See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317597731 A Millennium of Changing Environments in the Godthåbsfjord, West Greenland - Bridging cultures of knowledge Thesis · January 2017 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16091.36640 CITATIONS READS 0 18 1 author: Ann Eileen Lennert University of Tromsoe 15 PUBLICATIONS 4 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: REMAINS View project BuSK -Building Shared Knowledge capital to support natural resource governance in the Northern periphery View project All content following this page was uploaded by Ann Eileen Lennert on 16 June 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. A Millennium of Changing Environments in the Godthåbsord, West Greenland Bridging cultures of knowledge Ann Eileen Lennert PhD thesis 2017 A Millennium of Changing Environments in the Godthåbsfjord, West Greenland - Bridging cultures of knowledge PhD thesis 2017 Ann Eileen Lennert 1 Data sheet Title: A Millennium of Changing Environments in the Godthåbsfjord, West Greenland - Bridging cultures of knowledge Subtitle: PhD thesis Author: Ann Eileen Lennert Affiliations: Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland Manutooq 1, Box 1061, 3905 Nuussuaq, Greenland Greenland Institute of Natural Resources and Climate Research Centre Kivioq 2, Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland Print: GEUS Published: 2017 PhD Supervisors Internal: Professor Mark Nuttall Greenland Climate Research Centre and Ilisimatusarfik Climate and Society Programme Nuuk, Greenland External: Naja Mikkelsen Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS Department of Glaciology and Climate Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Layout: Ann Eileen Lennert & Henrik Klinge Petersen Cover illustration: Ann Eileen Lennert and P. Blevin Number of Pages: 224 Please cite as: Lennert, A. E. (2017). A Millennium of Changing Environments in the Godthåbsfjord, bridging cultures of knowledge. PhD thesis. Ilisimatusarfik, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources and Climate Research Centre, 223 pp. 2 Contents List of publications p.8 Preface p.9 Acknowledgements p.10 Abstract p.11 Resumé (abstract in Danish) p.12 Eqikkaaneq (abstract in Greenlandic) p.14 Chapter I 1. Introduction p.18 2. Setting the scene p.19 2.1 The Godthåbsfjord p.19 2.2 Experiencing and getting to know the Godthåbsfjord p.20 3. Understanding and perceiving environments p.23 3.1 Understanding the complexity of the global climate p.24 4. The world of knowledge spheres, as methodological approaches p.30 4.1 A line of inspiration p.32 4.2 Assembling knowledges, environmental anthropology and human geography as a complementary method p.33 4.3 Perceptions and cultures of knowledge p.34 4.3.1 An example of knowledge exchange and advantages p.36 4.4 Interrelated knowledge of the Godthåbsfjord p.37 4.4.1 How to define the terminology of knowledge beholders p.37 4.4.2 Local and traditional knowledge p.40 4.4.3 Cultural landscapes p.41 4.4.4 Place names p.42 4.4.5 Archives of knowledge p.44 3 4.5 Ways of assembling knowledge p.46 4.5.1 Scientific cartography and participatory mapping p.46 4.5.2 Ways of assembling knowledge through stories p.48 Chapter II 1. Summaries and linking perceptions of knowledge p.53 I. Fangsthistorier oplevet og fortalt ud fra kulturlandskaberne: En rejse gennem tid og klimavariationer. p.54 II. Participatory mapping: an additional depositional layer of the Godthåbsfjord, Greenland. p.54 III. Intersecting the cultural landscapes of Uummannaq Island, Southwest Greenland, through stories of geology and environ- mental anthropology. p.55 IV. Place, Identity and Relations: the lived experience of two northern worlds. p.55 V. Qaqortanik Qilalugarniarneq -the hunt of the white whale. Bridging knowledges of the Greenland warming event 1920- 1930 and its environmental impacts of a West Greenlandic fjord. p.56 VI. Pinngortitaq – a place of becoming. p.57 VII. What happens when the ice melts? Belugas, contaminants, ecosystems and human communities in the complexity of global change. p.57 VIII. At the cutting edge of the future: unravelling depredation, behaviour and movement of killer whales in the act of flexible management regimes in Arctic Greenland. p.58 2. Co-author statements p.59 Paper I Naja Mikkeslen , GEUS p.60 Paper III Nynke Kuelen, GEUS p.61 Paper V Anders Anker Bjørk, Natural History of Denamrk p.62 Paper VI Jørgen Berge, UIT & UNIS p.63 Paper VIII Gaëtan Richard, Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS p.64 4 3. Publications p.65 I. Fangsthistorier oplevet og fortalt ud fra kulturlandskaberne: En rejse gennem tid og klimavariationer. p.67 II. Participatory mapping: an additional depositional layer of the Godthåbsfjord, Greenland. p.77 III. Intersecting the cultural landscapes of Uummannaq Island, Southwest Greenland, through stories of geology and environ- mental anthropology. p.105 IV. Place, Identity and Relations: the lived experience