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Self-Governance in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Trends

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Self-Governance in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Trends International Ph.D. School for Studies of Arctic Societies (IPSSAS) Self-Governance in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Trends Proceedings of the Fourth IPSSAS Seminar Kuujjuaq, Nunavik, Canada May 22 to June 2, 2006 François Trudel (Ed.) CIÉRA (Centre interuniversitaire d’études et de recherche autochtones) Faculté des sciences sociales Université Laval, Québec, Canada The IPSSAS Steering Committee wishes to thank the following institutions and departments for various contributions to the Fourth IPSSAS Seminar in Kuujjuaq, Nunavik, Canada, in 2006: - Indian and Northern Affairs Canada / Inuit Relations Secretariat - Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada - Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada - CIÉRA (Centre interuniversitaire d’études et de recherches autochtones), Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec, Canada - CCI (Canadian Circumpolar Institute) and H.M. Tory Chair (Department of Anthropology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada - Greenland’s Home Rule, Department of Culture, Education, Research and Ecclesiastical Affairs - Ilisimatusarfik / University of Greenland - The Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland (KVUG) - Makivik Corporation - National Science Foundation of the United States of America - Alaska Native Languages Centre, University of Alaska Fairbanks - Department of Cross Cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen, Denmark - Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), Paris, France Cover photo: Inukshuit in the outskirts of Kuujjuaq, Nunavik. An inushuk (inukshuit in the plural form) is an arrangement of stones or cairn resembling the shape of a human. The Inuit have used inukshuit for generations for many of their activities, such as a navigational aid, a lure or a marker. Inukshuit also embody spiritual and ancestral connections and have a great symbolic meaning. (Source of photo: catalog of photos taken by participants to the IPSSAS seminar in Kuujjuaq, 2006). International Ph.D. School for Studies of Arctic Societies (IPSSAS) Self-Governance in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Trends Proceedings of the Fourth IPSSAS Seminar, Kuujjuaq, Nunavik, 2006 Editor : François Trudel Université Laval, Québec 4th semestre 2008 ISBN : 978-2-321438-74-2 International Ph.D. School for Studies of Arctic Societies (IPSSAS) Self-governance in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Trends Proceedings of the Fourth IPSSAS Seminar Kuujjuaq, Nunavik, Canada May 22nd to June 2nd, 2006 François Trudel (ed.) CIÉRA (Centre interuniversitaire d’études et de recherches autochtones) Faculté des sciences sociales Université Laval, Québec, Canada Self-Governance in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Trends Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION Marc-Adélard TREMBLAY and Jules DUFOUR The Long March of Canadian Aboriginal Peoples to gain their Rights, to win Recognition of their Freedom and to Achieve Self-Determination: 1950-2005................. 7 Fernand ROY Québec’s role in the Nunavik Self-Governance Process: an Historical Overview........... 37 ASPECTS OF ABORIGINAL SELF-GOVERNANCE IN CANADA, ALASKA AND GREENLAND Jérôme BOUCHARD The Dynamics of Collective Identity and Political Changes in Nunavik ......................... 45 Michelle DAVELUY Knowledge Transfer about New Forms of Nunavut and Nunavik Governance............... 55 Andreas DROULIAS After the land claims: present realities and future potentials of tribal government and sovereignty in Interior Alaska........................................................................................... 63 Gerlis FUGMANN Indigenous Peoples and Self-Governance: Development of the International Discussion since the 1970s and the “Canadian Way” of Implementation........................ 75 Alexandre GERMAIN National Parks and Internal Politics: A case study from the Torngat Mountains, Quebec and Labrador........................................................................................................ 89 Caroline HERVÉ Changes in leadership patterns from the contact period to the establishment of Nunavut and to the future Nunavik government............................................................. 103 Pia LYNGE Self-governance and Independence in Greenland: Student positions from three different educational institutions in Nuuk....................................................................... 113 Carly McLAFFERTY “But We Know Different, We Live Here”: Public Participation in Environmental Assessment Hearings from Voisey’s Bay, Labrador and the Sahtu Settlement Area, Northwest Territories...................................................................................................... 