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National Aeronautics and Space Administration USA Space Debris Environment and Operational Updates Presentation to the 46th Session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space United Nations 9-20 February 2009 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Presentation Outline • Evolution of Low Earth Orbit Satellite Population since 1994 • Satellite Launches and Reentries in 2008 • Collision Avoidance • Retirement of USA LEO and GEO Spacecraft in 2008 • Satellite Fragmentations in 2008 • Recent Space Shuttle and ISS Space Debris Impacts • New Meter-Class Autonomous Telescope (MCAT) • Recent Satellite Collision 2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Growth of Satellites in Low Earth Orbit • Since UN COPUOS STSC first included the topic of space debris on its agenda in 1994, the population and concentration of satellites in LEO has markedly increased. 5.E-08 1994 4.E-08 1999 2004 3.E-08 2009 (objects per km3) 2.E-08 1.E-08 Spatial Density 0.E+00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Altitude (km ) 3 Number of Cataloged Objects National Aeronautics andSpaceAdministration National Aeronautics 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 0 1957 1959 1961 Historical GrowthoftheLarge 1963 Earth-Satellite Population 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 4 1979 1981 Spacecraft 1983 1985 1987 1989 1994 1991 Fragmentation Debris 1993 Mission-related Debris 1995 1997 1999 Rocket Bodies 2001 Total 2003 2005 2007 2009 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Satellite Launch Traffic in 2008 • The number of world-wide space launches in 2008 to reach Earth orbit or beyond was 67: 130 120 – Russian Federation 27 110 International Annual –USA 14 100 Launch Rate – China 11 90 – France 6 – India 3 80 – Japan 1 70 – SeaLaunch 5 60 50 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 • Cataloged Objects in Earth Orbit (from USA Space Surveillance Network): Total USA 1 January 2008 12456 4200 1 January 2009 12743 4259 5 National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Space Missions of 2008 • Seven NASA space missions were undertaken in 2008. Mission Launch Date Destination Other Objects Left in Earth Orbit STS-122 07 February LEO (ISS) No objects left in Earth orbit STS-123 11 March LEO (ISS) No objects left in Earth orbit STS-124 31 May LEO (ISS) No objects left in Earth orbit GLAST 11 June LEO One rocket body JASON 2 (with France) 20 June LEO Rocket body left in disposal orbit above LEO IBEX 19 October Highly Elliptical Earth Orbit Two rocket bodies and one debris STS-126 15 November LEO (ISS) One picosat deployed • All spacecraft, rocket bodies, and mission-related debris residing in or passing through LEO have already reentered or will reenter within 25 years. 6 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Reentry of Satellites in 2008 • Due to two significant low altitude satellite breakups, the number of known space object reentries was much higher in 2008, compared with recent years. – However, total reentering mass was similar to that of 2006 and 2007. • A total of 743 spacecraft, launch vehicle orbital stages, and other cataloged debris reentered during the year. • The total number of uncontrolled reentries was 730, including 6 payloads and 34 launch vehicle orbital stages with a total mass of about 80 metric tons. No instances of injuries or property damage were reported. 7 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Reentry of the Jules Verne ATV • NASA and ESA conducted a joint observation campaign of the reentry of the Jules Verne ATV on 29 September 2008. – Two aircraft collected a wide variety of data from vantage points over the Pacific Ocean near the reentry path of the Jules Verne. Jules Verne undocking on 5 September 2008 Reentry over Pacific Ocean 8 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jules Verne ATV Reentry Video • Intensified optical imaging by NASA Johnson Space Center 9 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Collision Avoidance • Since 2007 NASA has required all of its maneuverable spacecraft in LEO or GEO to conduct satellite conjunction assessments on a routine basis to avoid accidental collisions with resident space objects. • Using ESA’s ATV-1 spacecraft, ISS conducted the eighth collision avoidance maneuver during its 10 years of operations. Spacecraft Maneuver Date Object Avoided Aura 26-Jun-2008 TRIAD 1 debris Cloudsat 20-Jul-2008 Delta rocket body debris ISS 27-Aug-2008 Cosmos 2421 debris TDRS 5 1-Oct-2008 Cosmos 1888 PARASOL (France) 19-Oct-2008 Fengyun-1C debris 10 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Disposal of GEOSAT Follow-On (GFO) • The GEOSAT Follow-On (GFO) spacecraft was launched in 1998 on an eight-year mission to provide precision ocean surface topography. • Operational orbit: 785 km circular orbit with 108 degree inclination. • Following a highly successful mission, GFO was decommissioned and passivated in 2008. • Although designed before LEO disposal recommendations were established, GFO was maneuvered to a lower orbit to ensure reentry within 25 years. – 8 burns totaling 65 minutes – Final orbit: 455 km by 785 km – Estimated orbital lifetime: <15 years 11 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Disposal of USA GEO Satellites in 2008 • Five USA civil GEO spacecraft completed operations in 2008. Spacecraft International Designator Minimum Height above GEO Maximum Height above GEO MARISAT 2 1976-101A 330 1205 TELSTAR 11 1994-079A 380 580 ECHOSTAR 2 1996-055A N/A 1 N/A PAS 6B 1998-075A 245 390 GALAXY 10R 2000-002A 165 2 190 1 A catastrophic spacecraft failure prevented a disposal maneuver 2 The spacecraft suffered primary and secondary propulsion system failures prior to 2005 MARISAT 2, TELSTAR 11 and PAS 6B meet USA, IADC, and United Nations recommendations for GEO disposal and will not come within the GEO protected region during the next 200 years. 12 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Satellite Fragmentations in 2008 • USA 193: This uncontrolled spacecraft was destroyed on 21 February shortly before reentry to prevent hazardous materials from reaching the surface of the Earth. No debris remain in orbit from this event. • Kosmos 2421: This spacecraft, at an altitude of approximately 400 km, experienced at least three major fragmentation events during March-June, producing more than 500 large debris. The majority of the debris have already reentered the atmosphere. – The debris posed several close approaches to the International Space Station, resulting in one collision avoidance maneuver on 27 August. • Kosmos 1818: This 21-year-old, decommissioned spacecraft with a nuclear power supply released dozens of small debris in early July at an altitude near 800 km. Preliminary radar observations indicate that some of the debris might be sodium-potassium coolant from the NPS. – The debris will likely be long-lived. 13 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Recent Debris Impacts on ISS • During the STS-122 mission to ISS in February 2008, a crew member discovered a small impact crater (~2 mm diameter) on the US airlock hand rail. This ragged feature might have been the source for cuts found on some EVA suit gloves. • During the STS-123 mission to ISS in March 2008, a larger 5 mm diameter impact crater was observed on an EVA tool which had been externally stored. 14 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Recent Debris Impact on the Space Shuttle • During the STS-126 to ISS in November 2008, a small space debris particle impacted one of the pilot’s windows, creating a 1-cm diameter crater . An investigation of the damage site revealed that the impacting particle was a micrometeoroid. 15 National Aeronautics and Space Administration New Orbital Debris Telescope in Development • The Meter-Class Autonomous Telescope (MCAT) is intended to supplement current knowledge of the orbital debris environment in under- sampled orbital regimes: low inclinations from LEO to GEO • The 1.3 m aperture f/4 system will be equipped with a 4K x 4K CCD camera – Capable of detecting 10 cm target at GEO with 5 second exposure (0.1 albedo) – Wide field-of-view (0.96º) for debris searches – Economical autonomous operation (no dedicated operator) • Deployment will be on Legan Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, in September 2010 16 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Collision of Iridium 22 and Cosmos 2251 • The first accidental hypervelocity collision of two intact satellites occurred on 10 February 2009 at an altitude of 790 km. • Iridium 33 (1997-51C), an operational U.S. communications satellite, collided with Cosmos Iridium33 2251 (1993-36A), a non-functional Russian communications satellite. The Iridium satellite ceased functioning at the time of the collision. • The U.S. Space Surveillance Network is tracking hundreds of new debris in the orbital planes of the two spacecraft. Cosmos 2251 17 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Simulation of Debris Clouds 18 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Known Accidental Hypervelocity Collisions 1200 1000 U.S. Rocket Body and fragmentation debris Cosmos 1934 and ) mission-related debris 800 Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 600 Cerise and Altitude (km fragmentation debris 400 200 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 19.
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