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Mukti in Kristapurāṇa

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Mukti in Kristapurāṇa INSTITUTIONEN FÖR LITTERATUR, IDÉHISTORIA OCH RELIGION Mukti in Kristapurāṇa How Thomas Stephens S.J. (1549-1619) conveys a Christian message of salvation in words with Hindu connotations Pär Eliasson Semester: Vt 2015 Course: RKT 250, religionsvetenskap, 30 hp Level: Master Supervisor: Clemens Cavallin Abstract This thesis examines how the English Jesuit Father Thomas Stephens used a language full of Hindu connotations for conveying a Christian message in his Marathi epic Kristapurāṇa, written in Goa in the early years of the 17th century. Specifically it seeks to analyse (1) which words Stephens used for speaking about salvation, (2) which ideas about salvation he thereby conveyed, and (3) how he dealt with connotations of such words that are difficult to accommodate in a Christian worldview. Stephens’ strategies for handling such words is analysed by means of Saussure’s understanding of a language as a system of differences and a word as a sign, composed of a signal (sound pattern) and a signification (concept), where the relation between signal and signification is arbitrary. Stephens’ work is described as fearlessly adopting signals borrowed from Hinduism but sometimes altering the signification, thereby forming a sign which looks identical to that used in Hindu context, but with a signification that fits in a Christian worldview. The altering of important signs, such as mukti/mokṣa, leads to a reshaping of the language into a system where e.g. mukti/mokṣa significates salvation as liberation, but not from rebirth, and where punarjanma stands not for rebirth as a hindrance for liberation, but a new birth which liberates. In this way Stephens is found to present a message about salvation that in all essentials mirrors Catholic theology of his time, but giving it a distinctly Indian flavour. Keywords: Kristapurāṇa; Father Thomas Stephens; Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim; mission; inculturation; accomodatio; Christianity in India; Marathi; Konkani; Goa; salvation; mokṣa; mukti. 1 Acknowledgements During my work with this thesis I have got valuable advice from my supervisor Clemens Cavallin at the University of Göteborg, for which I am grateful. I am also deeply grateful to my first Marathi teacher Neeti Badwe, and my teachers Sujata Mahajan, Supriya Sahasrabuddhe, Saroj Deshchougule and Shantanu Kher at the American Institute of Indian Studies in Pune, for leading me into the wonderful world of Marathi, helping me understand the meaning carried by its charming sounds and giving me tools to make my way through its bushy grammar. Finally I want to express my gratefulness to my friends Gladwin Jaykar, Snehal Parchure, Mukund Bhalerao, Toshada Kulkarni, Sammit Khandeparkar, Tony Larsson, Philip Salén and others for their amazing readiness to discuss linguistic matters with me. 2 Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.1. Aim .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2. Method ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Notes on translation and transliteration ....................................................................... 9 1.4. Thomas Stephens’ life and work ................................................................................. 9 1.5. Kristapurāṇa .............................................................................................................. 15 1.5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 15 1.5.2. Textual critique and extant versions ................................................................... 17 1.5.3. Text used in this study ........................................................................................ 19 1.6. Historical background ................................................................................................ 19 1.6.1. Early Christianity in India .................................................................................. 19 1.6.2. The Portuguese in western India ........................................................................ 21 1.6.3. Jesuit mission in Goa and South India ............................................................... 24 1.7. Theory ........................................................................................................................ 26 1.8. Earlier research .......................................................................................................... 28 2. Salvation: establishing the concept .................................................................................. 31 2.1. Hebrew, Greek and Latin terms ................................................................................. 31 2.2. Christian soteriology .................................................................................................. 33 2.3. Marathi terms ............................................................................................................. 36 2.4. The Hindu concept of mokṣa/mukti ........................................................................... 38 3. Salvation in Doutrina Christam em lingoa Bramana Canarim ....................................... 41 4. Salvation in Kristapurāṇa ................................................................................................ 45 4.1. Words for Salvation ................................................................................................... 45 4.2. The act of salvation .................................................................................................... 47 3 4.2.1. Rākhaṇe, vāṁcaṇe and trāhaṇe.......................................................................... 48 4.2.2. Tāraṇe ................................................................................................................ 50 4.2.3. Relation between tāraṇe and rākhaṇe ................................................................ 51 4.2.4. Soḍaṇe, soḍavaṇe ............................................................................................... 52 4.2.5. Uddhāraṇe .......................................................................................................... 53 4.2.6. An unexpected word: praṇāma .......................................................................... 54 4.3. The blessed state ........................................................................................................ 54 4.3.1. Mukti, mokṣa ...................................................................................................... 56 4.3.1.1. Eternal joy ................................................................................................... 56 4.3.1.2. Vision and light ........................................................................................... 57 4.3.1.3. Spatiality ..................................................................................................... 59 4.3.1.4. Resurrection of the body ............................................................................. 59 4.3.1.5. God is his own mokṣa ................................................................................. 61 4.3.2. Paramapada, paramagati .................................................................................. 62 4.3.3. Nirvāṇa ............................................................................................................... 62 4.3.4. Heaven: vaikuṁṭha and svarga .......................................................................... 65 4.3.5. An unexpected word: parama jivā ..................................................................... 69 4.4. Other post-mortem destinies ...................................................................................... 70 4.5. The threefold way to mukti ........................................................................................ 71 4.5.1. Jñāna (knowledge) ............................................................................................. 72 4.5.2. Bhakti (devotion) ................................................................................................ 73 4.5.3. Karma (deeds) .................................................................................................... 75 4.6. The sacraments as gates of mukti .............................................................................. 77 4.6.1. Baptism: jñānasnāna .......................................................................................... 77 4.6.2. Eucharist ............................................................................................................. 81 4.6.3. Confession .......................................................................................................... 84 4.7. Svadharma: ones own duty ........................................................................................ 85 4 4.8. The Saviour ................................................................................................................ 87 4.8.1. Gives mokṣa ......................................................................................................
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