Manual De Supervivencia En Linux

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Manual De Supervivencia En Linux FRANCISCO SOLSONA Y ELISA VISO (COORDINADORES) MANUAL DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN LINUX MAURICIO ALDAZOSA JOSÉ GALAVIZ IVÁN HERNÁNDEZ CANEK PELÁEZ KARLA RAMÍREZ FERNANDA SÁNCHEZ PUIG FRANCISCO SOLSONA MANUEL SUGAWARA ARTURO VÁZQUEZ ELISA VISO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, UNAM 2007 Esta obra aparece gracias al apoyo del proyecto PAPIME PE-100205 Manual de supervivencia en Linux 1ª edición, 2007 Diseño de portada: Laura Uribe ©Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias Circuito exterior. Ciudad Universitaria. México 04510 [email protected] ISBN: 978-970-32-5040-0 Impreso y hecho en México Índice general Prefacio XII 1. Introducción a Unix 1 1.1. Historia .................................... 1 1.1.1. Sistemas UNIX libres ........................ 2 1.1.2. El proyecto GNU ........................... 3 1.2. Sistemas de tiempo compartido ........................ 4 1.2.1. Los sistemas multiusuario ...................... 4 1.3. Inicio de sesión ................................ 5 1.4. Emacs ..................................... 6 1.4.1. Introducción a Emacs ......................... 6 1.4.2. Emacs y tú .............................. 7 2. Ambientes gráficos en Linux 9 2.1. Ambientes de escritorio ............................ 9 2.2. KDE ...................................... 10 2.2.1. Configuración de KDE ........................ 10 2.2.2. KDE en 1, 2, 3 ............................ 14 2.2.3. Quemado de discos con K3b ..................... 14 2.2.4. Amarok ................................ 18 2.3. Emacs ..................................... 20 2.4. Comenzando con Emacs ........................... 20 3. Sistema de Archivos 23 3.1. El sistema de archivos ............................. 23 3.1.1. Rutas absolutas y relativas ...................... 26 3.2. Moviéndose en el árbol del sistema de archivos ............... 27 3.2.1. Permisos de archivos ......................... 30 3.2.2. Archivos estándar y redireccionamiento ............... 34 3.3. Otros comandos de Unix ........................... 37 3.3.1. Sintaxis estándar de comandos .................... 37 ii 3.4. Agrupando nombres de archivos ....................... 44 3.5. Konqueror: administrador de archivos y algo más .............. 45 3.5.1. Iniciando Konqueror ......................... 46 3.5.2. Konqueror como administrador de archivos ............. 46 3.5.3. Konqueror como un navegador web ................. 48 3.5.4. Konqueror como una aplicación integrada .............. 49 3.6. Emacs ..................................... 50 3.6.1. Ejecutando Emacs desde la línea de comandos ........... 50 3.6.2. Conceptos esenciales ......................... 52 3.6.3. Dired ................................. 53 3.6.4. Ejecución de comandos de Unix desde Emacs ............ 54 4. Edición 55 4.1. La guerra de los editores de texto ....................... 55 4.1.1. Vieja guardia contra nueva guardia .................. 56 4.2. Kate: un editor para programadores ..................... 56 4.2.1. Introducción ............................. 56 4.2.2. Empezando a utilizar Kate ...................... 57 4.2.3. Editando archivos ........................... 59 4.3. Emacs ..................................... 64 4.3.1. Comandos .............................. 65 4.3.2. Movimiento .............................. 66 4.3.3. Matando y borrando ......................... 67 4.3.4. Reencarnación de texto ........................ 68 4.3.5. Regiones ............................... 68 4.3.6. Rectángulos .............................. 68 4.3.7. Registros ............................... 69 4.3.8. Archivos ............................... 70 4.3.9. Buscar ................................ 70 4.3.10. Reemplazar .............................. 70 4.3.11. Guardar ................................ 71 4.3.12. Ventanas ............................... 71 4.3.13. Marcos (frames) ........................... 71 4.3.14. Ayuda en línea ............................ 72 4.3.15. Lista de buffers ............................ 72 4.3.16. Anzuelos (Hooks), setq y otros .................... 72 4.3.17. Ortografía ............................... 73 4.3.18. Extendiendo Emacs .......................... 74 iii 5. Internet 77 5.1. Redes de computadoras ............................ 77 5.1.1. Relación cliente-servidor ....................... 78 5.1.2. TCP/IP ................................ 79 5.2. Web ...................................... 80 5.3. Redes y direcciones .............................. 81 5.3.1. Domicilios estándar en Internet ................... 81 5.3.2. Nomenclatura antigua e internacional ................ 81 5.4. WWW ..................................... 82 5.4.1. URL: especificación de objetos en Internet ............. 83 5.4.2. Navegadores ............................. 