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L2/20-246 Teeth and Bellies: a Proposed Model for Encoding Book Pahlavi
L2/20-246 Teeth and bellies: a proposed model for encoding Book Pahlavi Roozbeh Pournader (WhatsApp) September 7, 2020 Background In Everson 2002, a proposal was made to encode a unified Avestan and Pahlavi script in the Unicode Standard. The proposal went through several iterations, eventually leading to a separate encoding of Avestan as proposed by Everson and Pournader 2007a, in which Pahlavi was considered non-unifiable with Avestan due to its cursive joining property. The non-cursive Inscriptional Pahlavi (Everson and Pournader 2007b) and the cursive Psalter Pahlavi (Everson and Pournader 2011) were later encoded too. But Book Pahlavi, despite several attempts (see the Book Pahlavi Topical Document list at https://unicode.org/L2/ topical/bookpahlavi/), remains unencoded. Everson 2002 is peculiar among earlier proposals by proposing six Pahlavi archigraphemes, including an ear, an elbow, and a belly. I remember from conversations with Michael Everson that he intended these to be used for cases when a scribe was just copying some text without understanding the underlying letters, considering the complexity of the script and the loss of some of its nuances to later scribes. They could also be used when modern scholars wanted to represent a manuscript as written, without needing to over-analyze potentially controversial readings. Meyers 2014 takes such a graphical model to an extreme, trying to encode pieces of the writing system, most of which have some correspondence to letters, but with occasional partial letters (e.g. PARTIAL SHIN and FINAL SADHE-PARTIAL PE). Unfortunately, their proposal rejects joining properties for Book Pahlavi and insists that “[t]he joining behaviour of the final stems of the characters in Book Pahlavi is more similar to cursive variants of Latin than to Arabic”. -
Persian Language
v course reference persian language r e f e r e n c e زبان فارسی The Persian Language 1 PERSIAN OR FARSI? In the U.S., the official language of Iran is language courses in “Farsi,” universities and sometimes called “Farsi,” but sometimes it is scholars prefer the historically correct term called “Persian.” Whereas U.S. government “Persian.” The term “Farsi” is better reserved organizations have traditionally developed for the dialect of Persian used in Iran. 2 course reference AN INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE Persian is a member of the Indo-European Persian has three major dialects: Farsi, language family, which is the largest in the the official language of Iran, spoken by 50 world. percent of the population; Dari, spoken mostly in Afghanistan, and Tajiki, spoken Persian falls under the Indo-Iranian branch, in Tajikistan. Other languages in Iran are comprising languages spoken primarily Arabic, New Aramaic, Armenian, Georgian in Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, India, and Turkic dialects such as Azerbaidjani, Bangladesh, areas of Turkey and Iraq, and Khalaj, Turkemenian and Qashqa”i. some of the former Soviet Union. INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES GERMANIC INDO-IRANIAN HELLENIC CELTIC ITALIC BALTO-SLAVIC Polish Russin Indic Greek Serbo-Crotin North Germnic Ltin Irnin Mnx Irish Welsh Old Norse Swedish Scottish Avestn Old Persin Icelndic Norwegin French Spnish Portuguese Itlin Middle Persin West Germnic Snskrit Rumnin Ctln Frsi Kurdish Bengli Urdu Gujrti Hindi Old High Germn Old Dutch Anglo-Frisin Middle High Germn Middle Dutch Old Frisin Old English Germn Flemish Dutch Afrikns Frisin Middle English Yiddish Modern English vi v Persian Language 3 ALPHABET: FROM PAHLAVI TO ARABIC History tells us that Iranians used the Pahlavi Unlike English, Persian is written from right writing system prior to the 7th Century. -
An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri GLOSSARY
An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri GLOSSARY Braj B Kachru Kashmir News Network http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri A Basic Course and Referene Manual for Learning and Teaching Kashmiri as a Second Language PART II GLOSSARY BRAJ B. KACHRU Department of Linguistics, University of lllinois Urban, lllinois 61810 U.S.A June, 1973 The research project herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. Contract No. OEC-0-70-3981 Project Director and Principal Investigator: Braj B. Kachru, Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, U.S.A. Disclaimer: We present this material as is, and assume no responsibility for its quality, any loss and/or damages. © 2006 Braj B. Kachru. All Rights Reserved. Kashmir News Network http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri Kashmir News Network http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY by Braj B. Kachru TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ....................................................................................................1 GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................2 ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................3 1.0 KASHMIRI-ENGLISH ........................................................................ 1-4 2.0 ENGLISH-KASHMIRI ...................................................................... 2-32 3.0 A PARTIAL LIST OF ENGLISH -
