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Segregation Prevalence, Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions a Concept Paper on Segregation from the KAIROS Project Produced by Birgitta Guevara, March 2014

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Segregation Prevalence, Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions a Concept Paper on Segregation from the KAIROS Project Produced by Birgitta Guevara, March 2014 Mistra Urban Futures Papers 2015:1 Segregation prevalence, causes, effects and possible solutions A concept paper on segregation from the KAIROS project produced by Birgitta Guevara, March 2014 Image: Maria Nobel Author: Birgitta Guevara A concept paper produced as part of the project KAIROS, Knowledge about and Approaches to Fair and Socially Sustainable Cities Corresponding author: Birgitta Guevara © Mistra Urban Futures, 2015 This concept paper has been produced as part of KAIROS, a collaborative project in which practitioners and researchers from the City of Gothenburg, the University of Gothenburg, the County Administrative Board of Västra Götaland and Region Västra Götaland are working to produce knowledge and approaches for fair and socially sustainable cities. The concept paper is a synthesis detailing some aspects of what we know about the prevalence, causes and effects of segregation, as well as some of the solutions that have been proposed by researchers and public authorities. The aim of this paper is to function as a basis for discussions within the project about segregation and the connection between segregation and the possibilities to work for fair and socially sustainable cities. The aim of all the papers and interim reports produced within KAIROS is to bring about wide- ranging discussions and participation on various issues. The goal is for the final report to be as firmly grounded and concrete as possible. The authors of the papers produced are responsible for their content. It cannot be presumed that the conclusions in this paper will be the same as those reported in KAIROS' final report. The comprehensive picture, based on all of the interim reports and papers, as well as dialogue with various actors will govern the content of the final report. The KAIROS project is part of Mistra Urban Futures, an international centre for sustainable urban development where knowledge is developed in close collaboration between practitioners and researchers. The centre has five regional platforms in Cape Town, Kisumu, Gothenburg, Manchester and Shanghai. Mistra Urban Futures is funded by the research foundation Mistra and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), together with a consortium consisting of: Chalmers University of Technology, the University of Gothenburg, the City of Gothenburg, the Göteborg Region Association of Local Authorities (GR), IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, the County Administrative Board of Västra Götaland and Region Västra Götaland, as well as the organisations that are jointly funding the various local platforms. A range of different projects form the core of Mistra Urban Futures' activities. These are transdisciplinary and focus on a number of different areas within the field of sustainable urban development, primarily within the centre's theme of Fair, Green and Dense cities. Mistra Urban Futures strategy is to unite research and practice through joint production of knowledge and problem solving. This is used to bridge the traditional boundaries between academia and practice. Mistra Urban Futures Gothenburg Chalmers | SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden | Tel: +46 (0)31-772 49 56 | www.mistraurbanfutures.org 3 CONTENTS SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 SAMMANFATTNING…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 What is segregation?............................................................................................................................................... 8 Focus – ethnicity and class connected to segregation and young people's living conditions. 10 Aim and outline……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 10 BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 Class……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 12 Ethnicity……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 Racialization……………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….13 Intersectionality……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14 Public health…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 Place identity………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Social integration and system integration……………………………………………………………………….. 16 District, city and region………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17 RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION……………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 Present state of affairs ….……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18 Who lives where?..................................................................................................................................................... 21 What are the effects? …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28 What are the driving forces? …………………………………………………………………………………………..31 What do laws and conventions say? ………………………………………………………………………………. 34 YOUNG PEOPLE'S LIVING CONDITIONS……………………………………………………………........................... 36 Present state of affairs ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36 What is the impact of the housing situation? ………………………………………………………………….. 37 What happens in school? ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39 Unemployment and young people who neither work nor study………………………………………. 43 What is the impact on health? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 46 What do laws and conventions say? ………………………………………………………………………………. 48 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50 What has been done?.............................................................................................................................................. 50 Building or planning together cities………………………………………………………………………………...52 Growth and segregation in separate decision channels…………………………………………………… 53 A national urban policy………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 54 Comprehensive view and implementation………………………………………............................................ 56 Longevity, social investments and the need for dialogue…………………………………………………. 57 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59 At the individual level……………………………………………………………………………………....................... 59 At the city-wide level……………………………………………………………………………………………………... 59 At the regional and national level…………………………………………………………………………………… 59 How can segregation be managed?……..….……………………………………………………………………..... 60 SOURCES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 61 4 SUMMARY This concept paper has been produced within the project KAIROS - Knowledge about and approaches to fair and socially sustainable cities. Segregation, its expansion, causes and consequences are the focal points of the paper and the segregation in question is primarily based on socioeconomic background and/or class and ethnicity. Due to KAIROS design this paper focuses mainly on residential segregation and young people's living conditions. The development in these two areas is interconnected and consists of mutually reinforcing processes. The common starting point in the discussion is that residential segregation leads to differences in young people´s living conditions and between schools, since segregation causes people to live in different areas and near different schools. However, this also works the other way around, since the situation for children in a neighbourhood generally, and in schools particularly, often is a decisive reason when families with children move to or from a neighbourhood. Focal points and definitions The paper starts with a discussion of some relevant concepts: class, ethnicity, race, racialization, whiteness, intersectionality, public health, social- and system integration and place identity. Since the focal point in the paper is segregation due to class and ethnicity, these are the papers main concepts together with the discussion of place identity. Other hierarchical power structures in society are also relevant, for example sex/gender and age. These power relations as well as relevant aspects, as for example public health, will be discussed when considered relevant. Residential segregation The economic disparities in Sweden are increasing. According to the OECD, Sweden has fallen from 1st to 14th place in the ranking of how equal countries are. Sweden is also the country among the organizations members where the relative poverty rate has increased most in recent decades. Residential segregation has also increased based on both ethnicity and socioeconomic background. This is particularly evident in larger cities. At the same time segregation is a regional issue that needs handling between municipalities. The effects of, and the driving forces behind the increased segregation are discussed, as well as the importance of how the situation is described. The term "segregation", for example, is relational, while the term "exclusion" only focuses on one side of the segregation. What laws and conventions say about the right to housing is also highlighted. Young people's living conditions The disparities between children’s living conditions are increasing. The proportion of children and young people living in households with low economic standards has increased from eight to twelve percent during the 21st century according to the National Public Health Institute. According to the Swedish National Agency for Education the gaps in educational results have increased both between schools and individual pupils. A report from the Swedish Schools Inspectorate from 2011, for example, states that the same education is not given all over city of Gothenburg, and links the differences to residential segregation. Attention is also drawn to the fact that young people are among
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