodied - of fruit, mangoes , bananas , pumpkin, tamatgu (n.) bandi c oot (also han taro: bonl)e tan tan sam pato keda (N. )); olop it became full bodied.

han tama tgu matahuat you mimic tanaml)e (n .) middle - generally the bandicoot and always come of a flat surface : I)il)/ omol) back. tanam tanaml)anak in the middle of the night, midnight; tan- (n.) bone ; handle - of axe , prop, support , brace, corn kapa i tanaml)an in the middle of stalk, tree trunk : 10k tanl)e the village ; human skeleton (cf. hah iwaro) ; tanaml)e (aj.) elder - not manam tanl)e banana support , eldest: atane tanaml)e my prop ; elder brother.

kun- tanl)e skull; tangan (n. ) k. of arrow point - made from animal bone (the eme t tanl)e frame for house; point ensures accuracy since it seeks out other bones which tanl)an gatl)e bone marrow ; are in the living animal). Use : animal and man . hame- tanl)e bridge of nose; tangan tangan (n.) k. of blunt tan hutuk hutukl)e amusement ; arrow point -for injuring only ( als 0 s os on and tagan t agan) . tawae 125

tanoe he 1e o (n. ) k. of plant . nagam tapi kgu- to mi sconceive ; t�o yap ( see tio tao yap). ekma tapi kgu- to mistake s.o. for s.o. else ; tao tao (aj.) strai ght ; sam tapikgu- to mispronounce ; tao tao yap (aux. ) to be

strai ght ; tapik gup ik o t - to err : nagam tapik gupik ot- to err in mem tao tao tuhu- to straighten thinking; s.th . out , to turn strai ght ;

den tapik gupik o t - to err in tao tao kin- to stand up speech . straight , vertically (cf. b i nb in) ; tapuruk (n. ) k. of palm grass ( Gr amineae Setari a palmi foli a ) tao taoak (av. ) expe rtly , ( also emo kur io, goO tan , accur ately , strai gh taway , labum , hako emooe ). correctly;

tao taoak ma n- to live rightly . tarao yap (aux.) to drip. taoat (aj.) usele ss , ignorant , inferior , un initiated: naom tarapoe (n. ) k. of spear , arrow; taoat uninitiated child ; als o 'but t: utun tarapoe cigarette butt ; tao at taoat (av. ) poor ly : sen 0 e taoat taoat eksap his eyes tarapoe hakoan tatmu takap he see poorly - of focus ; came with the butt of the ar row protruding from his den taoa t tiioat sa- to Jabbe r, skin . babb le . tararak yap (aux. ) to be straight . tap- (n.) spit, saliva, sputum (cf. k o t ok mamaoe ); tat (n. ) k. of tree .

tap- (tv.III) to expectorate , tata- (tV.I) to force s.o. back . spit on s.0. : kuk otma tapyongowi they became an gry tatak- (tv.III) (N.) to pile, an d spat on them; he ap, press, wedge tightly (cf. ti tak-). tap- ka rak yap to be ashame d (Zit. spit dr ies up ) ; tatalapoe short , stubby ( also tatalipoe). tap tap oap (aux. ) to be frothy , to ooze - sap, wate r ( of tatalipoe short , stubby ( als o burning wood ) . tatalapoe). tapa (n. ) Green Flower Pecker tatuk yap (aux. ) to be soft , ( Neneba striativentris mushy , spei led - me at , to be ( chrysoc ome )) . digested, to de cay, rot - of corpse , food , to come up in a tapasisit (n. ) Alpine False Shrub­ rash ; wren ( Crateros ce li s robusta) . me m tatuk me -/pi la- to squash tapik- (tv. III) to err , to go s.th . ; as tray, to become lost, to mi s­ s.th . ( i.e. it corresponds to ihim tatuk ne- to mas ticate the prefix mis- in such English s.th . ; verbs as to mi state , mi scarry , mi sfire , etc . ) : haknenoan katda tatuk tatuk me - (tv. I) to soften , tap i knongomap you mus t not shift drench : ge lak tatuk tSt uk the blame on us ( put it on our meneksap the rain drenched me skins ) so that he mistakes us (Zit. softened me ) . ( for you) ; tawae- (tv.I) to tri ck , de ceive , de lude , countercharge ( also tawe-); 126 tawal)e

tawaeak tawaeak ot- (aux. ) to teku- (tv.I) to ti�. be tricky , deceitful. te1an telan (av.) lazily , tawal)e (n. ) gr ime , smut - on the carelessly ; scalp, fi lth ; te lan oap (aux. ) to be lazy , tawal)e orop (aj.) filthy , grimy. to diminish - of str ength ; tawe- (see tawae-). watl)e te lan oap his strength vas diminished (Zit. haul) taWOI) ot- (aux. ) to nod - in assent ; yap);

tawol) tawol) ot-/sa- (aux. ) to te lan telanl)e (n. ) laziness , rock in a trance (see also carelessness. kun tawol)) . te lol) (n.) k. of tree . tawuk (n.) k. of banana. tern (n.) carrying pole - tebe (n.) black palm tree; bov carried by tvo men on their (Palmae ) (af. ga lagat , kOI) saba); shoulders vith the ob ject suspended from the pole ; tebe 10k poli ceman , varri or ; tem lou- to carry on a pole tebe karikl)e gun , rifle (Zit. betveen tvo men (not vith strong bov); sg. s.m. );

tebe nananl)e arrovs (Zit. sons tem pato (av.) in flocks , in of the bov); columns , in a procession: nai tem pato gam ar i ma I the sen- tebel)e super-orbital ridge birds alvays go by in flocks ; (Zit. eye 's bov) ; tem ari-/ga- to fi le by ; tebean ari- to go to a fight , battle . temak (av.) in a file , line: 10k temak arinoma i the men tebe hobot (n. ) k. of vild sugar viII go in a file. cane (af. sapa , hobot); als o arrov shaft made from th is cane . ternat (n .) k. of shrub - Soap­ berry family (Sapindaceae tebe tebe I(n. ) k. of plant - fern . H arpulli a) . babe tebe II (n.) mini� ture bov - te l)ak (av.) tightly. for children. tep- (n. ) stomach , belly, ab domen: tega (n. ) lair, hunting blind, tep- kaokl)e stomach - disting­ ambush : tegaen yongom killing uished from ab domen ; tep­ them from ambush ; kaml)e/tep omol)e pato large intestine; tega tai they are vaiting in ambush . tep- titipal)e small intestine; teho (n. ) nest , lai r - in hollov tepda ek(aj.) pregnant ; dung, tree . faeces : tep lohot lohot diarrhoe a; teholol) (n. ) k. of tree - Cus tard apple fami ly (Elae ocarpacede tep kar ik karik constipation; Sloanea) (als o batbarat ). tep wahapl)e loose stool ; tekrnak (n. ) k. of tree (als o te tmak ) . tep I aml)e toi let hole ; tekop (see kawal) tekop ). tep tet- (tv.I) to excrete , defecate ; tekto I (n.) k. of vine (Glei­ chenia Dicranopteris). mamal)aha tepl)aba (Zoa.ph.) from his birth (Zit. from tekto II (n.) k. of eat's cradle . his mother 's belly); tep tep 127

ka i- tepl)e sole of foot (lit. tep lak lak ot- to be con­ foot 's stomach ); cerned , �c be alert for dan ger (lit. to do a full eme t tepl)e purlin: emet tepl)e stomach ); or tep- lak lak tanaml)e/tepl)e pal)e place where oap (tit. one 's stomach is pig me at is hung, i.e. mi ddle full) : tepyel)e lak lak oap of purlin; they are concerned ; pe r.-num . Idiomati c us ages : t e p - (p . m.) n ii9 ii- (s . m'. ) to feeI sorry , sad (Zit. to feel one 's stomach): tepne nagan I am sorry ;

