Sociolinguistics (Соціолінгвістика)

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Sociolinguistics (Соціолінгвістика) Міністерство освіти і науки України Державний заклад «Луганський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка» О. М. Биндас SOCIOLINGUISTICS (Соціолінгвістика) Навчально-методичний посібник для студентів 4 курсу закладів вищої освіти спеціальності 014 «Середня освіта. Мова і література (англійська)» денної та заочної форм навчання Старобільськ-Полтава 2020 УДК 811.111'27(072) ББК Б 62 Рецензенти: Кобзар О. І. – доктор філологічних наук, професор кафедри ділової іноземної мови Полтавського університету економіки і торгівлі. Шехавцова С. О. – доктор педагогічних наук, професор кафедри романо- германської філології Державного закладу «Луганський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка». Биндас О. М. Б 62 Sociolinguistics : навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 4 курсу спец. 014 «Середня освіта. Мова і література (англійська)» вищ. навч. закл. ден. та заочн. форм навч. / Олена Миколаївна Биндас ; Держ. закл. «Луган. нац. ун-т імені Тараса Шевченка». – Полтава : Вид-во ВНЗ Укоопспілки «Полтавський університет економіки і торгівлі», 2020. – 113 с. – англ. мовою. Навчально-методичний посібник містить комплект навчальних матеріалів з авторського курсу «Соціолінгвістика», а саме: теоретичний матеріал, плани семінарських занять та рекомендовану літературу для підготовки до них; систему вправ для самостійної роботи студентів і проведення семінарських занять та тести до курсу. Посібник адресовано студентам 4 курсу спеціальності 014 «Середня освіта. Мова і література (англійська)» закладів вищої освіти денної та заочної форм навчання. УДК 811.111'27(072) ББК Рекомендовано до друку навчально-методичною радою факультету іноземних мов Луганського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка (протокол № 9 від 28 квітня 2020 року) © Биндас О. М., 2020 © ДЗ «ЛНУ імені Тараса Шевченка» 2 CONTENTS Пояснювальна записка .……………………………………………….. 4 TOPIC 1. Introduction. Sociolinguistics and Language Education…...… 6 TOPIC 2. Language Variation and Society…………………………….. 16 TOPIC 3. Dialects, Styles, and Registers…………...…………………... 32 TOPIC 4. Pidgins and Creoles. Lingua Francas.………………………... 46 TOPIC 5. From Pidgins to Creoles. Origins and Theories.……………... 54 TOPIC 6. Codes, Diglossia, Bilingualism and Multilingualism...…….... 66 TOPIC 7. Code Switching and Code Mixing………………..………...... 75 TOPIC 8. Society, Culture and Communication (Whorf’s ideas, Bloom’s Taxonomy)………………. ………………........ 86 Plans and Tasks for Seminars ………………………………………....... 99 Test to the Course ……………………………………………………… 109 References ……………………………………………………………… 111 3 Пояснювальна записка до курсу Інтерес до соціальних аспектів розвитку та функціонування англійської мови знайшов своє відображення у викладанні курсу – «Соціолінгвістика». У процесі вивчення соціолінгвістики студенти знайомляться з основними формами відображення в англійській мові соціальних процесів і особливостей суспільного розвитку, з «формами породження певних рис мовлення», що викликані соціальними факторами, з закономірностями у зміні мови під впливом суспільства. Курс «Соціолінгвістика» займає важливе місце у системі лінгвістичної підготовки майбутніх спеціалістів, є додатковим у вивченні всіх лінгвістичних дисциплін. Даний курс закладає основи теоретичних знань, сприяє поглибленому вивченню соціальної природи мови, свідомому засвоєнню інших мовознавчих курсів. Метою навчальної дисципліни є ознайомлення майбутніх спеціалістів із основними поняттями та термінами соціальної лінгвістики. Курс «Соціолінгвістика» має теоретичну спрямованість. У теоретичній частині курсу містяться відомості про соціальну лінгвістику як науку, методологію соціолінгвістики, методи вивчення соціальної сутності мови, суспільного її характеру, історичний розвиток мови (зокрема, багатомовність), а також про соціальні й психологічні фактори розвитку мов. Теоретичні заняття забезпечують засвоєння знань, розвивають у студентів вміння класифікувати різноманітні мовні явища, спостерігати й аналізувати факти різних мов, а також формують деякі навички лінгвістичного мислення. Вивчення соціолінгвістики особливо важливе у наш час, коли вплив соціальних факторів на мову надто помітний і призводить до суттєвих змін у функціонуванні лексичних, словотворчих і граматичних засобів. Навчити студентів бачити нові тенденції у розвитку мови, вірно їх оцінювати і враховувати, аналізуючи мовні фактори в «соціальному контексті» – одне з важливих завдань цього курсу. Аналіз конкретних фактів, які відображають вплив соціальних факторів на мову та нові тенденції її розвитку, – обов’язковий