Sussex by the Sea: a Descriptive Analysis of Dialect Variation in the South East of England Based on English Dialect App Data
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Landscape Character Types
Acknowledgements The authors wish to express their gratitude to the various people and organisations that have assisted with the preparation of this landscape character assessment. Particular thanks are due to the members of the Steering Group at Findon Council, Peter Kirk, and Richard Bell. We are grateful for permission to include material from the South Downs National Park Geographic information System (GIS), and our thanks are due to colleagues at South Coast GIS (Paul Day and Matt Powell) who have assisted with this element of the project. Findon Parish Council would also like to gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance from the South Downs National Park Authority, provided to support the preparation of the neighbourhood plan. This study included two workshop sessions, and we are very grateful to the representatives of the Parish Council and neighbourhood planning group who gave up their time to attend the workshops and make helpful comments on the drafts of the study. We have endeavoured to faithfully include relevant suggestions and information, but apologise if we have failed to include all suggestions. The copyright of the illustrations reproduced from other sources is gratefully acknowledged; these are either the British Library (figure 8 ) or Bury Art Museum (figure 10). Whilst we acknowledge the assistance of other people and organisations, this report represents the views of David Hares Landscape Architecture alone. David Hares Lynnette Leeson April 2014 "Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors." (European Landscape Convention, 2000) 1 CONTENTS 1. -
The South East © I-Stock Introduction What Does England Mean to You?
Our changing climate, our changing lives The South East © i-Stock Introduction What does England mean to you? Is it village greens, country gardens, The year 2007 saw sunbathers flocking to the song thrushes, the oak tree, carpets beaches in the hottest April on record, quickly of bluebells, ancient woodland, followed by flash flooding in June that destroyed 1 primroses and hedgehogs – thousands of homes and killed 11 people . or our bustling towns and cities? In 2008 we witnessed the warmest two January days ever. The weather is changing. Scientists Is it apple orchards, local spuds, around the world and the three main UK political rhubarb crumble, roast beef and parties all agree that this climate change is largely fish ’n’ chips? Or golf courses, your the result of human activity. They also agree that allotment, fishing, the Six Nations any increase in the global average temperature and the Ashes? above 2°C will be catastrophic for our way of life. To try and prevent any temperature rise above Or is it simply home? 2°C, all the world’s wealthy countries will have to Whatever it means to you, the cut their carbon emissions (the main cause of England we know and love is in peril climate change) by at least 80% by 2050. owing to climate change. So, as climate change causes the Arctic ice cap to melt and threatens over a quarter of the world’s wildlife with extinction, what does Baldock Bletchley Letchworth Toddington Thaxted Halstead Winslow Hitchin Harwich this all mean closer to home? Chipping Norton Leighton Buzzard Stevenage Stanstead -
Iconic Bees: 12 Reports on UK Bee Species
Iconic Bees: 12 reports on UK bee species Bees are vital to the ecology of the UK and provide significant social and economic benefits through crop pollination and maintaining the character of the landscape. Recent years have seen substantial declines in many species of bees within the UK. This report takes a closer look at how 12 ‘iconic’ bee species are faring in each English region, as well as Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Authors Rebecca L. Evans and Simon G. Potts, University of Reading. Photo: © Amelia Collins Contents 1 Summary 2 East England Sea-aster Mining Bee 6 East Midlands Large Garden Bumblebee 10 London Buff-tailed Bumblebee 14 North East Bilberry Bumblebee 18 North West Wall Mason Bee 22 Northern Ireland Northern Colletes 26 Scotland Great Yellow Bumblebee 30 South East England Potter Flower Bee 34 South West England Scabious Bee 38 Wales Large Mason Bee 42 West Midlands Long-horned Bee 46 Yorkshire Tormentil Mining Bee Through collating information on the 12 iconic bee species, common themes have Summary emerged on the causes of decline, and the actions that can be taken to help reverse it. The most pervasive causes of bee species decline are to be found in the way our countryside has changed in the past 60 years. Intensification of grazing regimes, an increase in pesticide use, loss of biodiverse field margins and hedgerows, the trend towards sterile monoculture, insensitive development and the sprawl of towns and cities are the main factors in this. I agree with the need for a comprehensive Bee Action Plan led by the UK Government in order to counteract these causes of decline, as called for by Friends of the Earth. -
THE COASTAL COMMUNITIES of SOUTH EAST ENGLAND Recommendations to the South East
