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Archeologické a Přírodní Kontexty Starší Doby Bronzové Na Moravě a Slovenku

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Archeologické a Přírodní Kontexty Starší Doby Bronzové Na Moravě a Slovenku Masarykova univerzita v Brně Filozofická fakulta Ústav archeologie a muzeologie Archeologické a přírodní kontexty starší doby bronzové na Moravě a Slovenku (Teoretický náhled a praktická aplikace na třech případových studiích: Blučina, Rybník a Santovka Jarmila Bíšková magisterská diplomová práce Archeologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Klára Šabatová, Ph.D. Brno 2014 Prohlašuji, že jsem magisterskou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. …………………………………… Diplomová práce byla řešena s finanční podporou Programu rektora na podporu tvůrčí činnosti studentů - Kat. B - Podpora vynikajících diplomových prací v oborech humanitních věd, společenských věd, práva a ekonomie. Kód projektu MUNI/B/0112/2009 Všem, kteří si Archeologii zamilovali a už je to nepustilo. Poděkování Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat všem, jež mě všemožnými způsoby podporovali a motivovali. Mé velké díky patří vedoucí této práce Klárce Šabatové, především za její toleranci, připomínky a čas. Dále chci poděkovat všem, kteří kvůli vědě (nebo mě) kopali hned dvakrát šílenou „šachtu“ na Blučině bez naděje na finanční odměnu, jmenovitě: Ondro Miklášovi, Jankovi Petříkovi, Pavlu Nikolajevovi, Liborovi Petrovi, Hanisovi Bandurovi a Richardovi Bíškovi. Za dlouhé inspirativní rozhovory při dobrém čaji o ekologii, botanice, environmentální archeologii, těžkém údělu badatele a o životě děkuji Jitce Moutelíkové a Hance Lukšíkové a dále všem dalším lidem, kteří se mnou byli ochotni debatovat. Za předané nadšení a vědomosti o měkkýších patří můj obrovský dík Michalovi Horsákovi. Za dlouhodobou spolupráci, mnohé konzultace, za inspiraci a podporu v mém snažení děkuji Jankovi Petříkovi. Z poskytnutí všech materiálů a přínosné a příjemné konzultace srdečně děkuji Milanovi Salašovi Honzovi Štrofovi děkuji za vyobrazení mapových podkladů v GIS k Blučině. Jožovi Bátorovi, za přijetí na výzkumech v Rybníku a ve Vráblích, které byly v mnohém inspirací. Peťo Tóthovi patří dík za přijetí na výzkumu v Rybníku a poskytnutí všech materiálů. Maťo Bačoviza poskytnuté informace o výzkumu v Santovce. Denise Krčové za proplavení vzorků ze Santovky a Rybníku a za poskytnutí informací o plavení těchto lokalit. Také děkuji svým kolegům (nadřízeným) z ÚAPP Brno za motivaci a flexibilní pracovní dobu. Také děkuji všem mým učitelům, kteří mi předali své znalosti a pomáhali utvářet mého badatelského ducha. Děkuji všem autorům inspirativních textů. Taktéž děkuji všem, kteří tuto práci otevřou. Své rodině děkuji za nemalou podporu v době studií. Speciálně pak děkuji svému muži za trpělivost, péči a za ty nejkrásnější „obrázky“ v GISu na světě. OBSAH ÚVODEM ...................................................................................................................7 CÍLE PRÁCE .............................................................................................................8 ČÁST I. 1. O POVAZE ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ ARCHEOLOGIE ................................. 10 1.1. VYMEZENÍ ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ ARCHEOLOGIE A JEJÍ OTÁZKY ................................... 11 1.1.1. Prostředí v minulosti jako komplexní systém .............................................................. 12 1.1.2. Vztah přírody a kultury .............................................................................................. 14 1.2. ZÁKLADNÍ POJMY ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ ARCHEOLOGIE ............................................... 16 1.2.1. Krajina ....................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.2. Ekosystémy a prostředí .............................................................................................. 22 1.2.3. Transformace ............................................................................................................. 25 1.3. PODOBA ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍHO VÝZKUMU ............................................................... 28 1.3.1. Strategie odběru vzorků ............................................................................................. 30 2. METODY ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ ARCHEOLOGIE ................................... 32 2.1. ROZPOZNÁVÁNÍ DISTRIBUCE ARCHEOLOGICKÝCH STRUKTUR .................................... 32 2.1.1. Moderní mapy a letecká fotografie ............................................................................. 32 2.1.2. Staré dokumenty, názvy a pověsti .............................................................................. 33 2.1.3. Pozemní průzkum ...................................................................................................... 