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In North America Edited by John Algeo Index More Information Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26479-2 - The Cambridge History of The English Language: Volume VI: English in North America Edited by John Algeo Index More information INDEX NOTE: African-American English and African-American Vernacular English are abbreviated to AAE and AAVE respectively. a: broad, eastern seaboard, 79, 123, 141, Adams, John, US President, 61–2, 67, 346, 143; flat, in fast, calf, bath, can’t, 23, 79, 412 140–1; in mercy, 99, 139; in off, soft, drop, Adams, John Quincy, US President, 347 crop, 99, 141; London influence after adaptability and language change, 2 Revolution, 123, 141, 143; in twice (Cape Ade, George, 231, 250 Fear Valley), 135. See also barn words; adios, 176 cot/caught merger; wash words adjectives, AAE copula deletion before, a-,prefix with present participle, 132, 133, 299 145, 148; Gullah progressive marker, adobe, 176, 201, 207 302 adverbs: disjuncts, 413; flat, 369, 396, 411 aa, 181 advertising, 209. See also trade names abbreviations, 18th-century, 343 advocate, 372 ABC broadcasting network, 492 æ, 77, 140–1, 143, 340, 355 -able, silent e before, 340, 355 Africa: Carter’s diplomacy, 47; English as Aboriginal peoples of Canada, 425; lingua franca, 16th century, 180. See also Canadianisms relating to, 434–5; African languages; slaves and slavery; contacts with Newfoundland English, South Africa 442, 443, 451–2; pidgins and jargons, African-American English (AAE), 156, 162. See also individual names xxiv–xxv, 291–324; African influences abortion, 49 and African substrate hypothesis, 151, abstraction, language as, xix–xx 180, 214, 312–13, 318; age of speaker, abuse, verbal, 229–30 and usage, 323; Americanisms, xxii–xxiii, academy, language: American proposals 213–15; and Amerindian languages, 160; for, 35, 61–2, 346–7, 392, 412; British animal tales, 311; article, indefinite, 296, failure to establish, 62, 186; French, 62 320; aspectual system, 135, 147, 302–5; Acadia (Nova Scotia), 17 autonomy, 323; auxiliary verbs, 149, 301, accountability, principle of, 322 302, 306, 323; basilects, 291, 292–3, 314, acquisition. See children (language 318; benefits of study of, 321–2; British acquisition) and Irish influences, xxiv, 118–19, 132, Adam, Lucien, 312 214, 303, 312; calques, 180; camouflaged 568 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26479-2 - The Cambridge History of The English Language: Volume VI: English in North America Edited by John Algeo Index More information Index constructions, 309; child acquisition terms for, 293, 310; variability of studies, 324; church language, 308, 311; structural features, 292, 295; verbal complex sentences, 306–7; consonant concord, 147, 296, 298–9; vulgarity, 324; cluster simplification, 296, 298; copula, and white vernaculars, 128–9, 131, 214, 295, 299–300, 303–4; counterlanguage, 296, 297, 303, 319–21; whites, terms for, 309; creole-like features, 132, 296; creole 214; women and, 311, 323, 324; young stage, xxiv, 214; definitions, 291–4; people, 215, 291–2, 293, 320–1, 323, development, 147, 214, 311–21; 324, See also African-American discourse genres, 309–11, 324; done, 302, Vernacular English; Gullah 303, 323; double meanings, negative and African-Americans: attitudes towards, positive, 309, 311; Elizabethan 311–12, 319; civil rights programs, 48–9, hypothesis, 108, 132; enclave 211, 319; education, 48–9, 319, 322; communities, 118; features, 294–311; emigration, 29, 118, 317–18; epithets future markers, 299–300, 301, 305; for, 208, 246; and jazz, 43; Jim Crow future studies of, 322–4; grammar, xxiv, laws, 319; linguists, 323–4; literary stock 131, 132, 297–308; habitual verbs, 135, characters, 100, 101; migration to North, 147, 303–4, 306; hypercorrections, 295; 30, 204, 314; social diversity, 215; social imperatives, 300, 306; indirect speech, segregation and integration, 48–9, 319, 306–7; influence on American English, 320; street culture, 291–2, 293; 15–16, 128–9, 131, 147, 149, 309; underclass, 13, 30; vocabulary, xxii–xxiii, interactions with participants from xxiv, 180–1, 213–15; in World War II, 48. outside community, 298; internal See also African-American English; diversity, 292; jive literature, 231; literary African-American Vernacular English; character types, 100, 101; mesolects, 291, Gullah 293, 314; modals, 148, 300, 301, 305, African-American Vernacular English 308; negation, 303, 305–6, 314, 320; (AAVE); African substrate influence, Nova Scotia, 118, 317, 318; origin, early 314, 318; aspectual system, 302, 315, studies of, 322; past time reference, 300, 316, 329; basilectalization, 292–3, 319; 301, 305, 323; perfect, 301, 302, 314, be, invariant, 320, 329–30; and Caribbean 323; phonology, 279, 295–7, 