Printing Natural Knowledge
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Blessed Nicholas Steno
BLESSEDThe Scientist NICHOLAS and STENO (IN DANISH, NIELS STEENSEN) 1638-1686 After a youth spent in studying and then in scientific research, Nicolas Steno at age St. Nicholas of Flue, better known as “Brother Klaus,” was declared patron saint of Switzerland by Pope Pius XII in 1947. He was born 28 converted to the Catholic of a farmer's family in 1417 in Flueli, in the Alpine foothills above Sachseln, in the region of Obwald. He married, had ten children, Church while watching the Portrait of Blessed and conducted a normal life until he was 50. Then he felt a very Nicholas Steno strong call from God to leave everything and follow Him. He therefore asked for three graces: to obtain the consent of his wife Corpus Christi procession, Dorothy and their older children; to never feel the temptation to turn back, and finally, God willing, to be able to live without drinking or eating. All his requests were granted. He lived for twenty years in the thus realizing the greatness forest as a hermit with no food except for the Eucharist, as many witnesses testified. and magnificence of the Eucharist; the Real Presence of Jesus in the Host. He then decided to become a priest and missionary in his own country. In Belgium, at Bois-d’Haine, the Servant of God Anne-Louise Lateau lived for twelve years without eating or drinking, and without sleeping, starting on March 26, 1871. On January 11, 1868, she received stigmata at her feet, hands, head, the left side of her chest and at her right shoulder. -
Il Microscopio Di Galileo Antologia
Il microscopio di Galileo Antologia Qui di seguito sono stati raccolti alcuni brani antologici relativi al microscopio di Galileo e alla microscopia del Seicento a cura dell’ Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze. 1 Indice John Wedderburn: una preziosa testimonianza sul microscopio di Galileo (1610).............................3 Galileo Galilei: "un Telescopio accomodato per veder gli oggetti vicinissimi" (1623) ......................4 Giovanni Faber: Galileo "è un altro Creatore" (1624).........................................................................5 Galileo Galilei: descrizione del microscopio (1624) ...........................................................................6 Giovanni Faber: il nome “microscopio” (1625) ..................................................................................7 Vincenzo Viviani: Galileo inventore del microscopio (1654).............................................................8 Accademia del Cimento: un’osservazione al microscopio (1657).......................................................9 Carlo Antonio Manzini, le conquiste del microscopio (1661)...........................................................10 Robert Hooke: un ampliamento del dominio dei sensi (1665) ..........................................................11 Anonimo: "Modo di adoperare il microscopio" (1665-1667)............................................................13 Lorenzo Magalotti: la digestione d’alcuni animali (1667).................................................................14 Francesco -
The Discovery of the Series Formula for Π by Leibniz, Gregory and Nilakantha Author(S): Ranjan Roy Source: Mathematics Magazine, Vol
The Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory and Nilakantha Author(s): Ranjan Roy Source: Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 63, No. 5 (Dec., 1990), pp. 291-306 Published by: Mathematical Association of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2690896 Accessed: 27-02-2017 22:02 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Mathematical Association of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Mathematics Magazine This content downloaded from 195.251.161.31 on Mon, 27 Feb 2017 22:02:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ARTICLES The Discovery of the Series Formula for 7r by Leibniz, Gregory and Nilakantha RANJAN ROY Beloit College Beloit, WI 53511 1. Introduction The formula for -r mentioned in the title of this article is 4 3 57 . (1) One simple and well-known moderm proof goes as follows: x I arctan x = | 1 +2 dt x3 +5 - +2n + 1 x t2n+2 + -w3 - +(-I)rl2n+1 +(-I)l?lf dt. The last integral tends to zero if Ix < 1, for 'o t+2dt < jt dt - iX2n+3 20 as n oo. -
The Botany of Empire in the Long Eighteenth Century Yota Batsaki Dumbarton Oaks