елемент практичних занять курсу. Вивчення курсу «Соціолінгвістика» має і важливе виховне завдання: воно не тільки знайомить студентів із різними формами впливу соціальних процесів на мову (і мови на суспільство), але й покликане сприяти формуванню у майбутніх викладачів і наукових співробітників ефективних форм соціальної і мовленнєвої поведінки. Метою курсу «Соціолінгвістика» є ознайомлення студентів з основними положеннями соціолінгвістичної теорії, її предметом та об'єктом, з основними поняттями, проблемами й методами соціолінгвістики – науки, що розвивається на стику мовознавства, соціальної психології та етнографії та вивчає проблеми, пов'язані із соціальною природою мови, її суспільними функціями, механізмом впливу соціальних чинників на мову, а також роллю мови в житті суспільства. 4 Засвоєння викладеного матеріалу сприятиме формуванню чіткого уявлення про те, як соціальний чинник впливає на функціонування мов, як він відображається в мовній структурі, як мови взаємодіють. У результаті вивчення даного курсу студент повинен знати: ознаки сучасної мовної парадигми; аспекти вивчення взаємодії мови та суспільства; нові категорії аналізу: дискримінація за мовною ознако, мовні права та ін.; статус мов у різних державах (державні, офіційні мови, мови меншин, регіональні мови, міноритарні мови, мови мігрантів ат ін.); про смерть і захист мов у сучасних умовах. вміти: аналізувати і порівнювати взаємодію мови та суспільства в світі та в Україні; з’ясовувати причинно-наслідкові зв’язки універсальних та ідіоетнічних ознак функціонування мов у різних країнах світу та в Україні. 5 Lecture 1 Introduction. Sociolinguistics and Language Education Sociolinguistics as a science Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociology of language is the effect of language on the society, while sociolinguistics focuses on the society's effect on language. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics. It is historically closely related to linguistic anthropology and the distinction between the two fields has even been questioned. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables (e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc.) and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place, language usage also varies among social classes, and it is these sociolects that sociolinguistics studies. The social aspects of language were in the modern sense first studied by Indian and Japanese linguists in the 1930s, and also by Louis Gauchat in Switzerland in the early 1900s, but none received much attention in the West until much later. The study of the social motivation of language change, on the other hand, has its foundation in the wave model of the late 19th century. The first attested use of the term sociolinguistics was by Thomas Callan Hodson in the title of his 1939 article "Sociolinguistics in India" published in Man in India. Sociolinguistics in the West first appeared in the 1960s and was pioneered by linguists such as William Labov in the US and Basil Bernstein in the UK. In the 1960s, William Stewart and Heinz Kloss introduced the basic concepts for the sociolinguistic theory of pluricentric languages, which describes how standard language varieties differ between nations. For example, a sociolinguist might determine through study of social attitudes that a particular vernacular would not be considered appropriate language use in a business or professional setting. Sociolinguists might also study the grammar, phonetics, vocabulary, and other aspects of this sociolect much as dialectologists would study the same for a regional dialect. The study of language variation is concerned with social constraints determining language in its contextual environment. Code- switching is the term given to the use of different varieties of language in different social situations. William Labov is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics. He is especially noted for introducing the quantitative study of language variation and change, making the sociology of language into a scientific discipline. Also, sociolinguistics can study a gradual transition of individual values of a word in the context its semantics which occur in some ethnic, cultural or social 6 groups. For example, Russian linguist A.V. Altyntsev studied the semantics of the word "love". He was able to make up a gradation of meanings of this word (scale of gradients) and established that the concept of love is a gradual transition of individual values, where a reference point raises the profile vector "State – Ethnic commonality. Sociolinguistic interviews are an integral
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