University of Nevada, Reno Writing of the Americas a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degre

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

University of Nevada, Reno Writing of the Americas a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degre University of Nevada, Reno Writing of the Americas A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English by Jaycob A. Nolte Dr. Ian Clayton/Thesis Advisor Dr. Valerie Fridland/Thesis Co-Advisor May, 2021 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by Jaycob Nolte entitled Writing of the Americas be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Dr. Ian Clayton Advisor Dr. Valerie Fridland Co-advisor Dr. Ignacio Montoya Committee Member Dr. Jenanne Ferguson Graduate School Representative David W. Zeh, Ph.D., Dean Graduate School May, 2021 i Abstract This paper aims to highlight the different forms of writing within the Americas, establish connections between the systems, and discuss the impact of European colonization. Writing systems within the American Continents contain a vast array of different indigenous systems that first started around 1000-900 BCE and spread throughout Mesoamerica into varying communities innovated to make their writing systems. The writing systems discussed are Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Epi-Olmec, Teotihuacan, Aztec, Mixtec, Khipus, Cree, Cherokee, and Inuktitut writing systems. Primary sources of each system, secondary sources that discuss and synthesize these primary sources, policies, laws, and other cultural materials discussed within these indigenous communities are used throughout the paper to further the discussion. The impact of colonization on the writing systems of the Americas creates a division between pre-and post-contact systems that show the extent of colonial powers. This paper also discusses the writing systems that are still in use and their community's development of revitalization tools and resources. The writing systems of the Americas are an integral part of history, showcasing the people who have lived there for many thousands of years. Keywords: Writing Systems, Mesoamerica, Colonization, Abugida, Logographic Writing ii Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 – Writing Systems in Context ......................................................................................... 4 1.1 Writing Systems ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Writing in Other Parts of the World ....................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 – Development of Writing in Mesoamerica .................................................................... 9 2.1 Olmec ................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Zapotec ................................................................................................................................. 13 2.3 Maya .................................................................................................................................... 16 2.4 Epi-Olmec ............................................................................................................................ 21 2.5 Teotihuacan .......................................................................................................................... 23 2.6 Aztec .................................................................................................................................... 25 2.7 Mixtec .................................................................................................................................. 28 Chapter 3 – Development of Writing Systems in South America ................................................. 31 3.1 Khipus .................................................................................................................................. 32 Chapter 4 – Development of Writing Systems in North America ................................................. 36 4.1 Cherokee .............................................................................................................................. 36 4.2 Cree (Nêhiyaw) .................................................................................................................... 40 4.3 Inuktitut ................................................................................................................................ 43 Chapter 5 – Impact of Colonization ............................................................................................... 46 5.1 Mesoamerica ........................................................................................................................ 46 5.2 South America ..................................................................................................................... 49 5.3 North America ..................................................................................................................... 50 Chapter 6 – Current Writing Systems and Their Futures ............................................................... 54 6.1 Cherokee Syllabary .............................................................................................................. 55 6.2 Cree Syllabary ...................................................................................................................... 57 6.3 Inuktitut Syllabary ............................................................................................................... 59 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 61 Appendix A: Code for Map of Writing Systems ........................................................................... 63 References ...................................................................................................................................... 67 iii List of Tables TABLE 1: Breakdown of Writing Systems ..................................................................................... 6 TABLE 2: Mesoamerica Writing ................................................................................................... 10 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Evolution of the Cuneiform Script showing the line characters that were marked on the outside of envelopes into the marks made with styluses (Dedovic 2019). ...................................... 7 Figure 2: 3D printed Oracle bone with early Chinese writing inscribed on it (Augenstein 2016). 8 Figure 3: Drawing by David Mora-Marin showing surviving lines, and cracks that have damaged certain lines (Mora-Marin 2020). ................................................................................................... 12 Figure 4: Frequency list revised for Mora-Marin (2020). .............................................................. 13 Figure 5: Zapotec year signs, year bearers and number coefficients (Marcus 1992). .................... 15 Figure 6: Cross Section of Maya grapheme table (Coe 2005). ...................................................... 17 Figure 7: Grapheme representing “ti k’ak’- al jul” meaning “with a fiery spear.” (Coe 2005). .... 