University of Dayton eCommons Marian Library Faculty Publications The aM rian Library 2017 The Botany of Empire in the Long Eighteenth Century Yota Batsaki Dumbarton Oaks Sarah Burke Cahalan University of Dayton, [email protected] Anatole Tchikine Dumbarton Oaks Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/imri_faculty_publications eCommons Citation Batsaki, Yota; Cahalan, Sarah Burke; and Tchikine, Anatole, "The Botany of Empire in the Long Eighteenth Century" (2017). Marian Library Faculty Publications. Paper 28. https://ecommons.udayton.edu/imri_faculty_publications/28 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the The aM rian Library at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marian Library Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Botany of Empire in the Long Eighteenth Century YOTA BATSAKI SARAH BURKE CAHALAN ANATOLE TCHIKINE Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 2016 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Batsaki, Yota, editor. | Cahalan, Sarah Burke, editor. | Tchikine, Anatole, editor. Title: The botany of empire in the long eighteenth century / Yota Batsaki, Sarah Burke Cahalan, and Anatole Tchikine, editors. Description: Washington, D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, [2016] | Series: Dumbarton Oaks symposia and colloquia | Based on papers presented at the symposium “The Botany of Empire in the Long Eighteenth Century,” held at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., on October 4–5, 2013. | Includes bibliographical references and index. -
Tema Del Día
TEMA DEL DÍA LAS RAÍCES DE LA GEOLOGÍA. NICOLAS STENO, LOS ESTRATOS Y EL DILUVIO UNIVERSAL The roots of the Geology. Nicolaus Steno, the strata and the Deluge Leandro Sequeiros * RESUMEN El De Solido intra solido naturaliter contento dissertatinis prodromus, uno de los libros más importan- tes para los inicios de la geología, fue publicado en Florencia en 1669. Su autor, Niels Steensen (también conocido por su nombre latinizado de Nicolaus Steno), fue un anatomista y naturalista danés nacido en Copenhague (Dinamarca) el 11 de enero de 1638. Estudió primero medicina en su ciudad y anatomía en Holanda y París. En 1660, visitó Roma y en 1666 se había establecido en Florencia donde fue acogido por el Gran Duque de Toscana Fernando II. En Florencia, estudiando los dientes puntiagudos que formaban diversas coronas en las mandíbulas de los tiburones, se sorprendió por su gran número, y sus semejanzas con las llamadas Glossopetrae, ob- jetos de piedra traídos de Malta. Steno pensó que ellos pertenecían a partes anatómicas de animales que habían vivido en otro tiempo, y que habían podido transformarse con facilidad mediante procesos quími- cos que no habían afectado a la forma. Los resultados llevaron a Steno a extender sus hipótesis a amplios estudios sobre las conchas de los moluscos antiguos, de los que describe su estructura y su origen orgáni- co, llegando a conclusiones muy cercanas a las aceptadas hoy día. ABSTRACT The De Solido intra solido naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus, one of the most important bo- ok in the beginning of geology, was published at Florence in 1669. -
The Geohistorical Time Arrow: from Steno's Stratigraphic Principles To
JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION 62, 691–700 (2014) The Geohistorical Time Arrow: From Steno’s Stratigraphic Principles to Boltzmann’s Past Hypothesis Gadi Kravitz1,a ABSTRACT Geologists have always embraced the time arrow in order to reconstruct the past geology of Earth, thus turning geology into a historical science. The covert assumption regarding the direction of time from past to present appears in Nicolas Steno’s principles of stratigraphy. The intuitive–metaphysical nature of Steno’s assumption was based on a biblical narrative; therefore, he never attempted to justify it in any way. In this article, I intend to show that contrary to Steno’s principles, the theoretical status of modern geohistory is much better from a scientific point of view. The uniformity principle enables modern geohistory to establish the time arrow on the basis of the second law of thermodynamics, i.e., on a physical law, on the one hand, and on a historical law, on the other. In other words, we can say that modern actualism is based on the uniformity principle. This principle is essentially based on the principle of causality, which in turn obtains its justification from the second law of thermodynamics. I will argue that despite this advantage, the shadow that metaphysics has cast on geohistory has not disappeared completely, since the thermodynamic time arrow is based on a metaphysical assumption—Boltzmann’s past hypothesis. All professors engaged in geological education should know these philosophical–theoretical arguments and include them in the curriculum of studies dealing with the basic assumptions of geoscience in general and the uniformity principle and deep time in particular. -
Evolutionoftherm00boltrich.Pdf