Psalms 119 & the Hebrew Aleph
Psalms 119 & the Hebrew Aleph Bet - Part 17 The seventeenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet is called “Pey” (sounds like “pay”). It has the sound of “p” as in “park”. Pey has the numeric value of 80. In modern Hebrew, the letter Pey can appear in three forms: Writing the Letter: Pey Note: Most people draw the Pey in two strokes, as shown. The dot, or “dagesh” mark means the pey makes the “p” sound, as in “park”. Note: The sole difference between the letter Pey and the letter Fey is the presence or absence of the dot in the middle of the letter (called a dagesh mark). When you see the dot in the middle of this letter, pronounce it as a "p"; otherwise, pronounce it as "ph" (or “f”). Five Hebrew letters are formed differently when they appear as the last letter of a word (these forms are sometimes called "sofit" (pronounced "so-feet") forms). Fortunately, the five letters sound the same as their non-sofit cousins, so you do not have to learn any new sounds (or transliterations). The Pey (pronounced “Fey” sofit has a descending tail, as shown on the left. Pey: The Mouth, or Word The pictograph for Pey looks something like a mouth, whereas the classical Hebrew script (Ketav Ashurit) is constructed of a Kaf with an ascending Yod: Notice the “hidden Bet” within the letter Pey. This shape of the letter is required when a Torah scribe writes Torah scrolls, or mezzuzahs. From the Canaanite pictograph, the letter morphed into the Phoenician ketav Ivri, to the Greek letter (Pi), which became the Latin letter “P.” means “mouth” and by extension, “word,” “expression,” “vocalization,” and “speech”. -
A Sociolinguistic Study on the Diminishing Features of the Punjabi Lexicon
International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol. 7, No. 3; 2017 ISSN1923-869X E-ISSN1923-8703 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education A Sociolinguistic Study on the Diminishing Features of the Punjabi Lexicon Muhammad Din1 & Mamuna Ghani2 1 Govt. Postgraduate College Burewala, Pakistan 2 Chairperson of Department of English, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Correspondence: Muhammad Din, Govt. Postgraduate College Burewala, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected] Received: January 25, 2017 Accepted: February 15, 2017 Online Published: March 1, 2017 doi:10.5539/ijel.v7n3p152 URL: http://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n3p152 Abstract This sociolinguistic study strives to bring to light the linguistic changes that seem to have occurred over a few decades in the Punjabi lexicon in Pakistan. The researchers have adopted two research strategies for underlining the assumed changes. This study has tried to get insight into the diminishing features of Punjabi lexicon by juxtaposing the current Punjabi lexicon with the lexicon used in the old Punjabi movies and songs. This has involved gleaning lexical items which are no longer used in the current public discourses from the old and famous Punjabi movies (Heer & MirzaSahiba) and their songs. To further substantiate the findings of the study, the researchers got a questionnaire filled by 110 educated Punjabi speakers who aged 40-50. In the questionnaire, the respondents were asked about their opinion regarding the perceived changes in Punjabi lexicon of public discourses that have occurred over the past few decades. The findings of the study reveal that there have occurred noticeable changes due to social, educational, industrial and technological advancement, and particularly the spread of electronic media in the Punjabi community in Pakistan. -
The Canaanite Languages
