THE MOLLUSCS OF THE DWELLING MOUND GOMOLAVA, YUGOSLAVIA

AN ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON AND NEAR GOMOLAVA

Jan Willem Eggink

CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION

2. THE HISTORY OF MOLLUSC RESEARCH IN ARCHAEOLOGY

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

4. TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

5. DISCUSSION

6. CONCLUSIONS

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

8. REFERENCES

9. KEYWORDS

55 56 1. W. E GGINK

1. INTRODUCTION*

Gomolava, in Yugoslavia, is a dwelling mound on the left bank of the river Sava near Hrtkovci, a small village about 60 km north­ west from Belgrade (fig.1). The mound shows eight periods of habitation, the oldest belon­ ging to the Vinca culture that, with the aid of C14, may be fixed at c. 4000-3800 B.C. f (Clason, 1977). The most recent traces, inclu­ \ ding a burial-ground, date from the early \', 1--__-<7 0 ,.,> Middle Ages (table 1). f-----�/ I > , After trial excavations during the fifties, it f--____-<7/' I"/"\.''''' \ -----\, was decided in 1970 to excavate the tell, as 1--_____/ C' 1 \ .... , '} ' \ systematically as possible, in its entirety. The � ) location of Gomolava along the outside bend ; ....._ ..- ...",--_ .. of the river Sava, has largely contributed to \- this decision. For, owing to erosion, portions of the tell disappear into the river every year. Fig. 1. The ge ograph ic location of Go molava, Yu go­ Its original surface area has no doubt been slavia. pigger than what now remains (about 230 x 45 metres) (fig. 2). In the earliest periods of its habitation, the tell may possibly have been under supervision of Dr. A.T. Clason, carried situated at some distance from the Sava. It out as an optional part of a university course is more than 5 metres high. in biology, following a staff-membership of The excavations that still continue are being the Archaeozoological Department of the Bio­ carried out by the Vojvodjanski Muzej of Novi logisch-Archaeologisch Instituut at Gronin­ Sad and the Universities of Belgrade and Novi gen. Sad, under the direction of Dr. B. Brukner, Dr. B. Jovanovic and Dr. N. Tacic. Staff-members of the Biologisch-Archaeolo­ 2. THE HISTORY OF MOLLUSC gisch Instituut at Groningen take part in the RESEARCH IN ARCHAEOLOGY* Gomolava-excavations in pursuance of a co­ operation between this institute and the Voj­ As a hunter and a food-gatherer man has vodjanski Muzej, as provided for in the Yugo­ always affected his surroundings more or less. slav-Dutch Cultural Tr eaty. But when the domestication of began The mollusc material, which is the subject and farms came into being where crops were matter of this research, was excavated in 1976, grown, his influence increased considerably. 1977 and 1980. Material excavated in 1980 was Forests were cut and the resulting clearings collected by myself in co-operation with Drs. used for various purposes. Investigations of D.e. Brinkhuizen of the Biologisch-Archae­ the environment of such farms is therefore ologisch Instituut at Groningen. most interesting and data derived from it may Object of the present research was to exa­ afford some insight into the way in which these mine whether conclusions may be drawn from early dwellers lived and how they used their mollusc material found in dwelling mounds. land. It was mainly focused on a reconstruction of Following the development of pollen ana­ the environment of the tell Gomolava and, lysis it became possible to recognize the re-

* Ta bles 4, 5, 7-13 and the Appe ndix have been - re produced as microfiches (I:AI-B6) in an envelope attached to the rear of this volume. * In pa rt after Evans (1972: p. 3 ff.). Molluscs of the dlVelling mound Gomo/ava 57

'00

: :' , ' ( : ,/ /// -.-:------'.------

- / " " . / /

Sava river

Fig. 2. The dwelling mound Gomolava. Schematic lay- out.

gional vegetation of certain areas. At first the a great part of his investigation on molluscs local structure of the vegetation could only contained in fresh-water deposits from the be determined by macroscopic plant fossils. Pleistocene, in which period climatic factors Now, with the use of three-dimensional pollen may also play an important role in the dif­ diagrams, local aspects, such as big clearings fusion of snails (Sparks, 1964). in woods, can also be distinguished (Turner, On the basis of the same techniques, M.P, 1975). Kerney and J.G. Evans studied Late-Glacial As pollen grains can not be preserved quite deposits in South-east England (Kerney, 1963). so well in a basic as in an acid environment, Outside England the investigation of snail one was, when examining settlements in cal­ material from Pleistocenic deposits was carried careous areas, forced to look for other means. out mainly in Central Europe. Calcareous Therefore, the generally large numbers of loess deposits in Czechoslovakia were tho­ molluscs in these areas seemed, together with roughly examined by Lozek. Successive cold the local information they may divulge about and warm periods could be defined by means their earlier environment, eminently suitable of the mollusc material found (Lozek, 1964). for further study. In a great many places shells from recent In the beginning of this century, much archaeological excavations have been collec­ research on mollusc material of late prehistoric ted, for instance the sediment in ditches, post­ periods in the calcareous countryside of South­ holes, pits, deposits on slopes at the foot of east England was done by A.S. Kennard and walls and banks, dump-hills, etc. Mollusc B.B. Woodward. investigation of dwelling mounds in order to B.W. Sparks introduced for the first time reconstruct the local environment has not yet a classification of mollusc species in ecologi­ taken place (Evans, 1978a). cally related groups. He made use of histo­ The construction and interpretation of mol­ grams in which, on a similar basis as in pollen lusc diagrams is to a great extent hampered analysis, the occurrence of these groups is by lack of information concerning the exact shown in percentages (Sparks, 1961). He spent recent distribution of a great number of mol- 58 1.w'EGGINK

