La Literatura De La Violencia Política En El Perú (1980-2000)

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La Literatura De La Violencia Política En El Perú (1980-2000) La literatura de la violencia política en el Perú (1980-2000): planteamientos narrativos y opciones éticas By Carmen P. Saucedo B.A. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2000 M.A. Brown University, 2006 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Hispanic Studies at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island May 2012 © Copyright 2012 by Carmen P. Saucedo This dissertation by Carmen P. Saucedo is accepted in its present form by the Department of Hispanic Studies as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date__________________ ______________________________ Julio Ortega, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date__________________ ______________________________ Aldo Mazzucchelli, Reader Date__________________ ______________________________ Víctor Vich, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date__________________ ______________________________ Peter M. Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii Curriculum Vitae Carmen P. Saucedo was born in Mexico, DF, in July 1976. She lived in Lima, Peru. She came to the United States of America with a B.A. in Humanities with mention in Linguistics and Literature, and a Diploma in Librarian and Information Sciences. In 2006, she received her M.A. in Hispanic Studies at Brown University. She has published articles and reviews on Peruvian journals, and was also co-editor. For the past thirteen years, she has taught Writing, Linguistics, Literature, and Spanish classes at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) and at Brown University. She worked as a teaching assistant, teaching fellow, and teaching fellow supervisor. She conducted a survey on Early and Contemporary Writers of Spanish America as a visiting teaching associate at Brown University. She also worked as a librarian assistant at the PUCP, and has done voluntary work as a translator in Providence, and collaborated in religious activities in Peru. She has been granted with and award in excellence as an undergraduate student, and received the David and Ruth Kossoff Prize for Leadership in Language Teaching at Brown University. iv Agradecimientos La extensión temporal que tomó dar a luz esta tesis equivale a la cantidad de personas que se cruzaron en mi camino y me ayudaron en su elaboración, ya sea por el tiempo que emplearon leyendo mis manuscritos, como por sus gestos de apoyo. Agradezco a mi asesor de tesis, el profesor Julio Ortega, quien revisó y corrigió prontamente mis borradores y contribuyó a la reflexión del tema con su conocimiento de la producción peruana y del tema de la violencia. A mi segundo lector, el profesor Aldo Mazzucchelli, por los comentarios e ideas que me sugirió. Al profesor Víctor Vich, mi tercer lector, porque sus reflexiones, análisis y posición ética sobre la sociedad peruana contemporánea fueron una inspiración y ejemplo para mi propio quehacer. Durante estos años en el departamento de Hispanic Studies de Brown University recibí el aliento de profesores presentes y ausentes. Recuerdo con gratitud a la profesora Mercedes Vaquero, por sus consejos y confianza en mí. Al profesor Nicolás Wey Gómez, modelo de profesional académico. Los profesores Enric Bou y Stephanie Merrim tuvieron palabras útiles para la planificación del trabajo. En la sección de español conocí a personas que, con su amabilidad, me acompañaron en esta tarea. El año que pasé becada en la Universidad de Salamanca contribuyó a la formación de conocimientos complementarios. Agradezco, además, a Marie Roderick y Heather Johnson, ambas, excelentes conocedoras de la mecánica administrativa, que resolvieron con eficacia cualquier duda o problema. También reconozco a las personas de la Escuela Graduada y de la OISSS que, desde sus funciones, facilitaron la finalización de este trabajo. v Los años del doctorado trajeron amigos dentro y fuera de Brown que fueron muy necesarios en los momentos más complicados. Tengo siempre en mi memoria a las queridas amistades de años de Lima, y a los amigos de Salamanca, pues sus palabras de aliento a la distancia y su presencia en todas las etapas de la tesis fueron un apoyo emocional fundamental. Agradezco la amistad y el modo particular de ayudar de cada uno de ellos. También a Cecilia Esparza, profesora que me asistió desde el inicio de esta empresa doctoral. Mi inmensa gratitud es especialmente para Jesús Tang, compañero sólido y constante durante cada día de estos años. Su cariño, ayuda, respeto y confianza en mis proyectos han sido invaluables. La columna que complementa el soporte anterior es mi familia. Con mucho o poco conocimiento de mis actividades, sus