THE COASTAL COMMUNITIES OF SOUTH EAST ENGLAND Recommendations to the South East LEP Prof Steve Fothergill Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research Sheffield Hallam University Final report December 2012 1 Summary This report considers the policy implications arising from a statistical review of the South East’s coastal communities, completed in April 2012. It also builds on discussions involving coastal local authorities, private sector representatives and other local partners. The statistical review identified the South East’s coastal communities, which have a combined population of one million or around a quarter of the LEP total, as on average an area of social and economic disadvantage, well adrift of LEP averages and sometimes behind national averages as well. The review also flagged up important differences between places along the coast and put forward a six-fold classification of areas that has won wide support. The present report makes ten recommendations: 1. The South East LEP needs to be ‘spatially aware’. The big internal differences within the LEP area, and in particular the distinctive needs of the coastal strip, need to inform the full range of LEP activities. 2. Strategic plans and priorities should give special attention to the coastal strip. This includes in the allocation of resources. 3. Transport links to parts of the coast need improvement. Accessibility remains an important constraint in a number of local areas. 4. The seaside tourist industry should be treated as one of the drivers of economic growth. Tourism along the coast continues to employ as many people as manufacturing, and there are opportunities for growth. -
Segmental Phonology and the Perception of Syntactic Structure
JOURNAL OF VERBAL LEARNING AND VERBAL BEHAVIOR 23, 450-466 (1984) Segmental Phonology and the Perception of Syntactic Structure DONIA R. SCOTT University of Sussex AND ANNE CUTLER MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge Recent research in speech production has shown that syntactic structure is reflected in segmental phonology--the application of certain phonological rules of English (e.g., pala- talization and alveolar flapping) is inhibited across phrase boundaries. We examined whether such segmental effects can be used in speech perception as cues to syntactic structure, and the relation between the use of these segmental features as syntactic markers in production and perception. Speakers of American English (a dialect in which the above segmental effects occur) could indeed use the segmental cues in syntax perception; speakers of British English (in which the effects do not occur) were unable to make use of them, while speakers of British English who were long-term residents of the United States showed intermediate performance. Anyone who has had to make the sepa- dangerous") (Lehiste, 1973). But the fact rate meanings of an ambiguous sentence that listeners can successfully identify the clear to listeners will know that often the intended meaning even in the absence of a most efficient method is just to say the sen- disambiguating context suggests that tence in different ways. Of course, some speakers can exploit acoustic features to sentences will be more difficult to disam- highlight the distinction that is to be con- biguate in this manner than others; in gen- veyed to the listener. eral, surface structure ambiguities (e.g., In recent years, a number of studies on "The old men and women stayed at English speech perception have investi- home") prove easier than deep structure gated just what these acoustic correlates of ambiguities (e.g., "Flying planes can be syntactic structure are, and how useful they are to the listener. -
West Midlands European Regional Development Fund Operational Programme
Regional Competitiveness and Employment Objective 2007 – 2013 West Midlands European Regional Development Fund Operational Programme Version 3 July 2012 CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 – 5 2a SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - ORIGINAL 2.1 Summary of Eligible Area - Strengths and Challenges 6 – 14 2.2 Employment 15 – 19 2.3 Competition 20 – 27 2.4 Enterprise 28 – 32 2.5 Innovation 33 – 37 2.6 Investment 38 – 42 2.7 Skills 43 – 47 2.8 Environment and Attractiveness 48 – 50 2.9 Rural 51 – 54 2.10 Urban 55 – 58 2.11 Lessons Learnt 59 – 64 2.12 SWOT Analysis 65 – 70 2b SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS – UPDATED 2010 2.1 Summary of Eligible Area - Strengths and Challenges 71 – 83 2.2 Employment 83 – 87 2.3 Competition 88 – 95 2.4 Enterprise 96 – 100 2.5 Innovation 101 – 105 2.6 Investment 106 – 111 2.7 Skills 112 – 119 2.8 Environment and Attractiveness 120 – 122 2.9 Rural 123 – 126 2.10 Urban 127 – 130 2.11 Lessons Learnt 131 – 136 2.12 SWOT Analysis 137 - 142 3 STRATEGY 3.1 Challenges 143 - 145 3.2 Policy Context 145 - 149 3.3 Priorities for Action 150 - 164 3.4 Process for Chosen Strategy 165 3.5 Alignment with the Main Strategies of the West 165 - 166 Midlands 3.6 Development of the West Midlands Economic 166 Strategy 3.7 Strategic Environmental Assessment 166 - 167 3.8 Lisbon Earmarking 167 3.9 Lisbon Agenda and the Lisbon National Reform 167 Programme 3.10 Partnership Involvement 167 3.11 Additionality 167 - 168 4 PRIORITY AXES Priority 1 – Promoting Innovation and Research and Development 4.1 Rationale and Objective 169 - 170 4.2 Description of Activities -