CHAPTER 20 THE CANAANITE LANGUAGES Aren M. Wilson-Wright 1 INTRODUCTION The Canaanite languages include Ammonite, Amarna Canaanite, Edomite, Hebrew, Moabite, Phoenician and the language of the Deir ʕAllā plaster text (from here on, sim- ply Deir ʕAllā) (Pat-El and Wilson-Wright 2015, 2016). Together with Aramaic, they form the Aramaeo-Canaanite subgroup of Northwest Semitic (Pat-El and Wilson-Wright, forthc.). As a family, the Canaanite languages are attested from roughly 1360 BCE to 400 CE with Proto-Canaanite dating no earlier than 1550 BCE (Wilson-Wright, forthc.). The Canaanite languages were originally attested in what is today Israel (Hebrew), Western Jordan (Ammonite, Deir ʕAllā, Edomite and Moabite) and the coast of Lebanon (Phoe- nician). Beginning around 1000 BCE, Phoenician seafarers, traders and colonists spread their language across the Mediterranean basin, to sites in Cyprus, North Africa and Spain. With the exception of Phoenician, speakers of Canaanite languages never wielded much political power, and their languages only ever assumed regional importance. Phoenician, by contrast, was the language of the Carthaginian Empire and continued to serve as a lingua franca in North Africa after the fall of Carthage in 146 BCE. Because Hebrew is treated separately in Chapters 21 and 22, this chapter will focus on the other six Canaanite languages with occasional references to Hebrew when necessary. Texts in the Canaanite languages represent a variety of genres, including monumen- tal, votive and dedicatory inscriptions as well as narratives, epitaphs, financial docu- ments and letters. Edomite is attested in a single late 7th- or early 6th-century BCE letter. -
Urdu and Linguistics: a Fraught but Evolving Relationship
elena bashir Urdu and Linguistics: A Fraught But Evolving Relationship 1. Introduction I was honored to be invited to give a talk at the Urdu Humanities Conference held in Madison, Wisconsin on 14 October 2010. However, when I thought about this, I wondered, ìHow can I present anything at a conference on Urdu humanities? I would be like a crow among the swans óa linguist among the literary scholars.î However, since I am a com- mitted, card-carrying crow, with no pretensions to being a swan yet admiring their beauty, I took my life in my hands and proceeded. This estrangement that I have felt between the worlds of Urdu scholarship and of linguistics is the theme of this paper. I will begin by describing the disconnect I have perceived between Urdu studies and linguistics, discuss what I see as some reasons for it, and end with what seems to be a rapprochement or a new phase of this relationship. Both ìUrduî and ìlinguisticsî are recent terms. ìUrduî was not in use as the name of a language until the latter half of the eighteenth century (Faruqi 2001, 23),1 the language which has become Urdu having previously been known by a variety of other names. Similarly, for ìlinguistics,î the term ìlinguisticî first appeared as a noun in the sense of ìthe science of languagesî or ìphilologyî in 1837, and its plural ìlinguisticsî appeared in this sense first in 1855 (Onions 1955, 1148), and did not come into wider use as name for this discipline until the latter part of the twentieth century.2 Therefore, this discussion will necessarily focus on 1Bailey (1939, 264) cites a couplet written in 1782 in which ìUrduî is used as the name of the language. -
Leila's Alphabet Journey Text Book 2019 -Reduced
Leila’ s Alphabet Journey A Practical Guide to the Persian Alphabet By Parastoo Danaee Beginner Level !1 Contents To The Students 4 Introduction | Facts about Persian Language 6 Unit 1 | Persian Alphabet 14 Letter Forms 15 Persian Vowel Forms 17 Practice 1 18 Unit 2 | Basic Features of the Persian Alphabet 20 Practice 2 22 Unit 3 | Letter Forms 23 Non-Connecting Letter Forms 23 Letter Forms 24 Persian Vowel Forms 26 Practice 3 27 Unit 4| Features of the Persian Vowels 29 Short Vowels 29 Long Vowels 30 Diphthongs 30 Practice 4 31 Unit 5| Persian Letters Alef, Be, Pe, Te, Se 32 Practice 5 34 Unit 6| Persian Letters Dâl, Zâl, Re, Ze, Zhe 36 Practice 6 38 Unit 7| Persian Letters Jim, Che, He, Khe 40 Practice 7 42 Unit 8| Persian Letters Sin, Shin, Sât, Zât, Tâ, Zâ 44 Practice 8 46 Unit 9 | Persian Letters ‘Ain, Ghain, Fe, Gh"f 48 Practice 9 50 Unit 10| Persian Letters K"f, Gh"f, L"m,Mim 52 !2 Practice 10 54 Unit 11| Persian Letters Nun, V"v, He, Ye 56 Practice 11 58 Unit 12 | Short Vowels 60 Practice 12 61 Unit 13 | Long Vowels 63 Practice 13 64 Unit 14 | Additional Signs 66 Practice 14 67 !3 To The Students Welcome to Persian! Leila’s Alphabet Journey represents the first in a series of textbooks aimed at teaching Persian to foreign students and is followed by Leila Goes to Iran . Leila, the leading character is a generation 1.5 young lady who grow up in Los Angeles in a home in which Persian language is spoken. -
Old Phrygian Inscriptions from Gordion: Toward A