18 Figure 8: Section of Maya Numbers Depicting both numerical and deities that represent each number (Coe 2005). ....................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 9: Reading order of Maya graphemes (Coe 2005).............................................................. 21 Figure 10: Drawing of La Mojarra Stela (Justeson 1993).............................................................. 22 Figure 11: Teotihuacan graphemes with Numerical Coefficients (Taube 2000) ........................... 24 Figure 12: Page from Codex Borbonicus (retrieved from Famsi.org). .......................................... 26 Figure 13: Numbers from various codices (c-Aubin, d-Quinatzin, e/f-Mendoza) (retrieved from Boone 2000). .................................................................................................................................. 27 Figure 15: Image of the Codex Vindobonensis (Codex Yuta Tnoho) (retrieved from Famsi.org) 29 Figure 14: Example of Boustrophedon Reading order (Jansen 2010) ........................................... 30 Figure 16: Khipu construction Elements (Urton 2003) ................................................................. 32 Figure 17: Wrap counts on two axsus from Candelaria. (Gilsdorf 2008). Showing the complexity and understanding of numbers textile makers had in order to provide accurate and precise textiles. ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 18: Depiction of Sequoyah’s Syllabary in alphabetical order. (Scancarelli 1996) ............. 37 Figure 19: Depiction of syllabary used in a classroom on a clock. (Bender 2002) ....................... 39 Figure 20: Star Chart depicting the different Spirit Markers (University nuhelot’įne thaiyots’į nistameyimâkanak Blue Quills. n.d.) ............................................................................................. 40 Figure 21: Art fixture in River lot 11 made by Amy Malbeuf. (Fish 2017) .................................. 42 Figure 22: Depicts a sign in Iqaluit, NU, CA with both Inuktitut and English Source: Nunatsiaq.com ..............................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Runes Free Download
    RUNES FREE DOWNLOAD Martin Findell | 112 pages | 24 Mar 2014 | BRITISH MUSEUM PRESS | 9780714180298 | English | London, United Kingdom Runic alphabet Main article: Younger Futhark. He Runes rune magic to Freya and learned Seidr from her. The runes were in use among the Germanic peoples from the 1st or 2nd century AD. BCE Proto-Sinaitic 19 c. They Runes found in Scandinavia and Viking Age settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. From the "golden age of philology " in the 19th century, runology formed a specialized branch of Runes linguistics. There are no horizontal strokes: when carving a message on a flat staff or stick, it would be along the grain, thus both less legible and more likely to split the Runes. BCE Phoenician 12 c. Little is known about the origins of Runes Runic alphabet, which is traditionally known as futhark after the Runes six letters. That is now proved, what you asked of the runes, of the potent famous ones, which the great gods made, and the mighty sage stained, that it is best for him if he stays silent. It was the main alphabet in Norway, Sweden Runes Denmark throughout the Viking Age, but was largely though not completely replaced by the Latin alphabet by about as a result of the Runes of Runes of Scandinavia to Christianity. It was probably used Runes the 5th century Runes. Incessantly plagued by maleficence, doomed to insidious death is he who breaks this monument. These inscriptions are generally Runes Elder Futharkbut the set of Runes shapes and bindrunes employed is far from standardized.
    [Show full text]
  • The PARI Journal Vol. XIV, No. 2
    ThePARIJournal A quarterly publication of the Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Volume XIV, No. 2, Fall 2013 Mesoamerican Lexical Calques in Ancient Maya Writing and Imagery In This Issue: CHRISTOPHE HELMKE University of Copenhagen Mesoamerican Lexical Calques Introduction ancient cultural interactions which might otherwise go undetected. in Ancient Maya The process of calquing is a fascinating What follows is a preliminary treat- Writing and Imagery aspect of linguistics since it attests to ment of a small sample of Mesoamerican contacts between differing languages by lexical calques as attested in the glyphic and manifests itself in a variety of guises. Christophe Helmke corpus of the ancient Maya. The present Calquing involves loaning or transferring PAGES 1-15 treatment is not intended to be exhaus- items of vocabulary and even phonetic tive; instead it provides an insight into • and syntactic traits from one language 1 the types, antiquity, and longevity of to another. Here I would like to explore The Further Mesoamerican calques in the hopes that lexical calques, which is to say the loaning Adventures of Merle this foray may stimulate additional and of vocabulary items, not as loanwords, (continued) more in-depth treatment in the future. but by means of translating their mean- by ing from one language to another. In this Merle Greene sense calques can be thought of as “loan Calques in Mesoamerica Robertson translations,” in which only the semantic Lexical calques have occupied a privileged PAGES 16-20 dimension is borrowed. Calques, unlike place in the definition of Mesoamerica as a loanwords, are not liable to direct phono- linguistic area (Campbell et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sign Catalog of the Isthmian Script
    Glyph Dwellers Report 51 February 2017 A Sign Catalog of the Isthmian Script Martha J. Macri Professor Emerita, Department of Native American Studies University of California, Davis It has been 110 years since the publication of the inscription on a six-inch jade figurine, the Tuxtla Statuette, found in a field in San Andrés, Tuxtla, Veracruz (Holmes 1907; Holmes 1916), and 30 years since the six-foot La Mojarra Stela was pulled out of the Acula River in the municipio of Alvarado, Veracruz (Winfield Capitaine 1988). Since that time the script has seen a somewhat overstated claim of decipherment (Justeson and Kaufman 1993), and the discovery of an extended text on the back of a feldspar mask resulting in a challenge to that decipherment (Houston and Coe 2003). E. Logan Wagner's photographs of the La Mojarra inscription were shown at the Maya Meetings at the University of Texas at Austin in March of 1987 to an amazed audience—this author included. Immediately upon the publication of the monument by George Stuart and Winfield Capitaine (1988), Laura Stark and I began analysis of the two texts and began to put together a sign list. One of the first tasks necessary for decipherment is to establish the list of signs, also called graphemes, which represent the minimal meaningful graphic elements of the script. This involves determining the number of occurrences of a grapheme, identifying the variants of a single sign, and distinguishing between compound graphemes (signs composed of two or more elements) and compound signs (sign groups composed of two or more graphemes).