miembros mostraron siempre interés y aliento. Agradezco a mi hermano Daniel por su tiempo y capacidades académicas para ayudarme con sus ideas. Y tengo en mente especialmente a mis padres, María y Rodolfo, por un apoyo que se manifestó muchas veces y en muchos ámbitos. A ellos dedico el resultado de este esfuerzo mutuo. vi Índice INTRODUCCIÓN 1 CAPÍTULO 1. El debate sobre la representación de la violencia: implicancias y replanteamientos en las Humanidades y las Ciencias Sociales en el Perú 14 1.1. Introducción 14 1.2. El contexto histórico político 18 1.2.1. El Partido Comunista del Perú - Sendero Luminoso 20 1.2.2. “Otroización” y exclusión 24 1.3. La CVR y el Informe Final (2003) 25 1.3.1. Conformación 26 1.3.2. Recepción 28 1.3.3. Construcciones paralelas de la memoria 29 1.3.4. Importancia de la pluralidad de narrativas 30 1.4. Impacto intelectual y cultural 31 1.4.1. Las Ciencias Sociales 31 1.4.2. Las artes y otras manifestaciones culturales 35 1.4.3. La literatura 41 1.4.3.1. Producción ensayística 42 1.4.3.2. Poesía 44 1.4.3.3. Teatro 45 1.4.3.4. Narrativa 47 1.5. Conclusiones 53 vii CAPÍTULO 2. Historia de Mayta (1984) de Mario Vargas Llosa: el compromiso de libertad individual del escritor 56 2.1. Introducción 56 2.1.1. Estructura y argumento 57 2.2. Antecedentes 59 2.2.1. La experiencia de Uchuraccay 60 2.2.2. El viraje político 62 2.3. Parámetros de creación 65 2.3.1. La literatura y su función simbólica 65 2.3.2. La narración y el narrador 71 2.3.3. La novela y el escritor de la posmodernidad 74 2.4. Trascendiendo la posmodernidad: Historia de Mayta frente a las expectativas contemporáneas de recepción 77 2.4.1. Consecuencias políticas de Historia de Mayta 80 2.4.1.1. Testimonios sin poder subversivo 86 2.4.1.2. Sujeto u objeto de estudio 91 2.4.2. La novela que subvierte al narrador 95 2.5 Conclusiones 99 CAPÍTULO 3. Grandes miradas (2003) de Alonso Cueto: el compromiso social del escritor 105 3.1. Introducción 105 3.2. El cuerpo en la novela 111 3.2.1. Ciudad retrato 113 3.2.2. El gran violador 116 viii 3.2.3. La prisión corporal 121 3.2.3.1. Alberto Fujimori: la cárcel del poder 122 3.2.3.2. Javier Cruz: la cárcel mediática 123 3.2.4. Un cuerpo sagrado 129 3.2.5. Cuerpos humanos, cívicos y nacionales 132 3.3. Un cuerpo sagrado e impuro: Gabriela Celaya 133 3.3.1. La anunciadora de la muerte 135 3.3.2. El descenso a los abismos 137 3.3.3. Un cuerpo que despierta, una mirada que se abre 140 3.3.4. Las fronteras morales 143 3.4. Cuando el cuerpo se rebela: Ángela Maro 145 3.5. Conclusiones 150 3.5.1. Una nueva subjetividad 151 3.5.2. Un proyecto colectivo 154 3.5.3. La mirada del lector 159 CAPÍTULO 4. Intersecciones entre escritor y lector: implicancias y alcances éticos en dos cuentos 164 4.1. La producción crítica sobre la literatura de la violencia política 164 4.2. Hacia una lectura y crítica éticas 167 4.3. “Ñakay Pacha (El tiempo del dolor)” (1991) de Dante Castro 171 4.4. “La noche de Walpurgis” (1989) de Pilar Dughi 180 4.5. Análisis comparativo de los cuentos 193 4.5.1. Las alteridades 193 ix 4.5.2. La corporeidad 196 4.5.3. El impacto en el lector 203 CONCLUSIONES 206 ANEXOS 217 OBRAS CITADAS 221 x Lista de Anexos ANEXO 1. Cronología histórica 217 ANEXO 2. Tabla de contenido del Informe Final 219 xi INTRODUCCIÓN El fenómeno de la violencia ha sido explorado por la filosofía (Walter Benjamin), la sociología (Johan Galtung), la política (Hugo Frühling, Joseph S. Tulchin y Galtung), y la ética (Hermann Herlinghaus) entre otras disciplinas. Se la ha concebido como parte de la vida diaria, intrínseca al orden social, y como una manifestación de resistencia contra ese orden. Su presencia en la vida cotidiana de las sociedades genera una variedad de estudios y teorizaciones: se la categoriza, se la representa, se exploran sus causas, las formas de enfrentarla, los mecanismos institucionales que la regulan. La teoría política ha reflexionado sobre el uso legítimo o no de la violencia desde el Estado, y los acuerdos entre los individuos y el poder central. A este conjunto de acuerdos y normas políticas e institucionales se le denomina contrato social. Durante los siglos XVI y XVII, los teóricos Thomas Hobbes, John Locke y Jean-Jacques Rousseau delimitaron los alcances de la autoridad política y del consentimiento de los gobernados. Para Hobbes, los individuos debían ofrecer voluntariamente su libertad individual hacia el poder soberano, para obtener protección. Para Locke, este contrato social estaba condicionado, y podía revocarse si el poder soberano violaba sus términos. Rousseau sostenía que, al sujetarse a las leyes, el individuo adquiría un sentido moral y obligación cívica; a su vez, el gobierno debía estar bajo la voluntad general para justificar y mantener su permanencia1.
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