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Farsi • Persian SIMON & SCHUSTER’S PIMSLEUR ® FARSI PERSIAN READING BOOKLET Travelers should always check with their nation's State Department for current advisories on local conditions before traveling abroad. Graphic Design: Maia Kennedy © and ‰ Recorded Program 2005 Simon & Schuster, Inc. © Reading Booklet 2005 Simon & Schuster, Inc. Pimsleur® is an imprint of Simon & Schuster Audio, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Mfg. in USA. All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FARSI • PERSIAN VOICES English-Speaking Instructor ....................... Ray Brown Female Persian Speaker ......................... Shirin Shams Male Persian Speaker ........... Manoucher Madanipour and Persian-Speaking Instructor COURSE WRITERS Delaram Soltani ♦ Joan Schoellner EDITORS Elizabeth Horber ♦ Beverly D. Heinle REVIEWER Manoucher Madanipour EXECUTIVE PRODUCER Beverly D. Heinle PRODUCER & DIRECTOR Sarah H. McInnis RECORDING ENGINEERS Peter S. Turpin ♦ Kelly Saux Simon & Schuster Studios, Concord, MA iii For more information, call 1-800-831-5497 or visit us at www.Pimsleur.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Reading Lessons Lesson 1 The Persian Language . 1 Written Persian . 3 Diacritical Marks . 5 Alphabet Chart . 6 The Reading Lessons . 11 Lesson 1 . 12 Lesson 2 . 13 Lesson 3 . 14 Lesson 4 . 15 Lesson 5 . 16 Lesson 6 . 17 Lesson 7 . 18 Lesson 8 . 19 Lesson 9 . 20 Lesson 10 . 21 Lesson 11 . 22 Lesson 12 . 23 Lesson 13 . 24 Lesson 14 . 25 Lesson 15 . 26 Lesson 16 . 27 Lesson 17 . 28 Lesson 18 . 29 Lesson 18 (with diacritical marks) . 30 v FARSI • PERSIAN The Persian Language Persian is the official language of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. It belongs to the Indo-Iranian group of languages and is spoken worldwide by approximately seventy-five million people. Persian has three major dialects: Farsi (spoken in Iran and taught in this course), Dari (spoken in Afghanistan), and Tajik (spoken in Tajikistan). Dari and Tajik are considered a purer form of Persian – that is, they show less Arab influence – but all three dialects are more or less mutually intelligible. “Persian” was originally called “Parsi”; it was named after the Parsa, who ruled Iran between 550 and 330 B.C. The name “Farsi” is an Arabic form, reflecting the fact that Arabic has no letter “p.” Modern Persian, as it is spoken today, evolved from Classical Persian, which became the lingua franca of the eastern Islamic nations during the ninth century. It was spoken from the borders of India to the Mediterranean, and from Russia to the Persian Gulf. At the same time, extensive contact with the Arab world led to a large influx of Arabic vocab- ulary. During the thirteenth century, the Ottoman kings continued to spread the language throughout Asia minor. In fact, prior to British colonization, FARSI • PERSIAN The Persian Language (continued) Lesson 1 Classical Persian was so widely used that it became the second language in the Indian subcontinent. Classical Persian is still preserved today through the writings of distinguished poets such as Rudaki, Ferdowsi, and Khayyam. Classical Persian remained relatively un- changed until the end of the eighteenth century. From then on the dialect of Tehran rose in promi- nence and eventually became the basis of what is now called Contemporary Standard Persian. Although it still contains a large number of Arabic terms, most borrowings have been nativized, with a much lower percentage of Arabic words used in colloquial language. 