tep naga naga ot- to be sympathetic;

tep naga naga k i ot- to be unsympatheti c; t e p - (p'. m . ) h a I) a I) n �9 � - ( s • 'm. ) to pe r.-num . be lone ly and sad; t e p - (p:m . ) n�g�-(b.pp. )-(s.�. ) pe r.-num. (tv.II) to pity , sympathise , t e p-(p'. m . ) h�l�l�k n�g�- (s.ln. ) comfort , cons ole (lit. to to be homesick, to have a long­ feel on e 's stomach for s.o.): ing for s.o. , to miss s.o. tepne nagayingian I pity (also tep- h a l a l a k y ap ); them; pe r .-num . t e p-(p . m. ) - an hetek hetek oap to t e p-(p':m . ) nihi'ap (tv.II) to be famished: tepnenl)an he tek hurt (Zit. one 's stomach hetek oa p we are famished bite s on e ): t e p 9 e 9 i h i a p (Zi t. it does he tek he tek on your stomach hurts ; (cf. one 's stomach ); nih i- I) ; ,Per.-num . tep- herol)e oap to be agreeable, t e p - (p . m . ) o t - (s.'m . ) to become pleased (Zit. one 's stomach pregnant , to conceive (Zit. is pleased); to do one 's stomach): tepl)e oap she is pregnant ; tep- hewewel) (aj.) generous pe r.-num . (Zit. light stomach ); t e p-(p :m .J-l)ak ot-(s.m. ) to wonder ab out s.th ., to be tep- hidap to eagerly an ticipate desirous , covetous , envious s.th ., to fear greatly , to (Zit. to do with one 's earnestly de sire - of the stomach ): wahap ala ekma extreme emotional stat e just tepyel)al)ak oa i they see s.th . before confrontat ion in battle and are covet ous ; or receiving s .th. : tepyel)e hidap they were greatly afraid tep pato orop (aj. ) glutton ous or th ey were eagerly antici­ (Zit. with a big stomach ): pating s.th . (Zi t. it pull's one 's stomach out) ; tep- paok yap to be aroused sexually , to lust , desire - tep- hi r i I) yap to not be disappointed, sexually (lit. one 's stomach to be sat isfied: tepr,e hi ri I) blos s oms forth ): tepl)e paok yap I am not disappointed; yap he is sexually aroused; pe r.-num . t e p - (p '. m. ) ka t - ( s . m' . ) to be tep- pudul) pudul) yap to eagerly pregnant - not said in the an ticipate s.th . (Zit. one 's presence of th e pregnant stomach puls ates ): tepne woman (Zit. to put on e 's pudul) pudul) yap I am eagerly stomach ): tepyel)e kasai they an tici pat in g it; are pregnant; tep- umatl)e (aj.) stingy , greedy tep- (p .m.)-an kin- to be angry (Zit. he avy stomach ): tepge with s.o. (Zit. to stand on umatl)e you are stingy. s.o. 's stomach): tepnan kinsap he is angry with me ; tep tep (n.) garden hill. 128 teret teret (see tere t teret). teuan gatoe (n.) k . . of animal - like a black wal laby . tere t teret (n. ) Black fai ry-wren (Musciparus albos capulatus tewabu (n. ) yam cultigen . (Moretoni )) (also teret). tewesenoe (n.) money (also tet- (tv.I) to defecate; tewe t senoe);

hep tet- to have dysentery . tewesenoe pan- to spend money: heo otma tewesenoe kerek tete (av. ) openly , in the open: panma meteop he played and han tete ka lop he put it in the spent all his mon ey ; open on the ground; tewesenoahat uburuk maburuk ot­ tete- (i v.) to appe ar , to be to be penniless , poor (lit. born; to lack for money).

mem te te- to discover, find tewet (n.) knife ; s .th.; tewe t papaoe bamb oo knife for nagam tete- to invent; cutting grass (cf. godedeo);

te te-(b .pr. ) - to appear before/ tewe t senoe (see tewesenoe). to s.o. : teten ihiap he appeared before me ; tewet tewet (aj. ) sharp , narrow , promi nent - of nose; razor­ den sam te te- to speak out , backed - of mountain ridge ; confess , inform; thin - an imal 's back ; (av.) pe r.-num. on edge : me m tewe t tewe t tuhu­ naga nigS- (p:m. ) tete-(b.p�. ) to turn s.th . on its edge . to revive , regain conscious ­ ness (Zit. understanding tewura (n .) k. of bird (cf. appe ars for s.o.); ka rak).

tetehe- (iv. ) to come into tibe (n. ) k. of shrub (Lili ace .. ", being (tete + ge l (als o Cordyline) (cf. karip, te te hi - ) . mome lep, awu kaok).

tetehe- ( see te t e). tibulurn tabulurn (n. ) k. of palm gras s (Setaria palmi folia) . te tehi- (see tete). tide (n. ) (from German ) dye for te tekoe (n. ) clear , open area; string bags .

tetekoan (loc .ph .) ev ident , in tigalarn (n.) k. of shrub the open , plain view , in (Euphorbiace ae Ac alypha) . sight ; tigi (n.) fence for fortifi cation - han te tekoan g at o e one from the made by plant ing wild cane . clearing; tigi- (tv.I ) to peel s.th . - tetekoan oap it is clear - of orange or banana, sweet potato. weather whi ch has cleared up ; tihit- (n. ) safety , welfare ; teteko an ek- to see clearly - of intellectual recognition: tihit tihi lak tat- to be ya yiwereoe tetekoan eks in c?ncerned ab out provisions or now we clearly see th at , it ab out one 's welfare ; is evident to us . hak- tihitoe modesty (lit. tetmak (n. ) k. of tree (als o one 's skin 's safety) : hiik­ tekmak) . tlhitoe ki naga - to be immodest; teuoe (n.) depress50n in stone , hole in tti� centre of a stump , hakoe tihi toe ki nagam iap lair: teuoan hal ihuoeta kioosap she is lying immodestly; they poked int 0 its lai r and it came down (cf. teho- ). tirik t&r&k 129

t i h i t- ot- to ca re for s.o. , ti� ta� tuhu-/me - to rip to look out for s.o. 's safety : shreds . An utu tihit abo�e God is our keeper; ti� yap (aux. ) to be consumed, used up : taka nemu t i � s amu t i hit t i hit (au. ) s af e ly . he came an d ate it all (Zit. he came an d ate it an d it tik (n. ) hiding place : be t�eheba was used up ) ; t i hangeb§ k i takawua t you mus t not come out from behind him, to ti� yap the water is from a hiding place ; used up .

tik pi la- to hide s.th.; ti� ti� yap to be tight: ti� ti� saek let it tighten ; tik pi lak- to hide oneself; . eme t ti� ti� yap to cle ar up _ tik�e (aj.) hidde n, secret, after a storm ("lit. the mys terious : den tik�e secret place is tight) ; conversation, parable (Zit. hidden talk ) (cf. sUbun); hak- tiQ ti� yap to grow , deve lop , mature ; tik�e tik�e kin- to be in hiding; ka i-(p.m. ) -an ti� ti� yap to trip , stumb le (lit. it tik�e tik�e , tik tik, tihak, tightened on one 's le g ) ; tik�iak (av. ) noiselessly , silently , secretly, my ster­ tan - t i � t i � yap to g ai n ious ly , unn oticed: ya tihak strength - of new born baby ; tap that is hidden ; to deve lop ;

tik tik olop he did it se cretly; tep- ti� ti� yap to be satisfied, well fed ("lit. tihak tatminiowot they alway s one 's stomach is tight ) ; remained silent . me m ti� ti� tuhu- to pull , tik tok yap (aux. ) to be easily stretch s.th . tightly , to bre akable - of rope ; to snap - tighten ; of rope ; to wear out - of cloth , string bag ( als o tirik torok tiQ tiQak (av. ) directly , to yap). the fullest degree , to the extreme : kasa ti� tiQak tik yap (aux. ) to extend , pro­ tuhuakma i they are enemi es trude : sat- tik yap to be buck­ in the fulle st de gree (cf. toothed; kasa kar ik�e).