of c. 5 m was cut away (figs. 3, 4). A possible disturbance within this column, caused by infiltration of recent snail material, may be N D GOMOLAVA 1980 ignored. The upper layer of the column (c. 10 cm) was removed because of its disturbed character. 8 D The column was cut away in layers of 10 GOMOLAVA 1977 544 cm each, whereby the layer with a depth of (� o A C to 10 cm was numbered sample 1, from 10 / to 20 cm sample 2 and so on. The samples were sifted in their entirety, so that the quantity ,------, Im of soil sifted amounted to 16 litres per sample. Mesh size of the sieves amounted to one Fig. 3. Go mo1ava 1977 and 1980. and a half and half a millimetre, the latter being the smallest that Kerney (1963), Sparks (1964) and Evans (1972) also used. luscs. Only when more quantitative data about Only odd-numbered samples were chosen recent snail and mussel associations would for analysis. become known, more questions about earlier Dating of each single layer was done partly environments may be answered by means of by means of pottery that was found, partly mollusc diagrams.' by the use of data collected at the investiga­ tions by Ottaway in 1977. Some observations concerning the stratigra­ 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS phy: - At a depth of 3.00 to 3.lO m the so-called 3.1. Material 'Eneolithic humus' formed in a period when the mound was uninhabited, was found. In The investigation is directed at shells of animals this layer practically no remains of pottery belonging to the class of and the were met with. class of Bivalvia, both . - The last two samples (47 and 49) contained The material collected is twofold. Firstly the no pottery fragments. shells sampled by myself in 1980 (3.2. 1.1.), and secondly the material from pits excavated in 3.2.1.2. Material from pits, excavated in 1976 1976 and 1977 (3.2. 1.2.). and 1977 In addition to this, mollusc material sam­ In the study of molluscs a few pits were pled at Gomolava by Dr. B.S. Ottaway of the included that were found next to the.remains University of Edinburgh (5.2.3.) will be con­ of houses dating from the Vinca period. sidered summarily. The width of these houses was c. 7 m, and their length sometimes over 20 m. The walls were probably a wattle and daub construction. 3.2. Methods The floors may also have been made of loam, quarried in the direct vicinity of the house, 3.2.1. Sampling whereby pits remained. Loam was also remo­ ved from the banks of the Sava, and possibly 3.2.1. 1. Material sampled in 1980 from other sources. The pits next to the houses In August 1980 I visited Gomolava during the were used for the disposal of garbage: most excavation campaign. Object of my visit was of the bones from these pits are broken and to take a successive series of samples. show carving marks (Clason, 1979). In these About half a meter north-east of a trench, garbage pits layers are found consisting of resulting from an earlier excavation in 1977 shells of the genus Un io, as well as of Helix by Ottaway, and fixed on the tell by the co­ pomatia. ordinates S44 (Jovanovic, 1965), a column of The measurements of the pits vary. At a soil with a surface of 40 x 40 cm and a depth width of 1 to 3 m, the length may be between Molluscs of the dIVelling mound Gomolava 59

Fi g. 4. The column of so il dug up in 1980.

1 and sometimes more than 7 m. Their depth 3.2.2. Identification is never more than two and a half metres. The pits, excavated in 1976 and 1977, were On the identification of subfossil and recent identified by means of letters. In 1976 pit A, Yugoslav shell material no standard-work is B, C, D and H were excavated; in 1977 pit available. A great support at the identification K, L, M, 0, P, R and X. All were excavated was Lozek's study (1964), in which also the in blocks I-VI (fig. 2). regional spread of molluscs in Czechoslovakia Fully 100 litres of soil from each pit were is recorded. sifted. How much precisely can not be ascer­ Moreover, the following textbooks that are tained. Mesh sizes of the sieves were 3 and based on recent material, were consulted: one and a half millimetres. Adam (1960), Ehrmann (1937), Ellis (1969), 60 J.W.EGGINK

Table 1. Habitation periods of the dwelling mound Gomolava nera were classified in group SuccinialOxy­ (after Clason, 1979) loma. Granaria Jrumentum Jrumentum. Identifica­ Gomolava I Gomolava V tion to within the sub-species frumentum was a) Older dwelling horizon of Horizon of Bosut group done by Dr. E. Gittenberger. Vinca group (Basarabi complex) b) Younger dwelling horizon of Clausiliidae. To this group belong apices of Gomolava VI Vinca group sinistrally coiled shells, that could not be more a) Older dwelling horizon of Gomolava Il La Tene settlement closely identified. a) Horizon with Lengyel pottery b) Younger dwelling horizon Limacidae. Small internally asymmetric b) Horizon with prototiszapolgar of La Tene settlement shells of slugs were, at the investigations in and Tiszapolgar pottery c) La Tene-Early Roman 1980, found on the half millimetre sieve. Nei­ d welling horizon Gomolava III ther in 1980, nor in 1977 were these shells found a) Horizon of pits of Baden Gomolava VII on the one and a half millimetre sieve. Closer group Dwelling horizon of Roman­ identification to within the species is impos­ b) Dwelling horizon of Kostolac provincial settlement group sible. Gomolava VIII c) Horizon with Vucedol Horizon of Middle Age Water-molluscs. pottery settlemen t and necropolis Viviparus sp. Material of this group consists Gomolava IV of apices of young specimens of the genus a) Horizon Omoljica-Vatin Viviparus. Most probably t�ese are of the group species acerosus (Bourguignat, 1862). Recently b) Dwelling horizon of group BelegiS I this species has been found along the Sava c) Dwelling horizon of group (see Appendix). BelegiS Il Opercula. At both investigations a great number of opercula were found in the samples. These are mainly belonging to Bithynia ten­ taculata and only occasionally to B. leachi.

Gittenberger et al. (1970), Janssen & de Vogel (1965), Janus (?), Riedel (1980), Kerney & 3.2.3. Counting Cameron (1979) and its slightly more extensive translation by Gittenberger (1980). To count fragments of shells I applied the For the identifications use was made of following rules: recent mollusc material collected in 1980 in Identifiable apertures (f.i. of Chondrula tri­ the surroundings of Gomolava (see Appen­ dens) are added to the total number of intact dix). shells of the species or genus in question. On some identificationsGittenberger, Back­ Apices of identifiable shells (f.i. of Clau­ huys and Ripken were personally consulted. siliidae) are added to the species, genus or A few notes on some of the identifications: family in question. However, if of one group Landsnails. the apices and apertures are singly identifiable, SuccinialOxyloma. Separation of species of only one of both is counted. Thus, of Chon­ Succinia and Oxyloma is, particularly where drula tridens and Granariafrumentum only the juvenile material is involved, extremely diffi­ apertures are counted. cult. From a few adult specimens it may be Like Sparks (196 1) and Evans et al. (1978b) inferred that Succinia is, within the scope of I count the valve of a bivalve's shell for one this investigation, only represented by Succinia individual. oblonga and S.putris, which are both included Fragments of shells of Unio and Pisidium in recently collected material (Appendix). Spe­ may, when more than half of the hinge is cimens oCOxyloma-courd not be identified to discernable, be counted as individuals. within the species. ,At none of the investigations the opercula In view of these problems of identification, of Bithynia are included in the calculations, and of the fact that S. oblonga, S.putris and as its counts are open to discussion and might O. sp come within the same ecological group show an over-representation of the species (3.2.5.), all specimens belonging to these ge- (Sparks, 1964). Molluscs of the dlVelling mound Gomolava 61

Table 2. Species and families fOllnd at the 1980 and pit investigations.

