University of Groningen Inuit Outside the Arctic Terpstra, Tekke
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University of Groningen Inuit outside the Arctic Terpstra, Tekke IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2015 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Terpstra, T. (2015). Inuit outside the Arctic: Migration, identity and perceptions. University of Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 06-10-2021 INUIT OUTSIDE THE ARCTIC Migration, Identity and Perceptions Circumpolar Studies Volume 10 Circumpolar Studies is a series on Dutch research in the Polar Regions published by the Arctic Centre of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. For other titles in the series, see the website of the publisher at www.barkhuis.nl. This research project was financed by the Arctic Centre of the University of Groningen and part of the Netherlands Polar Programme. The publication of this dissertation was possible by financial support of the Willem Barentsz Stichting, Groningen. Cover photographs: Tekke Terpstra. Cover design: Nynke Tiekstra, ColtsfootMedia, Rotterdam. Book design: Barkhuis Publishing, Eelde, Nienke Boschman and Tekke Terpstra. ISBN 9789491431876 (printed version) ISBN 9789036780599 (electronic version). © 2015 Tekke K. Terpstra Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets van deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigt, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in written form from the author. Inuit outside the Arctic Migration, Identity and Perceptions Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. E. Sterken en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op maandag 14 september 2015 om 11.00 uur door Tekke Klaas Terpstra geboren op 27 februari 1982 te Groningen Promotores Prof. dr. L. Hacquebord Prof. dr. M. Nuttall Beoordelingscommissie Prof. dr. P.D. Jordan Prof. dr. Y.B. Kuiper Prof. dr. P. Schweitzer Table of contents Acknowledgements ix Map of Greenland xi Map of Denmark xiii Map of Canada xv 1 Introduction: Inuit outside the Arctic 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 4 1.3 Definition of the problem 6 1.3.1 Comparative perspective 8 1.4 Outline of the book 11 2 Migration and identity 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Migration 13 2.2.1 Migration and mobility 14 2.2.2 Migration in anthropology 16 2.2.3 Migration and mobility in the Arctic 18 2.2.4 Migration, mobility and Inuit 20 2.3 Identity and anthropology 21 2.4 Identity and Inuit 23 2.5 Migration and identity 28 2.6 Conclusion 29 3 Methods and reflection 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 In Canada, Denmark and Greenland 31 3.2.1 Participating and observing 35 3.2.2 Interviewing 37 3.2.2.1 Group interviews 40 3.2.3 Reflection 42 3.2.3.1 A Dutch anthropologist 43 3.2.3.2 Language use 44 3.2.3.3 Anthropological mobilities and strengths 45 3.3 Additional sources and practicalities 47 3.4 Conclusion 48 VI INUIT OUTSIDE THE ARCTIC 4 Greenland and Denmark: relations and identifications through time 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Greenland and Denmark through time 50 4.3 The modernization of Greenland 53 4.3.1 Danish in Greenland 58 4.4 Postcolonial relations 62 4.5 Conclusion 68 5 Greenlanders in Denmark through time: migration in the past and present through numbers 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 From and to Greenland: some trends 71 5.3 Greenlanders in Denmark until World War II 76 5.4 Greenlanders in Denmark since World War II 76 5.5 Greenlanders in Denmark: in recent times 78 5.6 Conclusion 84 6 Moving to Denmark: migration reasons, diversity and experiences 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Various migration discourses: why Greenlanders move to Denmark 87 6.3 Education in Denmark 94 6.4 Danish partners and other additional (relational) ties with Denmark 99 6.5 Denmark for other reasons 104 6.6 Additional migration flows 106 6.6.1 Return migration 108 6.7 Living and staying in Denmark 112 6.8 Conclusion 122 7 Identity issues: Greenlanders in Denmark through various eyes 125 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 Ascribed identities 125 7.2.1 Danish views on Greenlanders in Denmark 125 7.3 Self-ascribed identities 138 7.3.1 Preconceptions and identity 139 7.3.2 Linguistic identity 144 7.3.3 Nature, food and identity 148 7.3.4 Greenlandic networks in Denmark and identity 154 7.3.5 Identity and terminology 159 7.4 Debating identities 164 7.5 Conclusion 170 Table of contents vii 8 Inuit in southern Canada: a comparative perspective on Inuit outside the Arctic 173 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Inuit in Canada 174 8.3 Inuit in southern Canada 175 8.3.1 Inuit in Edmonton 178 8.4 Images of Inuit in the Canadian South 184 8.5 Some comparative perspectives on Inuit in Denmark and Inuit in southern Canada 189 8.5.1 Inuit language and Inuit identity outside the Arctic 190 8.5.2 Local organization and Inuit identity outside the Arctic 192 8.5.3 Perceptions and Inuit identity in and outside the Arctic 195 8.6 Conclusion 205 9 Conclusion 207 References 219 Nederlandse samenvatting 241 Dansk resumé 247 Curriculum Vitae 253 Acknowledgements Working on this book has been a real scientific and personal adventure. The project has offered me a great opportunity to gain more in-depth knowledge of topics I got interested in in the course of my life. As such, this book is in fact not solely the product of my years as a doctoral candidate but in a certain way already started long before the official start of my PhD position in January 2009. For the reader, it is good to know that the last fieldwork for the research, which forms the basis for this book, was conducted in 2011. Therefore, knowledge gained from fieldwork and used in this book reflects the years up until then. In addition, my PhD position officially ended in July 2013, because of which I have had to limit myself and place the emphasis with regards to sources used in this book before that time. However, since then, the work has continued and has now resulted in the publication of this book. Surely, the publication of this book had not been possible without the help of many people over the years. I am grateful to everyone who in one way or another helped me with my research. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Louwrens Hacquebord, who has been enthusiastic about my ideas and supportive of my work from even before really starting the research and until the end. Secondly, I want to thank my other supervisor, Prof. Dr. Mark Nuttall, whose advice and comments have really benefited my research. Here, I would also like to thank the members of the reading committee, Prof. Dr. Peter Jordan, Prof. Dr. Yme Kuiper and Prof. Dr. Peter Schweitzer, for taking the time to assess my work. At the University of Groningen, I would like to thank the Arctic Centre and my colleagues there, including Nienke Boschman, Annette Scheepstra, Dag Avango, Ulf Gustafsson, Ypie Aalders, Hidde de Haas, Frigga Kruse, Maarten Loonen, Cecilia Sandström, Rianne Hofman and Frits Steenhuisen. I also like to thank colleagues from the Faculty of Spatial Sciences with whom I discussed migration during the first period as a doctoral candidate and those anthropologists at the university who have spent time with me talking about my research. I am also grateful to the Groningen Institute of Archaeology, to which I was connected as a doctoral candidate, and the Centre for Canadian Studies. The support of colleagues at the Department of Sociology is also highly appreciated. Outside of the University of Groningen, I thank the members of the Research Group Circumpolar Cultures. Thanks also to the Association for Canada Studies in the Netherlands (ACSN), which contributed financially to my stay in Canada. In Canada, I would like to thank various employees at the University of Alberta. I am especially grateful to the Canadian Circumpolar Institute and its team, who facilitated my stay as an academic visitor at the University of Alberta. In Denmark, I am grateful to employees of Eskimology and Arctic Studies.