    [Show full text]
  • The Carved Human Femprs from Tomb 1, Chiapa De Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico
    PAPERS of the NEW WOR LD ARCHAEOLO G ICAL FOUNDATION NUMBER SIX THE CARVED HUMAN FEMPRS FROM TOMB 1, CHIAPA DE CORZO, CHIAPAS, MEXICO by PIERRE AGRINIER PUBLICATION No. 5 NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION ORINDA, CALIFORNIA 1960 NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION 1960 OFFICERS THOMAS STUART FERGUSON, President 1 Irving Lane, Orinda, California ALFRED V. KIDDER, PH.D., First Vice-President MILTON R. HUNTER, PH.D., Vice-President ScoTT H. DUNHAM, Secretary-Treasurer J. ALDEN MASON, PH.D., Editor and Field Advisor GARETH W. LowE, Field Director, 1956-1959 FREDRICK A. PETERSON, Field Director, 1959-1960 DIRECTORS ADVISORY COMMITTEE SCOTT H. DUNHAM, C.P.A. PEDRO ARMILLAS, PH.D. THOMAS STUART FERGUSON, ESQ. GORDON F. EKHOLM, PH.D. M. WELLS JAKEMAN, PH.D. J. POULSON HUNTER, M.D. ALFRED V. KIDDER, PH.D. MILTON R. HUNTER, PH.D. ALFRED V. KIDDER, PH.D. EDITORIAL OFFICE NICHOLAS G. MORGAN, SR. ALDEN MASON LE GRAND RICHARDS J. UNIVERSITY MUSEUM ERNEST A. STRONG UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia 4, Pa. J. ALDEN MASON EDITOR Orders for and correspondence regarding the publications of The New World Archaeological Foundation should be sent to SCOTT H. DUNHAM, Secretary 510 Crocker Building San Francisco 4, California Price $2.00 Printed by THE LEGAL INTELLIGENCER Philadelphia 4, Pa. PAPERS of the NEW WOR LD ARCHAEOLO G ICAL FOUNDATION NUMBER SIX THE CARVED HUMAN FEMURS FROM TOMB 1, CHIAP A DE CORZO, CHIAPAS, MEXICO by PIERRE AGRINIER PUB LICATION No. 5 NEW WoRLD ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION ORINDA, CALIFORNIA 1960 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 I. DESCRIPTION ..•...........•......................•... 2 Bone 1 .................................... 2 Bone 2 2 Bone 3 2 Bone 4 3 Technique ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Writing Systems Reading and Spelling
    Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems LING 200: Introduction to the Study of Language Hadas Kotek February 2016 Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Outline 1 Writing systems 2 Reading and spelling Spelling How we read Slides credit: David Pesetsky, Richard Sproat, Janice Fon Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems What is writing? Writing is not language, but merely a way of recording language by visible marks. –Leonard Bloomfield, Language (1933) Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems Writing and speech Until the 1800s, writing, not spoken language, was what linguists studied. Speech was often ignored. However, writing is secondary to spoken language in at least 3 ways: Children naturally acquire language without being taught, independently of intelligence or education levels. µ Many people struggle to learn to read. All human groups ever encountered possess spoken language. All are equal; no language is more “sophisticated” or “expressive” than others. µ Many languages have no written form. Humans have probably been speaking for as long as there have been anatomically modern Homo Sapiens in the world. µ Writing is a much younger phenomenon. Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems (Possibly) Independent Inventions of Writing Sumeria: ca. 3,200 BC Egypt: ca. 3,200 BC Indus Valley: ca. 2,500 BC China: ca. 1,500 BC Central America: ca. 250 BC (Olmecs, Mayans, Zapotecs) Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems Writing and pictures Let’s define the distinction between pictures and true writing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Moche Lima Beans Recording System, Revisited
    THE MOCHE LIMA BEANS RECORDING SYSTEM, REVISITED Tomi S. Melka Abstract: One matter that has raised sufficient uncertainties among scholars in the study of the Old Moche culture is a system that comprises patterned Lima beans. The marked beans, plus various associated effigies, appear painted by and large with a mixture of realism and symbolism on the surface of ceramic bottles and jugs, with many of them showing an unparalleled artistry in the great area of the South American subcontinent. A range of accounts has been offered as to what the real meaning of these items is: starting from a recrea- tional and/or a gambling game, to a divination scheme, to amulets, to an appli- cation for determining the length and order of funerary rites, to a device close to an accountancy and data storage medium, ending up with an ‘ideographic’, or even a ‘pre-alphabetic’ system. The investigation brings together structural, iconographic and cultural as- pects, and indicates that we might be dealing with an original form of mnemo- technology, contrived to solve the problems of medium and long-distance com- munication among the once thriving Moche principalities. Likewise, by review- ing the literature, by searching for new material, and exploring the structure and combinatory properties of the marked Lima beans, as well as by placing emphasis on joint scholarly efforts, may enhance the studies. Key words: ceramic vessels, communicative system, data storage and trans- mission, fine-line drawings, iconography, ‘messengers’, painted/incised Lima beans, patterns, pre-Inca Moche culture, ‘ritual runners’, tokens “Como resultado de la falta de testimonios claros, todas las explicaciones sobre este asunto parecen in- útiles; divierten a la curiosidad sin satisfacer a la razón.” [Due to a lack of clear evidence, all explana- tions on this issue would seem useless; they enter- tain the curiosity without satisfying the reason] von Hagen (1966: 157).