kai- tik yap to be lame , halt ; tiQe (n. ) wood borer 's hole : tiQe niap he chews holes in batne tik sam me be sam oap � wood - of wood borers ( als o reach�d for it in vain . tinQe ) .

tiki (n.) sweet pot ato cultigen tio� tioQ (n.) Black-throated ( als 0 k i k i ) . Fantai l ( Rhipidura leuco­ thorax ) ( als o pito taret) . tili� tala� Pallid Fly-eater (?) ( Ge rygone pallidal . tipi tapi ( see tipiQe).

timu�e (n. ) ( N . ) bot t om of a tipilik mapilik (n.) Grey and vessel (cf. tumu�e ). yellow Flycatcher (?) ( Pachy­ care flavogrisea) . tin�e (n.) wood borer's hole tipi �e (aj. ) little, small , a ( als o ti�e). little bit , a short time , a little while : tipi�e mabotd3 bukul ipge taka�eta you wait a ti� ta� yap (aux. ) to crumble , little wh il� and your re� at�ves break up into litt le pieces ; will come ; \ also topo�e ( N)I; tipi� e ge- to de crease , to be- kum ti� ta� tuhu- to partition, come less , smaller; to reduce, divide a house; diminish, to go down a little bit ; 130 tirik tirik

a little bit : tipi�e ala kuk tipi �e tiwat- (n. ) shin. ' �13 otgihian I am a little angry with YOu ; tiwa (n. ) (K�te) communion : tipi�e pato (aj.) a little bit more , tiwa ningiminiop he used to a little bit bigger ; give us communion.

tipi�an (toa.ph.) (rare usage ) on (aux. ) to tip; Saturday ; tiwi � yap tipi tapi (av. ) little by little , mem tiwi� tuhu- to tip s.th . gradually : tipi tapi k� idl giH pour it little by little and to (n. ) water , river , creek , let it come down ; in little brook , stream: to kun�e lower pieces : tipi tapi g ai cut it in reach - of river ; little pieces; 1nd1vidually : tipi tapi kunm� calling (names) to titipa headwaters , tribut ar- individually ; (also tipi tipi). ies ; to hame�e river's mouth ; tipi tipi (see tipi tapi under tipi �e) . to sat�e river 's edge ; tirek (n. ) bridge , ladder , ramp ; to sen�e spring ; tirek pa re�e ka t kat�e step , tread . to talam waterfall , rapids , cataract ; tirik tarak tuhum kat- (aux. ) to make to ahoak�e confluence ; s.th. ready , prepare s.th. to karik�e beer , wine , tirik tirik (av. ) singly : tirik alcoholic beverage ; tirik gam ariai they passed by singly , (i.e. when one was out of to degan lagoon , lake , pool - sight another appeared) . any natural collection of water on the ground ; (see tik tok yap). tirik torok yap to ku ri� a red grease made tirip- (tv. III) to show , teach , from coconut oil; instruct s.o. ; elem to�e sprinkling of rain ; giop tiripkum hi iip ku- to mis­ to oron�e jelly , broth : bau direct (Zit. to err in sh owing to oron�e gara gara otmap the roa d) . the jelly from the pig is conjealing ; tiri� tAra� (n. ) meat drippings ; the ground beneath the eaves where the to hlbim ge lak balap�e a very water drips : tiri� t�ra�an hanguw i strong wind and rainstorm they buried him under the eaves (Zit. water , sky , rain , wind) ; (Zit. at the eavesdrop ); toto�e (n. ) sap , pus , serum, tiri� tara� yap (aux. ) to drip . lymph , plasma , water from a blister (at. hewuba ); titAk- (tv. III) to pile , heap , press, wedge s.th. tightly , ram to�e its juice ; s.th . tightly , compress, stuff, to(�e) orop (aj.) wet , juicy , tamp : sot um titaknongow i they fertile : han to�e orop cooked food an d stuffed us full fertile ground ; (also tatak (N» ; wet : ' totoak/toak toak nak to(�k) t i t�haho- to bump together ; toak wet (green) wood; tit�kyongo- to force back a toen kat- to immerse (tit. to crowd; put into water); I i�ma titaku- to tramp s.th . - tohat neksap I am thirsty . ground, unt il it is firm ; toaD mea� tuhu- (aux. ) to sow - nem titakum tat- to gorge one­ seed , scatter s.th. self. titipa (aj.) little , tender or toa� toa� yap (aux. ) to sound young - of children (only with well , loudly - of a drum (at. plural count nouns ): naom titipa sererek yap). young tender children ; kS lap titipa kindling ; to tobe (aj. ) undeveloped , virgin - titipa headwaters , tributaries of land : han tobe undeveloped ( o pp . to ku��e lower reaches ) bush, virgin area. ( also totopa (N» . tiwa (n. ) k. of hawk . topOl)e 131

tobo I (n. ) (Si 0) k. 0 f dan c e . den topJ)e origin story; topyeJ)e sanoma i they vill· tell all tobo II (n. ) k. of bamboo. ab out their origins ; togak (n. ) salimander. topl)e ba lel)e a bad heritage (also sigiJ)e ba leJ)e ); togelak (n. ) tempest, storm (comp ound of water plus rain ). top pato many descendants: nen top pa to mans in ve are tohawi (n. ) k. of tree. many descendants ; toho- (iv. ) (Timbe ) to come from top sen an cestors , lineage ; afar . meaning: ki rimga t topJ)e the me aning of the Ki rim dance ; tok tok (aj.) stooped - of old people (also ai 101) ai 101)). gibal)e topJ)e topJ)e foot hills : tage topJ)e topJ)e foothills tok yap (aux. ) to snap , break - of of Mt . Ta.ge ; rope ; to subside - of fire : sem tok sam tok sam it subsides ; to topJ)e bia for no re ason, vith cease - of rain ; to tear, tear no purpose (cf. ibiak); loos e - of placenta: erne lak tok sam giap it (the placenta) has hibim topJ)e cumulonimbus cloud alre ady torn loos e and come down ; (cf. ku l ewol)boJ) ), horizon; to break up - of clouds : elem tok yap the clouds break up (cf. topl)e kat- to begin s.th., elem hareap); to te rmi nate start s.th .: nep topJ)e pregnancy : hep tok yap to mi s­ katl)e t you begin york (cf. carry , ab ort (Zit. the blood kadiku-); tears loose) (cf. tik tok yap). topJ)abaek naga- to know s.th. toka as in kai tokal)e ceremony , th or ough ly - from its mapners . essence ; tokabit- (n. ) elbow; topda topda me - to pull s.th . out /by vith the roots ; giop tokabi tl)e bend in the road. topJ)e sam hi lipku- to mi sstate ; tokan (n. ) woven bamboo wall, woven crown - of dance hat; topJ)e nagam hi Iipku to mi s­ interpret; tokan ku- to weave bamb oo. -ga t topJ)e ki naga- to be toke- (tv.I) to tap out - of a un ski lled in s.th .: kap i broad container (cf. se le- ). kame t kametga t topJ)e ki nagap he is unskilled in tomotl)e (n.) rooting : bau tomotl)e planting coffee ; the pig's rooting; -gat topJ)e naga- to be tomotJ)e tuhu- to root - of a skilled (see pap- for the pig (also pidi t -). an tonym) ; tOl)e its juice (cf. to) . (noun ) + topJ)e topJ)e every kind of thing , all kinds of : top· base of s.th ., bottom: HemJ)ak sot topJ)e topl)e every k. of topJ)e ariwan I went to the food ; bottom of the cli ffs at HemJ) ak ; nak topl)e tree stump ; essence ; kaok topl)e topl)e all kinds of nengat kapam topl)e the essence vhite people (i.e. all the of our method of fighting; nati on ali ties within the Anutuhat topJ)e nagam pesuk Caucas ian an d Mongoloid pi 1.1w i they knev all ab out the races ) . essence of God; bas is : sisimes ik me mumu ala yakat >. opJ)e ki nagawi topJ)e pate (n.) sugar cane they di d not knov the basis of cultigen . death and sickness ; origins - of a patrilineage , kindr ed, ph ratry : topoJ)e (aj.) (N .) little (cf. tipi I)e ) . 132 torehen torehen (n. ) an other place : tosa uma tda deep �in (lit. torehen a I aengen a r i ye ra­ heavy sin); yekma yawu tuhumai you always do this and go to an other place tosa orop/tosara (aj.) gui lty , and shoot them (i.e. you don't sinful, wicked, evil; only build ambushes ); part , piece : torehenl)e van I spoke tosa piri- to wash aw ay sin; incomp letely , in part ; tosa me - to be in or have hep torehenl)e his re lative , trouble , to sin; half caste; tosa -galan kinsap to be at ba u torehenl)e a piece of pork . fault (Zit. fault stands at one 's place , with one ): tosa toret (n. ) dragon fly, wh istle nahalan ki nsap I am at bird. fault ;