land water

Pomatias elegans (Muller 1774) Theodoxus dallubialis (c. Pfeiffer 1828) Succillea oblollga Draparnaud 1801 Theodoxus trallsversalis (c. Pfeiffer 1828) Succillea putris (Linnaeus 1758) Viviparus sp. Oxyloma sp. . piscillalis (Miillcr 1774) Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller 1774) Valvata macrostoma Morch 1864 Cochlicopa lubricella (Porro 1838) Valvata cristata Muller 1774 Thmcatellilla cyiindrica (Hrussac 1807) Lithoglyphus lIaticoides (c. Pfeiffer 1828) Orcula dolium (Draparnaud 1801) BithYl/ia leachi (Sheppard 1823) Granaria frumentum frumentum (Draparnaud 1801) BithYllia telltaculata (Linnaeus 1758) Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus 1758) Lyml/ea stagllalis (Linnaeus 1758) Vallonia excentrica Sterki 1892 Lymllea trllllcatllla (Muller 1774) Vallonia pulchella (Muller 1774) Plallorbis plallorbis (Linnaeus 1758) ChOlldrula tridells (Muller 1774) Plallorbis corneus (Linnaeus 1758) Ella montalla (Draparnaud 1801) Allisus leucostomus (Millet 1813) PUllctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud 1801) Allisus septemgyratus Rossmassler 1835 Vitrea cOlltracta (Westerlund 1871) Allisus vortex (Linnaeus 1758) Aegopillella ressmalllli (Westerlund 1883) Bathyomphallls cOlltortlls (Linnaeus 1758) illopillatus (Ulicny 1887) Gyraulus albus (Muller 1774) Daudebardia brevipes (Draparnaud 1805) Armiger crista (Linnaeus 1758) Coelllodina laminata (Montagu 1803) Segmentilla lIitida (Muller 1774) Clausilia pllmila Pfeiffer 1828 Fagotia acicularis (Hrussac 1823) fam. Clausiliidae Amjimelallia holalldri afra (Rossmassler 1839) Bradybaella fruticum (Muller 1774) Ullio crassus crassus Philipsson 1788 Euomphalia strigella (Draparnaud 1801) Unio pictorrJlll (Linnaeus 1758) Perforatella rllbigillosa (Schmidt 1853) Unio tumidus Philipsson 1788 MOllaelza cartusialla (Muller 1774) Pisidillm sp. Cepaea villdobonellsis (Hrussac 1821) Helix pomatia Linnaeus 1758 fam. Helicidae fam. Limacidae Cecilioides acicula (Muller 1774) Cecilioides jalli (De Betta & Martinati 1855)

3.2.4. Frequency of land and water-molluscs exception is fam. Limacidae which, in accor­ dance with Evans (1972), are classified into When calculating the frequency of land and the group 'Catholic land species'. water-molluscs per layer or per pit no indi­ The following 'ecological groups are being viduals of the genus Cecilioides were consi­ distinguished: dered. Cecilioides acicula can burrow to depths of c. 2 m (Evans, 1972: p. 201). It is, like C.jani, Land:woodland species, as such of minor importance for stratigraphic catholic species, investigation. In the tell Gomolava C. acicula open country species, was found alive to a depth of c. 70 cm. marsh species. Water:slum species, catholic species, 3.2.5. Ecological groups ditch species, moving water species. If all species would be singly represented in a mollusc diagram, its interpretation would When classifying the various species in eco­ become virtually impossible. In order to get logical groups, it is assumed that the present a clearer view a classification in ecological distribution is identical to what it was in the groups is being used. Water-molluscs are grou­ past. However, the interference of man may ped according to the system adopted by Sparks have caused a change in the distribution of (1961); land-molluscs according to Evans certain species (Sparks, 1964). (1972: p. 194 ff.). For the present study Lozek's Concurrently with the classifications men­ classification (1964; 1965) was used as well. tioned above, data on the distribution of Molluscs that could not be identified to within molluscs derived from Kerney & Cameron the species, were not classified in ecological (1979), Riedel (1980), Janssen & de Vogel groups (Helicidae, Clausiliidae, Viviparus sp, (1965), Janus (?), Boycott (1936), Gittenberger Lymnea sp, Segmentina sp, Pisidium sp). The et al. (1970) and Jaeckel (1954) were used. 62 1.w'E GGINK

Table 3. Classification in ecological groups of the species found at the present investigation, as well as of the species of live mollusc material collected round Gomolava in 1980 (see Appendix).

land water

A:woodland species E:slum species B:catholic species F:catholic species C:open country species G:ditch species D:marsh species H:moving water species

A: woodland species E: slum species ViI rea COlllraCla Lymllea Iruncalula ressmanni Anisus leucoslomus Daudebardia brevipes Carychium Iridelllalum (Risso 1826) F: catholic species water Ena monlalla Armiger crisla Acalllhillula aculeala (Muller 1774) Balhyomphalus COlllorlus PUllclum pygmaeum Gyraulus albus Perjoralella incamala (Muller 1774) BilhYllia leachi Helix pomalia BilhYllia lelllaculala Bradybaena jrulicum G: ditch species Cochlodina lamillala Valvala crislala Clausilia pumila plallorbis Orcula dolium AllislIs seplemgyrallls B: catholic species land Anislls vorlex Euomphalia slrigella Segmelllilla lIilida Cochlicopa lubrica Planorbis cornells Cochlicopa lubricella H: moving water species ram. Limacidae Valvala piscillalis Cepaea lIemoralis (Linnaeus 1758) Lilhoglyphlls lIalicoides Cepaea villdobollellsis Vllio crass liS crass liS Pomalias elegalls Vllio piclorllm C: open country species Vllio IlImidlls' Vallonia excelllrica Valvala macrosloma Vallollia pulchella Fagolia aciclIlaris Pupilla muscorum Amjamelallia holalldri ajra 1"mcalellina cylilldrica TheodoxlIs Irallsversalis MOllacha carlusialla TheodoxlIs dallubialis Chondrula Iridens Viviparus acerOSIlS Granaria jrumelllum jrumenlum water-molluscs, not classified Helicella obvia (Menke 1828) Viviparus sp. Oxychilus illopinalus Lymllea sp. D: marsh species Segmelllilla sp. Succillea oblollga Pisidillm sp. Succillea pUlris Oxyloma sp. Verligo allliverligo (Draparnaud 1801) Zoniloides lIilidus (Muller 1774) Perjoralella rubigillosa

land-snails, not classified fam. Clausiliidae fam. Helicidae

Recent distribution data drawn from mol­ may be presented in terms of either absolute lusc material collected in the vicinity of Go­ or relative abundance. Both methods of pre­ molava (1980) were used as well (Appendix). sentation have their pros and cons. The species found at the mollusc investi­ One disadvantage of the use of the latter gation (Gomolava 1980 and pit-exploration) is that, in case of an increase in absolute are listed in table 2. For the classification in numbers of one species, another species which ecological groups of these species and of the in absolute numbers remains constant, shows species found recently in Gomolava, see table a decrease in percentage on a relative scale. 3. Another disadvantage of this method would be' that, when the total numbers are small, 3.2.6. The mollusc diagram the percentages might be statistically unreli­ able. In a mollusc diagram the number of molluscs Kerney (1963) gives four reasons why, in per ecological group or per family or genus his analysis, histograms are best constructed Molluscs oJ the dwelling mound GOlno/ava 63