Imperceptible Incomplete Neutralization
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Lingua 152 (2014) 24--44 www.elsevier.com/locate/lingua Imperceptible incomplete neutralization: Production, non-identifiability, and non-discriminability in American English flapping Aaron Braver * Texas Tech University, Department of English, P.O. Box 43091, Lubbock, TX 79409-3091, United States Received 1 November 2012; received in revised form 6 September 2014; accepted 9 September 2014 Available online Abstract Flapping in American English has been put forward as a case of incomplete neutralization---in other words, /d/-flaps and /t/-flaps differ at the phonetic level. This paper first presents a production experiment which shows that, in line with previous work, flapping in American English is incompletely neutralizing: vowels before /d/-flaps are slightly longer than those before /t/-flaps---even in nonce words. Early studies on the perceptibility of this difference, almost exclusively identification tasks, have shown mixed results. However, recent identification experiments (including one reported here) show that listeners are unable to properly categorize /d/- and /t/-flaps. Listeners’ poor performance on identification tasks can be due to two factors: either (a) listeners’ grammars lacking the relevant phonological categories, or (b) an effect of the type of perception tasks employed. In a 2AFC discrimination task presented here, listeners were unable to distinguish between /d/- and /t/-flaps, suggesting that poor perception performance generalizes to multiple task types. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Incomplete neutralization; Flapping; Phonetics; American English 1. Introduction In American English flapping, underlying /d/ and /t/ become [ɾ] in certain prosodic configurations (e.g., Kahn, 1980). -
Ling 230/503: Articulatory Phonetics and Transcription English Vowels
Ling 230/503: Articulatory Phonetics and Transcription Broad vs. narrow transcription. A narrow transcription is one in which the transcriber records much phonetic detail without attention to the way in which the sounds of the language form a system. A broad transcription omits those details of a narrow transcription which the transcriber feels are not worth recording. Normally these details will be aspects of the speech event which are: (1) predictable or (2) would not differentiate two token utterances of the same type in the judgment of speakers or (3) are presumed not to figure in the systematic phonology of the language. IPA vs. American transcription There are two commonly used systems of phonetic transcription, the International Phonetics Association or IPA system and the American system. In many cases these systems overlap, but in certain cases there are important distinctions. Students need to learn both systems and have to be flexible about the use of symbols. English Vowels Short vowels /ɪ ɛ æ ʊ ʌ ɝ/ ‘pit’ pɪt ‘put’ pʊt ‘pet’ pɛt ‘putt’ pʌt ‘pat’ pæt ‘pert’ pɝt (or pr̩t) Long vowels /i(ː), u(ː), ɑ(ː), ɔ(ː)/ ‘beat’ biːt (or bit) ‘boot’ buːt (or but) ‘(ro)bot’ bɑːt (or bɑt) ‘bought’ bɔːt (or bɔt) Diphthongs /eɪ, aɪ, aʊ, oʊ, ɔɪ, ju(ː)/ ‘bait’ beɪt ‘boat’ boʊt ‘bite’ bɑɪt (or baɪt) ‘bout’ bɑʊt (or baʊt) ‘Boyd’ bɔɪd (or boɪd) ‘cute’ kjuːt (or kjut) The property of length, denoted by [ː], can be predicted based on the quality of the vowel. For this reason it is quite common to omit the length mark [ː]. -
54880 Shripney Road Bognor.Pdf
LEC Refrigeration Site, Shripney Rd Bognor Regis, West Sussex Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Ref: 54880.01 esxArchaeologyWessex November 2003 LEC Refrigeration Site, Shripney Road, Bognor Regis, West Sussex Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Prepared on behalf of ENVIRON UK 5 Stratford Place London W1C 1AU By Wessex Archaeology (London) Unit 701 The Chandlery 50 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7QY Report reference: 54880.01 November 2003 © The Trust for Wessex Archaeology Limited 2003 all rights reserved The Trust for Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 LEC Refrigeration Site, Shripney Road, Bognor Regis, West Sussex Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1 1.1 Project Background...................................................................................1 1.2 The Site........................................................................................................1 1.3 Geology........................................................................................................2 1.4 Hydrography ..............................................................................................2 1.5 Site visit.......................................................................................................2 1.6 Archaeological and Historical Background.............................................2 2 PLANNING AND LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND .....................................8 -
Underground Sussex Growing the Value of Tourism in West Sussex
