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Çocuk Edebiyati İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ ÇOCUK EDEBİYATI Çocuk Gelişimi DOÇ. DR. NECDET NEYDİM İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ ÇOCUK GELİŞİMİ LİSANS PROGRAMI ÇOCUK EDEBİYATI Doç. Dr. Necdet NEYDİM Yazar Notu Elinizdeki bu eser, İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi’nde okutulmak için hazırlanmış bir ders notu niteliğindedir. ÖNSÖZ Çocuk ve Gençlik Edebiyatı hayatımda bir tutku olarak başlamıştı, yaklaşık otuz yıl önce. Tutkumun hobiye, hobimin akademik araştırma alanıma dönüşmesiyle birlikte bu alan hayatımın merkezine oturdu. Çeviri ve telif olarak yazdığım, çevirdiğim kitapların sayısı elliyi geçti; yanı sıra araştırma ve uygulama kitaplarım da iki elin parmaklarına ulaştı. Benden bu kitabın yazılması istendiğinde önümde iki aylık bir zaman dilimi bile yoktu. Gece gündüz çalışarak ortaya konan bu çalışma elbette kendi içinde eksikler içerecektir ama var olan haliyle eşitlerinden ötede bir çalışma olarak özgünlüğünü de gösterecektir. Kitap, sadece konular bağlamında örnekler ve bunların işlenmesinden daha çok, çocuk kavramının en temel noktası olan tarihsel başlangıçlarını ele alıp, tüm kavramların çözümünü yapıp, ondan sonra yola çıkan bir çalışma olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Çocuk edebiyatı dediğimizde, çocuk ve çocukluk kavramlarını net olarak düşünce dünyamızda tanımlamadan ve içselleştirmeden, yani hedef kitlemiz olan çocuğun bugüne gelene kadar kavramsal ve yaşamsal olarak hangi evrelerden geçtiğini bilmeden, ona dönük bir çalışmanın yapılması eksik olurdu ve biz bu çalışmamızda bunun tarihsel sürecini olabildiğince ayrıntılarıyla paylaştık. Çocuk Edebiyatı, kendiliğinden oluşan bir edebiyat alanı olmaktan daha çok tarihsel sürecin gereksindiği bir dönemde İhtiyaç (hatta zorunluluk) olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. İşte bu nedenle bu güne kadar geçirdiği süreç, aynı zorunluluğun yeni süreçlerde ortaya çıkışıyla değişimlerini de beraberinde getirmiştir. Başlangıçta sadece belli bir dönem çocukluğa seslenen bu edebiyat alanı, gelişmelerle birlikte ve çocuk anlayışındaki değişimlerle birlikte, çocukluğun dört farklı evresine seslenen ve farklı içeriklere sahip olan bir aşamaya gelmiştir. Okul öncesi çocuk, ilköğretim (çocukluk), ergenlik ve gençlik edebiyatı bu hedef kitlesine seslenen alanlar olmuştur. I Biz bu çalışmamızda bu dört alana seslenen türleri, örneklerini ve nasıl olmaları gerektiğini sorgulamaya ve olabildiğince bu alanlara dönük metinlerdeki çocuk anlayışlarını ve onların içerdiği olumlu ve olumsuz yanları ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Yapmaya çalıştığımız mutlak bir yol göstericilik değil, sorgulama yöntemlerinin paylaşılması ve sorun alanlarını belirlemekti. Bu kitabın oluşumu tek kişilik bir yolculukla gerçekleşmedi. İki yüksek lisans öğrencim Enise Eryılmaz ve Tuğçe Ören soruları ve sistematik düzenlemeyi gerçekleştirdi. Dr. Öğretim Üyesi arkadaşım Yeşim Tükel son okuma ve redaksiyonu yaptı. Onlara şükran borçluyum. Sevgili Eşim Candan, son iki ay tüm kaprislerime katlandı; sağ olsun! Çalışmamızda, büyük bir bütünü ortaya koyarken, aynı zamanda hepsine dönük çözümlerden daha çok araştırma yöntemleri, bakış açıları paylaştık. Bu kitap tüm çözümlerin bulunduğu bir çalışma değil ve bu iddiamız hiç olmadı; ancak bu kitapla ve hedef kitleniz olan çocuk ve gence seslenirken ve onunla çalışma gerçekleştirirken, birlikte bitmez bir yolculuğun ilk aşamasını yaşayacak ve kendiniz de yeni keşifler yapacaksınız. Bu keşif tutkusunu, bu çalışmada bulup yolculuğu sürdürürseniz bizden daha mutlusu olmayacaktır. Sevgilerimizle Necdet Neydim II III İÇİNDEKİLER TABLOSU ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... I YAZAR NOTU ........................................................................................................ XIV 1. ÇOCUK VE ÇOCUKLUK KAVRAMLARINA BAKIŞ ..................................... 1 Bu Bölümde Neler Öğreneceğiz? ............................................................................................................ 2 Bölüm Hakkında İlgi Oluşturan Sorular ............................................................................................... 3 Bölümde Hedeflenen Kazanımlar ve Kazanım Yöntemleri ................................................................. 4 Anahtar Kavramlar ................................................................................................................................. 