tore t toret (n. ) helicopter. tosa ku-(b .pr. ) to expi at e sin for s.o. ; torok oap (aux . ) to de crease in length - of cigarette , to tosa ot- to sin (cf. ba l el)e become shorter (i.e. ash ot - ) . extends ) ; totoan (n. ) k. of fern - Horse­ torok torohak (av. ) un ceasing, tai ls (Equisetaceae Equisetu m) . everlas ting; totoak (av.) wet - of wood . torok torohak kat- to adj oin ; totoan (n .) k. of bamb oo spike , toroh ak torohak contiguous ly , spear - put in ground to catch adj acent , in =on�igucus pigs jumping garden fences (cf. line , unbroken line ; i I) a i)•

torok otmu otmu (av. ) pe rpetu­ totol)e (see to) . ally , continuous - of action ; totopa (a.';.) (N.) little , tender k i torok otmu otmu briefly . or young (ci. titipa). temp orari ly ; totoret (n .) White-spotted Black torok kat-/torokat- (aux. ) to Fly-robin (Lab eothello add to: den torokasap he adde d bimaculatus ) . to the matter; to join: yak nahalan torokasap he joined tou- (n.) elde r sister or brother - me (cf . pen a - ) ; of oppos ite sex to the speaker; E1Si (m.s.), FaBrEIDa (m.s.), torokat- (tv.I) to caus e s.o. 1·�oSiEIDa (m.s .), EIBr (w.s .), to prosper, extend s.o. 's FaBrE1So (w.s.), MoSiE1So (v.s.). influence ; towat- (n.) features , appe ar ance , torokat torokat (l)e) (aj. ) joined likeness , resemb lance, shape : together end to end , lengthened, towatnetl)e konok we (du.) look extended ; alike (lit. our likenesses are on e) ; kalip torokat- to extend, lengthen: pIes ba lus ka lip torokat nomai kaok towat ala ki olop he vas they wi ll extend , lengthen not in appearance like a the ai rstrip. European (ci. dopl)e );

torok at- (tv.I) (see torok oap). k a i t ow a t - / bat t ow a t - / k a i bat towat- manners (lit. leg/hand toronl)e (see to oronl)e ). features) (cf. ka i toka) : ka i bat towa tl)e ki ehekl)e ill tosa (n. ) mistake , sin, debt , mannered (Zit. manners not for ob ligation, gui lt , trouble, seeing) ; blame , fau'lt : tosal)e den sam tetewuap he will confess his hame- towatl)e looks (lit. the sin; shape of his nose, appearance); u 133

towa t towat ma n- to be like , to tupiQe (n. ) chip , flake , lamina: have appearance of s.th .: 10k ka lap tupiQe wood chips ; hUQ bero otma towa t towa t mansap he has the appearance kat tupiQe lamina , flake of of a poor man . stone ; tuaQ as in wagam tuaQ handleless saipe tup iQe soap flakes . drum . turebe (n.) ditch , valley , tuba (n. ) k. of tre e ( Palmae ) . irrigation drain, canal, water race , gully , channel: turebe tugawoQ (n. ) sugar cane cultigen . gawikQe gorge ; tuguQe (n. ) corner - of room, turebe hioQak hioQakQe cleft , head - of valley ( als o gu l uQe fissure ; (N . J); turebe hiol)aksap to form a saru tuguQe bay harb our (Zit. gully . corner of the sea) . turuk yap (aux. ) to swell, tuhu- (tv.I) to work , make - of become fat , ob ese; to be men 's work , to do, to construct inflated, puffed up , to s.th . ; blister - from a burn ( also tururuk yap) : laune turuk sam tuhu tuhuQe (aj. ) possible (cf. oap my mouth is swollen ; orotQe) ; kahawanQe turuk yap his cheeks ki tuhu tuhuQe impossible ; are puffed out ;

kum gu lip tuhuyek- (tv.I) to tu ruk baruk (aj.) very ob ese : annihilate . 10k turuk baruk pato oap the man became very ob es e, very tuk tuk yap (aux. ) to be buoyant, plump ; to be full bodied - to float ; to as cend , to ri se - of frui t ( rare us age ) . of steam, smoke , fumes , but not of dust: tuk tuk sam turuQ 1at- (aux.) as in gam yahasap th e vapour is floating turul) latma i they put on skirts upwar d (cf. tUQ tUQ yap) . wh i ch completely covered their tors os . tukaka as in wag am tukaka drum with a han d 1 e . tururuk yap ( see turuk yap). tumak de- (aux. ) (N. ) to slurp (cf. hu luk yap). u tumuQe (n.) the bott om of the vessel or container - inside : ita tumul)e mem pu rik pi lap ' he u- I (tv.I) to do ( on ly in ipt . ) turned the bag inside out ( see ot-), ( only with s.m. -it, ( also timuQe (N. )). - in). tUQ (excZ. ) the end , that's all u- II (tv.I) to cook , burn : (cf. bail)e , eaQ tUQ , yawu). ugekmap it must not burn you; tUQ tUQ yap (aux. ) to rise - of dust, steam: nuk um tUQ tUQ yap the dus t rises (cf. tuk tuk yap, u uQe kaiak kaiakQe salmon uQuQ yap); to grow up , out - coloured ; of forest, hair: pohakyetQe tUQ tUI) sam ta tmu th eir mango um waQ- to feed s.o. , s.th. tree grew up big. (Zit. cook an d give ) ; tupa (n.) ( K ate? ) ditch to confine um ehek ( n.) k. of divination pigs to an are a: tupa aiop he done by cooking food an d dug, prepared a ditch (cf. viewing the results; dewawaQe) . 1 3 4 ua ua

