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A Selection of Some Recent Arrivals May 2019 A selection of some recent arrivals May 2019 Rare and important books & manuscripts in science and medicine, by Christian Westergaard. Flæsketorvet 68 – 1711 København V – Denmark Cell: (+45)27628014 www.sophiararebooks.com AMPÈRE, André-Marie. THE ‘PRINCIPIA’ OF ELECTRODYNAMICS AMPÈRE, André-Marie; Jöns Jacob von BERZELIUS; Michael FARADAY; Auguste de la RIVE; Félix SAVARY. Recueil d’observations electro-dynamiques. Paris: Crochard, 1822 [i.e., 1823]. $15,000 8vo (204 x 126 mm), pp. [ii], [1-3], 4-167, [1, blank], 169-250, 252-258, [1, blank], 259-378, [1], 358-360, 383, with 10 folding engraved plates (plates 1-5 signed by Adam after Girard), one small text woodcut. Contemporary red morocco gilt by Lefebvre, flat spine richly decorated and lettered in gilt, borders of covers gilt-tooled within double rules, inner gilt dentelles, all edges gilt. A very fine copy. A beautiful copy bound in contemporary red morocco of the definitive version of this continually evolving collection of important memoirs on electrodynamics by Ampère (1775-1836) and others. “Ampère had originally intended the collection to contain all the articles published on his theory of electrodynamics since 1820, but as he prepared copy new articles on the subject continued to appear, so that the fascicles, which apparently began publication in 1821, were in a constant state of revision, with at least five versions of the collection appearing between 1821 and 1823 under different titles” (Norman). Some of the 25 pieces in the collection are published here for the first time, others appeared earlier in journals such as Arago’s Annales de Chimie et de Physique and the Journal de Physique. But even the articles that had appeared earlier are modified for the Receuil, or have additional notes by Ampère, to reflect his progress and changes in viewpoint in the intervening period. Many of the articles that are new to the present work concern Ampère’s reaction to Faraday’s first paper on electromagnetism, ‘On some new electro- magnetical motions, and on the theory of magnetism’, originally published in the AMPÈRE, André-Marie. 21 October 1821 issue of the Quarterly Journal of Science, which records the first Barbie came to trial, the prosecutors used Gompel’s case as a particularly clear conversion of electrical into mechanical energy and contains the first enunciation and egregious example of his guilt of crimes against humanity. of the notion of a line of force. Faraday’s work on electromagnetic rotations would lead him to become the principal opponent of Ampère’s mathematically The collection opens with the ‘Premier Mémoire’ [1] (numbering as in the list of formulated explanation of electromagnetism as a manifestation of currents of contents, below), first published in Arago’s Annales at the end of 1820. This was electrical fluids surrounding ‘electrodynamic’ molecules. TheReceuil contains Ampère’s “first great memoir on electrodynamics” (DSB), representing his first the first French translation of Faraday’s paper followed by extended notes by response to the demonstration on 21 April 1820 by the Danish physicist Hans Ampère and his brilliant student Félix Savary (1797-1841). Ampère’s reaction to Christian Oersted (1777-1851) that electric currents create magnetic fields; this Faraday’s criticisms are the subject of several of the articles in the second half had been reported by François Arago (1786-1853) to an astonished Académie des of the Receuil. The collection also includes Ampère’s important response to a Sciences on 4 September. In this memoir Ampère “demonstrated for the first time letter from the Dutch physicist Albert van Beek (1787-1856), in which “Ampère that two parallel conductors, carrying currents traveling in the same direction, argued eloquently for his model, insisting that it could be used to explain not attract each other; conversely, if the currents are traveling in opposite directions, only magnetism but also chemical combination and elective affinity. In short, it they repel each other” (Sparrow, Milestones, p. 33). was to be considered the foundation of a new theory of matter. This was one of the reasons why Ampère’s theory of electrodynamics was not immediately and The first quantitative expression for the force between current carrying conductors universally accepted. To accept it meant to accept as well a theory of the ultimate appeared in Ampère’s less well-known ‘Note sur les expériences électro- structure of matter itself” (DSB). The volume concludes with a résumé of a paper magnétiques’ [2], which originally appeared in the Annales des Mines. Ampère read by Savary to the Académie des Sciences on 3 February 1823, and a letter from stated, without proof, that, if two infinitely small portions of electric current A Ampère to Faraday, dated 18 April 1823 (which does not appear in the Table of and B, with intensities g and h, separated by a distance r, set at angles α and β to Contents), showing that this definitive version of the Receuil was in