83 5.4.3. Google ................................ 85 5.4.4. Wikipedia ............................... 85 5.5. Los programas de correo de Unix ....................... 86 5.6. Netiquete ................................... 87 5.6.1. Algunos puntos del netiquete . ................... 87 5.7. KMail: lector de correo electrónico ...................... 89 5.7.1. Introducción ............................. 89 5.7.2. Utilizando KMail ........................... 90 5.8. FTP ...................................... 93 5.8.1. ¿Qué es un FTP anónimo? ...................... 93 5.8.2. Comandos para FTP ......................... 93 5.9. SSH: Secure Shell ............................... 95 5.9.1. Accediendo a sistemas remotos ................... 96 5.9.2. Copiando archivos entre sistemas .................. 96 5.10. PGP: Pretty Good Privacy .......................... 97 5.10.1. Funcionamiento de PGP ....................... 98 5.11. RSS: sistema de noticias ........................... 99 5.11.1. Introducción ............................. 99 5.11.2. Akregator ............................... 99 5.12. Mensajería instantánea ............................101 5.12.1. Introducción .............................101 5.12.2. Kopete ................................101 5.12.3. Creando cuentas ...........................103 5.12.4. Funciones básicas ...........................104 5.12.5. Extensiones ..............................105 5.13. Rdesktop: Remote Desktop Protocol Client .................106 5.13.1. Utilizando Rdesktop .........................106 5.14. Kontact, una suite de productividad en KDE .................106 5.14.1. Resumen ...............................108 5.14.2. Correo, KMail ............................108 iv 5.14.3. Contactos, KAddressBook ......................108 5.14.4. Calendario y pendientes con KOrganizer ..............112 5.15. Emacs .....................................119 5.15.1. VM ..................................121 5.15.2. BBDB .................................128 5.15.3. w3m .................................131 5.15.4. ERC ..................................136 5.15.5. TRAMP ................................139 5.15.6. Diccionario ..............................140 6. LATEX 143 6.1. Introducción ..................................143 6.2. Componentes de un texto ...........................144 6.3. Ambientes para formato ...........................145 6.3.1. Posibles errores ............................147 6.4. Formato general de un documento ......................149 6.4.1. Cartas .................................152 6.5. Tipos y tamaños de letras ...........................153 6.6. Listas de enunciados o párrafos ........................156 6.6.1. Numeraciones ............................157 6.6.2. Listas marcadas ............................160 6.6.3. Descripciones .............................161 6.6.4. Listas más compactas .........................163 6.7. Tablas .....................................164 6.7.1. Multicolumnas ............................166 6.7.2. Separación de renglones y columnas .................168 6.7.3. Líneas “incompletas” verticales y horizontales ...........172 6.7.4. Espacio entre los renglones ......................173 6.8. Matemáticas en LATEX.............................174 6.8.1. Fórmulas matemáticas ........................176 6.9. Emacs y LATEX.................................178 6.9.1. Anotaciones en los símbolos .....................192 6.9.2. Arreglos de fórmulas .........................193 6.10. Imágenes y figuras ..............................197 6.10.1. Tablas, figuras, etc. ..........................197 6.10.2. Cortando figuras ...........................204 6.10.3. Colores ................................205 6.10.4. Dibujando objetos geométricos ....................207 6.10.5. Líneas .................................207 6.10.6. Acomodando objetos .........................226 6.11. Referencias e índices .............................231 v 6.11.1. Referencias bibliográficas ......................231 6.11.2. Índices ................................237 6.12. Emacs .....................................237 6.12.1. AUCTEX ...............................238 6.12.2. RefTEX ................................241 6.12.3. Preview ................................242 7. Lenguajes de marcado 245 7.1. XML .....................................246 7.2. HTML .....................................249 7.2.1. XHTML ...............................249 7.3. CSS ......................................250 7.3.1. Javascript ...............................253 7.4. Emacs .....................................255 8. Herramientas para desarrollo 256 8.1. Control de versiones .............................256 8.1.1. subversion ..............................256 8.1.2. Introducción a subversion ......................257 8.2. Emacs .....................................260 8.2.1.
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