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Dialects in Contact Language, Resulting for New Towns and at Transplanted Varieties of Research Into Example from Urbanization and Colonization

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Dialects in Contact Language, Resulting for New Towns and at Transplanted Varieties of Research Into Example from Urbanization and Colonization 1 observe and account for (he Directs in Contact is an aliempt to a language have on one influence mutually intelligible dialects Of examines UngttistM another when they come into contact, h and argues th.it accommodation in faee-to-face interaction Dialects in of longer-term accommodation is crucial to an understanding features, the phenomena: the geographical spread of linguistic development of 'interdialect* and the growth of new dialects. border areas and Peter Trudgill looks at the development of dialects in Contact language, resulting for new towns and at transplanted varieties of research into example from urbanization and colonization. Based on draws important English. Scandinavian and other languages, his book linguistic data. I'll f theoretical conclusions from a wide range of Science at the Universitj of Peter Trudgill is Professor in Linguistic I Geographical Reading. His books include On Dialect: Social and Blackwell series Perspectives (1983) and he is the editor of the Language in Society. In the same series Pidgin and Creole Linguistics Peter Mtihlhausler The Sociolinguistics of Society Ralph Fasold Also from Basil Blackwell On Dialect* Social and Geographical Perspectives Peter Trudgill m is not available in the USA I, ir copyright reasons this edition Alfred Stieglitz. photogravure (artist's Cover illustration: 77k- Steerage, 1907. by collection. The proof) from Camera Work no. 36. 1911. size of print. 7)4 reproduced by k.nd Museum of Modern An. New York, gilt of Alfred Stieglitz. is permission Cover design by Martin Miller LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY Dialects in Contact GENERAL EDITOR: Peter Trudgill, Professor of Linguistic Science, University of Reading PETER TRUDGILL advisory editors: Ralph Fasold, Professor of Linguistics, Georgetown University William Labov, Professor of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania 1 Language and Social Psychology Edited by Howard Giles and Robert N. St Clair 2 Language and Social Networks Lesley Milroy 3 The Ethnography of Communication Muriel Saville-Troike 4 Discourse Analysis Michael Stubbs 5 Introduction to Sociolinguistics Volume I: The Sociolinguistics of Society Ralph Fasold 6 Introduction to Sociolinguistics Volume II; The Sociolinguistics of Language Ralph Fasold 7 The Language of Children and Adolescents The Acquisition of Communicative Competence Suzanne Romaine 8 Language, the Sexes and Society Philip M. Smith 9 The Language of Advertising Torben Vestergaard und Kim Schroder 10 Dialects in Contact Peter Trudgill 11 Pidgin and Creole Linguistics Peter Miihlhdusler BASIL BLACKWELL © Peter Trudgill 1986 First published 1986 Basil Blaekwell Ltd 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK Basil Blaekwell Inc. Contents 432 Park Avenue South. Suite 1503 New York, NY 10016, USA retrieval repr°duced »™* system, or ' a transmitted tan fo I T ^ " meehanieal. photocopying 8 SZ^n*°F ' w,th°"< 'he the publisher *** prior permission of Acknowledgements v ' Introduction vn re - S°' otherwise d Ured °r f cin^S^SStS ' »* cover other f° rm f bindi than that in whi h h ifoub fl^ ° "8 or ^^^^^^^^^^ A Accommodation between Dialects 1 British Library 39 Cataloguing in Publication Data 2 Dialect Contact Trudgill, Peter 83 Dialects in contact. 3 Dialect Mixture and the Growth of New Dialects 1. Dialectology Grammar, 2. Comparative and general 127 4 Koineization in Colonial English 471 '.2 P201 162 ISBN 0-631-12691-0 References ISBN0-631-12733-XPbk Index 169 Library ofCongress Cataloging in Publication Data Trudgill, Peter. Dialects in contact. (Language in society; 10) Bibliography: p. Includes index Language m society Oxfordshire); 10. (Oxford, PE1711T7 1986 427 85-30815 ISBN 0-631-12691-0 ISBN 0-631-12733-X (pbk.) fj^yg ~| [UBHAi,,-- Typeset by Katerprint Co. Ltd, Oxford Pnnted ,n Great Britain by T.j. Press Ltd, Pads.ow Acknowledgements Introduction This book is concerned with the subject of linguistic change. It is, however, about only a very restricted set of all the possible types of change that can occur in language. It is concerned, in fact, with those changes that take place during or as a consequence of contacts between closely related varieties of language. It deals with how and why mutually intelligible linguistic varieties may influence one another, as well as with the social and geographical spread of linguistic forms from one dialect to another. It also focuses on the way in which, in certain dialect mixture situations, totally new dialects may be formed. These changes clearly form only a fraction of the changes that can occur in human languages, and 1 do not wish to overstate the importance of the role of dialect contact in inducing change. Nevertheless, it emerges that a very great deal of information is already available in the literature on particular instances of contact-induced change, and an extensive study of these works does suggest very strongly that dialect contact is, in its way, as important an area for investigation as language contact. The work is very much a study in sociolinguistics. This is especially so in that it argues for the crucial importance, in the study of dialect Chambers (, (1.7); MoLaTS'ayK ' V2 I 3?f?