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Panduan Dasar Emacs Untuk Pemula

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Panduan Dasar Emacs Untuk Pemula Tentang Buku Ini Buku ini adalah pengantar pengoperasian program komputer GNU Emacs untuk pemula dalam bentuk ringkas. Buku ini adalah kumpulan dari 4 artikel bertopik Emacs di situs Linuxku.com. Buku ini diterbitkan dalam bentuk ebook, berlisensi CC BY-SA, dan bisa diunduh secara daring di www.linuxku.com. Buku ini disusun sedemikian rupa agar mudah dicetak sendiri oleh pembaca. Semoga dengan hadirnya buku ini, pembaca di Indonesia bertambah pengetahuan & keterampilan mengoperasikan free software1 di komputernya masing-masing. Detail Buku • Judul: Panduan Dasar Emacs untuk Pemula • Penulis: Ade Malsasa Akbar • Penerbit: www.linuxku.com • Lisensi: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ • Jumlah halaman: 35 • Tingkat kesulitan: pemula • Sumber artikel: (1) http://www.linuxku.com/2017/10/panduan-dasar-emacs-untuk- pemula-bagian-1.html (2) http://www.linuxku.com/2017/10/panduan-dasar- emacs-untuk-pemula-bagian-2.html (3) http://www.linuxku.com/2017/11/panduan- dasar-emacs-untuk-pemula-bagian-3.html (4) http://www.linuxku.com/2017/11/panduan-dasar-emacs-untuk-pemula-bagian- 4.html • Disusun dengan: LibreOffice Writer 5.1, Abrowser 50, Pluma 1.12, dan Inkscape 0.91 di atas Trisquel 8.0 GNU/Linux 1 https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html 2 Bagian 1 Tulisan ini untuk Anda yang ingin mencoba Emacs. Anda diharapkan sudah sering memakai penyunting teks lain seperti LibreOffice atau Eclipse sehingga tidak kaget dengan Emacs. Pada Bagian 1 ini, Anda akan belajar apa itu Emacs, apa keunggulannya, alamat unduhannya, dan bagaimana dasar pengoperasiannya, terutama cara menerapkan kunci pintas seperti 'C-x C-f'. Tulisan ini didasarkan pada Emacs 24 di sistem operasi Trisquel 8 GNU/Linux. Nanti pada bagian 2, Anda akan belajar bagaimana mengoperasikan Org-mode untuk produktif menulis dengan Emacs. Semoga tulisan ini menambah kelengkapan panduan berbahasa Indonesia tentang Emacs. Apa Itu Emacs? Logo Emacs Emacs adalah program penyunting teks (seperti Notepad) dengan kemampuan super (seperti LibreOffice+Eclipse) untuk segala kebutuhan. Emacs, nama lengkapnya GNU Emacs, adalah bagian dari sistem operasi GNU2, yang tersedia untuk GNU/Linux, Windows, dan Mac OS X. Emacs umumnya digunakan oleh programer dan hacker untuk menulis program, tetapi karena kelenturannya ada juga pengguna nonteknis yang memakainya untuk menulis bermacam artikel, buku, atau jurnal ilmiah. Orang awam bisa salah paham mengira Emacs itu sistem operasi, karena terlalu banyak fiturnya, sebab Emacs telah dilengkapi peramban web, email client, package manager, kalender, bahkan permainan tetris. Penemu Emacs adalah Richard Stallman yaitu pendiri sistem operasi GNU dan gerakan free software sedunia dan bukan rahasia kalau Emacs lebih tua daripada GNU OS itu sendiri. Lebih lanjut tentang Emacs ada di situs resminya https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs. 2 https://www.gnu.org 3 Mengapa Menggunakan Emacs? Tidak ada paksaan menggunakan Emacs atau penyunting tertentu lainnya. Namun jelas Emacs adalah free software3 yang memberi pengguna hak-haknya, bukan proprietary software. Di sisi teknis, bila Anda serius investasi waktu Anda takkan sia-sia, silakan lihat video presentasi Perry Metzger4 (pengembang sistem operasi NetBSD), lihat pesannya, Emacs cukup dikuasai sekali lalu digunakan 