2 FARSI • PERSIAN Written Persian Modern Persian uses a modified version of the Arabic alphabet, with thirty-two letters as opposed to twenty-eight in Arabic. Despite their shared alphabet, however, Persian and Arabic are entirely different languages. Persian does not have capital letters, but uses an adapted form of Western punctuation. Written Persian has the following character- istics: • It is read from right to left – except for numbers, which go from left to right. • Persian letters are distinguished by one, two, or three dots, which are placed above or below the letter – or, in some cases, by the lack of dots. • As in English handwriting, most Persian letters connect to those that follow them. However, seven letters, called “non-connectors,” connect only to letters that precede them. • When letters connect to a preceding letter, they often modify their shape, undergoing a reduction when the two are joined together. 3 FARSI • PERSIAN Written Persian (continued) • Some letters also modify their shape according to their position in a word – depending on whether they appear in initial, medial, or final position. • In standard written Persian, the so-called “short vowels” are usually omitted. They may be represented by diacritical marks, as they are in these reading lessons. The three “long vowels,” however – often appearing in transliteration as “aa,” “oo,” and “ee” – are written. • The appearance of some letters may vary, depending on the choice of font. A complete listing of the Persian diacriticals and the Persian alphabet follows. The alphabet is listed as a two-page spread. You should use this chart for reference only, as all the information you need to do the readings is contained on the audio. 4 FARSI • PERSIAN Diacritical Marks Name in Diacritical Sound Transliteration (with an alef ) a / as in hat / اَ fathe / zebar e / as in shell / اِ kasre / zir o / as in home / اُ zame / pish aa / as in / آ mad father or awe Four other diacritical marks exist as well, but they are much less common. They are: 1. tashid ( ): Appears over a consonant, indicat- ing that it should be doubled, or pronounced twice. .Used primarilyّ with words of Arabic origin Written over a letter, indicating a :( ء ) hamze .2 glottal stop. tanvin ( ً ): Shown here with an alef. Rarely .3 appears over a final alef, in which اused; primarily case the alef is silent and the preceding letter adds an "n" sound. 4. sokoon / saken ( ° ): Written above a consonant, indicating the absence of a vowel. 5 FARSI • PERSIAN Alphabet Chart Symbol in Final Medial Initial Transliteration un/connected Position Position ا ـا ــا \ ا * بــ ـبـ ـب \ ب b پــ ـپـ ـپ \ پ p تــ ـتـ ـت \ ت t ثــ ـثــ ـث \ ث s جـ ـجـ ـج \ ج j چـ ـچـ ـچ \ چ ch حـ ـحـ ـح \ ح h خـ ـخـ ـخ \ خ kh / x د ـد ـد \ د d ذ ـذ ـذ \ ز z ر ـر ـر \ ر r ز ـز ـز \ ز z ژ ـژ ـژ \ ژ zh ســ ـسـ ـس \ س s شــ ـشـ ـش \ ش sh * After a consonant, alef sounds like ah or awe. In initial posi- tion, it has the sound of the accompanying diacritical mark. 6 FARSI • PERSIAN Alphabet Chart Name Name in Letter Transliteration † ا alef الف ب beب پ peپ ت te ت ث se ث ج jim جىم چ cheچ ح (he (jimi ح)جىمى( خ kheخ † د daal دال † ذ zaal ذال † ر re ر † ز ze ز † ژ zhe ژ س sin سنى ش shin شنى † indicates a non-connector - that is, a letter that does not connect to the one following it. 7 FARSI • PERSIAN Alphabet Chart Symbol in Final Medial Initial Transliteration un/connected Position Position صــ ـصـ ـص \ ص s ضــ ـضـ ـض \ ض z طـ ـطـ ـط \ ط t ظـ ـظـ ـظ \ ظ z عــ ـعـ ـع \ ع a غــ ـغـ ـغ \ غ gh / q فــ ـفـ ـف \ ف f قــ ـقـ ـق \ ق gh / q كــ ـكـ ـك \ ك k گــ ـگـ ـگ \ گ g لــ ـلـ ـل \ ل l مــ ـمـ ـم \ م m نــ ـنـ ـن \ ن n و ـو ـو \ و v / oo هــ ـهـ ـه \ ه h ىــ ـىـ ـى \ ى ye / i-ee 8 FARSI • PERSIAN Alphabet Chart Name Name in Letter Transliteration ص saad صاد ض zaad ضاد ط taa طا ظ zaa ظا عىن eyn /ayn عنى غىن qeyn /qayn غنى ف fe ف ق qaaf قاف �اف kaaf كاف گاف gaaf گاف ل laam ﻻم م mim مىم ن noon نون † و vav واو ه (he (do cheshm ه)دو چشم( ى yeى 9 FARSI • PERSIAN The Reading Lessons There are eighteen Persian reading lessons recorded at the end of the program. You may choose to do the readings along with the units, after every other unit or so, or all together after completing the rest of the course. Feel free to repeat the reading lessons as often as necessary for practice with the Persian alphabet and the sounds it represents. Some of the words and phrases you will read are taught in this course, but most are not, and – especially in the early lessons – some may simply be syllables rather than actual words. Actual words, and familiar words, are used more and more as the number of letters introduced increases. 11 FARSI • PERSIAN Lesson 1 .1 ا .11 آد .2 دا .12 آز .3 داد .13 آدا .4 دادا .14 آداز .5 زا .6 داز .7 زاد .8 دازا .9 زادا .10 زازا 12 FARSI • PERSIAN Lesson 2 .1 داز .11 سارا .2 زادا .12 ساز .3 آزاد .13 آسار .4 را .14 سادزار .5 راز .6 زا .7 راد .8 دار .9 رازاد .10 سا 13 FARSI • PERSIAN Lesson 3 .1 راد .11 باد .2 ساز .12 بادساز .3 شاد .13 َسبز .4 شارد \ سارد .14 َسرشار .5 زاشار .15 َسر َشر .6 زَ .16 دَبرا .7 دَر .8 زَرد .9 َسرد .10 َسز 14 FARSI • PERSIAN Lesson 4 .1 شارسار .11 َدازشبذ .2 َسردار .12 اَ .3 زاداشا .13 اَسب .4 بَربَر .14 اَسرار .5 بَرادَر .15 َسبر .6 َسرداب .16 اَرساب .7 َشراب .8 ذار .9 زَرد \ ذَرد .10 ذار \ دار 15 FARSI • PERSIAN Lesson 5 .1 اَزاذ .11 راز \ راژ .2 باب .12 رِژاش .3 آبشار .13 اِسرار .4 راش .14 اِبراز .5 بَراش .15 َسراس .6 شاباش .16 بَس \ بَش .7 دِ .17 آژا .8 دِزا .18 اِزدا .9 زِ بَر .10 ژاسا 16 FARSI • PERSIAN Lesson 6 .1 ِسژا .11 آسداش .2 رِشداش .12 اَزدارِژ .3 اَدار .13 آشاذ .4 اِشا .14 اِرظاب .5 َظرد .15 بِژار .6 َآظر \ آذَر \ آزَر .16 بَراش .7 اِبراظ .8 رِباس .9 آژاب .10 َشبراظ 17 FARSI • PERSIAN Lesson 7 .1 َآسبد .11 تُ ِژاجز .2 آذازاظ .12 بِ ُجز .3 تَر .13 آتراژُب .4 بَرتَر .14 د ُراج .5 رِت .15 بُرج .6 د ُ .16 اَتر .7 ُسرب .17 تَشت .8 تُرش .18 ُجدا .9 ُآبظرب .10 جا 18 FARSI • PERSIAN Lesson 8 .1 ُجز .11 ُسرب \ ُصرب .2 ِش َدت .12 ُجردَن .3 تَراز .13 آصان .4 نَزد .14 ُصرات .5 نَ َبرد .15 نَص .6 زَرد \ نَرد .16 اَساص .7 سانس .17 ساصان .8 شارج .18 ُسص .9 سات .10 َصند 19 FARSI • PERSIAN Lesson 9 .1 دَرج .11 قـا .2 ژانِت .12 َقرن .3 صاد .13 ُقران .4 ىـ .14 شىك .5 جىب .15 ذاق .6 اىنجا .16 بَرق .7 اىشان .17 َقند .8 ِكتاب .18 اىش .9 َكران .10 َبىكران 20 FARSI • PERSIAN Lesson 10 .1 دَربَند .11 مىرَم .2 قىر .12 دارمى .3 تاك .13 باىَد .4 ُمشت .14 شاىان .5 ماش \ صاش .15 ىانكى .6 َسمت .16 َكمى .7 اىران .17 منى .8 ِمرسى .18 شاىَد .9 َكرَمى .19 ىـَم .10 اىرانى .20 َم َنم مىام.
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