um pitiril) (n. ) (from Komba) uk uk yap (aux. ) to' stand up - divination by burning wild of fur on a frightened sugar cane . an imal: eluml)e uk uk samu the bristles on the pig's ua ua kun- (aux. ) (see ura ura neck stand up . kun- ). ukeda (n. ) k. of banana (from uak (n. ) k. of wood nettle uken- sweet , plus -da with) . (Urticace ae Laportea) (ct. madltap ) (also ban (N. )); ukenl)e (aj. ) sweet , tasty , desirable; uak mem u- (tv.I) to sting s.o. wi th nett les . ukenl)e naga - to be happy , pleased (Zit. to think uakl)e (n. ) fleshy lobe growing on sweetly): ukenl)e pato throat or on the top of the naga i th ey are very pleased; head of certain fowls . -gat ukenl) e naga: �o.lik� s.th. ubam (n. ) k. of tree - Spurge de sire s.th. : Ibl alaha t fami ly (Euphorb iaceae Macaranga) ukenl) e nagap he de sired (ct. nagum) . another woman ; ukenl)e oa p to be good , pleasant . ubul) (n. ) fallen leav es . uku- (tv.I) to hold inside the uburuk (uburuk) ot-/rnan- (aux. ) to mouth , to suffoc ate - from lack s.th. , to be poor : hanga t stran gulation. uburuk oa in we lack ground ; ularn (n. ) k. of tree (Morace ae uburuk mabu ruk man- to be with­ Ficus). out any thing: tewesenl)ahat uburuk maburuk mansap he is ulit- (tv. III ) to beg s.o. , de stitute , penniless . plead with s.o. ; to entreat s.o. , pray to S.o. - to ude (n. ) k. of tree . ghos ts of de ad or to God; to solicit from s.o. , beseech udip (n.) road block , bar rier, s.o. , request s.th. (als o safeguard, crucifix, cross - we 1 e t (n.)). �ravemarker) , mark (on tree etc . x-shaped) (a lso edup. idup . urn ehek (n. ) k. of divination by i dip (11.)). cook ing food an d ob serving results . uhur ip (n. ) flood waters (also uhurup . uwurip); urn pi tiril) (n .) (from Komba) k. of divinati on by burning uhurip ot- to di ssolve - i.e. wi ld sugar cane . to become muddy ; uma tl)e (aj. ) he avy ; valuable , uhurip lou- to flood (Zit. to important , serious ; deep - of carry flood waters ): to yu sin; uhurip louwuap this river wi ll flood; hak- uma tl)e to be ab out to bear , de liver a child; uhurip uhurip kaiak kai akl)e tan coloured. han umatl)e oap it is ch anging to wet season (Zit. the uhurup (see uhurip). groun d becomes heavy ); uk yap (aux.) to aw ake . arise, tep- uma tl)e stingy , greedy raise s.th. up , to get up ; (Zit. heavy stomach );

mem uk pi la- to lift s.th. up , me s ik umatl)e plague (Zit. to better s.o. ; heavy sickness).

uk sam hurul) sam orotl)e rugged: Ull'ut shadow , pi cture , phot ograph , han uk sam hurul) sam oap the image , re flection , imprint , groun d is uneven (Zit. raised represent ati on , spirit - of and sunken ). utun 135

an an imal; that which le av es ur a ura kun- (aux. ) to proclaim, one 's body in time of fe ar or herald , announ ce ' one 's extreme excitement and during approach ; to raise a cry sleep ; (also ua ua kun-).

umu t�e tuhu- to draw a picture ; uruk uruk (aj.) warm;

umu t ehek�e eme t motion pi cture u r u k u r u k k u - (a ux.) to the atre (lit. hous e of visible warm s.th., to charge a images ) ; battery ;

umu t- ariap to be fearful, hak- uruk uruk expert , ab le , startled, aw e-struck , skillful - of hunter (opp . frightened (Zi t. one 's shadow palam�e ). goes aw ay): umut�e ariop he wondered at it , was awe­ urut (n. ) broom; struck , etc.; urut tipi�e brush ; . umut- kar i k�e oap to not find s.th . (lit. one 's shadow urut- (tv.I) to sweep s.th . become s strong) ; (cf. gaware-).

umut- lohot�e oap to find s.th. uruwaku (see waku waku). qui ckly (Zit. one 's sh adow becomes sof t) : 10k ya umut�e us ak (n .) fig (cf. 1 a k 0 p ) . lohot�e th at man is one who finds things qui ckly ; use (n.) sore ;

umu t- mi ap to be sick - becaus e use ti t i pa s cab i e s ; a spirit stole one 's shad ow (Zit. it to ok one 's shadow). use karik�e framb oesia, yaws , ulcer. unam (n. ) axe , tomahawk . us ihit (n. ) k. of tree (Sauraui­ unam sitik�e (n.) k. of tree - ace ae Saurania) (cf. keba Sweet leaf (Symplocaceae Symploc os ). kale�e , kalakda) . unen (n. ) k. of bush hen. usuk- (see u5ut-). une � hap�e scorpion fly (Panorp a usut- (tv.I) to push s.th., sp . ) . pull s.th., shove s.th . with one 's hand: usutda baek you une� mama �e Grey Sandpiper push it an d let it go (cf. (Heteros celus brev ipes ). hapun ) (rare ly usuk- ) (also wet- ). une �e (n.) rubbish , waste, refuse - of the inedible sugar cane utap oap (aux.) to de cre as e in fibres after the sweetness has length , to become shorter been sucked out , or of old (cf. ta lahu-). chewing gum (als o ma tak�e). utere- (tv.I) (N .) to cook , uQuQ yap (aux. ) to be wafted aw ay , burn to a crisp , bake dry , to as cend - of smoke, dust , burn de eply (see sere -). fumes , to rise: nak kou�e u�u� sam ariap the sawdus t was wafted uteri- (see utere- . sere-). away ; utun (n. ) smoke , tobacco, ba lap�aQe mem u�u� tuhuap the cigarette (also hao� (N.)) wind wafted it (cf. tur) tu� yap). utun- (tv.III) to become smoky : sen- utunguap to upu kutu1u (n.) Little Ring become blind from cataracts Dotteral (Charadrius dub ius (Zit. eyes become smoky ); (papuanus ) ) . utun ne- to smoke a cigarette (Zit. eat smoke ); 136 utun

utun nihi- (�ee nihi- I ) to be wagup�e (n. ) empty banana stalk. discomforted by smoke (lit. smoke bites one) : utun gihimap wahap (n.) trash, garb a ge , Don't you be discomforted by refuse, crumbs , bits , scraps of the smoke getting in your food: sego wahap�e hull of eyes ; corn ; thing : kal ibu wahap a third thing ; something : wahap sen- utun orot�e ey e with ki orot�e otmap something cataract; impossible always happens ; wahap ala something else; utun u- to make smoke . concern, business, matter , as in ya gahat wahap it is utun utun (n. ) k. of herb your concern (af. �liwahap); (Gesneriace ae Boea magellanica) . emesen�e wahap time of uturuk rne - (aux.) to threaten . menstruation. ututu (n. ) haze ; wait (aj.) inhabited - of land.

ututu oap to become hazy . waka (n. ) (N . ) name s ake (also nabe) . uwawap�e bia (av.) perfectly (af. alip�e n a n � e) . waku waku (n.) bamboo flute (also uruwaku ). uwur ip/uwurup (n. ) flood waters (see uhurip) . walan wa lan�e (n. ) tripe ; holes , openings - in wall , uyo� uyo� (n. ) k. of shrub - wild floor , fence (for peeking or coffee family (Rub iaceae shooting through ). P s y chot ria) (af . I am h ow an) . walap�e (n.) bamb oo in the early stages of growth wh en it is soft an d easily cut (als o w gupak�e ) .

wa le (n. ) Pesquet 's parrot wadS hobot (n. ) k. of wi ld sugar (Psittrichas fulgidus ). cane . walip- (tv.III) to touch s.o. waga (n. ) canoe , ship; wooden ( als 0 w a i - ) . trough - us ed- �or washing coffee beans ; walu walu (n. ) k. of an imal.

han waga aut omobile, car , vehicle walum (n. ) k. of vine (Araceae ( lit. ground canoe ); Pothos ) .

hibim wag a aeroplane (Zit. sky warne saduk �e (n.) (wame is from canoe) . Kate) pe ace : wame s a duk�an in the time of peace . wagarn (n. ) drum ; warne tirek (n. ) k. of vine wagam tukaka drum with a handle ; (Rub iaceae Dobeolobium) .

