Intermedial Sutatenza: Media[ted] Narratives of Community-Making in Rural Colombia by Silvia Margarita Serrano Valdivieso Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Richard Rosa, Supervisor ___________________________ Louise Meintjes ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Esther Gabara ___________________________ Ana María Ochoa Gautier Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 i v ABSTRACT Intermedial Sutatenza: Media[ted] Narratives of Community-Making in Rural Colombia by Silvia Margarita Serrano Valdivieso Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Richard Rosa, Supervisor ___________________________ Louise Meintjes ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Esther Gabara ___________________________ Ana María Ochoa Gautier An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Silvia Margarita Serrano Valdivieso 2019 Abstract In mid-twentieth century, Colombia’s illiteracy rate was 40% with numbers close to 80% in the rural areas. These areas lacked access to formal education and were isolated from the urban centers due to poor road infrastructure. Radio Sutatenza, an educational radio station, promised to educate and integrate rural communities to the nation through radio literacy campaigns and its pedagogical model of Fundamental Integral Education. Unlike previous sociological, pedagogical, and communicational studies of the Sutatenza project, Intermedial Sutatenza highlights the project’s political and aesthetic dimensions. Dialoguing with theories and concepts from literary, cultural, and sound studies, I analyze cultural and media productions by officials and listeners of Radio Sutatenza. I focus, specifically, on radio dramas produced by the station and on coplas and songs composed by listeners, then broadcast in radio shows, and published in the print weekly El Campesino. I propose that these cultural productions are best described as intermedial narratives to highlight their many inner contradictions and the mediated context in which they emerge. Also, in their blurring of media and genre borders, these narratives dwell between the aural and the written and emerge as embattled fields of meaning production. I argue that Sutatenza’s intermedial narratives show that the radio station undertook both a continuity of and a departure from the Hispanic-Catholic project of a nation put in place in Colombia by the grammarian iv presidents in the nineteenth century. Likewise, I sustain that Sutatenza reproduced and remediated the literary movement of costumbrismo and the literary genre of the cuadro de costumbres, with its ideological implications, in sonic media for a twentieth century audience. At its core, my dissertation proves that the othering of rural individuals in Colombia took place also in the radio, and that Radio Sutatenza, with its far-reaching pedagogical strategies, had a fundamental role in the construction and circulation of a specific kind of rural individual and of rurality. At the same time, my work shows that, in the interstices, polysemy and the instability of the sign and the word permit for voices of resistance to emerge. Hence, the Sutatenza narratives, on the one hand, strive to unite and homogenize rural communities, and on the other, circulate and broadcast those same communities’ cultural heterogeneity. Through this examination, I clarify the role of Radio Sutatenza in Colombian community-making processes and radio’s part in narrating the nation during mid-twentieth century. Moreover, the questions I explore and the questions the dissertation opens-up are central in a country where unequal land ownership and rural labor exploitation are at the base of a violent conflict that has lasted for more than half a century. The ultimate goal and significance of my research is that it will lead to a recasting of the discourses (historical, sociological, cultural) about Colombian rural communities. v Para Daniel, Isa, Cristi y Nico vi Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv Contents ....................................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ x Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... xi Introduction: Sutatenza’s Media[ted] Narratives of Community-Making ........................... 1 Acción Cultural Popular (ACPO) and Radio Sutatenza ................................................... 7 Rurality, Violence, the State, and the Catholic Church ................................................... 13 Radio Sutatenza, Catholicism, and the Colombian State ................................................ 18 The Grammarian Presidents and the Hispanic-Catholic Project ................................... 24 The Sounds of Radio: Disrupting and Reinforcing the Lettered City ........................... 33 Radio Sutatenza’s Mediations and Intermediality .......................................................... 39 Intermedial Narratives of Community-Making............................................................... 49 Building the Nation from Below? Manuela’s Accounts from the Countryside .................. 54 Aural Manuela’s Mediations and Intermediality ............................................................ 57 Díaz Castro’s Project of a Nation ....................................................................................... 65 Manuela’s Sonic Version ..................................................................................................... 70 Sutatenza’s Catholic Citizenship ........................................................................................ 75 Silencing Diversity and Multiculturalism ......................................................................... 87 Lessening Bambuco’s Presence .......................................................................................... 91 A Male Project of a Nation .................................................................................................. 98 vii Quieting Labor Exploitation ............................................................................................. 100 Multiple Voices in Community-Making Narratives ..................................................... 106 The Production of a Tropical Space in Sound ................................................................ 115 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 120 Voicing Rural Community: Copla Composition, Broadcast and Publication .................. 122 Freire and Rancière: Superseding the Knowledge Divide............................................ 126 Aesthetic Events as Citizen Participation ....................................................................... 130 The Coplas’ Intermediality ................................................................................................ 132 Coplas and the Conservative Hispanic-Catholic Project .............................................. 135 Singing to Distant and Local Emotional Bonds.............................................................. 142 Venting Inconformity, Exercising Citizenship ............................................................... 154 Expressing a Sense of Belonging ...................................................................................... 159 Enacting Catholic Citizenship .......................................................................................... 166 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 174 Staging Daily Life: Cuadros Campesinos Radio Dramatizations and Rural Theater ......... 176 “Cuadros campesinos. Dramatización.” ......................................................................... 179 Reflecting Everyday Life in Sound .................................................................................. 183 The Cuadros’ Story and Intermediality ........................................................................... 188 Producing the Region Sonically ....................................................................................... 201 Everyday Life Reverberating ............................................................................................ 213 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 223 Conclusion: Sutatenza’s Intermediality ................................................................................. 224 viii A Note on ACPO’s Evolution ........................................................................................... 229 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................