33 2.1.4. Geografické informační systémy ................................................................................ 35 2.1.5. Modelování a simulace v archeologii ......................................................................... 36 2.2. ABIOTICKÉ SLOŽKY V ARCHEOLOGICKÉM ZÁZNAMU................................................. 39 2.2.1. Geografická poloha a reliéf ........................................................................................ 39 2.2.2. Sedimenty a půdy ...................................................................................................... 39 2.2.3. Klima ........................................................................................................................ 40 2.2.4. Čas (chronologie) - metody datování ......................................................................... 40 2.3. BIOTICKÉ SLOŽKY V ARCHEOLOGICKÉM ZÁZNAMU ................................................... 42 2.3.1. Fauna ......................................................................................................................... 43 2.3.2. Flóra .......................................................................................................................... 44 3. INTEGRACE A APLIKACE ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍCH DAT .................... 46 3.1. OBOROVÝ A MEZIOBOROVÝ DIALOG ........................................................................ 46 3.2. APLIKACE A POPULARIZACE ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ ARCHEOLOGIE ................................ 47 4 ČÁST II. 1. MALAKOZOOLOGICKÁ ANALÝZA ........................................................... 50 1.1. PLAVENÍ A SEPARACE .............................................................................................. 50 1.2. DATABÁZE .............................................................................................................. 52 1.3. DETERMINACE ........................................................................................................ 53 1.4. KVANTIFIKACE A DISTRIBUCE .................................................................................. 54 1.5. ALLOCHTONNÍ A AUTOCHTONÍ SLOŽKA .................................................................... 55 1.6. PEDOTURBACE ........................................................................................................ 55 1.7. TRANSFORMACE (TAFONOMIE) MALAKOLOGICKÉHO SOUBORU ................................. 56 1.8. PALEOEKOLOGIE MĚKKÝŠŮ ..................................................................................... 56 1.8.1. Předpoklady paleoekologických rekonstrukcí (kritika) ............................................... 58 1.9. ZOOGEOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................... 59 1.10. VYSKYTUJÍCÍ SE EKOSKUPINY A EKOELEMENTY .................................................... 60 1. ekoskupina SILVICOLAE (SI) .............................................................................................. 60 2. ekoskupina SILVICOLAE (SI) .............................................................................................. 60 4. ekoskupina STEPPICOLAE (ST) .......................................................................................... 60 5. ekoskupina PATENTICOLAE (PT)....................................................................................... 61 6. ekoskupina XERICOLAE ..................................................................................................... 61 7. ekoskupina MESICOLAE (MS) ............................................................................................ 61 8. ekoskupina HYGRICOLAE (HG) ......................................................................................... 61 9. ekoskupina PALUDICOLAE (PD) ........................................................................................ 62 10.ekoskupina VODNÍ MĚKKÝŠI............................................................................................ 62 1.11. TAXONOMIE A EKOLOGIE VYSKYTUJÍCÍCH SE DRUHŮ............................................. 62 Třída: GASTROPODA (plži) .................................................................................................... 62 Třída: BIVALVIA (mlži) .......................................................................................................... 71 2. OBECNÉ CHARAKTERISTIKY PROTOURBÁNNÍHO HORIZONTU .... 73 2.1. MAĎAROVSKO-VĚTEŘOVSKÝ KULTURNÍ KOMPLEX ................................................... 75 2.1.1. Dějiny vědeckého zájmu ............................................................................................ 75 2.1.2. Kulturní náplň ............................................................................................................ 75 2.2. PODNEBNÉ PODMÍNKY STARŠÍ DOBY BRONZOVÉ ....................................................... 77 3. CEZAVY U BLUČINY ..................................................................................... 83 3.1.
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