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Kulturkløfter Før Og Nu KULTURKLØFTER FØR OG NU Filmanalyse og empirisk undersøgelse af grønlandske studerendes oplevelse af kulturkløfter Specialeafhandling udarbejdet af Heidi Rosing. Vejleder: Jette Rygaard, lektor. Maj, 2017. Afdeling for Sprog, Litteratur & Medier, Ilisimatusarfik, Nuuk. Indholdsfortegnelse INDLEDNING'....................................................................................................................................'1! PROBLEMFORMULERING'.................................................................................................................'3! AFGRÆNSNING!.......................................................................................................................................!4! OPBYGNING!AF!AFHANDLINGEN!.................................................................................................................!5! TIDLIGERE!UNDERSØGELSER!.......................................................................................................................!6! METODISKE'OVERVEJELSER'.............................................................................................................'7! METODEREDEGØRELSE'....................................................................................................................'9! KVALITATIV!UNDERSØGELSE!.......................................................................................................................!9! KVANTITATIV!UNDERSØGELSE!..................................................................................................................!12! BEGREBSAFKLARING!...............................................................................................................................!17! PRÆSENTATION'AF'SUME'–'MUMISITSINERUP'NIPAA'...................................................................'18! FAKTA!OM!SUME!–!MUMISITSINERUP!NIPAA!..............................................................................................!18! HANDLINGSREFERAT!..............................................................................................................................!22! BERETTERMODELLEN!FOR!SUME!–!MUMISITSINERUP!NIPAA!..........................................................................!23! KARAKTERERNE!I!SUME!–!MUMISITSINERUP!NIPAA!......................................................................................!26! PRÆSENTATION'AF'SUME'.............................................................................................................'29! Musikerne)i)Sume)gennem)tiden)..................................................................................................)31! SUMES!UDGIVELSER!OG!OVERSIGT!OVER!LYRIKKEN!I!SUME!–!MUMISITSINERUP!NIPAA!.......................................!31! Udgivelser).....................................................................................................................................)32! Optrædende)musiknumre)i)Sume)–)Mumisitsinerup)nipaa)...........................................................)32! TEORIFREMSTILLING'......................................................................................................................'34! DOKUMENTARFILMENS!MANGE!SKIKKELSER!&!SUME!–!MUMISITSINERUP!NIPAA!..............................................!34! DOKUMENTARFILMENS!FORTÆLLENDE!ENHEDER!&!DERES!VIRKE!I!SUME!–!MUMISITSINERUP!NIPAA!.....................!39! DOKUMENTARFILM!SOM!HISTORIESKRIVERE!&!DERES!VIRKE!I!SUME!–!MUMISITSINERUP!NIPAA!...........................!42! RECEPTIONSTEORI!.................................................................................................................................!47! POSTKOLONIAL!TEORI!.............................................................................................................................!50! Teoritikerne)bag)postkolonialisme)................................................................................................)51! Faser)mod)frigørelse)fra)kolonimagten)........................................................................................)53! RETTEN!TIL!REPRÆSENTATION!..................................................................................................................!55! FILMSKABERNE)BAG)SUME)–)MUMISITSINERUP)NIPAA!.................................................................................!61! DIASPORA!............................................................................................................................................!63! ANALYSE'AF'SUME%–%MUMISITSINERUP%NIPAA'..............................................................................'64! INDFØRING!I!DISKURSEN!.........................................................................................................................!65! To)kulturer)mødtes).......................................................................................................................)66! To)kulturer)skaber)binære)oppositioner)........................................................................................)68! Stereotyper)...................................................................................................................................)69! UNDERTRYKKELSENS!MANGE!ANSIGTER!.....................................................................................................!72! Bragt)til)tavshed)og)ført)ud)i)passivitet).........................................................................................)72! Det)undertrykte)sprog)og)kampen)for)at)genfinde)sproget)..........................................................)73! Det)er)danskerne,)der)fører)slæden)..............................................................................................)75! MAGTENS!IDEELLE!BILLEDE!KONTRA!KONSEKVENSER!....................................................................................!76! Det)danske)forbillede)&)assimilationen)........................................................................................)77! Følgerne)af)det)forfejlede)fordanskning).......................................................................................)78! AT!REJSE!GØR!ONDT!OG!GØR!GODT!...........................................................................................................!79! Kritik)af)egne)landsmænd).............................................................................................................)81! Oprør)i)sigte)..................................................................................................................................)82! ANALYSE'AF'RESULTATER'..............................................................................................................'83! SUME!–!MUMISITSINERUP!NIPAA,!EN!AUTENTISK!DOKUMENTARFILM.!............................................................!83! SUME!–!MUMISITSINERUP!NIPAA!DOKUMENTERER!HISTORIE!.........................................................................!85! KULTURKLØFTER!I!NUTIDEN!.....................................................................................................................!87! Nutidens)studerende)genkender)postkoloniale)træk)i)Sume)–)Mumisitsinerup)nipaa)..................)87! De)studerendes)egne)erfaringer)med)anspændtheder)mellem)danskere)og)grønlændere)..........)88! Det)postkoloniale)forhold)mellem)danskere)og)grønlændere)idag)iflg.)de)studerende)................)90! PERSPEKTIVERING'&'DISKUSSION'..................................................................................................'96! KONKLUSION'.................................................................................................................................'97! REFERENCELISTE'..........................................................................................................................'101! Antal normale sider 100 eksl. bilag. INDLEDNING Denne specialeafhandling sætter fokus på postkoloniale aspekter i dokumentarfilmen Sume – Mumisitsinerup nipaa (Høegh, 2014) og hvordan kulturkløfter mellem danskere og grønlændere opleves hos grønlandske studerende anno 2016 og giver bud på, om Sume – Mumisitsinerup nipaa kunne tænkes at have en medvirkende årsag til at åbne op for opblussen af en voksende debat om anspændtheden mellem danskere og grønlændere. Kunstnerne Uyarakq 1 og Peand-eL 2 udgav CD’en Kunngiitsuuffik (2015), som bl.a. med numrene Inuiaat og Kunngiitsuuffik 3 kritiserer det grønlandske samfund. Samfundskritik er ikke et ukendt fænomen på den grønlandske musikscene, men Kunngiitsuuffik er nyskabende i sin form som elektronisk musik med en twist af eksperimental hiphop og med intertekstualitet fra demonstrationen mod det grønlandske Landsstyre i 2014. Albummet blev indstillet til Nordisk Råds musikpris 2016. 4 Samfundskritikken sker helt i tråd med historien om Sume i dokumentarfilmen Sume – Mumisitsinerup nipaa, der historisk set også var medvirkende til at gøre oprør i samfundet i 1970’ernes Grønland. En skøn sommer morgen i 2016 vågnede vi op til en ny musikvideo, ”Tupilak.” 5 Den unge rapper, Josef Tarrak Petrussen, skildrer diskriminerende tiltale som ’eskimoperker’ og ’arktisk abekat’, som hans dansklærer har udsat ham for. ”Tupilak” kritiserer det grønlandske samfund for at udelukke egne landsmænd i uddannelsessystemet, pga. at det danske sprog er et krav. Ligesom i Kunngiitsuuffik, har Tupilak intertekstualitet. Sagen om den hjemløse grønlænder i København, som i 2014 blev diskrimineret pga. sin etnicitet, agerer i nummeret med stemmen af vagtcentralens håndtering af episoden om den hjemløse grønlænder. Artiklen om ”Tupilak” i netavisen
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