Underground Sussex Growing the value of tourism in West Sussex A report identifying options for delivering tourism growth through collaboration for the Coastal West Sussex Partnership Underground Sussex Growing the value of tourism in West Sussex 1 Executive Summary The areas covered by Coastal West Sussex (CWS) are tourism destinations with a positive future. They hold assets that tourists believe to be great and there is a rich variety of events, festivals, attractions and experiences that are highly valued by visitors from around the UK and overseas. However they could and should do better. Their rich natural and cultural assets and their proximity to London and the South East, mean there is potential for tourism to grow further, contributing more jobs and greater economic impact to the Coastal West Sussex area. Local partners should aim for tourism growth in the Coastal West Sussex area to exceed that expected in the UK over the next four years. This should be done by generating new demand and creating year- round visitor flows, reducing the seasonal imbalance that currently restricts growth in the local visitor economy. A summary vision for the partnership could be ‘Driving more staying visitors to explore Coastal West Sussex throughout the year’. This growth should be achieved through changes to the pattern of tourism that include: • Converting day to staying visitors; • Delivering higher yield business tourism; • Achieving a better seasonal balance of business; • Establishing events to plug seasonal gaps; • Focusing on higher socio-economic groups from source markets; and • Attracting more international visitors (day from London as well as staying). -
An Acoustic Account of the Allophonic Realization of /T/ Amber King St
Linguistic Portfolios Volume 1 Article 12 2012 An Acoustic Account of the Allophonic Realization of /T/ Amber King St. Cloud State University Ettien Koffi St. Cloud State University Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/stcloud_ling Part of the Applied Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation King, Amber and Koffi, Ettien (2012) "An Acoustic Account of the Allophonic Realization of /T/," Linguistic Portfolios: Vol. 1 , Article 12. Available at: https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/stcloud_ling/vol1/iss1/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by theRepository at St. Cloud State. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistic Portfolios by an authorized editor of theRepository at St. Cloud State. For more information, please contact [email protected]. King and Koffi: An Acoustic Account of the Allophonic Realization of /T/ AN ACOUSTIC ACCOUNT OF THE ALLOPHONIC REALIZATIONS OF /T/ AMBER KING AND ETTIEN KOFFI 1.0 Introduction This paper is a laboratory phonology account of the different pronunciations of the phoneme /t/. Laboratory phonology is a relatively new analytical tool that is being used to validate and verify claims made by phonologists about the pronunciation of sounds. It is customary for phonologists to predict on the basis of auditory impressions and intuition alone that allophones exist for such and such phonemes. An allophone is defined as different realizations of the same phoneme based on the environments in which it occurs. For instance, it has been proposed that the phoneme /t/ has anywhere from four to eight allophones in General American English (GAE). To verify this claim Amber, one of the co-author of this paper recorded herself saying the words <still>, <Tim>, <kit>, <bitter>, <kitten>, <winter>, <fruition>, <furniture>, and <listen>. -
UC Berkeley Phonlab Annual Report
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report Title Strengthening, Weakening and Variability: The Articulatory Correlates of Hypo- and Hyper- articulation in the Production of English Dental Fricatives Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hw2719n Journal UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report, 14(1) ISSN 2768-5047 Author Melguy, Yevgeniy Publication Date 2018 DOI 10.5070/P7141042482 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UC Berkeley Phonetics and Phonology Lab Annual Report (2018) Yevgeniy Melguy Susan Lin, Brian Smith M.A. Qualifying Paper 9 December 2018 Strengthening, weakening and variability: The articulatory correlates of hypo- and hyper- articulation in the production of English dental fricatives 1. INTRODUCTION A number of influential approaches to understanding phonetic and phonological variation in speech have highlighted the importance of functional factors (Blevins, 2004; Donegan & Stampe, 1979; Kiparsky, 1988; Kirchner, 1998; Lindblom, 1990). Under such approaches, speaker- and listener-oriented principles—ease of articulation vs. perceptual clarity—often work in opposite directions with respect to consonantal articulation. Minimization of effort is thought to drive a general “weakening” of consonants (resulting in decreased articulatory constriction and/or duration) which often makes them more articulatorily similar to surrounding sounds. This can result in assimilation, lenition, and ultimately deletion, and generally comes at the expense of clarity. By contrast, maximization of clarity drives consonantal “strengthening” processes (resulting in increased articulatory constriction and/or duration) that makes target segments more distinct from neighboring sounds, which can result in fortition. Clear speech generally involves more extreme or “forceful” articulations, and usually comes at the expense of requiring more articulatory effort from the speaker.