wagam tua � handleless drum ; wan sihan (n. ) virgin .

wagam sop�e bottom of a drum -wan (s .m.) ls , rpt (follows ( li t. drum ' 5 an us ) ; vowels ).

wagam lau�e top of a drum (Zit. wangi- (tv.I) to pass up , surpass, drum's mouth ). de fe at , win - at race or game (expresses the English com­ -wagi for him, her , 3s , b.pr. (1st parative -er, -est ) : order verbal suffix; follows wangineksap it passed me up ; vowels ; see - n ihi I) . nak ya kari k�e bale�e otma nak wagup (n. ) k. of tree (Saxifrag­ yu wangiap th at wood is aceae Polyos ma) . stronger than this wood; wat 137

wangiak- (tv.I) (only in du. ) to watpo watpo (n. ) k.· of tree - eclipse: emesen�e wangi ahowot Me adow-beauty (Me lastomatace ae the sun and moon eclipsed . Astronia) • wangiak kungiak (aj.) of different wawai- (tv.I) to care for s.o., sizes . to take care of s.o.; wa� (tv.II) to give (see nihi-). wawa iak (av.) carefully , gently . wa�i� hu1in (n. ) k. of wi ld taro - Cunjeroli Li ly (Alocasia wawi (n .) greed, stinginess (opp . macrorrhiza) . ka l emoe orop). wapi (n. ) army worm (als o wa t bi). waw i ot- to be unproductive . wapo (n. ) k. of bamboo; als o comb wada (n.) k. of bean. made from bamb oo (als o saraka (N. )). wae sa- (aux. ) to cry in sorrow , grief. waragao� (n.) jew's harp : wa ragao� ku mu isiap he play ed the jew's wai- (tv.I) to touch s.th . (als o harp (lit. he hit the jew's harp wa 1 i p-) . and it cried) (als o gusubut(N.)); waka (n.) Sulphur-crested waragaoo ma ioe the reed of the cockat oo (Kakatoe galerita jew's harp (lit. the jew's (triton)). harp 's penis ). waka waka I (n.) k. of small war at- (tv. III) to follow , track , white butterfly . trail; to circumvent, go along­ side s .th. ; waka waka II (n. ) k. of shrub - Nightshade (Solan ace ae Solanum ) waratkum kin- to be alongside, (af. ma hak). near, adj acent to s.th. (see adup warat) . waka waka III (n .) Pied Frilled Monarch (Arses telescophthalmus ware (see hore wa re , siak ware). (lauterbachi ) ) . warihit (n. ) Chestnut-bre asted wa1ak (av.) with strength (see Mannikin (M�n ia castan eothorax ). w� t-) . waru I (n. ) pumpkin , squash . -wan (see -ban ) (follows vowels ). waru II (n. ) k. of banana. wane (n.) (N.) flame , torch (af. b a 1 am) . wase (n.) (Kate ) namesake (af. nabe, waka). wara tou (n .) female sibli ngs . wat- (tv.I) to follow s.th.: kapam was asa� (n. ) k. of bee . watma ari Pinsapen yan manb in we followed the fighting an d was it ( n. ) incisors - of dog ; also lived there at Finschhafen ; to nose plug ornament made from chase s.th . : wa tnenekoe ta ariwin incisors . they ch as ed us aw ay (lit. they ch ased us and we went) ; to wat- (n. ) the effect of tightened dismiss s.o. , dis charge s.o. - mus cles , strength , tenseness : from emp loyment (af. hapun ). watoe kar i k�e ki oap he is not strong - of an infant ; watara� (n.) k. of tree - Nettle family (Urti caceae Pipturus ) watdaek wa tdaek muscular ; (af. hegum, gak pik). wa t- tio tiO yap to re cover watarao bero (n. ) Edible-ne st strength , be refreshed, to Swi ftlet (Colloca1ia esculenta) . revive , regain strength, renew strength (lit. one 's watbi (n. ) army worm (als o wapi). strength is tight ); 138 we

wat- ho uQ yap to be lazy (lit. we 1am- (n. ) place , locality one 's strength wilts ); (also kawi (N. )); ·

wa lak strongly , hard: wa lak kubom we lam we lam ot- as in ikQe I wi ll hit him hard ; we lam we lam olop he went back together - after wa t- (tv.III) to bulge , flex - being dissected. muscles . we lem (n.) (N. ) bull roarer we- (n. ) inner being; (cf. mowuQ mowuQ). pe r.-num . we-(p.m.) nSg�- (s.'m. ) or welet- (tv.III) (N .) to beg, pe r.-num. plead, entre at , pray to s.o. or we- (p'. m;. ) ek: ( � :m .) we- oap (cf. ul it-) . or we ba le naga - to be sorrow­ ful: wene nagan I am sorrowful -we loQ (s .m. ) 2d , perm. (follows vowels ). we- ba l eap to be very angry (lit. one 's inner being is ba d) ; wesa- (tv.III) to singe hair.

we- heroQe oap to be agreeable , wet- (tv.III) to push - with pleased (lit. one 's inner one 's hand, to shove , to move being is pleas ing ). a boun dary fence (also wlt -, usut-). -we (s .m. ) ls , if. (follows vowels ). weto (n. ) tool used for stirring -we sam (s .m. ) ls , de sid. (follows the fire . vowels ) . -wi (s.m. ) 2-3p , rpt . (follows webup (n. ) k. of tree (Morace ae vowe ls ) . Ficus). wiak (n.) tree tomat o (Solan­ weha (n. ) k. of tree (Moraceae aceae Physal is ). Ficus wassa). -wiei (s .m.) 2- 3p, rft. (follows weke (n. ) departed soul , ghos t, vowels ) (also -wioi ). spirits of the de ceased; -wiein (s .m. ) lp , rft . (follows weke senQe flashlight (lit. vowels ) (als o -w ioin). s p i r it's eye ); -wieit (s .m. ) ld, rft . (follows weke tebe bull roare r (cf. vowels ) (als o -w ioi t). mowuQ mowuQ ); wigak (n.) Red-naped Robin­ weke alit alitQe (aj.) stunted ­ Wh istler (Ale adry as rufinucha of garden produce (lit. wi th­ (gamblei ) . held by the spirits ). wigiliQ (n. ) k. of gr ass weke adapQe (n. ) k. of mushroom (Grami neae Ischaemum poly­ (lit. spirit ' 5 ear) . stachyum) . weke adapQan gatQe (n. ) flying wik (n. ) earthw orm. red an t (lit. one from the s p i r it's e ar ) . wilikiok (n. ) Gre at Black Cockatoo (Probos ciger at errimus weke nakQe (n. ) k. of tree - (macgillivrayi )). Butterfly bush (Logan iaceae Buddlei a asiatica) (lit. -win (s .m. ) lp , rpt . (fo llows spirit 's tre e) . vowels ). weke satQe (n.) k. of vine (lit. -wioi (s .m. ) 2-3p , rft . (follows spirit's teeth) . vowels ) (als o -wiei ). weko (n. ) k. of tree - Castor oil -wioin (s .m. ) lp , rft . (fo llows plant (Euph orbiaceae Ricinus vowels) (a1 so -w i e in) . communis) . WUI) wuI) yap 139

-wioit (s .m.) Id, rft . (fo llows wonan (Zoa .ph.) at �h at place , vowels) (a1 s 0 - w i e it). where? - locational (Con­ traction of wuan + -an); -wiol) (s.m.) 2p , perm. (follows vowels ) . wonangen vhere? , to vh at place? ; -w i om (s . m. ) 1 s, r ft . (f0110 101 s vowels ) • wonangeba whence?, from wh at place? -wion (s . m. ) z2s , rft . (follows vowels ). wosa (dem. ) vhich? (also woda (N.)); -wiop (s .m.) 3s , rft . (fo llows vowels ) . wosan (Zoa.ph.) vhere ? - di re ctional ; -wiowot (s .m. ) 2-3d, rft . (fo llows vowels ) . wosaken (Zoa .ph.) whe re ? - dire ctional , to wh at place ?; wi�it (n. ) Striped Pseudo- flyeater (Tr ocheligone maforensis ). wosapa (Zoa.ph.) by which yay?; (aux. ) floating, carrying - wisam wosakeba (Zoa.ph.) from vhich of water: wi sam ariap the water place , when ce ? carried it aw ay . (s.m. ) 2s , perm. (fo llows I (see susu wi t wit). -wot wit vowels ) . wi t II (n. ) k. of small frog . wu (ex aZ. ) exclamation of pain as in wu yai yai sal)e ta they (tv.III) (see we t- ). wit- cried out in pain.

