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The Gartner Glossary of Information Technology Acronyms and Terms May 2003 The Gartner Glossary of Information Technology Acronyms and Terms Table of Contents Numbers..................................................................................................... 3 A ............................................................................................................... 9 B ............................................................................................................. 42 C ............................................................................................................. 64 D........................................................................................................... 120 E ........................................................................................................... 158 F ........................................................................................................... 193 G........................................................................................................... 211 H........................................................................................................... 221 I............................................................................................................ 239 J............................................................................................................ 273 K ........................................................................................................... 279 L ........................................................................................................... 285 M........................................................................................................... 300 N ........................................................................................................... 331 O........................................................................................................... 348 P ........................................................................................................... 364 Q........................................................................................................... 395 R ........................................................................................................... 398 S ........................................................................................................... 423 T ........................................................................................................... 473 U ........................................................................................................... 498 V ........................................................................................................... 505 W .......................................................................................................... 521 X ........................................................................................................... 538 Y ........................................................................................................... 545 Z ........................................................................................................... 546 © 2003 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 2 The Gartner Glossary of Information Technology Acronyms and Terms Numbers 1Base-5 One megabit per second (Mbps) transmission over a twisted-pair configuration. 10Base-x series Any of several Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) specifications for baseband networks using the Ethernet protocol. It includes: 1. 10Base-2: 10 megabit per second (Mbps) baseband network using thin Ethernet coaxial cable. 2. 10Base-5: 10 Mbps baseband network using thick Ethernet coaxial cable. 3. 10Base-F: Specification for baseband Ethernet over fiber-optic cabling. 4. 10Base-FB: Part of the 10Base-F specification providing a synchronous signaling backbone that allows additional segments and repeaters to be connected to the network. 5. 10Base-FL: Part of the 10Base-F specification designed to replace the Fiber- Optic Inter-Repeater Link (FOIRL) standard, providing Ethernet over fiber-optic cabling. 6. 10Base-FP: Part of the 10Base-F specification that allows the organization of a number of end nodes into a star topology without the use of repeaters. 7. 10Base-T: Standard enabling unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable to be used for Ethernet local-area networks (LANs). 10Broad-36 IEEE specification for broadband 10 Mbps networks running over thick coaxial cable. 100Base-T IEEE specification for 100 Mbps networks using Fast Ethernet over copper cabling. 100Base-VG LAN standard from IEEE’s 802 committee for 100 Mbps transmission over UTP cable, promoted originally by Hewlett-Packard and AT&T, among others. It is an alternative to 100Base-T with Fast Ethernet. 100VG-AnyLAN Method of LAN transmission that is based on 100Base-VG and builds on aspects of both token ring and Ethernet to run at 100 Mbps with resilience and high realization of potential. It is generally considered technically better than Fast Ethernet, but was less successful in the marketplace. 23B+D An abbreviation for the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI), composed of 23 bearer (B) channels and one data (D) channel. Copyright 2002 Gartner, Inc. 4 The Gartner Glossary of Information Technology Acronyms and Terms 24x7 (24 hours a day, seven days a week) Continuous, round-the clock availability. A 24x7 system exhibits two characteristics: high availability (meaning that the service tolerates unscheduled outages) and continuous operations (meaning that it does not require scheduled downtime). 2B+D An abbreviation for the ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI), composed of two bearer (B) channels and one data (D) channel. 2PC (two-phase commit) A method for coordinating a single transaction across two or more database management systems (DBMSs) or other resource managers. 2PC guarantees the logical integrity of data by ensuring that transaction updates are either finalized in all participating databases or fully backed out of all of them (i.e., the update occurs “everywhere or nowhere”). 2PC is a required component of distributed databases, and is implemented in transaction management software that may be part of a DBMS, online transaction processing (OLTP) monitor or front-end application tool. 3270 IBM’s interactive communications terminal standard used to communicate with an IBM mainframe or compatible system. 3380 An IBM direct-access storage device (DASD) family introduced in 1980. 3390 An IBM family of DASD products introduced in 1989. 3420 A family of IBM half-inch open-reel tape drives introduced in 1970, offering densities of up to 6,250 bits per inch. 3480 An IBM cartridge tape subsystem introduced in 1984. 3745 An IBM front-end processor introduced in 1988. 3780 A batch protocol used to communicate with an IBM mainframe or compatible system. 3880 A family of IBM DASD controllers introduced in 1980, supporting a wide range of devices (e.g., 3340, 3344, 3350, 3370, 3375 and 3380). 3990 An IBM DASD controller family introduced in 1987, supporting a wide range of devices (e.g., 3380, 3390, 9340 and RAMAC). 3-D visualization The use of interactive graphics to represent and manipulate high-volume, multidimensional data as graphical objects with a wide range of characteristics (e.g., x/y/z axes, size, color, shape or movement). Copyright 2002 Gartner, Inc. 5 The Gartner Glossary of Information Technology Acronyms and Terms 3-D Web sites A Web site that provides a virtual, three-dimensional “space” for visitors to explore (e.g., through the use of Virtual Reality Modeling Language). See VRML. 3G (third generation) The term used to refer to the next generation of wireless communications technology, the “first generation” having been analog cellular, and the “second generation” being today’s digital cellular networks. An initiative of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and regional standards bodies, 3G aims to provide universal, high-speed, high-bandwidth (up to 4 Mbps) wireless services supporting a variety of advanced applications. See UMTS, IMT-2000 and EDGE. 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) A collaboration agreement, established in 1998 among a number of telecommunications standards bodies, to produce a series of technical specifications and standards for third-generation (3G) wireless communications. See 3G. 3GL (third-generation language) A high-level programming language — such as FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal or C — that compiles to machine language. 3PL (third-party logistics) A type of service provider that offers advanced logistics services, such as transportation management, inventory maintenance and logistical modeling. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (see 3GPP) 4GL (fourth-generation language) A high-level language suitable for end-user or programmer data access and capable of reasonably complex data manipulation. It includes two categories of software development tools: application generators for production applications, and information generators for decision support applications. 4GLs are relatively nonprocedural and easier to use than 3GLs (e.g., COBOL and C), but are less powerful and more wasteful of computer resources. Gartner identifies three types of 4GLs: • A procedural language integrated with a database management system. Examples include Computer Associates’ CA-Ideal and Software AG’s Natural. • An information generator. Examples include Information Builders’
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