in terms of absolute abundance. He presents In figure 6, the frequency of the genus the results of his investigation at Dover Hill Cecilioides is expressed as a percentage of the in terms of both absolute and relative abun­ total number of land-molluscs, contained in dance. a particular sample. Evans (l978a) points out that particularly the relative differences from period to period are important for the investigation of the 4. TA BLES AND DIAGRAMS earlier environment. When considering the number of molluscs, The results of the investigation of 1980 are found in dwelling mounds, the rate of speed to be found in tables 4 to 8 inclusive. The at which the level of the mound was raised first two tables show the species found and as a result of man's depositing all sorts of their numbers per sample: table 4 land-mol­ material on it, plays an important role. It will, luscs, table 5 water-molluscs. A + sign means during periods of intensive habitation, rise that the species in question is represented in faster than when a few people choose it for a sample. Owing to deficient preservation it their dwelling place. The deposits may contain is, however, impossible to distinguish indivi­ land as well as water-molluscs. Owing to the duals separately. In the calculations a + sign was varying speeds at which the mound rose, the counted as I individual. Ta ble 6 gives the total number of molluscs per sample (and thus abundance, absolute and relative, of land and per period) may vary to a great extent. To water-molluscs per sample. The uppermost compare the ecological groups as to their rows indicate the combined results of either abundance layer by layer, it seems to be best of the sieves used. Under it the results are split to consider their relative numbers. The ab­ up in material found on the half millimetre : solute numbers may vary to an extent that and one and a half millimetre sieves, respec­ makes them hardly suitable for comparison. tively. The absolute and relative numbers of As the size of the samples taken at the ex­ the various ecological groups are plotted in ploration of the pits is unknown, the absolute tables 7 and 8. number of molluscs per sample cannot be used Tables 9 to 12 inclusive show the results of for drawing a comparison between the pits. the pit investigation. The absolute numbers After considering the foregoing arguments, of the collected species are shown in tables presentation in terms of relative abundance 9 and 10. In table 11 the various groups are has been chosen for this investigation. listed in absolute, in table 12 in relative terms. The construction of a mollusc diagram is The mollusc diagrams are plotted in figure comparable to that of a pollen diagram. In 6 (Gomolava, 1980) and figure 9 (the pits). the case of this investigation, the vertical axis Figure 5 is a graphic presentation of the land­ represents the depth from the top of the tell water frequency per layer, concerning the (measured after removal of the disturbed top­ investigation of 1980. The results are split up layer). At the investigation of the pits, this in material found on the half millimetre and axis represents the identificationof the various one and a half millimetre sieves, respectively. pits (figs. 6 and 9). The horizontal aXIs shows The total result of both sieves (one and a half the percentage of the ecological groups as well plus half millimetre) is shown in between. as of not-classified groups. The percentages of the groups of land-molluscs at the left side of the diagram, are calculated as percentages 5. DISCUSSION of the total number of land-molluscs. A similar calculation was separately made in respect of 5.1. General aspects of the mollusc water-molluscs. Alongside the vertical axis of investigation the diagram Gomolava 1980, a sketch of the profile is gi"en, i.e. the north-eastern profile Before considering the tables and diagrams with a width of 40 cm (fig. 3). For Gomolava concerning the various investigations, it will 1980 dating of the layers is, with an occasional be wise first to discuss shortly some general note, given to the right of the land-water aspects of mollusc investigation. The question frequency. will be raised of what may be the cause of 64 J.W.EGGINK

Table 6. Gomolava 1980 . The absolute and relative number of land and water-molluscs per sample, specified in totals trapped on both sieves (Y, mm + 1 V, mm) and per sieve

Sample number 357911 13 15 171921 23 25 2729 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 + Total n 12051 63 43 83 47295764 32 86 36 51 89 139595978 374 783 452 234 128122 3353 Y, mm + IV,mm Water absolute o 24 1021 21 16 14 61725 11 5728 35 35 75 3742 71356 742 419212 94 28 2396 Water% o 202033 49193021 30 3934 66 786939 54 63 71 91 95 95 93 91 73 23 71 % Land absolute 73 96 41 42 22 6733 23 403921 29 816 54 64 22 1771841 33 22 3594 95 7 Land% 100 80 806751 81 70 79 7061 66 34 22 31 61 46 3729 9 5 5 7 9 27 77 29% V,mm Total 4 32 22 4732 73382044 55 25 74264177114 45 45 74357768432 216 112 104 2877 Water absolute o 5 416 16 13 10 21422 65023 2830 67 33 3868343 732 405 199 85 25 2234 Water% 0 16 1834 501826 1032 4024 68886839 5973 84 92 96 95 94 92 76 24 78% Land absolute 4 271831 16 6028183033 1924 31347 4712 7 6 14 36 27 17 27 79 643 Land% 100 84 82 66 5082 74 90 68607632123261 41 2716 8 4 5 6 82476 22% IV, mm Total 69 88 2916 11 10 9 9 13 9 7 12 10 10 l2 25 14 14 41715 20 18 17 18 476 Water absolute o 19 6 5 5 3 4 4 3 3 5 7 5 7 5 8 4 4 3 13 10 14 13 9 3 162 Water% o 22 21 31 45 3044 44 23 33 71 5850 70 42 32 292975 76 67 70 72 53 17 34 % Land absolute 69 69 23 11 6 7 5 5 10 6 2 5 5 3 7 17 10 10 1 4 5 6 5 8 15 314 Land% 100 78 79 6955 70 56 56 77 672942 503058 68 71 71 25 24 33 30 28 47 83 66%

the differences between the proportions in ground, or stay in the ground when being there which the various species originally 0Gcurred already. The proportional abundance of the i.n living nature, and those in which they are various species immediately after death, which found in the sediment. The method of extrac­ we equate with that within the living com­ ting molluscs from the sediment will be cri­ munity may, however, be altered by all kinds tically viewed, and the causes of fluctuations of processes. Shells may be displaced horizon­ in numbers of molluscs from layer to layer tally, for instance by moving water, as well examined. as vertically. The latter displacement is of great importance for the investigation of dwelling mounds. The ground may be stirred up by 5.1.1. Abundance of molluscs in nature worms and other animals - also man -, whereby recent and older material becomes The numbers in which snails can occur in a mixed. certain community depends on hereditary fac­ Cameron (1978) reports on a recent inve­ tors (f.i. the reproductive rate), and on en­ stigation in which recent mollusc material, vironmental factors. The latter may be regi­ collected on the surface, appeared to be mixed onal, such as climate and lime-content of the with older shells. Mollusc diagrams plotted on soil, or local, such as sloping country, exposure the basis of recent material only on the one to sun, humidity, shade, etc. These local fac­ hand, and of mixed - recent and older - tors are generally of importance for archaeolo­ material on the other, showed appreciably gical mollusc investigation. About the regional different results. From this it may be conclu­ factor 'climate' but little can be concluded ded that, if recent and older shells cannot be from mollusc investigation into the past 6000 sorted out, which is always the case with years (Evans, 1972: p. 17). archaeological excavations, a correct interpre­ tation can be very difficult to achieve. ,At pollen analysis burrowing animals pre­ 5.1 .2. Alterations owing to disturbance of the sent great problems as well. Thus burrowing soil bees impede the interpretation of pollen di­ agrams at the investigation of prehistoric sett­ After death, snails will initially land on the lements, like Gomolava (Bottema, 1975). Molluscs of the dwelling mound Como/ava 65

11/2mm Sample 1112. 112 mm Sample 112 mm & 1980), 1 1 (Kerney Cameron, so that a smallest mesh size of half a millimetre seems allright for optimal extraction of the smallest, iden­ tifiable, mollusc material from the sediment. 11 11 In most cases, juvenile molluscs of less than 13 13