30 tahun dan seterusnya. Bagi pengguna non-programer, Anda bisa sekadar coba pengalaman baru atau pakai Emacs untuk menulis bermacam buku/artikel. Emacs Bisa Apa? Tugas utama Emacs adalah menyunting teks. Namun sebab kelenturannya Emacs melebar fungsi ke segala hal yang ada hubungannya dengan teks. Apa pun itu. Apa saja yang Emacs bisa? Berikut di antaranya: • Sebagai penyunting teks biasa • Sebagai IDE pemrograman bahasa C, C++, Python, PHP, Java, Lisp, Shell, dan apa saja lainnya • Sebagai kalender • Sebagai penjadwal tugas dan TODOs • Sebagai penyunting LaTeX • Sebagai spreadsheet editor (seperti LibreOffice Calc) • Sebagai presentation editor (seperti LibreOffice Impress) • Sebagai pengekspor dokumen ke PDF, ODF LibreOffice, dan LaTeX • Menyediakan shell terintegrasi • Mendukung version control systems (Git, SVN, Mercurial, Bazaar, dll.) • Debugging 3 https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html 4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VADudzQGvU8 “The Editor of a Lifetime” 4 • Compiling (C, C++, dsb.) • Kirim email, baca email • Meramban web (mis. googling) • Menyediakan games seperti tetris, snake, solitaire • Menambahkan fungsi-fungsi baru dengan extensions (seperti add-ons di Firefox) Catatan: semua fitur di atas adalah bawaan dan konsekuensinya ukuran paket Emacs itu besar. Versi 25 kira-kira 40-50MB. Mulai Menginstal Emacs Tulisan ini diberlakukan untuk --utamanya-- pengguna GNU/Linux, dan tentu pengguna Windows dan Mac OS X. Emacs telah berusia 30 tahun lebih dan tersedia untuk OS-OS Anda sekalian. Saya ingin para pengguna komputer mencoba Emacs di OS apa saja. • Ubuntu sekeluarga: $ sudo apt-get install emacs • Fedora sekeluarga: $ sudo dnf install emacs • openSUSE sekeluarga: $ sudo zypper install emacs • Slackware: $ sudo slackpkg install emacs • Arch sekeluarga: $ sudo pacman -S emacs • Gentoo sekeluarga: $ emerge --pretend app-editors/emacs • Windows: ambil program eksekutabel Emacs • Mac OS X: ambil paket Emacs Dasar-Dasar Emacs Berikut ini prinsip dasar pengoperasian Emacs. Anda cukup menguasainya satu kali dan terapkan seterusnya. 5 • Emacs itu berorientasi-kibor, jadi interaksi Anda akan fokus pada kibor dan jauh dari mouse. • Emacs didesain agar memberi pengguna kecepatan kerja maksimum, maka Anda akan sering memakai tombol pintas, seperti C-c C-f untuk Open File. • Emacs punya menu F10, dari menu ini Anda tahu tombol-tombol pintas apa untuk menu apa. • Emacs bisa dioperasikan di GUI maupun di CLI, di desktop maupun di konsol. • Emacs punya 2 kunci: Ctrl disingkat C besar dan Esc disingkat M besar sehingga ada pintasan seperti C-c (berarti Ctrl-C) dan M-x (berarti Esc-x). Pencet 'F10' kalau Anda lupa tombol pintasnya Navigasi Dasar Tiga kunci navigasi inilah yang akan setiap hari Anda pakai di Emacs. a) Perpindahan Kursor Tombol kiri, bawah, kanan, atas berfungsi untuk pindah kursor. Artinya Anda tidak memakai HJKL untuk berpindah. 6 b) Cara Membaca Pintasan • Contoh pintasan C-x C-f, berarti pencet 'Ctrl-x' lalu lepas lalu pencet 'Ctrl-f'. • Contoh lagi C-x 3, berarti penct 'Ctrl-x' lalu lepas lalu pencet '3'. • Contoh terakhir M-x org-mode RET, berarti pencet 'Esc-x' lalu lepas lalu ketik 'org-mode' lalu pencet 'RETURN' (yaitu tombol Enter). c) Belah Layar & Berpindah Layar • Pencet C-x 2 membelah layar atas-bawah. • Pencet C-x 3 membelah layar kiri-kanan. • Pencet C-x o pindah kursor ke belahan layar sebelah. • Pencet C-x 0 menutup belahan layar aktif. Gunakan F10 (File > New Window Below/Right) bila Anda lupa pintasannya. 