298, 312; English creoles, 299–300, 313, 315, 319; pidgin stage, 214; play talk, playing the complex sentence formation, 306–7; dozens, 310–11, 324; plural zero copula distribution, 299–300, 316, 318, marking, 296, 298–9; possessives, 295, 320; creole model, 294, 301–2, 313, 296, 298–9; pragmatics, 309–11; 314–18; definition, 291–2; done, 302, 314, predication, 299–300; 330; future tense, 301; genres, 307; and prepositional/locative phrases, 299; Gullah, 292, 293, 294, 297, 301, 313, progressives, 297, 299, 302, 303, 305, 316–17; historical data, 314; modals, 320; quantitative sociolinguistic studies, 308; names used for, 293; negation, 306, 317, 319, 322–3; quotations, 306–7; 314, 320; past tense, 301–2; phonology, relative clauses, 306, 307; repetition, 303, 299, 320; possessives, 299, 302, 320; 304; rural, 292; Samaná Peninsula, prosody, 297; quantitative sociolinguistic Dominican Republic, 118, 317, 318; studies, 317; questions, indirect, 308; semantics, 298–9, 308–9; slang, 222, 230, relative clauses, 307; remoteness, 302; 309, 310; social context and nonstandard stress, 297; subject-verb agreement, 320; features, 295, 323, 324; sources, 121; urban use, 231, 292; and white speech styles, 309–11, 324; talk-singing, nonstandard English, 297, 315, 316, 311; tenses, 296, 299–300, 301–5, 323; 320 569 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26479-2 - The Cambridge History of The English Language: Volume VI: English in North America Edited by John Algeo Index More information Index African languages, xxii, 180–1; AAE 217; as source on Americanisms, 187 influenced by, 312–13; AAVE influenced Algonquian languages, xxi, 155; Beothuk, by, 314, 318; Arabic words in, 180; 443, 451–2; first slangy borrowing from, calques on, 180; copula distribution, 318; 240; loanwords in Mobilian Jargon, contact with, 15–16, 18–19, 60, 93, 163, 156–7; pidgin results from contacts with, 180–1; Gullah influenced by, 180, 313; 164–5; of Roanoke, 159; 16th-century invariant be, 329; loanwords from, visitors to England, 467 180–1, 214, 248, 470; and slang, 248 alibi, 494 Afro-Seminole Creole, 157, 160 Allen, Edward A., 389 after + present participle, Canadian, 432 Allen, Grant, 489 again, 492–3 alligator, 176 against, agin ‘next to,’ 268 allow ‘suppose,’ 109 age and language use in AAE, 323 all the far ‘as far as,’ 151, 272 agriculture: climate, and zones, 255; dry almanacs, 19, 243, 341 farming, 255, 283; in South, 204–5; aloha, 181 technology, 27, 205–6, 283; terminology, alphabets: initial teaching, 351; phonetic, 123–4 xxx–xxxii, 140, 159, 351, 405 /ai/ diphthong, 269, 273, 276, 277; Altamaha River, 164 Canadian raising, xxvi, 426–7 aluminum, 356 ain(t), 275, 409, 410, 411, 460; AAE, 303, American, compound words with, 491–2 305–6, 314 American Academy of Arts and Letters, air conditioning, 53–4 347, 392 airplanes, 53 American Academy of Language and airport (in slave trade), 470 Belles Lettres, 347 Aitken, Robert, of Philadelphia, 341 American Bar Association Journal, 407 Akan, 180 American Colonization Society, 29 Akron, Ohio, 305 American Comic Annual (1831), 487–8 Alabama, state of, 30, 31; -Georgia border American Dialect Society, xxiv, 388 region, language of, 110, 130; slang American Federation of Labor, 33 borrowing from Choctaw, 240 American Heritage Dictionary, 411–13, 414, Alabama tribe, 156 415–16 Alaska: place names, 349, 488; Russian American Indian English, 157 presence, 169, 179 Americanism: coining and defining of term, Alaska Purchase (1867), 4, 26, 32 xxii, 61, 66, 68, 69, 185–6, 459; use and Albany, Dutch influence in, 12, 170 misuse abroad, 458–60, 474 albatross, 467 Americanisms, xxii–xxiii, 184–218; AAE, Albee, Edward, 57 xxii–xxiii, 213–15; alleged, actually in Alberta, 422, 433 previous British usage, 460, 473, 482, alcohol: fire water, 166; Prohibition, 41, 43, 483; and American identity, 19; from 246, 251; slang connected with, xxiii, Amerindian languages, see separate entry; 241–2, 245, 251 Bartlett and, 200–1; British attitudes to, Aldrin, Buzz, 53 18th/19th-century, 19, 68, 168, 185, Aleutian Islands, 169 226–7, 478, 480, 481–2; —, 19th- Alexander, Caleb, 344 century, xxvii, 385, 456–8, 482–6, Alexandria, Louisiana, 76 486–91; —, 20th-century, xxvii, 459–60, Alford, Henry, Dean of Canterbury, 384–5 474–5, 492–3, 493–5; —, adoption, 219, Algeo, John, 184, 187; and Algeo, Adele S., 489, 490, 494; British variants retained 570 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26479-2 - The Cambridge History of The English Language: Volume VI: English in North America Edited by John Algeo Index More information Index as, 191–2, 195; in Civil War and 188–9, 195–6, 206; —, cultural terms, Reconstruction, 201–5; from Civil War 15, 164, 166, 167, 195, 196; —, on fauna to
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