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Women Projections and Self-Perceptions in Shashi Deshpande’S “The Dark Holds No Terrors”, Ahlem Mostaghanemi’S “Chaos of the Senses” and Ahdaf

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Women Projections and Self-Perceptions in Shashi Deshpande’S “The Dark Holds No Terrors”, Ahlem Mostaghanemi’S “Chaos of the Senses” and Ahdaf PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DJILLALI LIABES UNIVERSITY OF SIDI BEL ABBES FACULTY OF LETTERS, LANGUAGES AND ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH Women projections and self-perceptions in shashi deshpande’s “the dark holds no terrors”, Ahlem Mostaghanemi’s “chaos of the senses” and ahdaf soueif’s “in the eye of the sun”. Thesis Submitted to the Department of English in Candidacy for the Degree of “Doctorat” in Post colonial woman writing- literature Presented by: Supervised by: Ms. Mira HAFSI Prof. Fewzia BEDJAOUI Jury Members: Dr. Abdelillah Aziz OULHACI (MC-A) (President) DLU Sidi Bel Abbes Prof. Fewzia BEDJAOUI (Supervisor) DLU Sidi Bel Abbes Prof. Ilhem SERIR (External Examiner) University of Tlemcen Prof. Faiza SENOUCI (External Examiner) University of Tlemcen Prof. Bakhta ABDELHAY (External Examiner) University of Mostaganem Dr. Mohamed DIB (MC-A) (External Examiner) University of Mascara Academic Year: 2020-2021 II DEDICATION To my family, for their love and support underpinned my persistence in the postgraduate career. III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chasing dreams, like pursuing a Doctoral research, would not have been possible without the blessing of Allah Almighty manifest on earth in the form of wonderful people whom I came across at various points in my academic career: indeed should I say that these wonderful people made sure that my experiences remain as sweet memories that shall stay engraved in my memory. One such wonderful person certainly has been my supervisor, Prof. Fewzia BEDJAOUI, to whom I record my sincerest and heartfelt thanks and gratitude for giving me the opportunity to pursue a Doctoral research under her supervision, and ensuring that this project reaches its desired completion. I am also blessed for her believing in me, even at my weakest moments. And above all, I record to her my prayers for the enduring support, unflagging encouragement and her affection, which I shall carry with me for a lifetime. I am also deeply grateful to the members of the jury for their kind-heartedness and cooperation to be on my examining panel. Many thanks go to Dr. Abdelillah Aziz OULHACI as the chairperson of my thesis defense and to the renowned Prof. Ilhem SERIR, Prof. Faiza SENOUCI, Prof. Bakhta ABDELHAY, and Dr. Mohamed DIB as the examiners of my work. I am immensely grateful to all the teachers from whom I learned throughout my academic journey. I owe my gratitude to my Magister supervisor Prof. Sidi Mohamed LAKHDAR BARKA who recommended me to my supervisor in order to chase my dream. I am also grateful to my colleague Dr. Djellal Eddine Semaane and to my friend Dr. Maouahib Zerouati for their proofreading of the translated version of the abstract in French and Arabic. IV DECLARATION I, Mira HAFSI, do hereby solemnly declare that the work and ideas I present in this thesis are my own, and have not been submitted before to any other institution or University for a degree. I assert that all information in this thesis has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic conventions and ethical conduct. I also assert that I have fully cited and acknowledged all materials that are not original to this work. Besides, this work is conducted and completed at the University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria. Signature, V ABSTRACT This Doctoral thesis enhances the contributions of postcolonial women writers in the field of third world feminist literature. It is a literary study that is concerned with the dilemma of identity and its relation to women projections and self-perceptions. It explores the process of fulfillment and self-actualization of the female identity in three novels written by women who belong to different cultures, namely, India, Algeria, and Egypt. Therefore, our investigation relies on psychoanalytical, feminist and postcolonial criticism. It examines the way women stereotypes are imposed and resisted in Shashi Deshpande’s The Dark Holds No Terrors 1980, Ahlem Mostaghanemi’s Chaos of the Senses 1997, and Ahdaf Soueif’s In the Eye of the Sun 1992. It explores the frames of representation of the Indian, Algerian, and Egyptian woman in in the postcolonial era, as well as the impact of gender roles and the dialectics of tradition and modernity upon the female protagonists’ psyche, leading to an identity crisis at both the individual and collective level. This study argues that the mechanism of transgression is an organic necessity and a rite of passage for the female subject to reclaim her self which has been violated sexually, economically and ideologically. It is also a subversive strategy of self- empowerment and self-actualization in a world where her projected gender roles inhibit