125 Jakub Christensen MEDONOS Issues in the study of youth and self-governance ........................................................... 137 Chanda L. MEEK The effect of federal agency culture, bureaucratic structure, and agency history on the co-management of marine mammals management in Alaska ........................................ 145 François TRUDEL Aboriginal Self-Governance in Canada: Two critical viewpoints.................................. 155 BACKGROUND PAPERS ON SELF-GOVERNANCE Lindsay STAPLES Self-Governance in Canada’s North: Challenges and Prospects .................................... 167 Kativik School Board The Kativik School Board and the road to genuine Inuit empowerment ....................... 177 ii FOREWORD The IPSSAS seminar is an intensive course about and in Arctic societies. It brings together Ph.D. candidates, senior M.A. students, other young researchers and faculty members from universities and research centres of the IPSSAS circumpolar network as well as other universities. It also involves local students and residents from the Arctic communities where the seminar is held. The fourth IPSSAS seminar was held in the Inuit community of Kuujjuaq, in the northern part of the Province of Québec named Nunavik, where the government of Québec, the government of Canada and Makivik Corporation have in a recent past negotiated and signed Agreements-in-Principle on the creation of a Nunavik Regional Government. The central theme of the seminar was “Self-governance in Arctic societies”, as this process has been one of the major dynamics of the economic, social and political life of many Inuit regions of Northern Canada (Nunavut, Nunavik, Nunatsiavut, Inuvialuit Settlement Region), as of other regions of the circumpolar world. The seminar was organized by François Trudel (Department of Anthropology and CIÉRA, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada) and the IPSSAS Steering Committee, in partnership with Makivik Corporation, an organization owned by the Inuit of Nunavik, with a mandate of the protection of the integrity of the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA). Nine graduate students (five female, four male) from six different countries/territories (Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greenland, the United States), registered and participated in the seminar, which took place in the main office building of the Makivik Corporation and in the Kuujjuaq Convention Centre. Faculty and researchers contributing to the seminar included anthropologist Marc-Adélard Tremblay, Professor emeritus of Université Laval and former member of the Nunavik Commission for Self-Government, many members of the IPSSAS Steering Committee and a postdoctoral researcher, Niobe Thompson, from the University of Alberta. Senator Charlie Watt, in addition to several Inuit from the Kuujjuaq community and from all over Nunavik, were active participants or guests to some activities within the seminar, as well as Government representatives, such as Donat Savoie, Chief Federal Negotiator, and Fernand Roy, the Quebec interim Negotiator for the self-government project of the Inuit of Nunavik. The seminar included many activities (see details on the IPSSAS website). During the first week of the seminar, Professor Marc-Adélard Tremblay of Université Laval gave keynote lectures providing overviews on: a) the Aboriginal situation in Canada; b) the history of social science research in the Québec and Canadian norths; c) the Nunavik Commission for Self-Government. Thereafter, all registered Ph.D. and M.A. students -half of which worked on topics related to self-governance in Arctic societies- each made a presentation describing their research project, which was commented and discussed by Faculty and fellow students. Some of the students also participated to an on-line discussion of the topic of governance in Nunavik on the Nunavik Government website (see www.nunavikgovernment.ca). Faculty 2 and guests made a variety of presentations on the topic of the seminar and related topics, in addition to acting as animators of the discussions. An outstanding feature and centerpiece of the fourth IPSSAS Seminar was certainly a two-day forum organized by Makivik Corporation and named in Inuktitut the “Sivunivut Forum”, which took place on May 30 and 31, with the participation of several Inuit guest speakers from all over Nunavik and local attendance. On the first day of this forum, Inuit representatives of all the major Nunavik organizations (such as Kativik Regional Government, Kativik School Board, the regional Health Board, etc.) made lively presentations of the current issues confronting them and answered a series of questions from the audience, including the IPSSAS Seminar participants. A mock parliamentary
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