of two northern worlds. p.121 V. Qaqortanik Qilalugarniarneq -the hunt of the white whale. Bridging knowledges of the Greenland warming event 1920- 1930 and its environmental impacts of a West Greenlandic fjord. p.141 VI. Pinngortitaq – a place of becoming. p.167 VII. What happens when the ice melts? Belugas, contaminants, ecosystems and human communities in the complexity of global change. p.179 VIII. At the cutting edge of the future: unravelling depredation, behaviour and movement of killer whales in the act of flexible management regimes in Arctic Greenland. p.189 Chapter III 1. Conclusions p.210 1.1 Future perspectives p.212 1.1 Rounding up the key themes p.214 References p.216 5 List of figures Figure 1. Daniel Bruuns map of the Godthåbsfjord built from co-production of knowledge and participatory mapping (Bruun 1908), p. 8. Figure 2. The majestic and pristine fjords of the Godthåbsfjord (left) which I have travelled through using different fields of interpretations and perceptions; one of the most valuable being the perceptions and knowledge of the local hunters as Angunnguaqs (on the right) (Photo: Ann Eileen Lennert), p. 16. Figure 3. The Godthåbsfjord system, p. 17. Figure 4. Saqqaq fireplace with heating stones, clearly visible on the surface in the inner region of the Godthåbsfjord (Photo: Ann Eileen Lennert), p. 18. Figure 5. Exploring the winter landscapes of the inner of the Godthåbsfjord (Photo: Christian K. Madsen), p. 19. Figure 6. The Qamanaarsuup Sermia (QS) and Kangilinnguata Sermia (KS) in the inner region of the Godthåbsfjord (Photos: Ann Eileen Lennert), p. 23. Figure 7. The walrus (Odebenus rosmarus), were of great abundance in the past in the Godthåbsfjord and together with terrestrial species, such as insects, they tell a story of environmental variations but also over exploitation of resources, socio-economy and human impacts. It is therefore imperative to study humans and nature as aligned (Photos: Ann Eileen Lennert), p. 26. Figure 8. Visualization of how incorporating less formal observation and knowledge sources, interrelated ways of knowing across fields, can give an in-depth understanding of environmental variations throughout history, p. 8. Figure 9a. Marine sediment cores taken from the inner region of the Godthåbsfjord close to Uummannaq in 2013 (Photo Ann Eileen Lennert). 9b. X-ray of marine sediment core that casts light upon the paleoclimate up to today by providing evidence about climate conditions (X-Ray taken by Ann Eileen Lennert at Husum Dyreklinik). 9c. Lichens supplement with proxies of recent glacial peaks and dating of terminal moraines (Photo: Ann Eileen Lennert), p. 30. Fig. 10. Apollo Mathiassen and Søren Rysgaard looking at a water sampler onboard R/V Sanna. Apollo is a hunter from Saattut. His interest and curiousity in the duality of knowledge, interests and sciences, does that he often participates in fieldwork and research cruises. He has been an important part of the co-production of knowledge presented in this thesis (Photo: Eva Friis Møller), p. 34. Figure 11. Anguunguaq (left) and Vittus (right), who I have travelled with and have shared their knowledge naturally passed on from their family (Photo: Ann Eileen Lennert), p. 38. Figure 12a. Cairn marking the crossing of a river and a route of travelling (Photo: Ann Eileen Lennert). 12b. Hunting bed next to the cairn of 11a (Photo: Ann Eileen Lennert), p. 40. 6 Figure 13. The remains of Qaqssinguit in the inner region of the Godthåbsfjord (Photo: Ann Eileen Lennert), p. 41. Figure 14. A report to the administration could deliver many facts, here the number of bowhead whales caught and what time of year (Photo: Ann Eileen Lennert), p. 42. Figure 15. Areal photographies taken the 26th and 27th of August 1936 showing the inner region of the Godthåbsfjord which just recently has begun breaking up the winter fjord ice. The photo also reveals historic information of glaciers and trimlines of past glacial advances (Photo: The Natural History Museum of Denmark and Centre for Geogenetics), p. 43. Figure 16. Diogo Ribeiro’s Carta Universal (1529), built on elements of participatory mapping, scientific carthography and diverse fragments of knowledge (The Vatican Library, Italy), p. 44. Figure 17. Vittus showing Natuk how to build a fox trap (Photo: Ann Eileen Lennert), p. 46. Figure 18. Movement and experience changed when introduced to the knowledge and stories embedded in the cultural landscapes. Here Christian and I are moving to an area known to be important for hunting caribou and place names related to the hunt (Photo: Ann Eileen Lennert), p. 47 Figure 19. Hunters, elders, scientists and students have been engaging together co-producing knowledge and philosophies during my courses at Ilisimatusarfik. On the right, Nuuni is standing with a rock which is more that 3.5 billion years old and from the place where “the rocks sound like bells”, an iron ore that today has the potentiality of mining (Photos: Ann Eileen Lennert), p.