an autonomous development of identity. Additionally, this research maintains that confrontation with the unconscious flux of the female protagonists’ past repressions plays a pivotal part in the progress towards self-emancipation from the confining attitudes as well as self-reconciliation with their past traumas. It concludes that the female authors have creatively pursued the female’s quest for an autonomous identity through a gradual process that deconstructs the prescribed gender roles and Imperial egocentrism in order to achieve self-actualization through resistance and self-reflection. Key words: Identity construction, cultural feminism, psychoanalysis, transgression, self- actualization. VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS ALN: Armée de liberation nationale (National Liberation Army) AIS: Armée Islamique du Salut (Islamic Army of Salvation) EFU: Egyptian Feminist Union (L’union Egyptienne féministe) FIS: Front Islamique Du Salut (The Front of Islamic Salvation) FLN: Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front) GIA: Groupe Islamique Armée (Islamic Armed Groups) MIA: Le movement islamique armée (Armed Islamic Movement) RND: Le rassemblement national démocratique (Democratic National Rally) WWII: World War II VII LIST OF FIGURES Figure I-6-4: Illustration of the Iceberg Metaphor Commonly Used for Freud’s Levels of Personality ………………….......................................................................................... …….41 Figure I-12: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs………………………………………………….59 Figure III-2: Vector of the Process of Female Self-Actualization………………..….…….193 Figure III-3: Triangle of Selfhood Reconstruction…………………………………………194 Figure III-7-2: Hierarchy of Women Oppression………………………………………….332 Figure III-7-3: Objectification of the Female Subjectivity through the Overlapping Violations……………………………………………………………………………………333 Figure III-7-4: Representation of the Enmeshment of the Self within the Other…………………………………………………………………………………….…..334 VIII LIST OF TABLES Table I-6-3: Freud’s Defense Mechanisms……………………………………........……38 Table III-7: Practical Background about the Fictional Texts…………………………...315 Table III-7-1: Process of Female Selfhood Reconstruction……………..……………...329 IX TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION……………………………………………………………...……...……...….II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………………………………………..….…..III DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………........IV ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….……..……….......V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS……………………………..……….……….VI LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………….……………………....……...……..VII LIST OF TABLES …………...……………………………………………….…..…...….VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS …….………………………………………………..……………IX GENERAL INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………1 CHAPTER ONE: THE CONSTRUCTION OF SELFHOOD I- 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...13 I- 2 Tracing the Development of the ‘Self’ Conceptualization in Human Thought ................14 I-3 Conceptualization of the ‘Self’ in the Early Civilizations………………………..............16 I- 4 Conceptualization of the ‘Self’ in the Middle Ages (5th-late 15th century) up to the Age of Enlightenment (17th-18th century)……………………………………………………….…....20 I- 5 Conceptualization of the ‘Self’ in Modern Epistemology (19th century)…………….…..25 I- 6 Freud’s Psychosexual Theory and the Unconscious…...………………………………...30 I- 6-1 Sadism as a Sexual Perversion……………………………………….…………...32 I- 6-2 Freud’s Conceptualization of Femininity/Masculinity………………….……..…34 I- 6-3 Freud and the Unconscious Dynamics in Dealing with Anxiety……….………...35 X I- 6-4 Freud’s Levels of Personality………………………………………….……..…..39 I- 6-5 Transgression: Towards a Logic of Reconstruction and Negociation through the Id’s Impulses………………………………….……………………………………………42 I- 6-6 Role of the Oedipus Complex in the Internalization of Socio-Cultural Gendered Standards. ……………………………………………………………………….……44 1-7 Neo-Freudians and Ego Psychology……………………………………………………...46 I-8 Socio-Cultural Aspect to Personality Formation and Object-Relations Theory………….47 I-9 Inner-Growth Aspect of Identity Construction ..................................................................48 I-10 Psychic Drives to Identity-Formation in Jung’s Archetypes………………..............…..50 I-11 Social Approach to Identity Formation and Self-Fulfillment…………………………...56 I-12 Evolution of Personality Theory: Humanistic Psychology and Maslow’s Theory………………………………………………………………………………………...58 I-13 Identity Formation and Self-Fulfillment in the Feminist Thought………………………60 I- 13-1 Psychoanalytic Feminism: The Journey to Female Emancipation through Feminist Thought and Activism………………………………………………………….……………..61 I- 13-2 Early Feminism……………………………………………………………….....64 I- 13-3 Modern Feminism……………………………………………………….………68 I- 13-4 Lacan’s Impact on the Feminist Thought……………………………….………79 I- 13-5 Elaine Showalter’s Theory about the Development of the Feminist Thought
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