fact published AB and in directions which created with AB two planes at an angle γ with each in 1823. Only three other copies of this work listed by ABPC/RBH. other, the action they exert on each other is gh (sin α sin β sin γ + k cos α cos β)/r2, Provenance: Marcel Gompel (1883-1944) (ex-libris on front paste-down – Répertoire général des ex-libris français: G1896). A Jewish professor at the where k is an unknown constant which he stated could ‘conveniently’ be taken Collège de France, Gompel worked in the Laboratoire d’Histoire naturelle des to be zero. This last assumption was an error which significantly retarded his corps organisés from 1922 to 1940, under the direction of André Mayer. In World progress in the next two years before he stated correctly that k = − 1/2 in his War II he became a hero of the French resistance and was finally tortured and article [13], published for the first time in the Receuil. This article comprised executed on orders from Klaus Barbie, the chief of the Gestapo in Lyon. When ‘notes’ on a lecture [12] delivered to the Institut in April 1822 in which he AMPÈRE, André-Marie. surveyed experimental work carried out by himself and others since 1821 (he also published for the first time there the words ‘electro-static’ and ‘electro-dynamic’). The full theoretical and experimental proof of the correct value ofk appeared in two articles in Arago’s Annales in 1822, [19] and [20], in an article by Savary [22], and in experiments with de la Rive [17] (see below). On 20 January 1821 Ampère performed an experiment together with César- Mansuète Despretz (1798-1863) intended to support his own theory of the interaction of electric currents against a rival theory of Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774- 1862) and Félix Savart (1791-1841) presented to the Académie on 30 October 1820. This was reported in article [21], the first “experimentally based semi-axiomatic presentation of electrodynamics” (Hofmann, p. 316). A small cylindrical magnet was placed at the same distance from two perpendicular current carrying wires. The Biot-Savart theory predicted that the magnet would experience no net force; Ampère’s theory predicted that the magnet would experience a non-zero torque from the nearby currents. But when Ampère and Despretz performed the experiment the magnet did not move (p. 343). This defeat, together with illness and fatigue, caused Ampère to suspend his electrodynamical researches for several months. What little energy he could muster for electrodynamics was mainly devoted to correspondence. According to Ampère, magnetic forces were the result of the motion of two electric fluids; permanent magnets contained these currents running in circles concentric to the axis of the magnet and in a plane perpendicular to this axis. By implication, the earth also contained currents which gave rise to its magnetism. It was not long, however, before Auguste Fresnel (1788-1827) pointed out to his friend Ampère that his theory had several difficulties, notably the fact that the supposed currents in magnets should have a heating effect which was not observed. Fresnel suggested that the electric currents circulated around each molecule, rather than around AMPÈRE, André-Marie. the axis of the magnet. In January 1821 Ampère publicly accepted Fresnel’s idea. experiments influenced Ampère’s investigations of induction in July 1821, in Not everyone was convinced of the identity of electricity and magnetism, which he very nearly anticipated Faraday’s landmark discovery of electromagnetic however. Humphry Davy (1778-1829) expressed doubts in a letter to Ampère of induction a decade later (see below). 20 February 1821 [7]. Ampère’s idea of magnetism created by circulating electric currents was also in direct opposition to a theory put forward by Johann Joseph Ampère again stressed the ‘identity’ of electricity and magnetism in a lecture to von Prechtl (1778-1854), and supported by the great Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob the Académie on 2 April 1821 [5]. He also expressed his views on the nature of Berzelius (1779-1848), according to which electromagnetism was ‘transverse magnetism in a letter to Gaspard de la Rive (1770-1834) [8]. “Perhaps in an attempt magnetism’ – whereas Ampère eliminated magnetism and showed how all the to accommodate the positivistic inclinations of some of his Parisian colleagues, phenomena could be accounted for by the action of two electric fluids, Prechtl or to avoid the adoption of hypotheses, Ampère normally wrote on electricity and Berzelius reduced electromagnetism to magnetic action. Berzelius expressed and magnetism in a phenomenological vein, eschewing noumenal questions. this view in his letter [3]; Ampère responded in a letter to Arago [4]. But there were exceptions: [an] example occurred in a letter of 15 May 1821 to the Swiss physicist Gaspard de la Rive, which was published in the recipient’s In April 1821 Ampère wrote to Paul Erman (1764-1851), professor of physics journal Bibliotheque universelle.
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