1. Menyalakan & Menutup Emacs Ikon Emacs di desktop 7 Klik-ganda pada ikon 'Emacs (GUI)' di desktop. Atau, buka ikon 'Emacs (GUI)' dari menu. Bila Anda ingin jalankan Emacs di dalam Terminal dan konsol (mis. di server), gunakan perintah: $ emacs --no-window Pencet C-x C-c menutup Emacs. Gunakan F10 (File > Quit) bila Anda lupa pintasannya. 2. Menu & Membatalkan Aksi • Pencet F10 membuka menu. • Pencet C-g membatalkan aksi. Membatalkan aksi adalah pintasan penting karena sering dipakai. Ini sama seperti tombol Cancel pada GUI atau Ctrl-c pada bash Terminal. 3. Membuat dan Membuka Berkas Membuka berkas • Pencet C-x C-f lalu ketik nama berkas lalu pencet Enter, ini membuat berkas. 8 • Pencet C-x C-f lalu ketik alamat/nama berkas yang telah dibuat lalu pencet Enter, ini membuka berkas. Gunakan F10 (File > Visit New File) bila Anda lupa pintasannya. 4. Menyimpan Pencet C-x C-s menyimpan berkas. Gunakan F10 (File > Save) bila Anda lupa pintasannya. 5. Undo Pencet C-x u. Gunakan F10 (Edit > Undo) bila Anda lupa. 6. Seleksi/Blok Teks Ini sama saja dengan di Notepad dll. Ctrl+Shift+Kanan/Kiri untuk menyeleksi teks menyamping, dan Ctrl+Shift+Atas/Bawah untuk menurun. 7. Bermain Buffer • Pencet C-x C-b menampilkan daftar buffer di belahan layar baru. 9 • Pencet C-x o pindah kursor ke daftar buffer. • Letakkan kursor pada salah satu nama buffer. • Pencet RET membuka buffer. • Pencet C-d x mematikan buffer. • Pencet C-x o lagi pindah kursor ke belahan layar sebelah. Gunakan F10 (Buffers > List All) bila Anda lupa pintasannya. Buffer dalam istilah Emacs kurang-lebih mirip tabs pada web browser. Berpindah buffer seperti berpindah tab, membuat buffer baru seperti membuka tab baru, menutup buffer seperti menutup tab, dan satu berkas satu buffer. 8. Perintah Spesial • Pencet M-x membuka masukan perintah. • Pencet TAB untuk melihat seluruh perintah-perintah yang ada. • Pencet M-x org-mode RET memasuki Org-Mode. org-mode adalah salah satu perintah dari sekian banyak perintah pada Emacs. 10 Bagian 2 Org-Mode adalah satu fasilitas di dalam Emacs untuk mengorganisir hidup Anda. Dengan Org-Mode Anda bisa melihat kalender, membuat jadwal-jadwal, TODOs, dan yang akan kita pelajari, menulis tulisan yang rapi secara otomatis. Kita akan menulis teks biasa tetapi hasilnya otomatis berbentuk HTML dan terbuka di peramban web. Emacs yang akan mengotomatisasi itu semua. Artikel Bagian 2 ini mempersyaratkan Anda sudah bisa sedikit dasar-dasar Emacs. Bila Anda belum bisa, bacalah terlebih dahulu Artikel Bagian 15. Nanti, di Bagian 3 Anda akan belajar mengekspor ke dokumen PDF (ebook), PDF (presentasi LaTeX Beamer), dan ODT (LibreOffice) dengan tampilan yang indah. Selamat belajar Emacs! Hasil Akhir Dokumen yang hendak kita buat wujudnya seperti berikut ini. Teks ini otomatis ada daftar isinya, ada headings (subjudul-subjudul), dan lengkap dengan pemformatan teksnya (bold, italic, dst.). Jangan lupa, pencet F10 (membuka menu) bila Anda lupa pintasan- pintasan Emacs. 5 http://www.linuxku.com/2017/10/panduan-dasar-emacs-untuk-pemula-bagian-1.html 11 Dokumen HTML dibuat dengan Emacs, dibuka dengan peramban 1. Nyalakan Emacs Jalankan Emacs dari klik-ganda ikon ‘Emacs (GUI)’ di desktop. Bila Anda suka, jalankan di dalam Terminal juga boleh: $ emacs --no-window 2. Nyalakan Org-Mode M-x org-mode RET 3. Buat Berkas Baru C-x C-f belajar.txt RET 12 Pencet F10 (File > Visit New File) bila Anda lupa pintasannya.
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