Evolution of the Thermometer Dalence's Thermometer 1688. Evolution of the Thermometer^ 3> BY HENRY CARRINGTON BOLTON Author of Scientific Correspondence of Joseph Priestley EASTON, PA.: THE CHEMICAL PUBLISHING Co. 1900. COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY EDWARD HART. CONTENTS. I. The Open Air-thermometer of Galileo, . 5 II.. Thermoscopes of the Accademia del Cimento, 25 III. Attempts to obtain a scale from Boyle to Newton, 41 IV. Fahrenheit and the first reliable Thermom- eters 61 V. Thermometers of Reaumur, Celsius, and others 79 Table of Thirty-five Thermometer Scales,. 88 Chronological Epitome, 90 Authorities, 92 Index, 97 91629 EVOLUTION OF THE THERMOMETER I. THE OPEN AIR-THERMOMETER OF GALILEO. Discoveries and inventions are sometimes the product of the genius or of the intelligent in- dustry of a single person and leave his hand in a perfect state, as was the case with the ba- rometer invented by Torricelli, but more often the seed of the invention is planted by one, cultivated by others, and the fruit is gathered only after slow growth by some one who ig- nores the original sower. In studying the ori- gin and tracing the history of certain discov- eries of scientific and practical value one is often perplexed by encountering several claim- ants for priority, this is partly due to the cir- " cumstance that coincidence of independent thought is often the cause of two or more per- " sons reaching the same result about the same time and to the effort of each nation ; partly to secure for its own people credit and renown. Again, the origin of a prime invention is some- i 6 EVOLUTION OF THE THERMOMETER, times obscured by the failure of the discoverer to claim definitely the product of his inspira- tion owing to the fact that he himself failed to appreciate its high importance and its utility. -
A Phenomenology of Galileo's Experiments with Pendulums
BJHS, Page 1 of 35. f British Society for the History of Science 2009 doi:10.1017/S0007087409990033 A phenomenology of Galileo’s experiments with pendulums PAOLO PALMIERI* Abstract. The paper reports new findings about Galileo’s experiments with pendulums and discusses their significance in the context of Galileo’s writings. The methodology is based on a phenomenological approach to Galileo’s experiments, supported by computer modelling and close analysis of extant textual evidence. This methodology has allowed the author to shed light on some puzzles that Galileo’s experiments have created for scholars. The pendulum was crucial throughout Galileo’s career. Its properties, with which he was fascinated from very early in his career, especially concern time. A 1602 letter is the earliest surviving document in which Galileo discusses the hypothesis of pendulum isochronism.1 In this letter Galileo claims that all pendulums are isochronous, and that he has long been trying to demonstrate isochronism mechanically, but that so far he has been unable to succeed. From 1602 onwards Galileo referred to pendulum isochronism as an admirable property but failed to demonstrate it. The pendulum is the most open-ended of Galileo’s artefacts. After working on my reconstructed pendulums for some time, I became convinced that the pendulum had the potential to allow Galileo to break new ground. But I also realized that its elusive nature sometimes threatened to undermine the progress Galileo was making on other fronts. It is this ambivalent nature that, I thought, might prove invaluable in trying to understand crucial aspects of Galileo’s innovative methodology. -
Talking Science at the University of Padua in the Age of Antonio Vallisneri
Feingold run04.tex V1 - 07/20/2009 4:10pm Page 117 Talking Science at the University of Padua in the Age of Antonio Vallisneri Brendan Dooley Even for an accomplished scholar like Antonio Vallisneri, it was no simple matter to declaim extemporaneously in Latin before a public possibly demanding the best from a setting where Vesalius and Fabricius had once changed medical education forever in the West. Therefore successful completion of the inaugural lecture was a cause for celebration, so he wrote to the Tuscan grand ducal librarian Antonio Magliabechi in 1700: ‘Today is a holy day for me, since I made my solemn entrance into the university favoured by the applause of all the learned, the podesta` [of Padua] and the captain of the city’. The difficulty of the task was underscored by the special requirements of this setting: ‘I was able to speak for a whole hour with total clarity of memory and self-possession, such that I was myself surprised at my weak nature rendered so daring on this magnificently terrible occasion’. He recalled the unfortunate case of a law professor who failed at the same task ‘and died of woe a few days later’.1 But his work was far from done; and already as the school year began, he considered the daunting task before him: ‘I find the job particularly difficult, moreover, having to learn so many lessons by heart, which arrive at the number of eighty or more’2 As first professor of practical medicine, he was supposed to deliver a given number of lessons over portions of the period between September and June when classes were in session; and following a well-established custom, he walked into class each time without notes. -
RM Calendar 2017