-wit (s .m. ) Id , rpt . (follows -WU like - resemblan ce (occurs in vowels ) . dem. : yu, ya , eda , ewa , eba , gi r a) ; thus ly (vith demo (dem. ) (N. ) where (af. wosa). woda indicating refe rent) yu or ya (yawu or yuwu) ; in a manner (n. ) spiral - a ch ildren 's wohap (when occurring in a manner game of making a spi ral in th e tagmeme ): yuwu thusly, in ground by hook ing the toes and th is manner; turning on th e heel . It is based on tracking a pig in yawu thus ly , in th at manner. circles ; (s .m.) 3s , ift . (follovs wohap wohap sam ari- (aux. ) to -wuap vowels ). track an an imal - pig. (s.m.) 2s , ift . (follovs (s .m. ) Is , ift. (follows -wuat -worn vowels ) . vowels ) . (dem. ) vhat? (in t.pr. ) (s.m. ) Is , icft . (follow s wuan -woman (May indi cate a referent vowels ). known by the speaker (af. · ala) ; (s .m.) 3s , icft . (follows -womap wuanga t why?; vovels ) . wuanl)e (de m. ) wh o (int .pr. ) (s.m.) 2s , icft . (follovs -womat (spe aker may knov referent vowels ) . an d thus use it in examining or rhetorical questions ). -womos an (s .m.) Is , dft. (follow s vovels ). WUI) sa-/wUI) i- (aux. ) to swoon. (s .m. ) 3s , dft . (follows -womosap (aux. ) to fall - of vowels ) . WUI) WUI) yap water ove r a fall, to roar - of waterfall or airplane . -womosat (s.m,) 2s , .lft . (follows vovels ) • won- (dem. ) (contracti on of wuan vhen occurring with loc o clitics ). 140 ya

yawuak just the same , like ; y yawuya (post position after noun ) like that . y- {tv.I} (in ipt.) (see s�-). -ya (see yawuya, yiwuya , yuwuya , ya {dem. } that , those, it - gi rawuya) . near the hearer; yabu (n. ) rainy season , monsoon , yaka/yakat {conn. } therefore : ye ar. den mem eknongomin iwi yakat aun yukat they us ed to lie to yabul) {n.} k. of banana. us ; there fore now at this time •.. (als o yal)ak); its yae yae {excL.} exclamation of (poss .ph.): yakat han its di stress, sorrow , pain (also ground; (also yaka) (see ya i ya i). -gat); yakat otma therefore ; (claus e) + yaka biwil)an yagoro (n. ) k. of tree . during , while : ahowi yaka biwil)an yawu teteop it yaha- {iv. } (see yaha-). happened like this when they fought ; yahat- {tv.I} to stand up , arise, ri se ; yakeba (Loc .ph .) thence , from there (see angeba); mem yahat- to increase - price , to improve s.o. , to better yaken fLoc. ph. ) there , to s.o. 's state ; th at place - di rectional (see -angen ); yahat yahatl)e huge, high: h�mel)e yahat yahatl)e high van (Loc.ph .) there - locational , pay; near the hearer (follows de pen­ dant ve rb ; at th at time , when) 10k yahat yahatl)e important , (see -an); significant man .

yal)ak (intens.pl'. ) itself , its yai yai I (see yae yael. own ; yai yai II (n.) k. of an imal in yaok (ya + ak) th at 's al l: bail)e bush . yaok that 's enough ; on ly that : be yaok only that taro; just yaka (see ya) . the same ; yaka 1ak naga- to like s.th .. ve ry yapa (Loc .ph .) from that place , much (Lit. think on ly ab out out of there , by that way that ) . (see -ab a) ; (claus e) + yapahat se, as a re sult , consequently ; yakat (conn.) (see va) . (depend. cl. ) yapa (gatl)al)e ) as a result , in cons equen ce of : yakeba (see va). gokorok pawarakma yapa ahowi they quarre lled ove r chi ckens yaken (see ya) . and as a result they fought . yale le l) oap (aux. ) {N .} to yawu (au. ) like that , thus , like float (ci. yalil) yalil)oa p). this (in narrative structure ya 't hat ' is often better trans­ yalil) pan- (aux. ) to sail s.th . lated 'this') (also yawuak ); through the ai r, to glide s.th .

yawu oap to be fulfi lled - of a yalil) yalil) oap (aux. ) to float stated predi ction; (also yalelel) oap (N.)).

yaw uhat in such a manner , there­ yalom I (n. ) coconut (als o fore , as a result , consequently , ma tuk) . so; yalom II (n.) yam cultigen . yawu garama like that ; in such a manner , therefore ; y ak 141 yarna yama (n .) Augus ta-vi ctoria gola oa p the tree lives Bird of Paradise ( Paradisea again, a second time ; augustae vi ctoriae ) . yahapQe ki nihi don't give me yama (conn. ) but , furthermore , in more ; spite of , yet, nevertheless . yahapQan (loc .ph.) on Tue s day ; yan (loc .ph.) ( see va) . yahap yahap (av.) two by two; yaQak I (conn. ) therefore . yahapQe ot- to redo s.th., to yaQak II (intens .pr. ) ( see va). do it a second time: yahapQe kemesai they replanted yaok ( see ya) . it; yapa (Zoc.ph.) ( see ya) . biwi yahap un decided, irresolute (lit. two insides ) ; yariaQ (n. ) tassel; -yahat/-yahap (1st order nominal sukam yariaQ cassow�ry tassel. sUffix) two: atayahatge your two older brothers (cf. -lip, yaroQe as in 5050 yaroQe yarn - Ill I V) • cultigen . yawu (av . ) ( s e e y a ) . yak (per. pr. ) him, her, them yaya- (n.) (N. ) MoBr (cf. yio-). ( d u . and pl. ) ; yaba (n. ) whiskers ; yakQe (sub.ph.) he , she , it , they ( du. and pI. ) sego yabaQe corn tassel, silk; yakat (poss .ph.) his , her, hers ; ( cau. ) for him, for her; yabit (n. ) k. of an imal - simi lar yakat den binaQ that is his to brush-tai led rat kangaroo story ; ( als o yab i tQan , korok papa to) . yaku (c. pr. ) his , her , hers , yabit emetQe (n. ) k. of fern. their, thei rs ( pl. ) ( emphatic possession ) ; but she , but he yaha- (iv.) to as cend , enter - ( adversative ) ; house , canoe : ai sesegatQe pe r.-num . kaknenQan yahamu a lot of .work ya� (noun) -Qe his , her, hers will come upon us ; ( po sses s i on ) ;

yaha yahaQe ot- (aux. ) to think yak yegat (poss.ph.) theirs highly of oneself, to be ( pl. ) the ir ( possession ) ; proud , arrogant, haugh ty ,' to have high self-esteem; yak yengu (c. p r. ) their, theirs ( pI.) ( possession ) ; i b i yekma kakyeQan yah a yaha 10k a promis cuous man (Zit. a man yak(yen/yeQe) (per.pr. ) they who sees wo men and goes up on ( pI. ) ; them) ; pe r.-num. yak (noun) -yeQe their, theirs yahawe gewe (aj. ) undulating - ( pl. ) ( po sses s i on ) ; of terrain; asymmetri cal , uneven : ahawe gewe an asymmetrical ��age � yak (yet)(-Qe) (per.pr.) they yahalan (n. ) day before yest erday . ( du . ) ; yahama (cm.pr. ) he/ she/ they , however yak ye tgat (poss.ph.) thei rs ( see nama) . ( du. ) their ( possession ) ;