15 15 half a millimetre are very hard to identify. 17 17 Ta ble 6 shows, that of 3353 identified mol­ " " luscs, 86 % (2877) were trapped by the half - 21 21 14 % 23 - 23 - millimetre sieve and. by the one and a 25 - 25 • half millimetre sieve. When examining the - 27 - 27 - land-water frequency in these totals, it appears 2. 29

31 31 that the percentages of land and water-mol­ 33 33 - luscs, trapped by the half millimetre sieve are 35 - 35 - 22 % and 78 % respectively; of these trapped - 37 • 37 • • - 3. 39 by the one and a half millimetre 66 % and - " • " " 34 %. These results make it clear that, when - • L3 • -

The build-Up of a dwelling mound takes place through the import by man of material from 5.2. Mollusc diagrams the countryside to his dwelling place. When habitation is concentrated in the same place 5.2.1. Local and regional information for a long time, dwelling mounds may reach a considerable height (sometimes over 15 m; When an attempt is made to obtain, by means Evans, 1978a). Generally, the material consists of mollusc diagrams, data concerning the mostly of clay from the surroundings, impor­ occurrene of land-snails that have not been ted for house-building. imported from elsewhere, the information In many places of the tell Gomolava, re­ about the environment, derived from these mainders of houses have been found, in most data, is local. The local character is, however, Open 2 �I LWoodland lSalholic Lcountry�arshLJ L Nw[?lum lSath.LDitch LMoving water L3 1.J U; L.!i LJ �ample_!-and D�ater N l!'eriod % c::::::J " 73 - 0 0 24 120 Roman-La Tene 10 51 0 c::J c::::::=::J 0 Lc;"Tene 210 2J) 63 CJ 0 0 0 'lc;""Tene-Iron age - 0 c:::::=J CJ 21 0 0 CJ c:::::==::J 0 S2l 43 16 11 83 CJ CJ c:::==:::J c::==:::J " Iron-Bronze Qge 33C=:=I 14 0 0 0 '" 13 47 r=::J 0 - 23 c::::::J CJ 0 6 " 15 29 c:::=J Bronze age - 40 17 20 17 57 c::==:::J 0 c:::J 0 0 c::J [===::J 0 Eneoli thic 39'� CJ 0 0 25 0 C=:=I c:::==:::J 19 64 21 CJ 0 0 II 0 0 " 21 32 c:::==:::J Kostolac 290 0 57 23 86 - 0 c:::=iDO 0 0 r:::::==J c:::=J Eneo 'ithic 8' 28 25 36 c:::===::J c::::::=::J 0 0 c:::==::J - - 160 c::::::=::J c::::::J D 0 0 350 0 c:::=J r:::::==J " 27 - 51 29 Baden - 54D c:::==:::J 0 0 35 0 0 [===::J 0 89 � �eolithic 64'c::J D 0 75 I 0 c::::::J [===::J 0 31 139 � c:::=J '" 22 0 0 0 37 33 59 ..., D c:::J c::===:J (Floor) '" 17 42 0 0 0 0 c::==:J c:::::::=::J 35 - S9 ;;olithic-VincQ � 7 r=::J 0 c::=:::J 0 71 CJ c::::::=::J c:::J 37 • 78 :;. c:::==:::J c:::::=J 0 35� 0 c:::::::=::J c:::=J 39 • 374 '" 't!r 41 742 + 783 �'l:r� 0 c:::::=J c::=:::J 0 0 0 c:::==:::J r=::J 41 • � 419 I + 43 "'52 V inco 330 r=::J [===::J 0 0 c:::=:=J c:::::=J • � 22 212 I 0 + 45. • 234 ::::: I:=:J r===:---' c::=:::J c:::::::=::J S· 35 0 c::::::J c:::==:::J 0 0 94 0 0 C=:=I C=:::J D 47 - 129 � 94 c:=::J 0 c:::=:=J 28 0 r:::::==J c:::::=J 0 49 122 :;] 5111"= <:;) s:: ::; ,...... ,...... ,- � I ,,-� � ,- ,- ,- l::>... Scale �-Light brown� -Yellow c.IavG -Charcoal. ash C') 6 20 ,10 6'0 60 1000/0 <::> Total number of :;] �-Brown [J",:::: -Floor NI -land molluscs <:;) - Total nu mber + otal number of + - t:;- -erown + 1llIIl- Brown Nw_T N percentage < Y2°'. oo:: � wa er molluscs of molluses Floor Yellow clay 't t:l

Fi g. 6. The mollusc diagram of Gomolava 1980.