OLD PHRYGIAN INSCRIPTIONSFROM GORDION: TOWARD A HISTORY OF THE PHRYGIAN ALPHABET1 (PLATES 67-74) JR HRYYSCarpenter's discussion in 1933 of the date of the Greektakeover of the Phoenician alphabet 2 stimulated a good deal of comment at the time, most of it attacking his late dating of the event.3 Some of the attacks were ill-founded and have been refuted.4 But with the passage of time Carpenter's modification of his original thesis, putting back the date of the takeover from the last quarter to the middle of the eighth century, has quietly gained wide acceptance.5 The excavations of Sir Leonard Woolley in 1936-37 at Al Mina by the mouth of the Orontes River have turned up evidence for a permanent Greek trading settle- ment of the eighth century before Christ, situated in a Semitic-speaking and a Semitic- writing land-a bilingual environment which Carpenter considered essential for the transmission of alphabetic writing from a Semitic- to a Greek-speakingpeople. Thus to Carpenter's date of ca. 750 B.C. there has been added a place which would seem to fulfill the conditions necessary for such a takeover, perhaps only one of a series of Greek settlements on the Levantine coast.6 The time, around 750 B.C., the required 1The fifty-one inscriptions presented here include eight which have appeared in Gordion preliminary reports. It is perhaps well (though repetitive) that all the Phrygian texts appear together in one place so that they may be conveniently available to those interested. A few brief Phrygian inscriptions which add little or nothing to the corpus are omitted here. -
Türkische Lehnwörter Im Burushaski
TÜRKISCHE LEHNWÖRTER IM BURUSHASKI Volker Rybatzki Der folgende kleine Beitrag geht auf die Anfangszeiten meines Studiums zu Beginn der 1990iger Jahre zurück. Zu dieser Zeit hatte ich angefangen Turkologie und Mongolistik zu studieren, spielte aber mit dem Gedanken diese Fächer aufzugeben und Burushaski sowie ostiranische und dardische Sprachen zu studieren. Am Ende gewannen Turkologie und Mongolistik die Oberhand, als kleines Hobby blieb Burushaski aber doch ein Teil meiner zentralasiatischen Interessen. Ich hoffe, daß der Beitrag das Interesse meines Lehrers und Freundes finden wird und wünsche Ihm für die nächsten 60 Jahre vor allem Gesundheit, aber auch Freude, Spaß, Erfolg und neue Entdeckungen bei seinen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten. Qutluγ bolzun! Im folgenden behandele ich jene Wörter, die von Berger in seinem Wörterbuch (B) als türkisch (tü.) bzw. mongolisch (mo.) bezeichnet werden, erweitert durch eine kleine Anzahl von Belegen, die von Berger nicht als tü. ausgewiesen wurden. Weiterhin könnten auch einige, von Berger als urdu (u.) oder persisch (pe.) bezeichnete Wörter aus dem Osttürkischen (Otü. = Turkī, Neuuigurisch) bzw. Özbekischen (Özb.) stammen, hier meine ich vor allem die religiöse Terminologie. Die Beantwortung dieser Frage und das Einbeziehen dieses Wortschatzes hätte jedoch den Rahmen der Arbeit gesprengt und ist deshalb unterlassen worden. Als Quelle für seine tü. Belege verwendet Berger W. Radloffs Versuch eines Wörterbuchs der Türk-Dialecte (R). Radloff stand bei der Verfassung seines Wörterbuches nur sehr wenig Material aus Türk-Sprachen, die als Entlehnungsquelle für das Burushaski in Frage kommen zur Verfügung. Aus diesem Grund sind Bergers Ausführungen zu tü. Sprachen, wie gezeigt werden wird, stellenweise etwas ungenau. Die tü. Lehnwörter des Burushaski werden im folgenden mit dem Özb., Otü. -
In the Iberian Peninsula and Beyond
In the Iberian Peninsula and Beyond In the Iberian Peninsula and Beyond A History of Jews and Muslims th (15th-17 Centuries) Vol. 2 Edited by José Alberto R. Silva Tavim, Maria Filomena Lopes de Barros and Lúcia Liba Mucznik In the Iberian Peninsula and Beyond: A History of Jews and Muslims (15th-17th Centuries) Vol. 2 Edited by José Alberto R. Silva Tavim, Maria Filomena Lopes de Barros and Lúcia Liba Mucznik This book first published 2015 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2015 by José Alberto R. Silva Tavim, Maria Filomena Lopes de Barros, Lúcia Liba Mucznik and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-7418-3 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-7418-2 CONTENTS Vol. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter I – After the Expulsion: Conversion and Diaspora Mobilidade e alteridade: quadros do quotidiano dos cristãos-novos sefarditas .................................................................................................... 24 Maria José P. Ferro Tavares Muslims in the Portuguese Kingdom: Between Permanence and Diaspora .............................................................................................. 64 Maria Filomena Lopes de Barros The Perpetuation of the Morisco Community of Granada: Their Networks in the Iberian Peninsula and Beyond .............................. 86 Manuel M. Fernández-Chaves and Rafael M. Pérez-García Comparing Minorities of converso Origin in Early Modern Spain: Uses of Language, Writing and Translation ........................................... -
Middle East-I 9 Modern and Liturgical Scripts
The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1.