(num. ) two ; yahap . yak (yet)ku (c.pr. ) their, theirs ( du . ) ( possession ) ; yahapQe (aj. ) second; ( av . ) twice , again, second time: nak yahapQe yak (ye)Qak thems elves ( pl. ) ( emphatic) ( see nlna k); 142 yaku

yak (yet)Qak thems elves (du. ) yera- (tv.I) to shoot s.th . (emph atic) (see ninak) . yerama (am.pr. ) you (du. ), yaku (a.pr. ) his , her , hers , their, however (see nama) . theirs (pl. ) (emph at ic possession); but she , but he (cont rastive ) (see ye t an d (in clos ed coordinate naku) . noun phrase) . yaku yaku (see yoku yoku). -yet (s .m. ) 2-3d, if. yawuQe (n. ) k. of large frog. ye t (per. pr.) you (du. ); yawut- (n. ) paternal un cle ; FaBr , ye tQe (sub.ph.) you (du. ); FaSiHu , MoSiHu , BrCh (m.s.), pe r.-num . PaSbChCh (m.s.). y'e t (noun) -yetQ'e you, yours (du. ) (possession); yegat (poss.ph.) thei r, your , yours (pl. ): 10k he leQ yega t 5050 the ye tgat (poss.ph.) your , yours Nev Guine an 's dog ; (cau. ) for you (du. ); (cau. ) for you (du. ) (pl.) (af. -gat). (af. -gat). yek (n. ) Marbled Honey-sucker (Meliphaga marmorata) . yetku (a. pr. ) your , yours (du. ) yek- to see (see nek- for us age) . (emphatic possession ) (see naku for usage ). -yek you/them (pl. ) 2-3p, o.pr.I (see -nek for us age ). yetQak (emp.pr. ) (yet) yetQak you yourselves (du. ) (see ye1ek- to see (see nek- for us ag e ). ninak for us age ).

-ye1ek you/them (du. ) 2-3d , o.pr.I -yetQe (2nd or de r nominaL suffix) (see -nek for us ag e) . your/their (du. ) 2-3d , p.m. yemo (n. ) k. of tree . yetQeak (emp.pr. ) (yet) yetQeak you yours elves (du. ) (see yen (per.pr. ) you (pl. ); n i n i ak ) ; pe r.-num . ' y'en (noun) -yeQ e your , yours (pl.) (yak) yetQeak they thems elves (possession); (du. ) (see niniak). ") yeQe (sub.p h.) you (pl. ). yi (dem. ) th is , these - ne ar the speaker (also yu) ; yen�m� (am.pr. ) you , however (see nama ) . yiwuya one like this, one the same as th is ; yengu (a.pr. ) your , yours (pl. ) (pos session). (see naku) . yiken (Zoa .ph.) here , to here (directional) (see -angen); yeQak (emp.pr. ) (yen) yeQak your­ selves (pl. ) (see nina k); yikeba (Zoa.ph.) from here , hence (see -angeba) . yak (ye) Qak thems elves (pl. ) (see ninak ). yihi yihi (n. ) frui t bat.

-yeQe (2nd order nomina Z SUffix) yik yararak (aj.) slender - of your/their (pl. ) 2-3p, p.m. frui+. : mayawa bonQe yik yararak a slender bean (also gik yeQeak (emp.pr. ) (yen) ye Qeak you ba rarak) . yourselves (pl. ) (see niniak); yikeba (see yi ).

yak yeQeak they thems elves (pl. ) yiken (see y i ) . (see niniak) . yinsiwet (n. ) k. of vine. yeraQ (n. ) ringvorm , tinea. yingi- (¢, tv . II) to bite (see yeraQ (yeraQ) o t- to become nihi- I); to give (see nihi- II) . diseased vith tinea. yuwuaJt 143

-yingi I for you/them (pl.) (2-3p , yu (dem. ) this - near the b.pr. ) (see -nihi I). speaker, these, it (also yl);

-yingi II you/them (pl. ) (2-3p, yu ya this and that ; o.pr.II) (see -nihi II) . yuak only this ; yio- (n.) maternal unc le ; MoBr (als o yay a (N.» . yuan (Zoa.ph.) here (loc at ional) ; yisit (n.) Beau�iful Lorikeet yukat (poss .ph.) this one's, (Charmosynopsis pulchella) . its ; yitki- (¢. tv . II) to bite (see yukat bet�an after this - in nihi- I); to gi ve (see nihi- II) . time , from now on , hence­ forth; -yitki I for you/them (du. ) (2-3d, b.pr. ) (see -nihi I). yukeba (Zoa.ph.) from here , hence (see -angebi ); -yitki II you/them (du. ) (2-3d, o.pr.II) (see -n ihi II ). yuken (Zoa. ph.) here , to here - di re ctional (see -angen ); yiwere �e (t.) just now (als o yuweref)e , itara� e). yupa (Zoa.ph.) through , here , by this way , out of here yiwuya (see yi ). (see -ab i); yoge (n. ) k. of li zard. yupa gat�e one from here; yogo yogo (aj. ) sharp , narrow , yuwu like this, thus (als o prominent - of nose; razorbacked - yawu) ; of mountain ridge , thin an imal 's back . yuwuak just like this ; yogof)e (n. ) corner of ledge ; yuwuya one like this, one the le ading edge, trai ling edge same as th is. (af. gin�e) . yu ya (see yu). yoko (n. ) k. of tree . yuak (see y u ) . yoku yoku agi- (aux. ) to re cipro­ cate : yoku yoku urn ag imai they yukat (see yu) . re ciprocated in giving cooked food (als o yaku yaku); yukat bet�an (see yu) .

yoku yoku ot- to trade . yukeba (s ee y u) . yolof) yo1of) ot- (aux. ) to swim. yuken (see yu). yongo- (¢. tv. III) to hit, kill, yupa (see yu) . strike s.o. , fall down (see noho- for usage). yupa gat�e (see yu) .

-yongo you/them (pl.) (2-3p, yuwere �e (t.) just now (als o o.pr.III) (see -noh o for us age). yhwe re�e , itara�e). yo�an (n.) k. of arrow point. yuwu (se e y u) . yop (n. ) (N .) time (af. sap); yuwuak (see yu) .

emet yop�e af ternoon . yotko- (¢. tv . III) to hit, kill, strike s.o. , fall down (see noho- for usage).

-yotko you/them (du. ) (2-3d, o.pr.III) (see -noho for us age ). 144

Zero Morphemes

II- I to see (see nek-) .

11- II to bite (see nihi- I) .

111 - III to gi ve (see nihI- II ) .

.,- IV to hit (see noho- ) .

-� I 2s , if.

- III II he, she , it; 3s , o.pr.I (see -nek) .

- III III he , she , it ; 3s , o.pr.II (see -nlhl II ).

- III IV (1st orde r nominal suffix) (singular number:·

atane my elder brother; atayahatne my two

elder brothers (cf. -yahat, -lip).

McElhanon, K. and McElhanon, N. Selepet-English Dictionary. C-15, xxii + 165 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. DOI:10.15144/PL-C15.1 ©1970 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.