0\ -..l 68 J.W.EGGI NK not limited to a mere square metre. decreases from sample 49 to 45. In this se­ Snails move continually from one micro­ quence of samples the percentages of catholic habitat to another. This, and the fact that in and open-country land-snails increase. This one sample several generations of snails are change in percentages may point to the first represented, may cause the obtainable data to occupation of the dwelling mound, whereby contain information about the neighbourhood the site assumes a more open character, in­ of the spot where the sample was taken (Evans, fluenced by man. Evans et al. (1978b) also 1972: p. 112 ff.). deduces habitation and cultivation from an increase in the number of open country species. The Eneolithic humus is found at a depth 5.2.2. Th e diagram of Gomolava 1980 of 3 to 3.10 m. The diagram clearly shows that the relative number of land-snails in it 5.2.2.1. Th e humus layers is, when compared with the nearest samples, In the stratigraphy of Gomolava 3 humus great. The considerable percentage of water­ layers can be distinguished: primeval humus, snails may be caused by (increased) activity Eneolithic humus, and contemporary humus of worms and other burrowing organisms. By (Jovanovic, 1965). These humus layers were disturbance of the soil, shells of water-snails formed in periods when the tell was not from deeper layers - occurring in relatively inhabited. As a result of this a vegetable cover great numbers during the Vinca period - are could develop. being worked up. As a result of this, shells As man's influence in these periods is smal­ of land-snails can be moved downwards. lest, the interpretation of the diagram presents Hence, the slow relative increase in the number the fewest problems. These humus layers and of land-snails in the samples from beneath the the layers immediately on top and beneath, humus up to the humus layer is evident in will be discussed first. the diagram (see also Evans, 1972: p. 210). The primeval humus was formed before The relative increase in number of wood­ there was any habitation in Gomolava. The land-snails in the samples beneath the Eneo­ Eneolithic humus lies on top of the Lengyel lithic humus is not very clearly noticeable layer (table 1); thereafter dwellers of the Baden in figure 6. When compared with the nearest group were the first to settle again on the samples however, sample 31 shows a relatively mound (Tasic, 1965). The contemporary hu­ greater number of woodland-snails. The high mus was formed after the last inhabitants had percentage in sample 37 may be a chance left Gomolava. fluctuation, owing to a low total number (7) At the formation of humus from dead of land-snails. vegetable material, the influence of worms and Next to Vitrea contracta, Aegopinella res­ other burrowing organisms that feed on this smanni is found in the samples from the soil material, may have become greater. It is pos­ around the humus layer. The latter species sible that, as a result of this, shells have been occurs almost only in leaf litter in damp woods wormed up from deeper layers, or that they (Kerney & Cameron, 1979), and may as such have been moved from the humus downwards. point to a humid environment at the time the The roots of plants may change the original humus was formed. stratigraphy as well. From sample 29 upwards, it may be con­ In the mollusc diagram the humus is cha­ cluded that, on top of the humus layer, the racterised by a relative increase in the number mound has been inhabited once more. There­ of land-molluscs: as there is no habitation, by, the site obtained a more open character there is no import of water-molluscs. as a result of which the relative number of In the diagram Gomolava 1980 (fig. 6), the catholic molluscs increased. Thereafter, the effect of primeval humus on the land-water­ percentage of open country snails, which is frequency is evident in the bottom samples. relatively low in sample 29, became higher Of samples 45 to 49 inclusive, the relative again. number of land-snails increases. When exa­ The contemporary humus can be found in mining the ecological groups, it appears that the upper layers of the dwelling mound. It the relative number of woodland-molluscs appears that in these layers the percentage of Mo//uscs of the dwelling mound Gomo/ava 69 " land-snails increases.In sample 1, only land­ snails occur. In the upper layers, chiefly open country snails and snails of the fa mily He­ licidae are found. As the latter cannot be more closely identified, it is difficult to give a definite answer to the questiQn of which environment existed during 'the later periods on and about the mound. The fact that no woodland-snails and practically no catholic land-snails were found any more in the samples of the upper layers of the mound, may indicate that the tell has, in recent times, been but sparsely wooded. One cause of this may be the great height of the mound, which allowed water to flow off, and wind and sun to exert their drying influence. It is also possible that man, living round the mound, has, through f.i. his grazing cattle, left his mark on the mound's vegetation. To day the mound is covered with low grass. Great numbers of Helicella obvia and Monacha cartusiana (both Helicidae) were found living­ on its surface (see Appendix). " Fig. 7. The deposits in the surroundings of Gomolava ' 5.2.2.2. Th e phases of habitation of the tell (after: " Ca rte geologique de (a R. S. de' Serbie, Institut In figure 6, the diagram of the land-water de recherches geologiques et geophysiques de Belgrade, frequency shows that during the Vinca.period 1968). a relatively high percentage of water-molluscs has been imported onto the mound. The percentage of land-snails herein is low, but it increases in the neighbourhood of the Eneo­ the chance that samples were taken in a place lithic humus. In the Early Eneolithic the where only a selection of species can be found, percentage of water-molluscs is lower than in such as house-floors,places where water basins the Vinca period. In the Bronze Age, the Iron or other objects have stood, might possibly Age and in even more recent periods, the matter. Seeing, however, that the samples may percentage of water-molluscs decreases per cover a long period of time, these influences sample. will in many cases not bear heavily on the results (see f.i. sample 33, in which almost Th e ecological groups of water-molluscs. When nothing but the remains of a burnt floor were considering the ecological groups of the water­ found. However, the mollusc diagram does not molluscs, it appears that the percentages may show odd fluctuations). widely differ fr om sample to sample. The cause Considering that the percentages may fluc­ may be a low total number of molluscs per tuate between samples as a result of many sample (f.i. sample 15, fig. 6). Another very fa ctors, it seems best to look at the general important fa ctor is the influence of man. trend of the changes over a great number of Except in very rare cases, all water-molluscs samples. have, along with water, loam or vegetable In this connection, figure 6 shows that fr om material, been brought up to the mound by the bottom layers upwards, the percentage of man. The proportional abundance of the eco­ moving water molluscs increases and the per­ logical groups in a given sample may, provided centage of ditch molluscs diminishes. The N-water is sufficient, indicate in what propor­ percentage of molluscs occurring in a great tion man made use of various types of water variety of biotopes, the group of catholic water in the neighbourhood during a certain period. species, increases at first from the bottom In both cases of low and high total numbers, layers upwards. Later, as from sample 35, the 70 J.W.EGGINK percentage decreases again. clay may have been deposited in the low-lying The presence of the Eneolithic humus at a lands on both sides of the river. depth of c. 3 m is not reflected in the trend The figure referred to suggests, quite plau­ of the proportional abundance of the ecolo­ sibly, that earlier the Sava has flown at some gical groups of water-molluscs. This demon­ distance from the tell. strates that water-molluscs found in the layers In the Vinca period the population used of the Eneolithic humus must have got there clayish soil for house-building, which they from higher or lower layers as a result of digged up on the tell, immediately next to their disturbance of the soil. houses. Most probably also wet loam from The relative decrease in time of molluscs the river Sava or, possibly, from the marsh from stagnant or slowly moving waters, the was employed for building purposes. Along ditch group, and the increase in relative num­ with the loam water-molluscs, like Unio sp, bers of the moving water group in the same have been brought up to the tell. layers, is interpreted as follows. A relatively high percentage of the water­ The fist Vinca inhabitants of Gomolava molluscs from the Vinca period, belongs to found three different types of water in the the ditch group, in this period mainly repre­ neighbourhood. First a marshy area along the sented by Va lvata cristata and Planorbis pla­ river Sava, southwest of the spot where they norbis. Both species generally occur in stagnant settled (Clason, 1979). Possibly part of this water with a rich vegetation, V.cristata pre­ marsh was still extant between the tell and ferring shallower water (Lozek, 1964). The the river. it had come into existence by the group of catholic water-species comprises, in Sava's overflowing its banks every year in the Vinca period, snails of the species Bithynia wInter. Next to the marsh the Vinca dwellers tentaculata and B. leachi, Gyraulus albus and found . a small stream that joined the Sava Armiger crista. B. tentaculata occurs in stag­ north of the mound (Clason, 1979). nant water, but also in streaming brooks; In those days the river Sava was flowing G.albus in stagnant and slowly moving water; at some distance from the dwelling mound. A.crista and B.leachi occur mainly in stagnant How far away is unknown. 10vanovi6 (1965) water (Lozek, 1964). mentions that in the period of 1915-1965 the In the older periods the distance to the Sava riverbed near Gomolava has moved 15-17 m was probably too great to draw for common to the east. To day erosion would have a still use there. Water was brought up from the greater effect. nearby marsh. Sometimes land-snails living With the aid of a geological chart, it is shown thereabouts were carried off too (fig. 6, the in figure 7 what deposits can now be found 'marsh-group'). Whether use was made of on both sides of the Sava in the neighbourhood water from the small stream cannot be de­ of Gomolava. On the right-hand side of the termined. Gyraulus albus and Bithynia tenta­ river only river deposits in the form of sand culata may, in addition to in slowly moving and clay are found on the surface. On the left­ water, also have lived in the marsh. hand side loess deposits can be found along In more recent periods the distance to the the Sava from Sremska Mitrovica to as far Sava has been reduced. By a better use of as Sabac. traction and carts (Clason, 1979) for Owing to erosion on the one hand and the transportation of materials, the accessi­ deposition on the other, the river Sava has bility of the river was improved. For house­ in the course of time moved its bed. From building loam from the river was used. In the the figureit can be concluded that, concerning course of time, water was more often drawn the Sava near Gomolava, this meandering from the river Sava. The percentage of moving movement has resulted in a diversion in a water-molluscs therefore increases and the north-easterly or easterly direction. One of the molluscs of the ditch and catholic water group effects of this divers" ion is that in the area where diminish. the Sava has flown, sand and clay deposits are found on the surface. The Sava has not Th e percentage of water-molluscs. When com­ yet cut into the loess-soil left of the river near paring samples of the Vinca period with more Gomolava. At high water-levels fine sand and recent ones, the percentages of water-molluscs Molluscs of the dwelling mound GOlno/ava 71