    [Show full text]
  • Applications and Innovations in Typeface Design for North American Indigenous Languages Julia Schillo, Mark Turin
    Applications and innovations in typeface design for North American Indigenous languages Julia Schillo, Mark Turin To cite this version: Julia Schillo, Mark Turin. Applications and innovations in typeface design for North American Indige- nous languages. Book 2.0, Intellect Ltd, 2020, 10 (1), pp.71-98. 10.1386/btwo_00021_1. halshs- 03083476 HAL Id: halshs-03083476 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03083476 Submitted on 22 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. BTWO 10 (1) pp. 71–98 Intellect Limited 2020 Book 2.0 Volume 10 Number 1 btwo © 2020 Intellect Ltd Article. English language. https://doi.org/10.1386/btwo_00021_1 Received 15 September 2019; Accepted 7 February 2020 Book 2.0 Intellect https://doi.org/10.1386/btwo_00021_1 10 JULIA SCHILLO AND MARK TURIN University of British Columbia 1 71 Applications and 98 innovations in typeface © 2020 Intellect Ltd design for North American 2020 Indigenous languages ARTICLES ABSTRACT KEYWORDS In this contribution, we draw attention to prevailing issues that many speakers orthography of Indigenous North American languages face when typing their languages, and typeface design identify examples of typefaces that have been developed and harnessed by histor- Indigenous ically marginalized language communities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gentics of Civilization: an Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems
    Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 49 Number 49 Fall 2003 Article 3 10-1-2003 The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems Bosworth, Andrew Bosworth Universidad Jose Vasconcelos, Oaxaca, Mexico Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Bosworth, Bosworth, Andrew (2003) "The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 49 : No. 49 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol49/iss49/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Bosworth: The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civil 9 THE GENETICS OF CIVILIZATION: AN EMPIRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CIVILIZATIONS BASED ON WRITING SYSTEMS ANDREW BOSWORTH UNIVERSIDAD JOSE VASCONCELOS OAXACA, MEXICO Part I: Cultural DNA Introduction Writing is the DNA of civilization. Writing permits for the organi- zation of large populations, professional armies, and the passing of complex information across generations. Just as DNA transmits biolog- ical memory, so does writing transmit cultural memory. DNA and writ- ing project information into the future and contain, in their physical structure, imprinted knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Rao Et Al., 2009A; Rao, 2010) Or Lee and Colleagues (Lee Et Al., 2010A) Works
    Corpora and Statistical Analysis of Non-Linguistic Symbol Systems Richard Sproat January 21, 2013 Abstract We report on the creation and analysis of a set of corpora of non-linguistic symbol systems. The resource, the first of its kind, consists of data from seven systems, both ancient and modern, with two further systems under development, and several others planned. The systems represent a range of types, including heraldic systems, formal systems, and systems that are mostly or purely decorative. We also compare these systems statistically with a large set of linguistic systems, which also range over both time and type. We show that none of the measures proposed in published work by Rao and colleagues (Rao et al., 2009a; Rao, 2010) or Lee and colleagues (Lee et al., 2010a) works. In particular, Rao’s entropic measures are evidently useless when one considers a wider range of examples of real non-linguistic symbol systems. And Lee’s measures, with the cutoff values they propose, misclassify nearly all of our non-linguistic systems. However, we also show that one of Lee’s measures, with different cutoff values, as well as another measure we develop here, do seem useful. We further demonstrate that they are useful largely because they are both highly correlated with a rather trivial feature: mean text length. ⃝c 2012–2013, Richard Sproat 1 1 Introduction Humans have been using symbols for many millenia to represent many different kinds of information. In some cases a single symbol represents a single concept, and is not part of any larger symbol system: an example is the red, blue and white helical symbol for a barber shop.