5 Giriş ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1. Genel Anlam ...................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Özel Anlam ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1.3. Çocuk ve Giysi ................................................................................................................................... 8 1.4. Çocuk ve Resim: Çocuğun Resimlerde ve Tablolarda Yer Alması .............................................. 8 1.5. Kavramda Meydana Gelen Değişimler ........................................................................................... 9 Uygulamalar ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Uygulama Soruları ................................................................................................................................. 12 Bu Bölümde Ne Öğrendik Özeti ........................................................................................................... 13 Bölüm Soruları ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Kaynakça ................................................................................................................................................ 17 2. TARİHSEL SÜREÇTE ÇOCUĞA VE ÇOCUKLUĞA DÖNÜK YAKLAŞIMLAR ........................................................................................................ 18 Bu Bölümde Neler Öğreneceğiz? .......................................................................................................... 19 Bölüm Hakkında İlgi Oluşturan Sorular ............................................................................................. 20 Bölümde Hedeflenen Kazanımlar ve Kazanım Yöntemleri ............................................................... 21 Anahtar Kavramlar ............................................................................................................................... 22 Giriş ......................................................................................................................................................... 23 2.1. Antikçağ ........................................................................................................................................... 24 IV 2.2. Ortaçağ ............................................................................................................................................. 24 2.3 . Türklerde Çocuk Kavramı ............................................................................................................ 25 2.4. Modernite ......................................................................................................................................... 25 2.5. 20. yüzyılda Yeni Çocuk ve Çocukluk Anlayışı ............................................................................ 26 Uygulamalar ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Uygulama Soruları ................................................................................................................................. 29 Bu Bölümde Ne Öğrendik Özeti ........................................................................................................... 30 Bölüm Soruları ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Kaynakça ................................................................................................................................................ 34 3. ÇOCUK EDEBİYATININ ORTAYA ÇIKIŞI, DÜNYADAKİ VE TÜRKİYE’DEKİ GELİŞİMİ .................................................................................... 35 Bu Bölümde Neler Öğreneceğiz? .......................................................................................................... 36 Bölüm Hakkında İlgi Oluşturan Sorular ............................................................................................. 37 Bölümde Hedeflenen Kazanımlar ve Kazanım Yöntemleri ............................................................... 38 Anahtar Kavramlar ............................................................................................................................... 39 Giriş ......................................................................................................................................................... 40 3.1. Dünya Çocuk Edebiyatı Tarihine Genel Bir Bakış ...................................................................... 41 3.2. Çocuk Edebiyatının Oluşumunda Çocuğa Bakışta Meydana Gelen Değişimin Etkisi ............
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