show, when excluding the effects of the Eneo­ absolutely small (tables 7 and 8). As the number of woodland-molluscs is low, . lithic humus, obviously a decrease in number. This can be explained as follows. it may be assumed that the quantity of material Near Gomolava the banks along the outer imported from woodlands, containing land­ bend in the Sava are steep as a result of snails, has not been great. The quantity of sediment being continuously washed away. material brought up from more open and dry ' When taking samples of the sludge layer in country cannot be determined, because the 1980, it appeared that the number of molluscs snails it contains may also have lived on the in this layer was low. Owing to the erosion mound itself. Owing to the number of snails of substratum the environment is probably not of the species Vitrea contracta, the proportions congenial to a great number of mollusc species. of woodland-snails is, in the Late Eneolithic The moving water of the Sava itself contains and in the Bronze and Iron ages, significantly a negligible number of molluscs. In the outer higher. Besides in wooded areas, this species bend of the Sava practically no water-plants occurs in more open country, under stones, are found. often somewhat concealed in the ground (Lo­ When sampling a marsh with a luxurious zek, 1964). Recently it was found c. 100 m vegetation, the chance to find water-molluscs from Gomolava in bushy country and under is considerably better. It may be that snails low brushwood (see Appendix). The sudden live on small plants; a great variety of species increase and the relatively great numbers of may live in the sludge. v. contracta from sample 21 upwards are hard In more recent periods during which the in­ to explain, because this species could have fluence of the river on life in Gomolava lived on the tell, or could have been brought becomes greater, relatively more water will be to the tell in greater numbers, as well. drawn from the Sava. Accordingly, a lower The interpretation of the occurrence or total number of water-snails will be brought absence of land-snails in samples from habi­ onto the dwelling mound. tation layers obviously presents great prob­ Ta ble 5 shows that the absolute number of lems. If more mollusc diagrams of dwelling water-molluscs in samples 49 to 41 inclusive, mounds would be available, data could be increases; beyond that it shows the reverse. compared which would possibly facilitate the The increase is mainly caused by the ditch­ interpretation of the occurrence of land-snails molluscs Va lvata cristata and Planorbis pla­ in the Gomolava diagram. norbis, the catholic species Armiger crista and Gyraulus albus, and the moving-water species Va lvata piscinalis. V.piscinalis occurs in the 5.2.3. An earlier investigation in 1977: sludge layer of moving, sometimes of stagnant, Gomolava 1977 water (Boycott, 1936; Lozek, 1964). The simultaneous increase and decrease in In 1977 Or. B.S. Ottaway sampled and sifted numbers of these species may be indicative a small part of the tell Gomolava: an area of the first dwellers from the Vinca period of 2 m square and c. 5 m deep. The site of having used wet loam for their house building this excavation on the tell is marked by the from the marsh. When digging loam from the co-ordinates S44 (Jovanovi6, 1965; fig. 3). marsh not only V.piscinalis was brought up Samples were taken at random per layer. in great numbers, but also V.cristata, P.pla­ The thickness of the layers varies. Before norbis, A.crista and G.albus, which lived in the sifting, the samples were floated in order to marsh too. Why, from sample 39 upwards, extract seeds. In the same way floating shells the absolute numbers of water-molluscs de­ were extracted. These were not included in this crease that suddenly is not clear. Use of loam analysis. * The smallest mesh size of the sieves from the marsh must have diminished anyway. was one and a half millimetres, so that a great

Th e land-snails. When examining the ecolo­

gical groups of land-snails in figure 6, it seems * The results of the analysis of floating shells were evident that in the Vinca period the number published after this manuscript had been fi nished (80t­ of woodland-molluscs is relatively as well as tema & Ottaway, 1982).

- 72 1.W. EGGI NK

Sample_Land CJWater _Land CJWater bottom part of layer IlLS. In both analyses a marked increase in the percentage of land­ snails about and in the humus layer is evident. The difference in percentages between the - samples of 1977 and tnose ot 1980 is attri­ butable to the differing methods of extraction :

11 Gomolava 1977 flotation and use of one and 13 a half millimetre and 3 mm sieves; Gomolava 15 1980 use of half millimetre and one and a half 17 millimetre sieves. 19

21

23 5.2.4. Th e pits 25 - 27 29 The average height of the highest point of the 31 pits, that is the surface where the pits have 33 been dug, is, compared with the stratigraphy 35 - of Gomolava 1980, approximately at the level 37 • of samples 37 and 39. Some pits lie higher, 39 I 41 I up to the level of sample 33� others lower, 43 • down to samples 41 and 43 . 45 • When examining these refuse-pits, it will be 47 - considered to what extent the proportional 49 abundance of land- and water-molluscs, as

1 ' , " 'I �, ��-,-� well as of the various ecological groups, differs from the percentages in the surface-layer where 100'10 100'/, GOMOLAVA 1980 11 GOMOLAVA 1977 1 the pit was dug. The land-water frequency in the various pits, Fig. 8. The land-water frequencies of Gomolava 1980 as represented in table 11 and plotted in figure and 1977. 9, shows that the percentage of land and water­ molluscs may differ considerably between pits. Land-molluscs average 42 %; water-molluscs number of molluscs were washed away 58 %. As sifting was done with a sieve with through the sieve. The lower bottom samples no smaller mesh size than one and a half were, unfortunately, not available for analysis. millimetres, a great many (mainly water; As these samples are, as far as the mollusc 5.1.4.) molluscs must have got lost. material is concerned, far from complete, only The layers with shell of Un io sp. and Helix ­ the land-water frequency of this analysis (Go= pomatia are not included in the investigations. molava 1977) and that of Gomolava 1980 is As a great number of molluscs are missing, compared (table 13; fig. 8). due to the methods used, it seems best to look Figure 8 shows that the proportional abun­ at the occurrence of species as compared to dance of land and water-molluscs varies be­ Gomolava 1980. tween Gomolava 1977 and 1980, particularly in the top layers. However, when studying the Th e water-molluscs. When examining figure 6, changes layer by layer in order to determine Gomolava 1980, it appears that the percentage whether the percentage of land-snails increases of water-molluscs round samples 37 and 39 or decreases, it appears that the diagrams are is over 90 %. This high percentage is caused in keeping with each other, save an occasional by great numbers of Va lvata piscinalis, V.cri­ pea k in Gomolava 1980. As to the effect of sta,ta, Gyraulus albus and Planorbis planorbis the Eneolithic humus on the land-water fre­ (table 5). quency, the resemblance between both ana­ Ta ble 10 gives the absolute numbers of lyses is quite close. At the Gomolava 1977 water-molluscs per species per pit. In these investigation the humus was found in the pits Va lvata piscinalis and Planorbis planorbis Molluscs of the dwelling mound Gomolava 73