Rudi Mathematici x3 – 6’135x2 + 12’545’291 x – 8’550’637’845 = 0 www.rudimathematici.com 1 S (1803) Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja RM132 (1878) Agner Krarup Erlang Rudi Mathematici (1894) Satyendranath Bose RM168 (1912) Boris Gnedenko 1 2 M (1822) Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius (1905) Lev Genrichovich Shnirelman (1938) Anatoly Samoilenko 3 T (1917) Yuri Alexeievich Mitropolsky January 4 W (1643) Isaac Newton RM071 5 T (1723) Nicole-Reine Etable de Labrière Lepaute (1838) Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan Putnam 2002, A1 (1871) Federigo Enriques RM084 Let k be a fixed positive integer. The n-th derivative of (1871) Gino Fano k k n+1 1/( x −1) has the form P n(x)/(x −1) where P n(x) is a 6 F (1807) Jozeph Mitza Petzval polynomial. Find P n(1). (1841) Rudolf Sturm 7 S (1871) Felix Edouard Justin Emile Borel A college football coach walked into the locker room (1907) Raymond Edward Alan Christopher Paley before a big game, looked at his star quarterback, and 8 S (1888) Richard Courant RM156 said, “You’re academically ineligible because you failed (1924) Paul Moritz Cohn your math mid-term. But we really need you today. I (1942) Stephen William Hawking talked to your math professor, and he said that if you 2 9 M (1864) Vladimir Adreievich Steklov can answer just one question correctly, then you can (1915) Mollie Orshansky play today. So, pay attention. I really need you to 10 T (1875) Issai Schur concentrate on the question I’m about to ask you.” (1905) Ruth Moufang “Okay, coach,” the player agreed. -
MISCELLANEA GEOGRAPHICA WARSZAWA 1992 Vol
MISCELLANEA GEOGRAPHICA WARSZAWA 1992 Vol. 5 Zdzislaw Mikulski ON THE ORIGIN OF THE TERM "HYDROLOGY" AND DERIVATIVE SCIENCES It is for some time now that the science on water in nature, particularly its branch dealing with the circulation of water on the Earth, has been given a name of hydrology. However, hydrology is a relatively young science, that is why it is just forming its specialist terminology; it is difficult to define more precisely a date of emergence of the term "hydrology". It orginates from two Greek words: hydor (water) and logos (word, idea, science). Meanwhile, apart fram Thales of Miletus , "hydrologist of antiquity" (Biswas 1970), water was studied i.a. by Plato and his pupil, Aristotle, founder of the scholl of science "Lyceum", author of the treatise Meteorologica containing also a considerable load of hydrological knowledge. Relatively early, that is in the mid-17th century, a term "hydrography" ap- peared in the work Geografia generalis published in 1650 in Amsterdam (Fig. 1) by Bernardus Varenius (1622-1650), "the most famous geographer of those times" (Biswas 1970). The author understood the term "hydrography" as a des- cription of water on the terrestial globe, and first of all as a description of oceans. Soon this term was used by a well-known Italian astronomer, mathe- matician and physicist Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) Riccioli (1598-1671) in his work Geographie et hydrographie reformati libri duodecim published in 1661 in Bologna. At that time, the term "hydrostatics" appeared in 1663 in the work by Jesuit mathematician and naturalist Kaspar (Casparus) Schott (1608-1666) of Wiirz- burg, entitled Anatomia physico-hydrostatica fontiumae fluminum. -
Marsili's Oceanographic Cruise
APRIL 2018 P I N A R D I E T A L . 845 Measuring the Sea: Marsili’s Oceanographic Cruise (1679–80) and the Roots of Oceanography a b b c d NADIA PINARDI, EMIN ÖZSOY, MOHAMMED ABDUL LATIF, FRANCA MORONI, ALESSANDRO GRANDI, e e f GIUSEPPE MANZELLA, FEDERICO DE STROBEL, AND VLADYSLAV LYUBARTSEV a Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy b Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey c Emilia Romagna Regional Agency, Bologna, Italy d Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Bologna, Italy e Historical Oceanography Society, La Spezia, Italy f Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici, Bologna, Italy (Manuscript received 25 August 2017, in final form 3 February 2018) ABSTRACT The first in situ measurements of seawater density that referred to a geographical position at sea and time of the year were carried out by Count Luigi Ferdinando Marsili between 1679 and 1680 in the Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Marmara Sea, and the Bosporus. Not only was this the first investigation with documented oceanographic mea- surements carried out at stations, but the measurements were described in such an accurate way that the authors were able to reconstruct the observations in modern units. These first measurements concern the ‘‘specific gravity’’ of seawaters (i.e., the ratio between fluid densities). The data reported in the historical oceanographic treatise Osservazioni intorno al Bosforo Tracio (Marsili) allowed the reconstruction of the seawater density at different geographic locations between 1679 and 1680. Marsili’s experimental methodology included the collection of surface and deep water samples, the analysis of the samples with a hydrostatic ampoule, and the use of a reference water to standardize the measurements.