    [Show full text]
  • An Isthmian Presence on the Pacific Piedmont of Guatemala
    Glyph Dwellers Report 65 October 2020 An Isthmian Presence on the Pacific Piedmont of Guatemala Martha J. Macri Professor Emerita, Department of Native American Studies University of California, Davis A dichotomy between Olmec and Maya art styles on the stone monuments of the Guatemalan site of Tak'alik Ab'aj was proposed a number of years ago (e.g., Graham 1979). Researchers now recognize a more nuanced division between Olmec and developing Isthmian/Maya1 traditions (Graham 1989; Mora- Marín 2005; Popenoe de Hatch, Schieber de Lavarreda, and Orrego Corzo 2011; Schieber de Lavarreda 2020; Schieber de Lavarreda and Orrego Corzo 2010). John Graham proposed the term "Early Isthmian" rather than "Olmec" to describe examples of the Preclassic texts of southern Mesoamerica (Graham 1971:134). In this paper the term "Isthmian" is restricted to the script found on the Tuxtla Statuette (Holmes 1907), La Mojarra Stela 1 (Winfield Capitaine 1988), and related texts. Internal evidence within Isthmian texts themselves, specifically variation in both sign use and sign form, suggests that the origin of the Isthmian script dates significantly earlier than the long count dates on the two earliest known examples: La Mojarra Stela 1 and the Tuxtla Statuette (Macri 2017a). Two items of stratigraphic evidence from Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas show a presence of the script at that site, beyond the Gulf region, pushing the origin of the script even further back in time (Macri 2017b). This report considers several texts from the Guatemalan site of Tak'alik Ab'aj, specifically two monuments, that have long count dates only slightly earlier those on La Mojarra Stela 1 and the Tuxtla Statuette, to suggest an even broader geographic and temporal range for the Isthmian script tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • News Release
    NEWS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE DISTRIBUTION DEAF INUIT OF NUNAVIK WORKSHOP Kuujjuaq, May 22, 2018 – The second workshop for Deaf InuiT of Nunavik will be held aT The Pigiursavik CenTre in Inukjuak, from May 22 To 26. ParTicipanTs of The workshop will arrive from 8 differenT communiTies around Nunavik. This year’s evenT is an expanded version of The first workshop held in May, 2016. BoTh workshops follow a Needs AssessmenT that was funded by The Nunavik Regional Board of HealTh and Social Services (NRBHSS), in 2015. The Two major needs idenTified in This assessmenT were: 1. The need for the Deaf To have improved auTonomy and parTicipaTion in Their communiTies. 2. The need for the Deaf To idenTify, socialize and communicaTe wiTh each oTher and other Deaf groups and individuals. There are currenTly 15 Deaf adulTs and Two Deaf children in Nunavik. For most, The shared language of communicaTion is a combinaTion of American Sign Language (ASL) and InuiT signs and expressions relaTed To culTure and communiTy. This year’s evenT will be expanded To include Deaf children, family members and The group of previously Trained InuiT sign language inTerpreTers. • Deaf adulTs will focus on enrichmenT activiTies in ASL. There will also be informaTive presenTaTions by various communiTy organizaTions such as The Justice System, KRG employmenT, and Social Services. • There will be a beginners ASL class for family members and some who have lost their hearing later in life. • A course will be run for previously Trained InuiT sign language interpreters To upgrade Their skills. • SeparaTe language rich activiTies for The Two Deaf studenTs and some of Their siblings will Take place.
    [Show full text]
  • A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
    oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter­ communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis.
    [Show full text]