*T contact, of human behaviour in face-to-face interaction. Unlike many interactional sociolinguistic studies, however, it concentrates, in the manner of Labovian-style secular linguistics, on language form rather than on matters of greater concern to social scientists. What I have tried to do in this book is to examine a number of the particular instances of dialect contact described in the literature, both in my own work and that of others, and draw from them, as far as possible, general conclusions about the forces that appear to be at work during the processes involved in dialect contact. My method has been to attempt explanations - usually very ad hoc - for developments that have occurred in one situation, and then to see if these can be generalized to other similar situations. The ultimate goal of work of this type will be to predict exactly what V1U INTRODUCTION will occur when one dialect, with a given set of linguistic and demo- graphic characteristics, comes into contact in a particular way with another dialect with different 1 characteristics. Happily, since - as Howard Giles has pointed out - human beings are not sociolinguistic automata, there seems no chance at all of our ever being able to do this Accommodation between Dialects with anything approaching total success. Perhaps, however, this book is a small beginning. The subject of languages in contact was brilliantly investigated by Uriel Weinreich, with particular reference to the bilingual speaker, in his 1953 book of the same name. It has also, of course, been treated subse- quently by many other writers. Most of the linguistic processes that take place during language contact, and which have therefore been discussed by Weinreich and these more recent writers, appear to occur in the first instance as a result of individual bilingualism. This form of bilingualism, possible in its turn, takes place because communication would not be are to without it. If speakers of two mutually unintelligible languages communicate through the medium of language, some degree of indi- vidual bilingualism is obviously required. The presence, then, of two or more varieties within the repertoires of single speakers leads to influence and interaction, some of it of the type often labelled 'interfer- ence'. The languages that are in contact with each other socially may become changed linguistically, as a result of also being in contact psychologically, in the competences of individual speakers. contact The present book is similarly interested in the way in which may lead to change. However, it deals not with languages but with dialects in contact, by which is meant contact between varieties of language that are mutually intelligible at least to some degree. In this type of contact situation, many of the linguistic developments that may take place are not strictly speaking necessary from a purely communica- tive point of view, although of course comprehension difficulties may related, occur. Nevertheless, it can readily be observed that mutually intelligible dialects do have an effect on one another in contact situ- ations, with or without the development of individual bidialectalism. Very often, for example, when two speakers of different varieties of the same language which are completely mutually intelligible come into contact and converse, items may be transferred from one of the varieties to the other. For instance, if a speaker of American English and a speaker of English English come into contact, each of them knowing 2 ACCOMMODATION BETWEEN DIALECTS ACCOMMODATION BETWEEN DIALECTS 3 very well that, say, American English sidewalk corresponds to English attention to exploring what factors are involved in determining who English pavement, it is perfectly possible that the American will eventu- accommodates to who; why speakers do it: to what extent they do it; ally start saying pavement, and/or that the English person will begin et al., to and how it is perceived by others (see Giles 1973). say sidewalk - even though there is no strictly communicative point in From the perspective of the linguist, however, it is clear that accom- their doing so. modation can also take place between accents that differ regionally Exactly why this kind of thing should happen is not immediately clear. rather than socially, and that it can occur in the long term as well as in One theory that seeks to explain these apparently unnecessary linguistic the short term. In long-term contacts, who accommodates to who is less modifications is that developed by the social psychologist Howard Giles. problematical, since, in most cases where this phenomenon can be Giles (1973) writes of conversational situations that 'if the sender in a observed, we are dealing with contact between speakers of different dyadic situation wishes to gain the receiver's approval, then he may regional varieties, and with regionally mobile individuals or minority adapt his accent patterns towards that of this person, i.e.
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