.. d � 0 '" C d ...J I

= L �

L � = = =

0 0 c:::J c:::J :J = = c:::::J = = L

!d � Cl C ,. 0 0 � l 3 D 0 D D D 0 D D = D

L � D D l � D D D D D 0 U 0 n D - --= � c L v D 0 = c:::::J D c:::J = 0 '=l Cl Cl E d => C l ., � = D c:::::J = D = D �.. 0. I +

0 l VI = CJ CJ c:::::J D D D '::j D 0 .0Ci u E :; =>- c-0 l � E = CJ c::::::J CJ = O 0 D D 0 -:J 0 ...... 0

I .c VI Z ;:; 0 l � = = CJ = = + =

* > 0 � "=>Cc 0 0.0 o� u u u 0 U D 0 D U [ D 0 l

6. CONCLUSIONS 8. REFERENCES For the extraction of as many mollusc shells as possible from the samples, the use of a sieve Adam, W. , 1960. Fa une de Belgique: Mollusques. To me of maximum half millimetre mesh size is to I, Mollusques terrestres et dulcicoles. Brussel. be preferred. Bottema, S., 1975. The interpretation of pollen spectra Periods during which the tell Gomolava was from prehistoric settlements. Palaeohistoria 17, pp. inhabited can, by comparing proportional 17-35. Bottema, S. B.S. Ottaway, 1982. Botanical, malaco­ abundances of land and water-molluscs, be & logical and archaeological zonation of settlement distinguished from periods of non-occupancy. deposits at Gomolava. Journal of Archaeological The proportional abundance of the various Science 9, pp. 221-246. groups of water-molluscs, which were virtually Boycott, A.E., 1936. The habitats of freshwater mollusca all brought up to the tell by man, can indicate in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology 5, pp. 116- 186. to what extent man made use of the various Cameron, R.A.D., 1978 Interpreting buried landsnail types of water in the neighbourhood of the assemblages from archaeological sites - problems tell during a certain period. Thus, it is apparent and progress. In: D.R. Brothwell. K.D. Thomas, that at Gomolava the influence on daily life J. Clutton-Brock (eds.), Research problems in zoo­

(= of the river Sava steadily increased in younger archaeology Occasional publication 3). London. Clason, A.T., 1977. Bouqras, Gomolava en Molenaars­ periods. By then the nearby marsh, from which graf, drie stadia in de ontwikkeling van de veeteelt. loam was probably carried off for house­ MlIseologia 7, pp. 54-64. building in former periods, fell into disuse. Clason, A.T.,19 79. The fa rmers ofGomoava in the Vinca Land-snails, found in layers dating from the and La Te ne Period. RAD 25, pp. 60- 103. occupancy of the mound, may have been Ehrmann, P. , 1937. Weichtiere. In: P. Brohmer, P. Ehr­ imported by man or may have lived on the mann & G. Ulmer (eds.), Die Tie/welt Milleleuropas. Leipzig. tell originally. As such the interpretation of Ellis, A.E., 1969. British-snails. Oxford. this group presents, in view of a reconstruction Evans, J.G., 1972. Land Snails in Archaeology. London. of the environment on and about the tell, great Evans, J.G., 1978a. An In troduction to Environmental problems. Archaeology. London. Evans, J.G., C. French D. Leighton, 1978b. Habitat Investigation of material from garbage-pits & change in two Late-glacial and Post-glacial sites in near Vinca houses, shows that these pits may southern Britain: the molluscan evidence. In: S. have been water-logged. Here, also, the in- Limbrey & J.G. Evans (eds.), The effe ct of man on 76 J.WEGGINK

the landscape: the Lowland Zone (= CBA Research (= Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 31). report 21). London. Prahe. Gittenberger, E., W Backhuys & Th.E.J. Ripken, 1970. Lozek, v., 1965. Problems of analysis of the quaternary De landslakken van Nederland. Amsterdam. nonmarine Mofluscan faune in Europe. In: H.E. Jaeckel, S. 1954. Zur Sy stematik und Fa unistik der Wr ight, D.G. Frey (eds.), In ternational Studies on Mollusken der nordlichen Balkanhalbinsel (= Mittei­ the Quaternary. Papers prepared on the occasion of lungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 30, the illternqtional association fo r Quaternary Research. 1). Berlin. Boulder. Janssen, A.W. & E.F. de Vogel, 1965. Zoetwaterm ol­ Riedel, A., 1980. Genera zonitida rum. Rotterdam. lusken van Nederland. Den Haag. Sparks, B.W, 1961. The ecological interpretation of Janus, H., (?). Onze Land en Zoetwater slakken en quaternary non-marine mollusca. Proceedings of the mossels. Zutphen. Tr anslation of: Un sere Schnecken Linnean Society of London 172, pp. 71-80. und Muscheln. Stuttgart. Sparks, B.W, 1964. Non-marine mollusca and quater­ Jovanovit, B., 1965. General stratigraphy - Gomolava nary ecology: Jo urnal of animal ecology 33, pp. 87- excavations 1965-1 966. RAD 24, pp. 133-135 .. 98. Kerney, M.P., 1963. Late-glacial deposits on the chalk Ta sit, N., 1965. Layers belonging to the late Eneolithic, of south-east England. Philosophical transactions of Bronze and early Iron age periods at Gomolava. the Royal Society of London, Series B., 246, pp. 203- RAD 14, pp. 226-228. 254. Turner, T., 1975. The evidence for land use by prehistoric Kerney, M.P., 1977. A proposed zonation scheme for larming communities: the use of three-dimensional · late-glacial an post-glacial deposits using land-mol­ pollen diagrams. In: J.G. Evans, E. Limbrey, H. lusca. Journal of Archaeological Science 4, pp. 387- Cleere (eds.), Th e effe ct of man on the landscape: 390. the Highland Zone (= CBA Res.earch report 11). Kerney, M.P. & R.A.D. Cameron, 1979. A field guide Nottingham. to the land snails of Britain and North-west Europe. London. Kerney, M.P. & R.A.D. Cameron, 1980. Elseviers slak· kengids. Translation by Dr. E. Gittenberger and 9. KEYWORDS addition: A field guide to the land snails of Britain and North-west Europe. Amsterdam. Yugoslavia, Vojvodina, Hrtkovci, Gomolava, Koike, H., 1980. Seasonal da ting by growth-line counting Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman Age, of the clam Meretrix lusoria. University of To kyo, 18. To kyo. Middle Age, archaeozoology, Vinca, Kostolac, Lozek, v., 1964. Quartiirmollusken der Tschechoslowakei Mollusca, water-sieving, environment.