Råstoffer Og Rigsfællesskabets Fremtid - En Analyse Af Debatten I Grønland Og Danmark
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KØBENHAVNS UNIVERSITET INSTITUT FOR STATSKUNDSKAB Kandidatspeciale Nina Katrine Lave & Anders Busck Holgersen Råstoffer og rigsfællesskabets fremtid - En analyse af debatten i Grønland og Danmark Vejleder: Ulrik Pram Gad Afleveret den: 12/02/14 Antal ord: 41.965 Nina Katrine Lave og Anders Busck Holgersen Institut for Statskundskab, KU Abstract The Danish Realm is the word for the relationship between the Danish state and its two overseas regions, the Faroe Island and Greenland. Greenland gained greater autonomy within the Danish Realm in 2009 through the Greenland Self-Rule Act, which established the Greenlanders as a separate national people under international law. The consequence of the Self-Rule Act was that Greenland became in charge of the policy of raw materials which had previously been under Danish authority. The goal of this thesis is to analyze the following: What are the consequences of the political debate on raw materials in Denmark and Greenland for the future of the Danish Realm? First we analyzed the Danish and Greenlandic debate through the Copenhagen School’s theory of securitization. On the basis of this analysis we made four scenarios for the future of the Danish Realm. Overall, we conclude that the political debate in Denmark and Greenland on raw materials can have the following consequences for the Danish Realm: The first conclusion is that the effect of the political debate is that foreign investors might think that investing in the Greenlandic mining industry is too risky. Without foreign investment, Greenland will not become financially independent from Denmark and will therefore remain a part of the Danish Realm. The second conclusion is that the political results of the debate attract foreign investors, and lead to a growing mining industry in Greenland. The well-working mining might then result in Greenland becoming financially independent from Denmark and leaving the Danish Realm to become a sovereign state. The third conclusion is that the disagreements between Denmark and Greenland on aspects of security regarding the extraction of uranium can lead to a conflict between Denmark and Greenland that cannot be resolved. As an extreme consequence, Greenland leaves the Danish Realm and become a sovereign state even though it does not have the financial fundament to preserve the current living standard. The fourth conclusion is that the Danish government’s support of Greenlandic political decisions in the Danish debate means that Greenlandic policy makers thinks of the Danish Realm as a constellation that can help Greenland to become a sovereign state. Depending on whether Greenland becomes financially independent or not, Greenland will either remain a part of the Danish Realm or become a sovereign state with a close relationship to Denmark. 2 Nina Katrine Lave og Anders Busck Holgersen Institut for Statskundskab, KU Indhold ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 2 1 INDLEDNING .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Problemformulering .................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Specialets ambition ................................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Specialets fremgangsmåde .................................................................................................................... 10 2 TEORI ........................................................................................................................................ 13 2.1 Videnskabsteoretisk udgangspunkt ...................................................................................................... 13 2.1.1 Sikkerhed ud fra en poststrukturalistisk diskursforståelse ........................................................ 13 2.1.2 Identitet som diskursiv struktur ..................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Sikkerhedsliggørelseteori ....................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1 Den intersubjektive sikkerhedsliggørelse ..................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 De faciliterende omstændigheder .................................................................................................. 18 2.2.3 Sikkerhedsliggørelse: Fra politiseret til sikkerhedsliggjort ........................................................ 20 2.2.4 Afsikkerhedsliggørelse: Fra sikkerhedsliggjort til politiseret ..................................................... 20 2.2.5 Operationalisering af teoriens begreber ........................................................................................ 23 2.3 Scenarieteori ............................................................................................................................................ 30 2.3.1 Sikkerhedsliggørelse og scenarier ................................................................................................. 30 2.3.2 Scenarier ........................................................................................................................................... 30 2.4 Sammenfatning af specialets teoretiske ramme .................................................................................. 31 3. ANALYSESTRATEGI ............................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Analysestrategi for debatterne ............................................................................................................... 32 3.2 Strategi for opbygning af scenarier ....................................................................................................... 33 3.3 Empiri og kildemateriale ......................................................................................................................... 36 3.3.1 Rammer for indsamling og udvælgelse af kildemateriale ........................................................... 36 3.3.2 Empiri- og datamateriale i den grønlandske debat ....................................................................... 37 3.3.3 Empiri og datamateriale i den danske debat ................................................................................. 38 3.3.4 Dataindsamling og strukturering af kilder ..................................................................................... 39 3.4 Sproget og den sproglige barriere ......................................................................................................... 41 3.5 Opsummering af analysestrategi ........................................................................................................... 43 3 Nina Katrine Lave og Anders Busck Holgersen Institut for Statskundskab, KU 4. DE DANSKE OG GRØNLANDSKE IDENTITETSDISKURSER ............................................... 44 4.1 Den grønlandske identitetsdiskurs om stat og nation ........................................................................ 44 4.2 Råstoffer og rigsfællesskab ................................................................................................................... 45 4.3 Den danske identitetsdiskurs om stat og nation ................................................................................. 47 4.4 Rigsfællesskabets plads i den danske nationalstat ............................................................................ 47 5. ANALYSE AF DEN GRØNLANDSKE DEBAT ......................................................................... 49 5.1 Grønlands økonomiske trussel .............................................................................................................. 50 5.1.1 Den økonomiske trussel og råstofudvinding som ekstraordinært middel ................................ 51 5.2 Debatten om storskalaloven ................................................................................................................... 53 5.2.1 Kontekst for debatten om storskalaloven ..................................................................................... 54 5.2.2 Storskalaloven som ekstraordinært middel .................................................................................. 54 5.2.3 Siumuts kritik af proceduren .......................................................................................................... 56 5.3 Debatten om royalties ............................................................................................................................. 58 5.3.1 Kontekst for debatten om royalties ................................................................................................ 59 5.3.2 Royalties som ekstraordinært middel ............................................................................................ 60 5.3.3 Royalties som trussel ...................................................................................................................... 62 5.4 Debat om ophævelsen af nultolerancen overfor uran ......................................................................... 65 5.4.1 Kontekst for urandebatten i Grønland ........................................................................................... 65 5.4.2 Uran som ekstraordinært middel ...................................................................................................